U.S. patent application number 11/933132 was filed with the patent office on 2008-05-15 for agonist polypeptide of receptor for zot and zonulin.
This patent application is currently assigned to University of Maryland - Baltimore. Invention is credited to Alessio Fasano, Stefanie N. Vogel.
Application Number | 20080113918 11/933132 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 34102727 |
Filed Date | 2008-05-15 |
United States Patent
Application |
20080113918 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Fasano; Alessio ; et
al. |
May 15, 2008 |
AGONIST POLYPEPTIDE OF RECEPTOR FOR ZOT AND ZONULIN
Abstract
Agonist polypeptide of a receptor protein has been identified.
The agonist can be used to facilitate drug and antigen absorption.
Suitable routes of administration include oral, nasal, transdermal,
and intravenous. Pharmaceutical formulations may comprise a
therapeutic agent or an immunogenic agent in combination with the
agonist polypeptide.
Inventors: |
Fasano; Alessio; (West
Friendship, MD) ; Vogel; Stefanie N.; (Columbia,
MD) |
Correspondence
Address: |
Connolly Bove Lodge Hutz, LLP;(FOR ALBA THERAPEUTICS)
P.O. BOX 2207
WILMINGTON
DE
19899-2207
US
|
Assignee: |
University of Maryland -
Baltimore
Baltimore
MD
|
Family ID: |
34102727 |
Appl. No.: |
11/933132 |
Filed: |
October 31, 2007 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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10891429 |
Jul 14, 2004 |
|
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11933132 |
|
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60487889 |
Jul 15, 2003 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
514/21.6 ;
514/1.7; 514/13.2; 514/16.4; 514/17.2; 514/19.3; 514/2.1; 514/2.4;
514/4.6; 530/328; 530/329; 530/330 |
Current CPC
Class: |
Y02A 50/471 20180101;
A61P 37/00 20180101; G01N 33/564 20130101; A61P 1/00 20180101; A61P
9/00 20180101; A61P 23/00 20180101; B65D 83/0811 20130101; A47K
10/427 20130101; A61K 38/00 20130101; B65H 23/1882 20130101; A61P
35/00 20180101; A61P 43/00 20180101; C07K 14/28 20130101; Y02A
50/30 20180101; Y02A 50/473 20180101; C07K 7/06 20130101; A47K
10/424 20130101; Y02A 50/483 20180101; A61P 31/00 20180101; A61P
13/00 20180101 |
Class at
Publication: |
514/15 ; 530/328;
530/329; 530/330; 514/16; 514/17; 514/18 |
International
Class: |
A61K 38/00 20060101
A61K038/00; C07K 7/00 20060101 C07K007/00; A61P 43/00 20060101
A61P043/00 |
Claims
1-80. (canceled)
81. A peptide comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4,
wherein said peptide is less than 10 amino acid residues in
length.
82. The peptide of claim 81, wherein said peptide consists of the
amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4.
83. The peptide of claim 81, wherein said peptide does not comprise
residues 294-298 of SEQ ID NO: 1.
84. The peptide of claim 81, wherein said peptide is less than 8
amino acid residues in length.
85. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the peptide of claim
81.
86. A composition comprising the peptide of claim 81, wherein said
composition is selected from the group consisting of: an oral
dosage composition; a nasal dosage composition; an intravenous
dosage composition; and a skin dosage composition.
87. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the peptide of claim
82.
88. A composition comprising the peptide of claim 82, wherein said
composition is selected from the group consisting of: an oral
dosage composition; a nasal dosage composition; an intravenous
dosage composition; and a skin dosage composition.
89. A peptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the
group consisting of: Xaa.sub.1 Cys Ile Gly Arg Leu (SEQ ID NO: 7);
Phe Xaa.sub.2 Ile Gly Arg Leu (SEQ ID NO: 8); Phe Cys Xaa.sub.3 Gly
Arg Leu (SEQ ID NO: 9); Phe Cys Ile Xaa.sub.4 Arg Leu (SEQ ID NO:
10); Phe Cys Ile Gly Xaa.sub.5 Leu (SEQ ID NO: 11); and Phe Cys Ile
Gly Arg Xaa.sub.6 (SEQ ID NO: 12), wherein said peptide is less
than 100 amino acid residues in length, and further wherein
Xaa.sub.1 is selected from the group consisting of Ala, Val, Leu,
Ile, Pro, Trp, Tyr, and Met; Xaa.sub.2 is selected from the group
consisting of Gly, Ser, Thr, Tyr, Asn, and Gln; Xaa.sub.3 is
selected from the group consisting of Ala, Val, Leu, Ile, Pro, Trp,
and Met; Xaa.sub.4 is selected from the group consisting of Gly,
Ser, Thr, Tyr, Asn, Ala, and Gln; Xaa.sub.5 is selected from the
group consisting of Lys and His; and Xaa.sub.6 is selected from the
group consisting of Ala, Val, Leu, Ile, Pro, Trp, and Met.
90. The peptide of claim 89, wherein said peptide consists of six
amino acid residues.
91. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the peptide of claim
89.
92. A composition comprising the peptide of claim 89, wherein said
composition is selected from the group consisting of: an oral
dosage composition; a nasal dosage composition; an intravenous
dosage composition; and a skin dosage composition.
93. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the peptide of claim
90.
94. A composition comprising the peptide of claim 90, wherein said
composition is selected from the group consisting of: an oral
dosage composition; a nasal dosage composition; an intravenous
dosage composition; and a skin dosage composition.
95. A peptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the
group consisting of: Xaa.sub.1 Xaa.sub.2 Ile Gly Arg Leu (SEQ ID
NO: 13); Xaa.sub.1 Cys Xaa.sub.3 Gly Arg Leu (SEQ ID NO: 14);
Xaa.sub.1 Cys Ile Xaa.sub.4 Arg Leu (SEQ ID NO: 15); Xaa.sub.1 Cys
Ile Gly Xaa.sub.5 Leu (SEQ ID NO: 16); Xaa.sub.1 Cys Ile Gly Arg
Xaa.sub.6 (SEQ ID NO: 17); Phe Xaa.sub.2 Xaa.sub.3 Gly Arg Leu (SEQ
ID NO: 18); Phe Xaa.sub.2 Ile Xaa.sub.4 Arg Leu (SEQ ID NO: 19);
Phe Xaa.sub.2 Ile Gly Xaa.sub.5 Leu (SEQ ID NO: 20); Phe Xaa.sub.2
Ile Gly Arg Xaa.sub.6 (SEQ ID NO: 21); Phe Cys Xaa.sub.3 Xaa.sub.4
Arg Leu (SEQ ID NO: 22); Phe Cys Xaa.sub.3 Gly Xaa.sub.5 Leu (SEQ
ID NO: 23); Phe Cys Xaa.sub.3 Gly Arg Xaa.sub.6 (SEQ ID NO: 24);
Phe Cys Ile Xaa.sub.4 Xaa.sub.5 Leu (SEQ ID NO: 25); Phe Cys Ile
Xaa.sub.4 Arg Xaa.sub.6 (SEQ ID NO: 26); and Phe Cys Ile Gly
Xaa.sub.5 Xaa.sub.6 (SEQ ID NO: 27), wherein said peptide is less
than 100 amino acid residues in length, and further wherein
Xaa.sub.1 is selected from the group consisting of Ala, Val, Leu,
Ile, Pro, Trp, Tyr, and Met; Xaa.sub.2 is selected from the group
consisting of Gly, Ser, Thr, Tyr, Asn, and Gln; Xaa.sub.3 is
selected from the group consisting of Ala, Val, Leu, Ile, Pro, Trp,
and Met; Xaa.sub.4 is selected from the group consisting of Gly,
Ser, Thr, Tyr, Asn, Ala, and Gln; Xaa.sub.5 is selected from the
group consisting of Lys and His; and Xaa.sub.6 is selected from the
group consisting of Ala, Val, Leu, Ile, Pro, Trp, and Met.
96. The peptide of claim 95, wherein said peptide consists of six
amino acid residues.
97. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the peptide of claim
95.
98. A composition comprising the peptide of claim 95, wherein said
composition is selected from the group consisting of: an oral
dosage composition; a nasal dosage composition; an intravenous
dosage composition; and a skin dosage composition.
99. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the peptide of claim
96.
100. A composition comprising the peptide of claim 95, wherein said
composition is selected from the group consisting of: an oral
dosage composition; a nasal dosage composition; an intravenous
dosage composition; and a skin dosage composition.
Description
[0001] This application claims the benefit of provisional
application Ser. No. 60/487,889 filed Jul. 15, 2003, the disclosure
of which is expressly incorporated herein.
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] This invention is related to the area of diagnostics,
therapeutics, pharmaceuticals, drug discovery, and immunotherapy.
In particular, it relates to manipulation and use of the
Zot/Zonulin/receptor system to improve health.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] Intestinal tight junction dysfunction occurs in a variety of
clinical conditions, including food allergies, infections of the
gastrointestinal tract, autoimmune diseases, and inflammatory bowel
diseases (42). Healthy, mature gut mucosa with its intact tight
junction serves as the main barrier to the passage of
macromolecules. During the healthy state, small quantities of
immunologically active antigens cross the gut host barrier. These
antigens are absorbed across the mucosa through at least two
pathways. The vast majority of absorbed proteins (up to 90%)
crosses the intestinal barrier via the transcellular pathway,
followed by lysosomal degradation that converts proteins into
smaller, non-immunogenic peptides. These residual peptides are
transported as intact proteins, through the paracellular pathway;
it involves a subtle but sophisticated regulation of intercellular
tight junction that leads to antigen tolerance. When the integrity
of the tight junction system is compromised, as with prematurity or
after exposure to radiation, chemotherapy, and/or toxins, a
deleterious immune response to environmental antigens (including
autoimmune diseases and food allergies) may be elicited. There is a
continuing need in the art to diagnose and treat such diseases and
conditions. There is a continuing need in the art to identify new
drugs for treating such diseases.
[0004] Several microorganisms exert an irreversible cytopathic
effect on epithelial cells that impacts cytoskeletal organization
and tight junction function. These bacteria alter intestinal
permeability either directly (i.e., EPEC) or through the
elaboration of toxins (e.g., Clostridium difficile, Bacteroides
fragilis) (43). The Vibrio cholerae phage CXT.PHI. ZOT protein
mimics the human protein zonulin and exploits the physiological
mechanisms of tight junction regulation. Zot possesses multiple
domains that allow a dual function of the protein as a
morphogenetic phage peptide for the Vibrio cholerae phage CTX.PHI.
and as an enterotoxin that modulates intestinal tight junctions.
Zot action is mediated by a cascade of intracellular events that
lead to a PKC.alpha.-dependent polymerization of actin
microfilaments strategically localized to regulate the paracellular
pathway (38). The toxin exerts its effect by interacting with the
surface of enteric cells. Zot binding varies within the intestine,
being detectable in the jejunum and distal ileum, decreasing along
the villous-crypt axis, and not being detectable in the colon (44).
This binding distribution coincides with the regional effect of Zot
on intestinal permeability (44) and with the preferential F-actin
redistribution induced by Zot in the mature cells of the villi
(38).
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0005] A first embodiment of the invention is an agonist
polypeptide of a human receptor of zonulin and Vibrio cholerae
phage CTX.phi. ZOT protein. The agonist polypeptide comprises amino
acid sequence FCIGRL (SEQ ID NO: 4). The polypeptide is less than
100 amino acid residues in length.
[0006] A second embodiment of the invention is a pharmaceutical
composition for treating a disease. The composition comprises a
therapeutic agent for treating the disease and an agonist
polypeptide of a human receptor of zonulin and Vibrio cholerae
phage CTX.phi. ZOT protein. The agonist polypeptide comprises amino
acid sequence FCIGRL (SEQ ID NO: 4). The polypeptide is less than
100 amino acid residues in length.
[0007] A third embodiment of the invention is a method of
delivering a therapeutic agent to a target tissue. A therapeutic
agent for treating a disease and an agonist polypeptide of a human
receptor of zonulin and Vibrio cholerae phage CTX.phi. ZOT protein
is administered to a patient with the disease. The agonist
polypeptide comprises amino acid sequence FCIGRL (SEQ ID NO: 4).
The polypeptide is less than 100 amino acid residues in length.
[0008] A fourth embodiment of the invention is a method of
delivering a therapeutic agent to a target tissue. A therapeutic
agent for treating a disease and an agonist polypeptide of a human
receptor of zonulin and Vibrio cholerae phage CTX.phi. ZOT protein
are administered via the nose of a patient who has the disease. The
agonist polypeptide comprises amino acid sequence FCIGRL (SEQ ID
NO: 4). The polypeptide is less than 100 amino acid residues in
length.
[0009] A fifth embodiment of the invention is a method of
delivering a therapeutic agent to a target tissue. A therapeutic
agent for treating a disease and an agonist polypeptide of a human
receptor of zonulin and Vibrio cholerae phage CTX.phi. ZOT protein
are administered via the mouth of a patient who has the disease.
The agonist polypeptide comprises amino acid sequence FCIGRL (SEQ
ID NO: 4). The polypeptide is less than 100 amino acid residues in
length.
[0010] A sixth embodiment of the invention is a method of
delivering a therapeutic agent to a target tissue. A therapeutic
agent for treating a disease and an agonist polypeptide of a human
receptor of zonulin and Vibrio cholerae phage CTX.phi. ZOT protein
are administered via the skin of a patient who has the disease. The
agonist polypeptide comprises amino acid sequence FCIGRL (SEQ ID
NO: 4). The polypeptide is less than 100 amino acid residues in
length.
[0011] A seventh embodiment of the invention is a method of
delivering a therapeutic agent to a target tissue. A therapeutic
agent for treating a disease and an agonist polypeptide of a human
receptor of zonulin and Vibrio cholerae phage CTX.phi. ZOT protein
are administered via the blood of a patient who has the disease.
The agonist polypeptide comprises amino acid sequence FCIGRL (SEQ
ID NO: 4). The polypeptide is less than 100 amino acid residues in
length.
[0012] An eighth embodiment of the invention is a method for
identifying or purifying a human receptor of Zonulin and V.
cholerae phage CTX.phi. Zot. A sample comprising one or more
proteins is contacted with an antibody under conditions suitable
for antibody antigen binding. The antibody is raised against amino
acids SLIGKVDGTSHVTG as shown in SEQ ID NO: 5. Proteins in the
sample not bound to the antibody are removed. Proteins bound to the
antibody are identified as a human receptor of Zonulin and Zot or
as forming a preparation enriched for said receptor.
[0013] A ninth embodiment of the invention is a method of screening
for drug candidates for treating a disease. A first human protein
identified by antibody SAM11 is contacted with a second protein
selected from the group consisting of V. cholerae phage CTX.phi.
Zot, human Zonulin, and MyD88. The contacting is performed
separately in the presence and in the absence of a test substance.
The amount of the first protein bound to the second protein in the
presence of test substance is compared to the amount bound in the
absence of test substance. A test substance is identified as a drug
candidate if it decreases the amount of first protein bound to
second protein.
[0014] A tenth embodiment of the invention is a vaccine composition
for inducing an immune response. The vaccine comprises an
immunogenic agent for inducing an immune response and an agonist of
a human receptor of zonulin and Vibrio cholerae phage CTX.phi. ZOT
protein. The agonist polypeptide comprises amino acid sequence
FCIGRL (SEQ ID NO: 4). The polypeptide is less than 100 amino acid
residues in length.
[0015] An eleventh embodiment of the invention is a method of
diagnosing an autoimmune disease in a patient. A first body sample
from the patient is contacted with an antibody raised against amino
acids SLIGKVDGTSHVTG as shown in SEQ ID NO: 5. Amount of the
antibody bound by the first body sample is compared to an amount
bound by a second body sample of a healthy control who does not
have an autoimmune disease. An auto-immune disease is identified in
the patient if the first body sample binds more of the antibody
than the second.
[0016] A twelfth embodiment of the invention is a method of
treating a patient with increased expression of zonulin relative to
a control healthy individual. An antibody raised against amino
acids SLIGKVDGTSHVTG as shown in SEQ ID NO: 5, is administered to
the patient. Symptoms of the disease are thereby alleviated.
[0017] A thirteenth embodiment of the invention is an antibody
which is raised against amino acids SLIGKVDGTSHVTG as shown in SEQ
ID NO: 5. The antibody binds to a protein expressed in CaCo2 cells
that co-localizes with a protein bound by synthetic inhibitor
peptide FZ1/0 (as shown in SEQ ID NO: 3). The antibody does not
bind to human or rat cells that express a recombinant human PAR-2.
The antibody is not SAM11.
[0018] A fourteenth embodiment of the invention is an antibody
which binds to a protein expressed in CaCo2 cells that co-localizes
with a protein bound by synthetic inhibitor peptide FZ1/0 (as shown
in SEQ ID NO: 3). The antibody does not bind to human or rat cells
that express a recombinant human PAR-2. The antibody is not
SAM11.
[0019] A fifteenth embodiment of the invention is an agonist
polypeptide of a human receptor of zonulin and Vibrio cholerae
phage CTX.phi. ZOT protein. The agonist polypeptide comprises a
sequence selected from the group consisting of Xaa.sub.1 Cys Ile
Gly Arg Leu (SEQ ID NO: 7), Phe Xaa.sub.2 Ile Gly Arg Leu (SEQ ID
NO: 8), Phe Cys Xaa.sub.3 Gly Arg Leu (SEQ ID NO: 9), Phe Cys Ile
Xaa.sub.4 Arg Leu (SEQ ID NO: 10), Phe Cys Ile Gly Xaa.sub.5 Leu
(SEQ ID NO: 11), and Phe Cys Ile Gly Arg Xaa.sub.6 (SEQ ID NO: 12).
The polypeptide is less than 100 amino acid residues in length.
Xaa.sub.1 is selected from the group consisting of Ala, Val, Leu,
Ile, Pro, Trp, Tyr, and Met; Xaa.sub.2 is selected from the group
consisting of Gly, Ser, Thr, Tyr, Asn, and Gln; Xaa.sub.3 is
selected from the group consisting of Ala, Val, Leu, Ile, Pro, Trp,
and Met; Xaa.sub.4 is selected from the group consisting of Gly,
Ser, Thr, Tyr, Asn, Ala, and Gln; Xaa.sub.5 is selected from the
group consisting of Lys and His; Xaa.sub.6 is selected from the
group consisting of Ala, Val, Leu, Ile, Pro, Trp, and Met.
[0020] A sixteenth embodiment of the invention is an agonist
polypeptide of a human receptor of zonulin and Vibrio cholerae
phage CTX.phi. ZOT protein. The agonist polypeptide comprises a
sequence selected from the group consisting of: Xaa.sub.1 Xaa.sub.2
Ile Gly Arg Leu (SEQ ID NO: 13), Xaa.sub.1 Cys Xaa.sub.3 Gly Arg
Leu (SEQ ID NO: 14), Xaa.sub.1 Cys Ile Xaa.sub.4 Arg Leu (SEQ ID
NO: 15), Xaa.sub.1 Cys Ile Gly Xaa.sub.5 Leu (SEQ ID NO: 16),
Xaa.sub.1 Cys Ile Gly Arg Xaa.sub.6 (SEQ ID NO: 17), Phe Xaa.sub.2
Xaa.sub.3 Gly Arg Leu (SEQ ID NO: 18), Phe Xaa.sub.2 Ile Xaa.sub.4
Arg Leu (SEQ ID NO: 19), Phe Xaa.sub.2 Ile Gly Xaa.sub.5 Leu (SEQ
ID NO: 20), Phe Xaa.sub.2 Ile Gly Arg Xaa.sub.6 (SEQ ID NO: 21),
Phe Cys Xaa.sub.3 Xaa.sub.4 Arg Leu (SEQ ID NO: 22), Phe Cys
Xaa.sub.3 Gly Xaa.sub.5 Leu (SEQ ID NO: 23), Phe Cys Xaa.sub.3 Gly
Arg Xaa.sub.6 (SEQ ID NO: 24), Phe Cys Ile Xaa.sub.4 Xaa.sub.5 Leu
(SEQ ID NO: 25), Phe Cys Ile Xaa.sub.4 Arg Xaa.sub.6 (SEQ ID NO:
26), and Phe Cys Ile Gly Xaa.sub.5Xaa.sub.6 (SEQ ID NO: 27). The
polypeptide is less than 100 amino acid residues in length.
Xaa.sub.1 is selected from the group consisting of Ala, Val, Leu,
Ile, Pro, Trp, Tyr, and Met; Xaa.sub.2 is selected from the group
consisting of Gly, Ser, Thr, Tyr, Asn, and Gln; Xaa.sub.3 is
selected from the group consisting of Ala, Val, Leu, Ile, Pro, Trp,
and Met; Xaa.sub.4 is selected from the group consisting of Gly,
Ser, Thr, Tyr, Asn, Ala, and Gln; Xaa.sub.5 is selected from the
group consisting of Lys and His; Xaa.sub.6 is selected from the
group consisting of Ala, Val, Leu, Ile, Pro, Trp, and Met.
[0021] These and other embodiments which will be apparent to those
of skill in the art upon reading the specification provide the art
with reagents and methods for treating diseases, diagnosing
diseases, and discovering drugs.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0022] FIGS. 1A and 1B Comassie (FIG. 1A) and Western
immunoblotting (FIG. 1B) of the six HPLC fractions obtained from
intestinal tissue lysates. The zonulin-positive fraction F5 showed
a .about.23 kDa that was not present in the other five
fractions.
[0023] FIGS. 2A and 2B. In situ immunofluorescence microscopy of
rat small intestines exposed to either fluoresceinated FZI/0 (FIG.
2A) or FZI/1 (FIG. 2B). Note the fluorescence distribution at the
upper third of the villi where the Zot/zonulin receptor was
originally described (see ref. 44).
[0024] FIG. 3A to 3C. PAR-2-FZI/0 colocalization. Caco 2 cells were
immunostained with either FITC-FZI/0 (FIG. 3A) or mouse anti-human
PAR2 monoclonal antibodies (FIG. 3B). Overlapping of the two images
(FIG. 3C) showed a co-localization of PAR-2 and FZI/0
immunofluorescent particles.
[0025] FIGS. 4A-4D. FZI/0-PAR-2 AP competitive binding experiments.
Caco2 cells exposed to FITC-labelled FZI/0 (FIG. 4B) showed a
significant number of fluorescent particles compared to the cells
exposed to media control (FIG. 4A). An excess of PAR2-AP
(100.times.) displaced FZI/0 (FIG. 4C), while 100.times. of a
scrambled peptide did not (FIG. 4 D).
[0026] FIGS. 5A to 5D. Actin cytoskeleton arrangement in Caco2
cells exposed to PAR2-AP (FIG. 5A), BSA (FIG. 5B), PAR2-AP+FZI/0
(FIG. 5C), or PAR-2 AP+FZI/1 (FIG. 5D).
[0027] FIGS. 6a to 6B. Effect of MCP-II (FIG. 6A) and PAR-2 AP
(FIG. 6B) on mouse intestinal TEER. Both MCP-II (.smallcircle.) and
PAR-2 AP (.DELTA.) induced significant drops in TEER compared to
control tissues (.diamond.). These changes were comparable to
.DELTA.G-induced changes (.box-solid.) and were completely
prevented by preincubation with FZI/0 (.times.).
[0028] FIG. 7A to 7B. Effect of PAR-2 AP on intestinal TEER in wild
type (FIG. 7A) and MyD88 KO (FIG. 7B) mice. In wild type mice, both
PAR-2 AP (.DELTA.) and .DELTA.G (.box-solid.) induced significant
drops in TEER compared to control tissues (.diamond.) that were
completely prevented by preincubation with FZI/0 (.times.). No TEER
changes were observed in MyD88. KO mice under any treatment
conditions.
[0029] FIG. 8. Proposed activation of receptor by Zot and zonulin.
As a MCP-II analogue, zonulin activates the receptor by cleaving
its N-terminus, while Zot directly binds and activates the receptor
via its PAR-2 AP-homologous N-terminal motif. The activation of
PAR-2 by MCP-II and PAR-2 AP or the activation of the zonulin
receptor by zonulin and .DELTA.G is blocked by the competitive
binding inhibitor FZI/0.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0030] The inventors have developed an agonist polypeptide of a
human receptor of zonulin and Vibrio cholerae phage CTX.PHI. ZOT
protein. The polypeptide comprises amino acid sequence FCIGRL (SEQ
ID NO: 4). The polypeptide is less than 100 amino acid residues, or
less than 50, 40, 30, 20, 10, or 8 amino acid residues. The
polypeptide may contain only the six amino acids FCIGRL (SEQ ID NO:
4), or it may have additional amino acids. The other amino acids
may provide other functions, e.g., antigen tags, for facilitating
purification.
[0031] The agonist polypeptide can be used to facilitate absorption
of therapeutic or immunogenic agents. The agonist polypeptide
facilitates absorption across the intestine, the blood-brain
barrier, the skin, and the nasal mucosa. Thus the agonist
polypeptide can be formulated with or co-administered with a
therapeutic or immunogenic agent which targets the intestine, the
brain, the skin, the nose. A pharmaceutical composition according
to the present invention need not be pre-mixed prior to
administration, but can be formed in vivo when two agents are
administered within 24 hours of each other. Preferably the two
agents are administered within 12, 8, 4, 2, or 1 hours of each
other.
[0032] Therapeutic agents according to the invention are any which
can be used to treat a human or other mammal. The agent can be for
example, an antibody or an antibody fragment (such as an Fab,
F(ab').sub.2, a single chain antibody (ScFv)), an anti-cancer drug,
an antibiotic, a hormone, or a cytokine. The therapeutic agent can
be one which acts on any organ of the body, such as heart, brain,
intestine, or kidneys. Diseases which may be treated according to
the invention include, but are not limited to food allergies,
gastrointestinal infection, autoimmune disease, inflammatory bowel
disease, Celiac Disease, gastrointestinal inflammation.
[0033] Intravenous dosage compositions for delivery to the brain
are well-known in the art. Such intravenous dosage compositions
generally comprise a physiological diluent, e.g., distilled water,
or 0.9% (w/v) NaCl.
[0034] A "nasal" delivery composition differs from an "intestinal"
delivery composition in that the latter must have gastroresistent
properties in order to prevent the acidic degradation of the active
agents (e.g., zonulin receptor agonist and the therapeutic agent)
in the stomach, whereas the former generally comprises
water-soluble polymers with a diameter of about 50 .mu.m in order
to reduce the mucociliary clearance, and to achieve a reproducible
bioavailability of the nasally administered agents. An
"intravenous" delivery composition differs from both the "nasal"
and "intestinal" delivery compositions in that there is no need for
gastroresistance or water-soluble polymers in the "intravenous"
delivery composition.
[0035] The mode of administration is not critical to the present.
The mode of administration may be oral, for intestinal delivery;
intranasal, for nasal delivery; and intravenous for delivery
through the blood-brain barrier. Other modes of administration as
are known in the art may also be used, including, but not limited
to intrathecal, intramuscular, intrabronchial, intrarectal,
intraocular, and intravaginal delivery.
[0036] Oral dosage compositions for small intestinal delivery are
well-known in the art. Such oral dosage compositions may comprise
gastroresistent tablets or capsules (Remington's Pharmaceutical
Sciences, 16th Ed., Eds. Osol, Mack Publishing Co., Chapter 89
(1980); Digenis et al, J. Pharm. Sci., 83:915-921 (1994); Vantini
et al, Clinica Terapeutica, 145:445-451 (1993); Yoshitomi et al,
Chem. Pharm. Bull., 40:1902-1905 (1992); Thoma et al, Pharmazie,
46:331-336 (1991); Morishita et al, Drug Design and Delivery,
7:309-319 (1991); and Lin et al, Pharmaceutical Res., 8:919-924
(1991)); each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its
entirety).
[0037] Tablets are made gastroresistent by the addition of, e.g.,
either cellulose acetate phthalate or cellulose acetate
terephthalate.
[0038] Capsules are solid dosage forms in which the biologically
active ingredient(s) is enclosed in either a hard or soft, soluble
container or shell of gelatin. The gelatin used in the manufacture
of capsules is obtained from collagenous material by hydrolysis.
There are two types of gelatin. Type A, derived from pork skins by
acid processing, and Type B, obtained from bones and animal skins
by alkaline processing. The use of hard gelatin capsules permit a
choice in prescribing a single biologically active ingredient or a
combination thereof at the exact dosage level considered best for
the individual subject. The hard gelatin capsule typically consists
of two sections, one slipping over the other, thus completely
surrounding the biologically active ingredient. These capsules are
filled by introducing the biologically active ingredient, or
gastroresistent beads containing the biologically active
ingredient, into the longer end of the capsule, and then slipping
on the cap. Hard gelatin capsules are made largely from gelatin,
FD&C colorants, and sometimes an opacifying agent, such as
titanium dioxide. The USP permits the gelatin for this purpose to
contain 0.15% (w/v) sulfur dioxide to prevent decomposition during
manufacture.
[0039] Oral dosage compositions for small intestinal delivery also
include liquid compositions which may optionally contain aqueous
buffering agents that prevent the therapeutic agent and agonist
polypeptide from being significantly inactivated by gastric fluids
in the stomach, thereby allowing the biologically active ingredient
and agonist polypeptide to reach the small intestines in an active
form. Examples of such aqueous buffering agents which can be
employed in the present invention include bicarbonate buffer (pH
5.5 to 8.7, preferably about pH 7.4).
[0040] When the oral dosage composition is a liquid composition, it
is preferable that the composition be prepared just prior to
administration so as to minimize stability problems. In this case,
the liquid composition can be prepared by dissolving lyophilized
therapeutic agent and agonist polypeptide in the aqueous buffering
agent.
[0041] Nasal dosage compositions for nasal delivery are well-known
in the art. Such nasal dosage compositions generally comprise
water-soluble polymers that have been used extensively to prepare
pharmaceutical dosage forms (Martin et al, In: Physical Chemical
Principles of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3rd Ed., pages 592-638
(1983)) that can serve as carriers for peptides for nasal
administration (Davis, In: Delivery Systems for Peptide Drugs,
125:1-21 (1986)). The nasal absorption of peptides embedded in
polymer matrices has been shown to be enhanced through retardation
of nasal mucociliary clearance (Illum et al, Int. J. Pharm.,
46:261-265 (1988)). Other possible enhancement mechanisms include
an increased concentration gradient or decreased diffusion path for
peptides absorption (Ting et al, Pharm. Res., 9:1330-1335 (1992)).
However, reduction in mucociliary clearance rate has been predicted
to be a good approach toward achievement or reproducible
bioavailability of nasally administered systemic drugs (Gonda et
al, Pharm. Res., 7:69-75 (1990)). Microparticles with a diameter of
about 50 .mu.m are expected to deposit in the nasal cavity (Bjork
et al, Int. J. Pharm., 62:187-192 (1990)); and Illum et al, Int. J.
Pharm., 39:189-199 (1987), while microparticles with a diameter
under 10 .mu.m can escape the filtering system of the nose and
deposit in the lower airways. Microparticles larger than 200 .mu.m
in diameter will not be retained in the nose after nasal
administration (Lewis et al, Proc. Int. Symp. Control Rel. Bioact.
Mater., 17:280-290 (1990)).
[0042] The particular water-soluble polymer employed is not
critical to the present invention, and can be selected from any of
the well-known water-soluble polymers employed for nasal dosage
forms. A typical example of a water-soluble polymer useful for
nasal delivery is polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). This material is a
swellable hydrophilic polymer whose physical properties depend on
the molecular weight, degree of hydrolysis, cross-linking density,
and crystallinity (Peppas et al, In: Hydrogels in Medicine and
Pharmacy, 3:109-131 (1987)). PVA can be used in the coating of
dispersed materials through phase separation, spray-drying,
spray-embedding, and spray-densation (Ting et al, supra).
[0043] A "skin" delivery composition of the invention may include
in addition to a therapeutic or immunogenic agent, fragrance,
creams, ointments, colorings, and other compounds so long as the
added component does not deleteriously affect transdermal delivery
of the therapeutic or immunogenic agent. Conventional
pharmaceutically acceptable emulsifiers, surfactants, suspending
agents, antioxidants, osmotic enhancers, extenders, diluents and
preservatives may also be added. Water soluble polymers can also be
used as carriers.
[0044] The particular therapeutic or immunogenic agent employed is
not critical to the present invention, and can be, e.g., any drug
compound, biologically active peptide, vaccine, or any other moiety
otherwise not absorbed through the transcellular pathway,
regardless of size or charge.
[0045] Examples of drug compounds which can be employed in the
present invention include drugs which act on the cardiovascular
system, drugs which act on the central nervous system,
antineoplastic drugs and antibiotics. Examples of drugs which act
on the cardiovascular system which can be employed in the present
invention include lidocaine, adenosine, dobutamine, dopamine,
epinephrine, norepinephrine and phentolamine. Others as are known
in the art can also be used.
[0046] Examples of drugs which act on the central nervous system
which can be employed in the present invention include doxapram,
alfentanil, dezocin, nalbuphine, buprenorphine, naloxone,
ketorolac, midazolam, propofol, metacurine, mivacurium and
succinylcholine. Others as are known in the art can also be
used.
[0047] Examples of antineoplastic drugs which can be employed in
the present include cytarabine, mitomycin, doxorubicin, vincristine
and vinblastine. Others as are known in the art can also be
used.
[0048] Examples of antibiotics which can be employed in the present
include methicillin, mezlocillin, piperacillin, cetoxitin,
cefonicid, cefmetazole and aztreonam. Others as are known in the
art can also be used.
[0049] Examples of biologically active peptides which can be
employed in the present invention include hormones, lymphokines,
globulins, and albumins. Examples of hormones which can be employed
in the present invention include testosterone, nandrolene,
menotropins, insulin and urofolltropin. Others as are known in the
art can also be used. When the biologically active ingredient is
insulin, the oral dosage composition of the present invention is
useful for the treatment of diabetes. Examples of lymphokines which
can be employed in the present invention include
interferon-.alpha., interferon-.beta., interferon-.gamma.,
interleukin-1, interleukin-2, interleukin-4 and interleukin-8.
[0050] Examples of globulins which can be employed in the present
invention include .alpha.-globulins, .beta.-globulins and
.gamma.-globulins (immunoglobulin). Examples of immunoglobulins
which can be employed in the present invention include polyvalent
IgG or specific IgG, IgA and IgM, e.g., anti-tetanus antibodies. An
example of albumin which can be employed in the present invention
is human serum albumin. Others as are known in the art can also be
used.
[0051] Examples of vaccines which can be employed in the present
invention include peptide antigens and attenuated microorganisms
and viruses. Examples of peptide antigens which can be employed in
the present invention include the B subunit of the heat-labile
enterotoxin of enterotoxigenic E. coli, the B subunit of cholera
toxin, capsular antigens of enteric pathogens, fimbriae or pili of
enteric pathogens, HIV surface antigens, dust allergens, and acari
allergens. Others as are known in the art can also be used.
[0052] Examples of attenuated microorganisms and viruses which can
be employed in the present invention include those of
enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, enteropathogenic Escherichia
coli, Vibrio cholerae, Shigella flexneri, Salmonella typhi and
rotavirus (Fasano et al, In: Le Vaccinazioni in Pediatria, Eds.
Vierucci et al, CSH, Milan, pages 109-121 (1991); Guandalini et al,
In: Management of Digestive and Liver Disorders in Infants and
Children, Elsevior, Eds. Butz et al, Amsterdam, Chapter 25 (1993);
Levine et al, Sem. Ped. Infect. Dis., 5:243-250 (1994); and Kaper
et al, Clin. Micrbiol. Rev., 8:48-86 (1995), each of which is
incorporated by reference herein in its entirety).
[0053] The amount of therapeutic or immunogenic agent employed is
not critical to the present invention and will vary depending upon
the particular ingredient selected, the disease or condition being
treated, as well as the age, weight and sex of the subject being
treated.
[0054] The amount of ZOT receptor agonist polypeptide employed is
also not critical to the present invention and will vary depending
upon the age, weight and sex of the subject being treated.
Generally, the final concentration of ZOT receptor agonist
polypeptide employed in the present invention to enhance absorption
of the biologically active ingredient by the intestine is in the
range of about 10.sup.-5 M to 10.sup.-10 M, preferably about
10.sup.-6 M to 5.0.times.10.sup.-5 M. To achieve such a final
concentration in the intestine, the amount of ZOT receptor agonist
polypeptide in a single oral dosage composition of the present
invention will generally be about 4.0 ng to 1000 ng, preferably
about 40 ng to 80 ng.
[0055] The ratio of therapeutic or immunogenic agent to ZOT
receptor agonist polypeptide employed is not critical to the
present invention and will vary depending upon the amount of
biologically active ingredient to be delivered within the selected
period of time. Generally, the weight ratio of therapeutic or
immunogenic agent to ZOT receptor agonist polypeptide employed in
the present invention is in the range of about 1:10 to 3:1,
preferably about 1:5 to 2:1.
[0056] Antibodies which bind to the protein identified by an
antibody raised against amino acids SLIGKVDGTSHVTG (SEQ ID NO: 5)
can be used diagnostically, therapeutically, and as a research
tool. One such antibody is SAM11, which is available from Zymed
Laboratories, South San Francisco, Calif. Other such antibodies can
be readily made using standard techniques for raising monoclonal or
polyclonal antibodies. Upregulation of zonulin receptors in
diseases can be detected using the SAM11 antibodies or other
antibodies that bind to the same human protein. The antibodies can
be conjugated to a diagnostically detectable label. For therapeutic
uses the antibody can be conjugated to a therapeutic or toxic
agent, including radionuclides, anti-neoplastic agents, etc.
[0057] The identification of binding partners for the zonulin and
Zot receptor protein permits one to assay for test substances which
disrupt the binding. Binding partners identified to date include
MyD88., zonulin, Zot, and .DELTA.G. Any assay for binding of two
proteins can be used. These can be in vitro or in vivo assays. The
assays may employ antibodies or solid phase binding substrates. Any
such assay as is known in the art can be used.
[0058] Conservative substitutions, in which an amino acid is
exchanged for another having similar properties, can be made in the
agonist polypeptide having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4. Examples
of conservative substitutions include, but are not limited to,
GlyAla, ValIleLeu, AspGlu, LysArg, AsnGln, and PheTrpTyr.
Conservative amino acid substitutions typically fall in the range
of about 1 to 2 amino acid residues. Guidance in determining which
amino acid residues can be substituted without abolishing
biological or immunological activity can be found using computer
programs well known in the art, such as DNASTAR software, or in
Dayhoff et al. (1978) in Atlas of Protein Sequence and Structure
(Natl. Biomed. Res. Found., Washington, D.C.).
[0059] Amino acid substitutions are defined as one for one amino
acid replacements. They are conservative in nature when the
substituted amino acid has similar structural and/or chemical
properties. Examples of conservative replacements are substitution
of a leucine with an isoleucine or valine, an aspartate with a
glutamate, or a threonine with a serine.
[0060] Particularly preferred oligopeptide analogs include
substitutions that are conservative in nature, i.e., those
substitutions that take place within a family of amino acids that
are related in their side chains. Specifically, amino acids are
generally divided into families: (1) acidic--aspartate and
glutamate; (2) basic--lysine, arginine, histidine; (3)
non-polar--alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline,
phenylalanine, methionine, tryptophan; (4) uncharged
polar--glycine, asparagine, glutamine, cysteine, serine threonine,
and tyrosine; and (5) aromatic amino acids--phenylalanine,
tryptophan, and tyrosine. For example, it is reasonably predictable
that an isolated replacement of leucine with isoleucine or valine,
an aspartate with a glutamate, a threonine with a serine, or a
similar conservative replacement of an amino acid with a
structurally related amino acid, will not have a major effect on
the biological activity.
[0061] Any assay known in the art can be used to determine ZOT
receptor agonist biological activity. For example, the assay may
involve (1) assaying for a decrease of tissue resistance (Rt) of
ileum mounted in Ussing chambers as described by Fasano et al,
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA, 8:5242-5246 (1991); (2) assaying for a
decrease of tissue resistance (Rt) of intestinal epithelia cell
monolayers in Ussing chambers as described below; or (3) assaying
for intestinal or nasal enhancement of absorption of a therapeutic
or immunogenic agent, as described in WO 96/37196; U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 08/443,864, filed May 24, 1995; U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 08/598,852, filed Feb. 9, 1996; and U.S.
patent application Ser. No. 08/781,057, filed Jan. 9, 1997.
[0062] Agonists of ZOT receptor will rapidly open tight junctions
in a reversible and reproducible manner, and thus can be used as
intestinal or nasal absorption enhancers of a therapeutic or
immunogenic agent in the same manner as ZOT is used as intestinal
or nasal absorption enhancers, as described in WO 96/37196; U.S.
patent application Ser. No. 08/443,864, filed May 24, 1995; U.S.
patent application Ser. No. 08/598,852, filed Feb. 9, 1996; and
U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/781,057, filed Jan. 9,
1997.
[0063] Antibodies to the zot/zonulin receptor can be used as
anti-inflammatory agents for the treatment of gastrointestinal
inflammation that gives rise to increased intestinal permeability.
Thus, the antibodies of the present invention are useful, e.g., in
the treatment of intestinal conditions that cause protein losing
enteropathy. Protein losing enteropathy may arise due to:
infection, e.g., C. difficile infection, enterocolitis,
shigellosis, viral gastroenteritis, parasite infestation, bacterial
overgrowth, Whipple's disease; diseases with mucosal erosion or
ulcerations, e.g., gastritis, gastric cancer, collagenous colitis,
inflammatory bowel disease; diseases marked by lymphatic
obstruction, e.g., congenital intestinal lymphangiectasia,
sarcoidosis-lymphoma, mesenteric tuberculosis, and after surgical
correction of congenital heart disease with Fontan's operation;
mucosal diseases without ulceration, e.g. Menetrier's disease,
celiac disease, eosinophilic gastroenteritis; and immune diseases,
e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus or food allergies, primarily to
milk (see also Table 40-2 of Pediatric Gastrointestinal Disease
Pathophysiology Diagnosis Management, Eds. Wyllie et al, Saunders
Co. (1993), pages 536-543; which is incorporated by reference
herein in its entirety). The antibodies can be administered to
patients with cancer, autoimmune disease, vascular disease,
bacterial infection, Celiac Disease, asthma, and irritable bowel
syndrome.
[0064] The above disclosure generally describes the present
invention. All references disclosed herein are expressly
incorporated by reference. A more complete understanding can be
obtained by reference to the following specific examples which are
provided herein for purposes of illustration only, and are not
intended to limit the scope of the invention.
EXAMPLE 1
[0065] Rat small intestinal tissues were analyzed by a combination
of gel filtration chromatography and zonulin ELISA. Rat intestine
homogenates were loaded on a sephacryl column (length 90 cm,
diameter 2.6, cm calibrated with standard molecular weight markers)
and fractions collected and analyzed by zonulin ELISA to determine
zonulin concentrations. Of six fractions (F1-F6) tested, F5
contained the highest zonulin concentrations. Each fraction was
resolved by SDS-PAGE, transferred, and immunoblotted with
zonulin-immunoreactive, anti-Zot antibodies (FIG. 11B). Western
analysis revealed two major bands that migrated with approximate
apparent Mr of 24,000 and 23,000 in the zonulin-positive fraction,
F5, while the zonulin-negative fractions, F1-4,6, each revealed
only one immunoreactive band (.about.24 kDa). Therefore, the
.about.23 kDa band from F5 (see arrow FIG. 1B) was excised from a
Comassie blue-stained gel and subjected to Matrix Assisted Laser
Desorption Ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry. Search using the
Profound search engine for protein matches (domain name
129.85.19.192, directory profound_bin; program
WebProFound.exe?FORM=1) revealed a high similarity of this protein
(estimate Z score 1.58) with the rat mast cell protease II 1). Mast
cell proteases are serine proteinases contained in mast cell
granules with trypsin-like (tryptase) and chymotrypsin-like
(chymase) properties (46). Mucosal mast cells (MMC) contain
predominantly protease II (MCP-II), whereas connective tissue mast
cells contain mainly protease I (46). MCP-II is particularly
abundant in the pulmonary and gastrointestinal (47) mucosa. In the
gastrointestinal tract, one of the better-characterized
bioactivities of MCP-II is the modulation of mucosal epithelial
permeability following nematode infestation (48). In vitro studies
suggest that MCP-II opens the epithelial barrier by disrupting the
tight junction complex. Therefore, our proposed hypothetical model
for the zonulin system and the established functions of MCP-II are
remarkably compatible. However, we detected major differences
between zonulin and MCP-II, including their sources (zonulin is
present in enterocytes (49) and macrophages) and the stimuli for
their release (intestinal worm infestation for MCP-II [48] and
bacteria and gliadin [49] for zonulin).
[0066] We performed microsnapwell experiments in WBB6/F1-W/Wv mice
that possess pleiotropic defects in germ cells, RBC's and mucosal
mast cells and, therefore, lack MCP-II (55). Tissues mounted in the
microsnapwell system and exposed at increasing time intervals (up
to 3 h) to zonulin-releasing stimuli showed a TEER decrease
(-170.+-.15.8 Omhs/cm2 versus -43.+-.11 of untreated tissues) and a
parallel increase in zonulin release (10.0.+-.0.8 ng/mg protein vs.
0.2.+-.0.7 in untreated tissues) similar to that observed in wild
type animals (-120.+-.20 and 15.1.+-.3.1, respectively).
[0067] Taken together, our data suggest that zonulin is distinct
from MCP-II and may represent one of several physiologic activators
of PAR-2 or a variant of PAR-2. Pancreatic trypsin is the most
efficient activator of PAR-2, but there is a discrepancy between
the availability of pancreatic trypsin and the distribution of
PAR-2 (47). Biologically active trypsin is present in the lumen of
the small intestine, where it may activate PAR-2 at the apical
membrane of enterocytes (47), but PAR-2 is also found in many
tissues where it must be activated by an as yet identified
physiological activator (50). Zonulin represents a strong candidate
for such a PAR-2 activator and may reconcile this apparent
discrepancy, since it has been isolated both in intestinal and
extraintestinal tissues (51).
EXAMPLE 2
[0068] We have previously demonstrated that Zot binds to the
surface of rabbit intestinal epithelium and that this binding
varies along the different regions of the intestine (44). The
binding distribution coincides with the regional effect of Zot on
intestinal permeability and with the preferential F-actin
redistribution induced by Zot in the mature cells of the villi (38,
44). To further characterize the Zot receptor, we performed the
following experiments.
A. Binding Experiments
[0069] Binding experiments were performed with several epithelial
cell lines, including IEC6 (rat, intestine), CaCo2 (human,
villous-like enterocytes), T84 (human, crypt-like enterocytes),
MDCK (canine, kidney), and bovine pulmonary artery (BPA)
endothelial cells. For immunofluorescence analysis, confluent
monolayers (2.0.times.10.sup.5) on glass slides were incubated for
increasing time intervals (5 min, 30 min, 60 min), at 4.degree. C.
or 37.degree. C. with 5.times.10.sup.-9 M Zot or a negative
control. Following incubation of monolayers with Zot (0.2 .mu.M)
for 15 min at 37.degree. C., cells were washed 10 times with cold
PBS, suspended and lysed. Cell lysates were resolved by SDS-PAGE,
transferred to PVDF membranes, and probed with anti-Zot antibodies.
To establish the specificity of Zot binding radiolabeled Zot was
used. These experiments were performed in the absence or presence
of either 10- or 50-fold molar excess of cold unlabeled Zot. When
incubated with Zot protein for increasing time intervals, CaCo2 and
IEC6 intestinal epithelial cells as well as endothelial cells
displayed binding on the cell surface, as compared to cells exposed
to the negative control. In contrast, no staining was observed on
either T84 or MDCK cells after incubation for up to 60 min with
His-Zot. The cell-specificity of Zot binding was confirmed by
immunoblotting analysis. Zot bound to IEC6, CaCo2, and BPA but not
to T84 and MDCK cells.
B. Purification of Zot-Binding Protein.
[0070] A His-Zot affinity column was prepared by immobilizing
overnight, at room temperature, 1.0 mg of purified His-Zot to a
pre-activated gel (Aminolink, Pierce). The column was washed with
PBS, and then loaded with a crude cell lysate obtained using 106 of
either IEC6 cells or CaCo2 cells. After a 90-min incubation at room
temperature, the column was washed five times with 14 ml of PBS,
and the proteins which bound to His-Zot were eluted from the column
with 4.0 ml of 50 mM glycine (pH 2.5), 150 mM NaCl, and 0.1% (v/v)
Triton X-100. The pH of the 1.0 ml eluted fractions was immediately
neutralized with 1.0 N NaOH. Collected fractions were subjected to
6.0-15.0% (w/v) gradient SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions. The
resolved proteins were transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane and
subjected to NH2-terminal microsequencing using a Perkin-Elmer
Applied Biosystems Apparatus Model 494. The eluted fractions
obtained from both IEC6 and CaCo2 cells contained a single protein
band with an apparent Mr of 66 kDa as observed by SDS-PAGE under
reducing conditions. Treatment with neuraminidase reduced the size
of the putative Zot receptor to 35 kDa, suggesting that this
receptor is sialylated (51).
C. Characterization of the Zot/Zonulin Receptor.
[0071] Our recent data suggesting that zonulin is structurally
similar to mast cell protease (MCP)-II has led us to hypothesize
that the Zot/zonulin receptor could be similar, if not identical,
to the MCP-II proteinase-activated receptor (PAR-2). PAR-2 has
several characteristics in common with those that we have described
for the Zot/zonulin receptor. Specifically, mature PAR-2 is a
glycoprotein of 68-80 kDa that is reduced to 36-40 kDa by
deglycosylation (47). Similarly, the Zot/zonulin receptor has a
molecular mass of 66 kDa that is reduced by deglycosylation to 35
kDa (51). Distribution of PAR-2 within the gastrointestinal tract
(47) coincides with the Zot/zonulin receptor distribution in the
gut (44). PAR-2 intracellular signaling involves activation of
phospholipase C (PLC), protein kinase C (PKC) (52), and actin
polymerization leading to cytoskeletal rearrangement (53). Zot and
zonulin activate these same intracellular signaling pathways
through a common intestinal surface receptor (38). Similarly to the
Zot/zonulin effect in the gut, activation of intestinal PAR-2
results in increased intestinal permeability (54). Finally, PAR-2
is activated by cleavage of its extracellular domain by trypsin,
creating a new N-terminus that acts as a "tethered ligand".
Exogenous addition of the peptide SLIGRL (PAR-2 AP), that
corresponds to the proteolyically activated, newly created
N-terminus, also activates PAR-2 independently of receptor cleavage
(52). The N-terminus of the 12 kDa, biologically active Zot
fragment (.DELTA.G) encompasses the Zot extracellular domain (aa
residues 288-399) that is proteolytically cleaved by Vibrio
cholerae in the intestinal tract of the host. The .DELTA.G
N-terminus contains a peptide (FCIGRL amino acids 288-293) that is
structurally similar to the agonist ligand motif of PAR-2. To
define more precisely the structural requirements for engagement
and activation of the target receptor, two .DELTA.G mutants were
synthesized by mutating either the putative PAR-2 binding motif
(.DELTA.G291) or the region just downstream from the ligand motif
(.DELTA.G298). These peptides were compared to .DELTA.G for their
capacity to bind to IEC-6 cells as well as for their biological
activity on rat small intestine mounted in Ussing chambers. IEC6
cells incubated with .DELTA.G291 (G291V) showed reduced binding to
IEC6 cells as compared to cells incubated with .DELTA.G, while no
binding was observed on cells incubated with the .DELTA.G298
peptide (G298V). Biological assays in Ussing chambers showed that
.DELTA.G291 had a residual, but not a statistically significant
effect on tj disassembly, while .DELTA.G298 failed to elicit any
detectable permeating effect. These results paralleled the effects
obtained with these two mutants in the binding assay and suggested
that the G residue in position 291 and, most importantly, the G
residue in 298 may play crucial roles in .DELTA.G binding and
activation of its target receptor, possibly through changes in the
protein configuration. Currently, one of the major limitations in
studying the PAR-2 functions under both physiologic and pathologic
circumstances is the lack of specific PAR-2 inhibitors (52). Based
on our structure-function analyses, we designed a synthetic
octapeptide (corresponding to Zot amino acid residues 291-298) that
encompasses the two G residues that we targeted for mutagenesis,
but lacking the first 3 amino acid residues (288-290) of the
putative ligand motif. This synthetic peptide, FZI/0, was tested on
ileal tissue mounted in Ussing chambers either alone or in
combination with Zot, .DELTA.G, or zonulin. No changes in tissues
Rt exposed to either FZI/0 or to the scrambled octapeptide (FZI/1)
were observed. Treatment of ileal tissues with FZI/0 prior to and
throughout the study period prevented the Rt changes in response to
Zot, .DELTA.G, and zonulin while the permeating effect of the three
proteins was unaffected by pretreatment with FZI/1. These data
strengthen our hypothesis that Zot and zonulin target the same
receptor and suggest that FZI/0 may exert its inhibitory effect by
binding to, but not activating, this receptor. To test this last
hypothesis, we performed in situ binding experiments using rat
small intestine incubated with either fluoresceinated FZI/0 or
FZI/1. Tissue exposed to FZI/0 showed numerous florescent
particles, while no signal was detected in tissues incubated with
FZI/1.
EXAMPLE 3
[0072] The Zot/zonulin synthetic inhibitor FZI/0 binds to PAR-2. To
establish whether FZI/0 binds to PAR-2, double label,
co-localization immuno-fluorescence microscopy was performed in
Caco2 cell monolayers. Briefly, cells were incubated for increasing
time intervals with either FITC-FZI/0 or with mouse monoclonal
anti-human PAR-2 antibodies, followed by incubation with
rhodamine-labeled anti-mouse IgG antibodies. Cells were then washed
3 times with PBS, fixed in 3.7% paraformaldeyde in PBS (pH 7.4) for
15 min at room temperature, the cover slips were mounted with
glycerol-PBS (1:1) at pH 8.0 and analyzed with fluorescence
microscopy (ZEISS). Immunofluorescent particles were visualized in
both FITC-FZI/0- and anti-PAR-2 antibodies-exposed cells (FIG. 3).
Overlapping of the two images showed colocalization of the PAR-2
receptor and FZI/0 was evident (FIG. 3).
EXAMPLE 4
[0073] FZI/0-PAR-2 AP competitive binding experiments. The
activation of PAR-2 requires binding of either its
tryptase-generated, cleaved N-terminal portion or the synthetic
peptide equivalent, PAR-2 AP, to the receptor's extracellular loop
2 (ECL2) (47). To establish whether FZI/0 binds to the same
receptor domain, competitive binding experiments were conducted in
Caco2 cells. Cell monolayers were incubated with FITC-FZI/0
(2.times.10.sup.-8M)) either in the presence of an excess of PAR-2
AP (10.sup.-6M) or a scrambled peptide and then analyzed by
fluorescence microscopy. Cells exposed to an excess of PAR-2 AP
showed a significant reduction of FZI/0 immunofluorescent staining
particles compared to monolayers exposed to the scrambled peptide
(FIG. 4), suggesting that FZI/0 binds to PAR-2 and can be
competitively displaced by PAR-2 AP.
[0074] Effect of the Zot/zonulin inhibitor FZI/0 on PAR-2
AP-induced actin rearrangement. It has been recently reported that
activation of PAR-2 receptor by PAR-2 AP promotes cytoskeletal
reorganization (53). To establish whether this effect can be
prevented by the synthetic Zot/zonulin peptide inhibitor, FZI/0,
immunofluorescence studies were conducted in Caco2 cell monolayers.
Cells exposed to 10.sup.-6M PAR-2 AP (FIG. 5A) displayed
dissolution of stress fibers whereas BSA-treated monolayers did not
(FIG. 5B). These cytoskeletal changes were blocked by the
pre-incubation with 2.times.10.sup.-6M FZI/0 (FIG. 5C), but not by
the scrambled peptide FZI/1 (FIG. 5D). Therefore, PAR-2 AP and
FZI/0 appear to bind to the identical structure on enterocytes.
EXAMPLE 5
[0075] Effect of PAR-2 AP and MCP-II on intestinal permeability.
PAR-2 is highly expressed on the apical membrane of enterocytes
and, presumably, regulates one or more enteric cell functions (52).
We asked whether one of these functions could be the
zonulin-mediated regulation of intestinal permeability in response
to bacterial colonization. To explore this hypothesis, we tested
the effect of both MCP-II and PAR-2 AP treatment on mouse
intestinal small intestine in the microsnapwell assay. Addition of
10.sup.-6M PAR-2 AP or MCP-II (10.sup.-8M) to the luminal aspect of
the intestine decreased TEER compared to untreated tissues and this
PAR2-dependent decrement was completely prevented by pretreatment
with FZI/0 (FIG. 6). These results provide one more line of
evidence to support the hypothesis that PAR-2 is the target
receptor for both Zot and zonulin and suggests that this receptor
is also involved in the regulation of intercellular tight
junctions.
EXAMPLE 6
[0076] Involvement of MyD88 in PAR-2 signaling. Many microbial
structures, such as bacterial lipopolysaccahride or the fusion
protein from Respiratory Syncytial Virus, as well as certain
endogenous proteins, activate the cells of the innate immune system
through intracytoplasmic signaling that is initiated by Toll-like
receptors (TLRs; 55). To date, ten mammalian TLRs have been
identified. Within the intractyoplasmic domains of TLRs and the
Interleukin-1 and Interleukin-18 receptors, is a region of homology
that is referred to as the "Toll-IL-1 Receptor" or "TIR" domain.
The TIR domain is responsible for binding critical adaptor
molecules such as Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88 (MyD88). The
striking similarity of signaling pathways engaged by PAR-2
activation and those engaged by TLRs (e.g., NF-.kappa.B, etc.; 52)
led us to hypothesize that zot/zonulin might engage a member of the
TLR family or a closely related protein. Therefore, we tested the
capacity of Zot and PAR-2 AP to induce changes in intestinal
transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) was tested in
wild-type mice and in mice that have a targeted mutation (knockout,
KO) in the MyD88 gene (FIGS. 7A and 7B). The data in FIG. 7A
indicate that both PAR-2 AP and .DELTA.G induce a comparable drop
in intestinal resistance over time in wild-type tissues, which was
reversed by preincubation with the inhibitory zot peptide, FZI/0.
In contrast, intestinal tissues derived from MyD88 knockout mice
failed to respond to either stimulus to exhibit a decrease in
TEER.
[0077] Taken together, these results suggest that Zot and zonulin
activate the same receptor (a PAR-2 variant or homolog), possibly
through two distinct mechanisms (FIG. 8). Our data support the
notion that Zot binds directly to the PAR-2 (variant or homolog)
ECL2 and activates the receptor signaling, while zonulin, as a
MCPII analogue, may activate the target receptor by cleaving it at
its N-terminus (FIG. 8). Moreover, we propose that PAR-2 (variant
or homolog) may directly engage MyD88 through a TIR-like
domain.
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incorporated herein.
Sequence CWU 1
1
271399PRTVibrio Cholerae phage CTXphi 1Met Ser Ile Phe Ile His His
Gly Ala Pro Gly Ser Tyr Lys Thr Ser 1 5 10 15Gly Ala Leu Trp Leu
Arg Leu Leu Pro Ala Ile Lys Ser Gly Arg His 20 25 30Ile Ile Thr Asn
Val Arg Gly Leu Asn Leu Glu Arg Met Ala Lys Tyr 35 40 45Leu Lys Met
Asp Val Ser Asp Ile Ser Ile Glu Phe Ile Asp Thr Asp 50 55 60His Pro
Asp Gly Arg Leu Thr Met Ala Arg Phe Trp His Trp Ala Arg65 70 75
80Lys Asp Ala Phe Leu Phe Ile Asp Glu Cys Gly Arg Ile Trp Pro Pro
85 90 95Arg Leu Thr Val Thr Asn Leu Lys Ala Leu Asp Thr Pro Pro Asp
Leu 100 105 110Val Ala Glu Asp Arg Pro Glu Ser Phe Glu Val Ala Phe
Asp Met His 115 120 125Arg His His Gly Trp Asp Ile Cys Leu Thr Thr
Pro Asn Ile Ala Lys 130 135 140Val His Asn Met Ile Arg Glu Ala Ala
Glu Ile Gly Tyr Arg His Phe145 150 155 160Asn Arg Ala Thr Val Gly
Leu Gly Ala Lys Phe Thr Leu Thr Thr His 165 170 175Asp Ala Ala Asn
Ser Gly Gln Met Asp Ser His Ala Leu Thr Arg Gln 180 185 190Val Lys
Lys Ile Pro Ser Pro Ile Phe Lys Met Tyr Ala Ser Thr Thr 195 200
205Thr Gly Lys Ala Arg Asp Thr Met Ala Gly Thr Ala Leu Trp Lys Asp
210 215 220Arg Lys Ile Leu Phe Leu Phe Gly Met Val Phe Leu Met Phe
Ser Tyr225 230 235 240Ser Phe Tyr Gly Leu His Asp Asn Pro Ile Phe
Thr Gly Gly Asn Asp 245 250 255Ala Thr Ile Glu Ser Glu Gln Ser Glu
Pro Gln Ser Lys Ala Thr Val 260 265 270Gly Asn Ala Val Gly Ser Lys
Ala Val Ala Pro Ala Ser Phe Gly Phe 275 280 285Cys Ile Gly Arg Leu
Cys Val Gln Asp Gly Phe Val Thr Val Gly Asp 290 295 300Glu Arg Tyr
Arg Leu Val Asp Asn Leu Asp Ile Pro Tyr Arg Gly Leu305 310 315
320Trp Ala Thr Gly His His Ile Tyr Lys Asp Thr Leu Thr Val Phe Phe
325 330 335Glu Thr Glu Ser Gly Ser Val Pro Thr Glu Leu Phe Ala Ser
Ser Tyr 340 345 350Arg Tyr Lys Val Leu Pro Leu Pro Asp Phe Asn His
Phe Val Val Phe 355 360 365Asp Thr Phe Ala Ala Gln Ala Leu Trp Val
Glu Val Lys Arg Gly Leu 370 375 380Pro Ile Lys Thr Glu Asn Asp Lys
Lys Gly Leu Asn Ser Ile Phe385 390 3952397PRTHomo sapiens 2Met Arg
Ser Pro Ser Ala Ala Trp Leu Leu Gly Ala Ala Ile Leu Leu 1 5 10
15Ala Ala Ser Leu Ser Cys Ser Gly Thr Ile Gln Gly Thr Asn Arg Ser
20 25 30Ser Lys Gly Arg Ser Leu Ile Gly Lys Val Asp Gly Thr Ser His
Val 35 40 45Thr Gly Lys Gly Val Thr Val Glu Thr Val Phe Ser Val Asp
Glu Phe 50 55 60Ser Ala Ser Val Leu Thr Gly Lys Leu Thr Thr Val Phe
Leu Pro Ile65 70 75 80Val Tyr Thr Ile Val Phe Val Val Gly Leu Pro
Ser Asn Gly Met Ala 85 90 95Leu Trp Val Phe Leu Phe Arg Thr Lys Lys
Lys His Pro Ala Val Ile 100 105 110Tyr Met Ala Asn Leu Ala Leu Ala
Asp Leu Leu Ser Val Ile Trp Phe 115 120 125Pro Leu Lys Ile Ala Tyr
His Ile His Gly Asn Asn Trp Ile Tyr Gly 130 135 140Glu Ala Leu Cys
Asn Val Leu Ile Gly Phe Phe Tyr Gly Asn Met Tyr145 150 155 160Cys
Ser Ile Leu Phe Met Thr Cys Leu Ser Val Gln Arg Tyr Trp Val 165 170
175Ile Val Asn Pro Met Gly His Ser Arg Lys Lys Ala Asn Ile Ala Ile
180 185 190Gly Ile Ser Leu Ala Ile Trp Leu Leu Ile Leu Leu Val Thr
Ile Pro 195 200 205Leu Tyr Val Val Lys Gln Thr Ile Phe Ile Pro Ala
Leu Asn Ile Thr 210 215 220Thr Cys His Asp Val Leu Pro Glu Gln Leu
Leu Val Gly Asp Met Phe225 230 235 240Asn Tyr Phe Leu Ser Leu Ala
Ile Gly Val Phe Leu Phe Pro Ala Phe 245 250 255Leu Thr Ala Ser Ala
Tyr Val Leu Met Ile Arg Met Leu Arg Ser Ser 260 265 270Ala Met Asp
Glu Asn Ser Glu Lys Lys Arg Lys Arg Ala Ile Lys Leu 275 280 285Ile
Val Thr Val Leu Ala Met Tyr Leu Ile Cys Phe Thr Pro Ser Asn 290 295
300Leu Leu Leu Val Val His Tyr Phe Leu Ile Lys Ser Gln Gly Gln
Ser305 310 315 320His Val Tyr Ala Leu Tyr Ile Val Ala Leu Cys Leu
Ser Thr Leu Asn 325 330 335Ser Cys Ile Asp Pro Phe Val Tyr Tyr Phe
Val Ser His Asp Phe Arg 340 345 350Asp His Ala Lys Asn Ala Leu Leu
Cys Arg Ser Val Arg Thr Val Lys 355 360 365Gln Met Gln Val Ser Leu
Thr Ser Lys Lys His Ser Arg Lys Ser Ser 370 375 380Ser Tyr Ser Ser
Ser Ser Thr Thr Val Lys Thr Ser Tyr385 390 39538PRTHomo sapiens
3Gly Gly Val Leu Val Gln Pro Gly 1 546PRTVibrio Cholerae phage
CTXphi 4Phe Cys Ile Gly Arg Leu 1 5514PRTHomo sapiens 5Ser Leu Ile
Gly Lys Val Asp Gly Thr Ser His Val Thr Gly 1 5 106112PRTVibrio
Cholerae phage CTXphi 6Phe Cys Ile Gly Arg Leu Cys Val Gln Asp Gly
Phe Val Thr Val Gly 1 5 10 15Asp Glu Arg Tyr Arg Leu Val Asp Asn
Leu Asp Ile Pro Tyr Arg Gly 20 25 30Leu Trp Ala Thr Gly His His Ile
Tyr Lys Asp Thr Leu Thr Val Phe 35 40 45Phe Glu Thr Glu Ser Gly Ser
Val Pro Thr Glu Leu Phe Ala Ser Ser 50 55 60Tyr Arg Tyr Lys Val Leu
Pro Leu Pro Asp Phe Asn His Phe Val Val65 70 75 80Phe Asp Thr Phe
Ala Ala Gln Ala Leu Trp Val Glu Val Lys Arg Gly 85 90 95Leu Pro Ile
Lys Thr Glu Asn Asp Lys Lys Gly Leu Asn Ser Ile Phe 100 105
11076PRTArtificial Sequencesusbstition mutant of Vibrio cholerae
CXTphi protein Zot oligopeptide 7Xaa Cys Ile Gly Arg Leu 1
586PRTArtificial Sequencesusbstition mutant of Vibrio cholerae
CXTphi protein Zot oligopeptide 8Phe Xaa Ile Gly Arg Leu 1
596PRTArtificial Sequencesusbstition mutant of Vibrio cholerae
CXTphi protein Zot oligopeptide 9Phe Cys Xaa Gly Arg Leu 1
5106PRTArtificial Sequencesusbstition mutant of Vibrio cholerae
CXTphi protein Zot oligopeptide 10Phe Cys Ile Xaa Arg Leu 1
5116PRTArtificial Sequencesusbstition mutant of Vibrio cholerae
CXTphi protein Zot oligopeptide 11Phe Cys Ile Gly Xaa Leu 1
5126PRTArtificial Sequencesusbstition mutant of Vibrio cholerae
CXTphi protein Zot oligopeptide 12Phe Cys Ile Gly Arg Xaa 1
5136PRTArtificial Sequencesusbstition mutant of Vibrio cholerae
CXTphi protein Zot oligopeptide 13Xaa Xaa Ile Gly Arg Leu 1
5146PRTArtificial Sequencesusbstition mutant of Vibrio cholerae
CXTphi protein Zot oligopeptide 14Xaa Cys Xaa Gly Arg Leu 1
5156PRTArtificial Sequencesusbstition mutant of Vibrio cholerae
CXTphi protein Zot oligopeptide 15Xaa Cys Ile Xaa Arg Leu 1
5166PRTArtificial Sequencesusbstition mutant of Vibrio cholerae
CXTphi protein Zot oligopeptide 16Xaa Cys Ile Gly Xaa Leu 1
5176PRTArtificial Sequencesusbstition mutant of Vibrio cholerae
CXTphi protein Zot oligopeptide 17Xaa Cys Ile Gly Arg Xaa 1
5186PRTArtificial Sequencesusbstition mutant of Vibrio cholerae
CXTphi protein Zot oligopeptide 18Phe Xaa Xaa Gly Arg Leu 1
5196PRTArtificial Sequencesusbstition mutant of Vibrio cholerae
CXTphi protein Zot oligopeptide 19Phe Xaa Ile Xaa Arg Leu 1
5206PRTArtificial Sequencesusbstition mutant of Vibrio cholerae
CXTphi protein Zot oligopeptide 20Phe Xaa Ile Gly Xaa Leu 1
5216PRTArtificial Sequencesusbstition mutant of Vibrio cholerae
CXTphi protein Zot oligopeptide 21Phe Xaa Ile Gly Arg Xaa 1
5226PRTArtificial Sequencesusbstition mutant of Vibrio cholerae
CXTphi protein Zot oligopeptide 22Phe Cys Xaa Xaa Arg Leu 1
5236PRTArtificial Sequencesusbstition mutant of Vibrio cholerae
CXTphi protein Zot oligopeptide 23Phe Cys Xaa Gly Xaa Leu 1
5246PRTArtificial Sequencesusbstition mutant of Vibrio cholerae
CXTphi protein Zot oligopeptide 24Phe Cys Xaa Gly Arg Xaa 1
5256PRTArtificial Sequencesusbstition mutant of Vibrio cholerae
CXTphi protein Zot oligopeptide 25Phe Cys Ile Xaa Xaa Leu 1
5266PRTArtificial Sequencesusbstition mutant of Vibrio cholerae
CXTphi protein Zot oligopeptide 26Phe Cys Ile Xaa Arg Xaa 1
5276PRTArtificial Sequencesusbstition mutant of Vibrio cholerae
CXTphi protein Zot oligopeptide 27Phe Cys Ile Gly Xaa Xaa 1 5
* * * * *