U.S. patent application number 11/931498 was filed with the patent office on 2008-05-08 for open-chain prolyl urea-related modulators of androgen receptor function.
This patent application is currently assigned to BRISTOL-MYERS SQUIBB COMPANY. Invention is credited to David J. Augeri, Lawrence G. Hamann, Mark C. Manfredi.
Application Number | 20080108691 11/931498 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 32326402 |
Filed Date | 2008-05-08 |
United States Patent
Application |
20080108691 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Hamann; Lawrence G. ; et
al. |
May 8, 2008 |
OPEN-CHAIN PROLYL UREA-RELATED MODULATORS OF ANDROGEN RECEPTOR
FUNCTION
Abstract
There are provided nuclear hormone receptor modulating compounds
of formula I ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, X, Y, n
and G are as described herein. Further provided are methods of
using such compounds for the treatment of nuclear hormone
receptor-associated conditions, such as age related diseases, for
example sarcopenia, and also provided are pharmaceutical
compositions containing such compounds. Other embodiments are also
disclosed.
Inventors: |
Hamann; Lawrence G.; (Cherry
Hill, NJ) ; Augeri; David J.; (Princeton, NJ)
; Manfredi; Mark C.; (Hamilton, NJ) |
Correspondence
Address: |
HESLIN ROTHENBERG FARLEY & MESITI, P.C.
5 COLUMBIA CIRCLE
ALBANY
NY
12203
US
|
Assignee: |
BRISTOL-MYERS SQUIBB
COMPANY
Patent Department P.O. Box 4000
Princeton
NJ
08540
|
Family ID: |
32326402 |
Appl. No.: |
11/931498 |
Filed: |
October 31, 2007 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
10712456 |
Nov 13, 2003 |
|
|
|
11931498 |
Oct 31, 2007 |
|
|
|
60426694 |
Nov 15, 2002 |
|
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|
Current U.S.
Class: |
514/423 ;
548/538; 548/540 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61P 9/12 20180101; A61P
3/10 20180101; A61P 25/24 20180101; A61P 3/04 20180101; C07D 207/16
20130101; A61P 35/00 20180101; A61P 25/22 20180101; C07D 401/12
20130101; A61P 5/26 20180101 |
Class at
Publication: |
514/423 ;
548/540; 548/538 |
International
Class: |
A61K 31/4015 20060101
A61K031/4015; A61P 5/26 20060101 A61P005/26; C07D 207/12 20060101
C07D207/12 |
Claims
1. A compound of the formula I ##STR26## or pharmaceutically
acceptable salt thereof wherein R.sub.1 is selected from the group
consisting of hydrogen, alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl or
substituted alkenyl, cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl,
arylalkyl or substituted arylalkyl and CH.sub.2OR.sub.4; R.sub.2 is
selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl or
substituted alkyl, alkenyl or substituted alkenyl, arylalkyl or
substituted arylalkyl, aryl or substituted aryl, heterocyclo or
substituted heterocyclo, heteroaryl or substituted heteroaryl and
CH.sub.2OR.sub.4; R.sub.3 is selected from the group consisting of
hydrogen, alkyl or substituted alkyl, CH.sub.2OR.sub.4, OR.sub.2,
SR.sub.2, halo, NHR.sub.2, NHCOR.sub.4, NHCO.sub.2R.sub.4,
NHCONR.sub.4R.sub.4' and NHSO.sub.2R.sub.4; R.sub.4 and R.sub.4'
for each occurrence are each independently selected from the group
consisting of hydrogen, alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl or
substituted alkenyl, alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl or
substituted cycloalkyl, arylalkyl or substituted arylalkyl, aryl or
substituted aryl, heterocyclo or substituted heterocyclo and
heteroaryl or substituted heteroaryl; G is a mono- or polycyclic
ring system selected from the group consisting of aryl, heterocyclo
and heteroaryl, wherein said ring system may optionally substituted
with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of
hydrogen, halo, CN, CF.sub.3, OR.sub.4, CO.sub.2R.sub.4,
NR.sub.4R.sub.4', CONR.sub.4R.sub.4', CH.sub.2OR.sub.4, SR.sub.4,
SOR.sub.4, SO.sub.2R.sub.4, NO.sub.2, alkyl or substituted alkyl,
alkenyl or substituted alkenyl, alkynyl or substituted alkynyl,
cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl, arylalkyl or substituted
arylalkyl, aryl or substituted aryl and heteroaryl or substituted
heteroaryl; X is a linking group selected from the group consisting
of NR.sub.4 and CHR.sub.4; Y is selected from the group consisting
of O, NR.sub.4, NOR.sub.4, S and CH.sub.2; z is --O-- or NR.sub.4;
and n is 2; with the following provisos: (a) when Y is NOR.sub.4,
R.sub.4 is not hydrogen; (b) the following do not occur
simultaneously: R.sub.1 is methyl; X is NH; Y is O or S; and Z is
O; and (c) the following do not occur simultaneously: R.sub.1 is
methyl; X is NH; Z is O; Y is NR.sub.4; R.sub.4 is selected from
the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl or substituted alkyl,
alkenyl or substituted alkenyl, cycloalkyl or substituted
cycloalkyl, arylalkyl or substituted arylalkyl, aryl or substituted
aryl and heteroaryl or substituted heteroaryl; and G has the
following structure: ##STR27## wherein R.sub.13 is selected from
the group consisting of hydrogen, cyano (--CN), nitro (--NO.sub.2),
halo, heterocyclo, OR.sub.14, CO.sub.2R.sub.15, CONHR.sub.15,
COR.sub.15, S(O).sub.pR.sub.15, SO.sub.2NR.sub.15R.sub.15',
NHCOR.sub.15 and NHSO.sub.2R.sub.15; R.sub.14 in each functional
group is independently selected from the group consisting of
hydrogen, alkyl or substituted alkyl, CHF.sub.2, CF.sub.3 and
COR.sup.15; R.sub.15 and R.sub.15' in each functional group are
each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,
alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl or substituted alkenyl, alkynyl
or substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl,
heterocycloalkyl or substituted heterocycloalkyl, arylalkyl or
substituted arylalkyl, aryl or substituted aryl, heteroaryl or
substituted heteroaryl and --CN; A and B are each independently
selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, cyano(--CN),
nitro(--NO.sub.2), alkyl or substituted alkyl and OR.sub.14; and p
is an integer from 0 to 2.
2. A compound or salt thereof as defined in claim 1 wherein G is
selected from: ##STR28## wherein R.sub.8, R.sub.9, R.sub.10 and
R.sub.11 are each independently selected from the group consisting
of hydrogen (H), NO.sub.2, CN, CF.sub.3, OR.sub.4, CO.sub.2R.sub.4,
NR.sub.4', CONR.sub.4R.sub.4', CH.sub.2OR.sub.4, alkyl or
substituted alkyl, alkenyl or substituted alkenyl, alkynyl or
substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl,
arylalkyl or substituted arylalkyl, aryl or substituted aryl and
heteroaryl or substituted heteroaryl; A to F is each independently
selected from N or CR.sub.1; J, K, L, P and Q are each
independently selected from NR.sub.12, O, S, SO, SO.sub.2 or
CR.sub.12R.sub.12'; R.sub.12 and R.sub.12' in each functional group
are each independently selected from a bond or R.sub.1; and m is an
integer of 0 or 1.
3. A compound or salt thereof as defined in claim 2 wherein R.sub.8
is CN.
4. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound or salt as
defined in claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier
therefore.
5. A pharmaceutical composition as defined in claim 4 further
comprising a growth promoting agent.
6. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound or salt as
defined in claim 1 and at least one additional therapeutic agent
selected from the group consisting of parathyroid hormone,
bisphosphonates, estrogen, testosterone, progesterone, selective
estrogen receptor modulators, growth hormone secretagogues, growth
hormone, progesterone receptor modulators, anti-diabetic agents,
anti-hypertensive agents, anti-inflammatory agents,
anti-osteoporosis agents, anti-obesity agents, cardiac glycosides,
cholesterol lowering agents, anti-depressants, anti-anxiety agents,
anabolic agents, and thyroid mimetics.
7. A method for treating or delaying the progression or onset of
muscular atrophy, lipodistrophy, long-term critical illness,
sarcopenia, frailty or age-related functional decline, reduced
muscle strength and function, reduced bone density or growth, the
catabolic side effects of glucocorticoids, chronic fatigue
syndrome, bone fracture repair, acute fatigue syndrome and muscle
loss following elective surgery, cachexia, chronic catabolic state,
eating disorders, side effects of chemotherapy, wasting,
depression, nervousness, irritability, stress, growth retardation,
reduced cognitive function, male contraception, hypogonadism,
Syndrome X, diabetic complications or obesity, which comprises
administering to a mammalian species in need of treatment a
therapeutically effective amount of a compound or salt as defined
in claim 1.
8. A method according to claim 8 further comprising administering,
concurrently or sequentially, a therapeutically effective amount of
at least one additional therapeutic agent selected from the group
consisting of other compounds or salts of formula I, parathyroid
hormone, bisphosphonates, estrogen, testosterone, progesterone,
selective estrogen receptor modulators, growth hormone
secretagogues, growth hormone, progesterone receptor modulators,
anti-diabetic agents, anti-hypertensive agents, anti-inflammatory
agents, anti-osteoporosis agents, anti-obesity agents, cardiac
glycosides, cholesterol lowering agents, anti-depressants,
anti-anxiety agents, anabolic agents and thyroid mimetics.
Description
RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser.
No. 10/712,456, filed Nov. 13, 2003, and thus claims priority
benefit under 35 U.S.C. .sctn. 119(e) of U.S. provisional
Application No. 60/426,694, filed Nov. 15, 2002, the contents of
which are herein incorporated by reference.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The present invention relates to open chain prolyl urea and
thiourea related compounds, methods of using such compounds in the
treatment of androgen receptor-associated conditions, such as
age-related diseases, for example sarcopenia, and to pharmaceutical
compositions containing such compounds.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] Nuclear hormone receptors (NHR's) constitute a large
super-family of structurally-related and sequence-specific gene
regulators scientists have named "ligand-dependent transcription
factors." R. M. Evans, Science, 240:889 (1988). The steroid binding
NHR's (SB-NHR's) form a recognized subset of the NHR's, including
the progesterone receptor (PR), androgen receptor (AR), estrogen
receptor (ER), glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and mineralocorticoid
receptor (MR). The conventional nuclear hormone receptors are
generally transactivators in the presence of ligand, which
selectively bind to the NHR in a way that effects gene
transcription. In the absence of a corresponding ligand, some of
the orphan receptors behave as if they are transcriptionally inert.
Others, however, behave as either constitutive activators or
repressors. These orphan nuclear hormone receptors are either under
the control of ubiquitous ligands that have not been identified, or
do not need to bind ligand to exert these activities.
[0004] The AR is a ligand-activated transcriptional regulatory
protein that mediates induction of male sexual development and
function through its activity with endogenous androgens. In
addition, androgens are associated with male and female maintenance
of muscle mass and strength, bone mass and erythropoiesis.
Androgens, such as testosterone, also play an important role in
many physiological processes, such as differentiation of male
internal and external genitalia, development and maintenance of
male secondary sexual characteristics (e.g., the development of
prostate, seminal vesicles, penis, scrotum, skeletal muscle,
redistribution of body fat, stimulation of long bone growth,
closure of epiphyses, development of male hair growth pattern and
enlargement of larynx), the maintenance of sexual behavior and
function (e.g., libido and potency) and spermatogenesis (in
man).
[0005] As one ages, the serum androgen concentration in the body
declines. The age dependent decline in androgens is associated with
changes in body composition for men and women, such as a lower
percentage of muscle mass and an increase in body fat, e.g.,
sarcopenia. In this regard, modulation of the AR gene can have an
impact on the physiological effects associated with androgen
production. However, the effectiveness of known modulators of
steroid receptors is often tempered by their undesired side-effect
profile, particularly during long-term administration. For example,
the administration of synthetic androgens has been associated with
liver damage, prostate cancer, adverse effects on male sexual
function and adverse effects associated with cardiovascular and
erythropoietic function.
[0006] Numerous synthetically-derived steroidal and non-steroidal
agonists and antagonists have been described for the members of the
SB-NHR family. Many of these agonist and antagonist ligands are
used clinically in man to treat a variety of medical conditions.
RU486 (mifepristone) is an example of a synthetic antagonist of the
PR, which is utilized as a birth control agent (Vegeto et al., Cell
69: 703-713 (1992)). Flutamide is an example of an antagonist of
the AR, which is utilized for the treatment of prostate cancer
(Neri et al, Endo. 91, 427-437 (1972)). Tamoxifen is an example of
a tissue-selective modulator of the ER function, that is used in
the treatment of breast cancer (Smigel J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 90,
647-648 (1998)). Tamoxifen can function as an antagonist of the ER
in breast tissue while acting as an agonist of the ER in bone
(Grese et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 14105-14110 (1997)).
Because of the tissue-selective effects seen for Tamoxifen, this
agent, and agents like it, are referred to as tissue-selective
estrogen receptor modulators. In addition to synthetically-derived
non-endogenous ligands, non-endogenous ligands for NHR's can be
obtained from food sources (Regal et al., Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol.
Med. 223, 372-378 (2000) and Hempstock et al., J. Med. Food 2,
267-269 (1999)). The flavanoid phytoestrogens are an example of an
unnatural ligand for SB-NHR's that are readily obtained from a food
source such as soy (Quella et al., J. Clin. Oncol. 18, 1068-1074
(2000) and Banz et al., J. Med. Food 2, 271-273 (1999)). The
ability to modulate the transcriptional activity of an individual
NHR by the addition of a small molecule ligand, makes these
receptors ideal targets for the development of pharmaceutical
agents for a variety of disease states.
[0007] As mentioned above, non-natural ligands can be synthetically
engineered to serve as modulators of the function of NHR's. In the
case of SB-NHR's, engineering of an unnatural ligand can include
the identification of a core structure which mimics the natural
steroid core system. This can be achieved by random screening
against several SB-NHR's, or through directed approaches using the
available crystal structures of a variety of NHR ligand binding
domains (Bourguet et al., Nature 375, 377-382 (1995), Brzozowski,
et al., Nature 389, 753-758 (1997), Shiau et al., Cell 95, 927-937
(1998) and Tanenbaum et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95,
5998-6003 (1998)). Differential substitution about such a steroid
mimic core can provide agents with selectivity for one receptor
versus another. In addition, such modifications can be employed to
obtain agents with agonist or antagonist activity for a particular
SB-NHR. Differential substitution about the steroid mimic core can
result in the formation of a series of high affinity agonists and
antagonists with specificity for, for example, ER versus PR versus
AR versus GR versus MR. Such an approach of differential
substitution has been reported, for example, for quinoline based
modulators of steroid NHR in J. Med. Chem., 41, 623 (1998); WO
9749709; U.S. Pat. No. 5,696,133; U.S. Pat. No. 5,696,130; U.S.
Pat. No. 5,696,127; U.S. Pat. No. 5,693,647; U.S. Pat. No.
5,693,646; U.S. Pat. No. 5,688,810; U.S. Pat. No. 5,688,808 and WO
9619458, all incorporated herein by reference.
[0008] Accordingly, identification of compounds which have good
specificity for one or more steroid receptors, but which have
reduced or no cross-reactivity for other steroid or intracellular
receptors, would be of significant value in the treatment of male
and female hormone-responsive diseases. There is, therefore, a need
in the art for the identification of selective modulators of the
steroid binding nuclear hormone receptors, particularly
non-steroidal, non-toxic tissue selective androgen receptor
modulators, which activate the androgen receptor in skeletal muscle
while demonstrating limited or neutral effect on other androgen
responsive (e.g., prostate) tissues.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0009] In accordance with illustrative embodiments and
demonstrating features of the present invention, compounds are
provided which are capable of modulating the function of a nuclear
hormone receptor. Preferably the compounds are selective androgen
receptor modulators, and have the general formula I ##STR2##
wherein
[0010] R.sub.1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen
(H), alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl or substituted alkenyl,
cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl, arylalkyl or substituted
arylalkyl and CH.sub.2OR.sub.4;
[0011] R.sub.2 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen
(H), alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl or substituted alkenyl,
arylalkyl or substituted arylalkyl, aryl or substituted aryl,
heterocyclo or substituted heterocyclo, heteroaryl or substituted
heteroaryl and CH.sub.2OR.sub.4;
[0012] R.sub.3 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen
(H), alkyl or substituted alkyl, CH.sub.2OR.sub.4, OR.sub.2,
SR.sub.2, halo, NHR.sub.2, NHCOR.sub.4, NHCO.sub.2R.sub.4,
NHCONR.sub.4R.sub.4' and NHSO.sub.2R.sub.4;
[0013] R.sub.4 and R.sub.4' for each occurrence are each
independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen(H),
alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl or substituted alkenyl, alkynyl
or substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl,
arylalkyl or substituted arylalkyl, aryl or substituted aryl,
heterocyclo or substituted heterocyclo and heteroaryl or
substituted heteroaryl;
[0014] G is a mono- or polycyclic ring system selected from the
group consisting of aryl, heterocyclo and heteroaryl, wherein said
ring system may optionally substituted with one or more
substituents selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo,
CN, CF.sub.3, OR.sub.4, CO.sub.2R.sub.4, NR.sub.4R.sub.4',
CONR.sub.4R.sub.4', CH.sub.2OR.sub.4, SR.sub.4, SOR.sub.4,
SO.sub.2R.sub.4, NO.sub.2, alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl or
substituted alkenyl, alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl or
substituted cycloalkyl, arylalkyl or substituted arylalkyl, aryl or
substituted aryl and heteroaryl or substituted heteroaryl;
[0015] X is a linking group selected from the group consisting of
NR.sub.4 and CHR.sub.4;
[0016] Y is selected from the group consisting of oxygen (O),
NR.sub.4, NOR.sub.4 and sulfur (S);
[0017] Z is oxygen (--O--) or NR.sub.4; and
[0018] n is an integer of 1 or 2.
[0019] The definition of formula I above includes of all prodrug
esters, stereoisomers and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of
formula I.
[0020] The compounds of formula I modulate the function of the
nuclear hormone receptors, particularly the androgen receptor, and
include compounds which are, for example, selective agonists,
partial agonists, antagonists or partial antagonists of the
androgen receptor. Preferably the compounds of formula I possess
activity as agonists of the androgen receptor and may be used in
the treatment of diseases or disorders associated with androgen
receptor activity, such as maintenance of muscle strength and
function (e.g., in the elderly); reversal or prevention of frailty
or age-related functional decline ("ARFD") in the elderly (e.g.,
sarcopenia); prevention of catabolic side effects of
glucocorticoids; prevention and treatment of reduced bone density
or growth (e.g., osteoporosis and osteopenia); treatment of chronic
fatigue syndrome (CFS); chronic myalgia; treatment of acute fatigue
syndrome and muscle loss following elective surgery (e.g.,
post-surgical rehabilitation); acceleration of wound healing;
accelerating bone fracture repair (such as accelerating the
recovery of hip fracture patients); treatment of wasting secondary
to fractures and wasting in connection with chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD), chronic liver disease, AIDS,
weightlessness, cancer cachexia, burn and trauma recovery, chronic
catabolic state (e.g., coma), eating disorders (e.g., anorexia) and
chemotherapy.
[0021] The present invention provides for compounds of formula I,
pharmaceutical compositions employing such compounds and for
methods of using such compounds. In particular, the present
invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a
therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula I, alone
or in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
[0022] Further, in accordance with the present invention, a method
is provided for preventing, inhibiting or treating the progression
or onset of diseases or disorders associated with nuclear hormone
receptors, particularly, the androgen receptor, such as the
diseases or disorders defined above and hereinafter, wherein a
therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula I is
administered to a mammalian, i.e., human, patient in need of
treatment.
[0023] The compounds of the invention can be used alone, in
combination with other compounds of the present invention, or in
combination with one or more other agent(s) active in the
therapeutic areas described herein.
[0024] In addition, a method is provided for preventing, inhibiting
or treating the diseases as defined above and hereinafter, wherein
a therapeutically effective amount of a combination of a compound
of formula I and another type of therapeutic agent, is administered
to a human patient in need of treatment.
[0025] Preferred are compounds of formula I wherein
[0026] R.sub.1 is hydrogen (H) or alkyl;
[0027] R.sub.2 is hydrogen (H) or alkyl;
[0028] R.sub.3 is hydroxyl (OH);
[0029] X is NR.sub.4;
[0030] Y is O;
[0031] Z is O; and
[0032] n is 1
[0033] Further preferred embodiments include compounds of formula I
where G is selected from: ##STR3## wherein
[0034] R.sub.8, R.sub.9, R.sub.10 and R.sub.11 in each functional
group are each independently selected from the group consisting of
hydrogen (H), NO.sub.2, CN, CF.sub.3, OR.sub.4, CO.sub.2R.sub.4,
NR.sub.4', CONR.sub.4R.sub.4', CH.sub.2OR.sub.4, alkyl or
substituted alkyl, alkenyl or substituted alkenyl, alkynyl or
substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl,
arylalkyl or substituted arylalkyl, aryl or substituted aryl and
heteroaryl or substituted heteroaryl;
[0035] A to F is each independently selected from N or
CR.sub.1;
[0036] J, K, L, P and Q are each independently selected from
NR.sub.12, O, S, SO, SO.sub.2 or CR.sub.12R.sub.12';
[0037] R.sub.12 and R.sub.12' in each functional group are each
independently selected from a bond or R.sub.1; and
[0038] m is an integer of 0 or 1.
[0039] Preferred are compounds of formula I where RS is CN.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0040] The following abbreviations are employed herein:
Chiralpak.RTM.=Trademark of Chiral Technologies, Inc. Eaton,
Pa.
DBU=1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene
AcOH=acetic acid
DMPU=1,3-dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2(1H)-pyrimidinone
EtOAc=ethyl acetate
HPLC=high performance liquid chromatography
MeOH=methanol
MS or Mass Spec=mass spectrometry
YMC.RTM.=trademark of YMC Co, Ltd., Kyoto, Japan
CuBr=copper(I) bromide
CuCN=copper(I) cyanide
CsF=cesium fluoride
Et.sub.3N=triethylamine
DCC=1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide
DEAD=diethyl azodicarboxylate
LDA=lithium diisopropylamide
NMP=1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone
KOH=potassium hydroxide
Pd/C=palladium on activated charcoal
TFA=trifluoroacetic acid
THF=tetrahydrofuran
mp.=melting point
min=minute(s)
h=hour(s)
L=liter
mL=milliliter
t=microliter
g=gram(s)
mg=milligram(s)
mol=moles
mmol=millimole(s)
nM=nanomolar
rt=room temperature
[0041] The following definitions apply to the terms as used
throughout this specification, unless otherwise limited in specific
instances.
[0042] As used herein, the term "alkyl" denotes branched or
unbranched hydrocarbon chains, preferably having about 1 to about 8
carbons, such as, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl,
sec-butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl, 2-methylpentyl pentyl, hexyl,
isohexyl, heptyl, 4,4-dimethyl pentyl, octyl, 2,2,4-trimethylpentyl
and the like. "Substituted alkyl" includes an alkyl group
optionally substituted with one or more functional groups which are
commonly attached to such chains, such as, hydroxyl, bromo, fluoro,
chloro, iodo, mercapto or thio, cyano, alkylthio, heterocyclyl,
aryl, heteroaryl, carboxyl, carbalkoyl, alkyl, alkenyl, nitro,
amino, alkoxyl, amido, and the like to form alkyl groups such as
trifluoro methyl, 3-hydroxyhexyl, 2-carboxypropyl, 2-fluoroethyl,
carboxymethyl, cyanobutyl and the like.
[0043] Unless otherwise indicated, the term "cycloalkyl" as
employed herein alone or as part of another group includes
saturated or partially unsaturated (containing 1 or more double
bonds) cyclic hydrocarbon groups containing 1 to 3 rings, including
monocyclicalkyl, bicyclicalkyl and tricyclicalkyl, containing a
total of 3 to 20 carbons forming the rings, preferably 3 to 10
carbons, forming the ring and which may be fused to 1 or 2 aromatic
rings as described for aryl, which include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl,
cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclodecyl and
cyclododecyl, cyclohexenyl, ##STR4##
[0044] "Substituted cycloalkyl" includes a cycloalkyl group
optionally substituted with 1 or more substituents such as halogen,
alkyl, alkoxy, hydroxy, aryl, aryloxy, arylalkyl, cycloalkyl,
alkylamido, alkanoylamino, oxo, acyl, arylcarbonylamino, amino,
nitro, cyano, thiol and/or alkylthio and/or any of the substituents
included in the definition of "substituted alkyl."
[0045] Unless otherwise indicated, the term "alkenyl" as used
herein by itself or as part of another group refers to straight or
branched chain radicals of 2 to 20 carbons, preferably 2 to 12
carbons, and more preferably 2 to 8 carbons in the normal chain,
which include one or more double bonds in the normal chain, such as
vinyl, 2-propenyl, 3-butenyl, 2-butenyl, 4-pentenyl, 3-pentenyl,
2-hexenyl, 3-hexenyl, 2-heptenyl, 3-heptenyl, 4-heptenyl,
3-octenyl, 3-nonenyl, 4-decenyl, 3-undecenyl, 4-dodecenyl,
4,8,12-tetradecatrienyl, and the like. "Substituted alkenyl"
includes an alkenyl group optionally substituted with one or more
substituents, such as the substituents included above in the
definition of "substituted alkyl" and "substituted cycloalkyl."
[0046] Unless otherwise indicated, the term "alkynyl" as used
herein by itself or as part of another group refers to straight or
branched chain radicals of 2 to 20 carbons, preferably 2 to 12
carbons and more preferably 2 to 8 carbons in the normal chain,
which include one or more triple bonds in the normal chain, such as
2-propynyl, 3butynyl, 2-butynyl, 4-pentynyl, 3-pentynyl, 2-hexynyl,
3-hexynyl, 2-heptynyl, 3-heptynyl, 4-heptynyl, 3-octynyl,
3-nonynyl, 4-decynyl,3-undecynyl, 4-dodecynyl and the like.
"Substituted alkynyl" includes an alkynyl group optionally
substituted with one or more substituents, such as the substituents
included above in the definition of "substituted alkyl" and
"substituted cycloalkyl."
[0047] The terms "arylalkyl", "arylalkenyl" and "arylalkynyl" as
used alone or as part of another group refer to alkyl, alkenyl and
alkynyl groups as described above having an aryl substituent.
Representative examples of arylalkyl include, but are not limited
to, benzyl, 2-phenylethyl, 3-phenylpropyl, phenethyl, benzhydryl
and naphthylmethyl and the like. "Substituted arylalkyl" includes
arylalkyl groups wherein the aryl portion is optionally substituted
with one or more substituents, such as the substituents included
above in the definition of "substituted alkyl" and "substituted
cycloalkyl."
[0048] The term "halogen" or "halo" as used herein alone or as part
of another group refers to chlorine, bromine, fluorine, and
iodine.
[0049] Unless otherwise indicated, the term "aryl" or "Ar" as
employed herein alone or as part of another group refers to
monocyclic and polycyclic aromatic groups containing 6 to 10
carbons in the ring portion (such as phenyl or naphthyl including
1-naphthyl and 2-naphthyl) and may optionally include one to three
additional rings fused to a carbocyclic ring or a heterocyclic ring
(such as aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl or cycloheteroalkyl rings),
for example ##STR5##
[0050] "Substituted aryl" includes an aryl group optionally
substituted with one or more functional groups, such as halo,
haloalkyl, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, alkenyl,
trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, alkynyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl,
cycloheteroalkyl, cycloheteroalkylalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl,
arylalkyl, aryloxy, aryloxyalkyl, arylalkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl,
arylcarbonyl, arylalkenyl, aminocarbonylaryl, arylthio,
arylsulfinyl, arylazo, heteroarylalkyl, heteroarylalkenyl,
heteroarylheteroaryl, heteroaryloxy, hydroxy, nitro, cyano, amino,
substituted amino wherein the amino includes 1 or 2 substituents
(which are alkyl, aryl or any of the other aryl compounds mentioned
in the definitions), thiol, alkylthio, arylthio, heteroarylthio,
arylthioalkyl, alkoxyarylthio, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl,
alkylaminocarbonyl, arylaminocarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl,
aminocarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy,
alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, arylsulfinyl,
arylsulfinylalkyl, arylsulfonylamino or arylsulfonaminocarbonyl
and/or any of the alkyl substituents set out herein.
[0051] Unless otherwise indicated, the term "heteroaryl" as used
herein alone or as part of another group refers to a 5- or
7-membered aromatic ring which includes 1, 2, 3 or 4 hetero atoms
such as nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur and such rings fused to an aryl,
cycloalkyl, heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl ring (e.g.
benzothiophenyl, indolyl), and includes possible N-oxides.
"Substituted heteroaryl" includes a heteroaryl group optionally
substituted with 1 to 4 substituents, such as the substituents
included above in the definition of "substituted alkyl" and
"substituted cycloalkyl." Examples of heteroaryl groups include the
following: ##STR6## and the like.
[0052] The term "heterocyclo", heterocycle or heterocyclic ring, as
used herein, represents an unsubstituted or substituted stable 5-
to 7-membered monocyclic ring system which may be saturated or
unsaturated, and which consists of carbon atoms and from one to
four heteroatoms selected from N, O or S, and wherein the nitrogen
and sulfur heteroatoms may optionally be oxidized, and the nitrogen
heteroatom may optionally be quaternized. The heterocyclic ring may
be attached at any heteroatom or carbon atom which results in the
creation of a stable structure. Examples of such heterocyclic
groups include, but is not limited to, piperidinyl, piperazinyl,
oxopiperazinyl, oxopiperidinyl, oxopyrrolidinyl, oxoazepinyl,
azepinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrrolidinyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrazolyl,
pyrazolidinyl, imidazolyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyridyl,
pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, oxazolyl, oxazolidinyl,
isooxazolyl, isoxazolidinyl, morpholinyl, thiazolyl, thiazolidinyl,
isothiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, tetrahydropyranyl, thiamorpholinyl,
thiamorpholinyl sulfoxide, thiamorpholinyl sulfone, and
oxadiazolyl.
[0053] The compounds of formula I can be present as salts, which
are also within the scope of this invention. Pharmaceutically
acceptable (i.e., non-toxic, physiologically acceptable) salts are
preferred. If the compounds of formula I have, for example, at
least one basic center, they can form acid addition salts. These
are formed, for example, with strong inorganic acids, such as
mineral acids, for example sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid or a
hydrohalic acid, with strong organic carboxylic acids, such as
alkanecarboxylic acids of 1 to 4 carbon atoms which are
unsubstituted or substituted, for example, by halogen, for example
acetic acid, such as saturated or unsaturated dicarboxylic acids,
for example oxalic, malonic, succinic, maleic, fumaric, phthalic or
terephthalic acid, such as hydroxycarboxylic acids, for example
ascorbic, glycolic, lactic, malic, tartaric or citric acid, such as
amino acids, (for example aspartic or glutamic acid or lysine or
arginine), or benzoic acid, or with organic sulfonic acids, such as
(C.sub.1-C.sub.4) alkyl or arylsulfonic acids which are
unsubstituted or substituted, for example by halogen, for example
methyl- or p-toluene-sulfonic acid. Corresponding acid addition
salts can also be formed having, if desired, an additionally
present basic center. The compounds of formula I having at least
one acid group (for example COOH) can also form salts with bases.
Suitable salts with bases are, for example, metal salts, such as
alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salts, for example sodium,
potassium or magnesium salts, or salts with ammonia or an organic
amine, such as morpholine, thiomorpholine, piperidine, pyrrolidine,
a mono, di or tri-lower alkylamine, for example ethyl, tert-butyl,
diethyl, diisopropyl, triethyl, tributyl or dimethyl-propylamine,
or a mono, di or trihydroxy lower alkylamine, for example mono, di
or triethanolamine. Corresponding internal salts may furthermore be
formed. Salts which are unsuitable for pharmaceutical uses but
which can be employed, for example, for the isolation or
purification of free compounds of formula I or their
pharmaceutically acceptable salts, are also included.
[0054] Preferred salts of the compounds of formula I which contain
a basic group include monohydrochloride, hydrogensulfate,
methanesulfonate, phosphate or nitrate.
[0055] Preferred salts of the compounds of formula I which contain
an acid group include sodium, potassium and magnesium salts and
pharmaceutically acceptable organic amines.
[0056] The term "modulator" refers to a chemical compound with
capacity to either enhance (e.g., "agonist" activity) or inhibit
(e.g., "antagonist" activity) a functional property of biological
activity or process (e.g., enzyme activity or receptor binding);
such enhancement or inhibition may be contingent on the occurrence
of a specific event, such as activation of a signal transduction
pathway, and/or may be manifest only in particular cell types.
[0057] The term "prodrug esters" as employed herein includes esters
and carbonates formed by reacting one or more hydroxyls of
compounds of formula I with alkyl, alkoxy, or aryl substituted
acylating agents employing procedures known to those skilled in the
art to generate acetates, pivalates, methylcarbonates, benzoates
and the like.
[0058] Any compound that can be converted in vivo to provide the
bioactive agent (i.e., the compound of formula I) is a prodrug
within the scope and spirit of the invention.
[0059] Various forms of prodrugs are well known in the art. A
comprehensive description of prodrugs and prodrug derivatives are
described in:
[0060] a) The Practice of Medicinal Chemistry, Camille G. Wermuth
et al., Ch. 31, (Academic Press, 1996),
[0061] b) Design of Prodrugs, edited by H. Bundgaard, (Elsevier,
1985);
[0062] c) A Textbook of Drug Design and Development, P.
Krogsgaard-Larson and H. Bundgaard, eds. Ch 5, pgs 113-191 (Harwood
Academic Publishers, 1991).
[0063] Said references are incorporated herein by reference.
[0064] An administration of a therapeutic agent of the invention
includes administration of a therapeutically effective amount of
the agent of the invention. The term "therapeutically effective
amount" as used herein refers to an amount of a therapeutic agent
to treat or prevent a condition treatable by administration of a
composition of the invention. That amount is the amount sufficient
to exhibit a detectable therapeutic or preventative or ameliorative
effect. The effect may include, for example, treatment or
prevention of the conditions listed herein. The precise effective
amount for a subject will depend upon the subject's size and
health, the nature and extent of the condition being treated,
recommendations of the treating physician, and the therapeutics or
combination of therapeutics selected for administration. Thus, it
is not useful to specify an exact effective amount in advance.
[0065] All stereoisomers of the compounds of the instant invention
are contemplated, either in admixture or in pure or substantially
pure form. The compounds of the present invention can have
asymmetric centers at any of the carbon atoms including any one of
the R substituents. Consequently, compounds of formula I can exist
in enantiomeric or diastereomeric forms or in mixtures thereof. The
processes for preparation can utilize racemates, enantiomers or
diastereomers as starting materials. When diastereomeric or
enantiomeric products are prepared, they can be separated by
conventional methods for example, chromatographic, chiral HPLC or
fractional crystallization.
[0066] The compounds of formula I of the invention can be prepared
as shown in the following reaction schemes and description thereof,
as well as relevant published literature procedures that may be
used by one skilled in the art. Exemplary reagents and procedures
for these reactions appear hereinafter and in the working Examples.
##STR7##
[0067] As illustrated in Scheme I, selected compounds of formula I
can be prepared from suitably protected intermediates of formula
III. Intermediates of formula II an be obtained commercially, can
be prepared by methods known in the literature or can be readily
prepared by one skilled in the art. Intermediates of formula III
can be obtained commercially, can be prepared by methods known in
the literature or can be readily prepared by one skilled in the
art. Treatment of an intermediate of formula II with suitable
coupling reagents, such as EDAC and HOBT together with a suitable
coupling partner such as a compound of the formula HZR.sub.1 yields
an intermediate of the formula III. Treatment of III with an
intermediate of formula G-NCY yields compounds of the formula I.
The intermediates of formula G-NCY can be obtained, for example,
from commercially available isocyanates, thioisocyanates and
carbodiimides or can be readily prepared by one skilled in the art.
A compound of formula Ia can subsequently be obtained by any one of
various methods for amide alkylation, such as for example,
treatment of a compound of formula I with a base such as NaH,
followed by treatment with an electrophile such as R.sub.4--Br to
give the alkylated product Ia. ##STR8##
[0068] Scheme II describes a method for preparing compounds of
formula I wherein a suitably protected intermediate of formula III
is treated with a phosgene like reagent of formula C1-E-Cl in the
presence of a base, such as NaHCO.sub.3 or triethylamine, to yield
an intermediate of formula IV. The phosgene like intermediates of
formula C1-E-Cl can be obtained from commercially available
sources, can be prepared by methods known in the literature or can
be readily be prepared by one skilled in the art.
[0069] Phosgene equivalents such as carbonyldiimidazoles, may
alternatively be substituted for Cl-E-Cl. The intermediate of
formula IV can be reacted with an amine of formula H.sub.2N-G in
the presence of a base, such as triethylamine, to give a compound
of formula I. The amine intermediates H.sub.2N-G can be obtained
from commercially available sources, can be prepared by methods
known in the literature or can be readily be prepared by one
skilled in the art. ##STR9##
[0070] Scheme III describes a method to prepare isocyanates and
isothiocyanates of general formula Y.dbd.C.dbd.N-G, wherein
intermediates H.sub.2N-G are treated with phosgene, thiophosgene,
or a (thio)phosgene-like reagent in the presence of an inorganic
base such as sodium bicarbonate, or a organic base such as
diisopropylethylamine in a solvent such as dichloromethane to
afford an isocyanate or isothiocyanate of formula Y.dbd.C.dbd.N-G.
##STR10##
[0071] Scheme IV describes a method of preparing certain
intermediate compounds of the general formula IX (G) for
incorporation into compounds of the general formula I by the
methods described in the preceeding schemes. Alkyl or other
functionality can be introduced into the 2-position of substituted
anilines such as 4-chloro-3-trifluoromethylaniline (intermediate V,
where R.sub.11.dbd.CF.sub.3, Hal=Cl) for example by first
protecting the amino functionality with a suitable protecting
group, such as tert-butyloxycarbonyl (BOC) using
tert-butyloxycarbonyl (BOC) chloride or tert-butyloxycarbonyl
anhydride and a suitable base such as triethylamine to give an
intermediate of the formula VI. Optional functionality, such as an
alkyl group (R.sub.10=alkyl) can then be installed at the
2-position of the aryl ring by first metallation of a compound of
the formula VI with a suitable base such as n-butyllithium in an
appropriate solvent such as THF, followed by quenching with a
suitable electrophile such as an alkyl halide to give an
intermediate of the formula VII. A halogen group at the 4-position
of the aryl ring of a compound of the formula VII can optionally be
converted into, for example, a nitrile group to give a compound of
the formula VIII by treatment with a suitable reagent, such as
CuCN. Removal of the protective group can be accomplished, for
example in the case of a tert-butyloxycarbonyl (BOC) group,
treatment of a compound of the formula VIII under suitable cleaving
conditions such as HCl in EtOH or TFA in CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 to give a
compound of the formula IX (G). ##STR11##
[0072] Scheme V describes a method of preparing certain compounds
of formula I. Beginning with a 4-cyano 1-alkylaromatic compound of
formula X, such as 4-cyano-1-methylnaphthalene (compound of formula
X, where R.sub.4.dbd.H and R.sub.10 and R.sub.11 are taken together
to form the remainder of a naphthyl ring), treatment with a strong
base such as lithium diisopropyl amide, followed by quenching with
a suitable electrophile, such as methyl chloroformate, affords a
compound of the formula XI. A compound of the formula XI can be
hydrolysed to the free acid by standard methods known to those
skilled in the art, such as by treatment with LiOH in MeOH to
provide a compound of the formula XII. A compound of the formula
XII can then be used as an intermediate to prepare certain
compounds of the formula I (where X.dbd.CH.sub.2) by the employment
of, for example, standard peptide coupling conditions, such as EDAC
and HOBT with triethylamine in a reaction with a suitable
pyrrolidine or piperidinyl based coupling partner such as a
compound of the formula III.
Use and Utility
A. Utilities
[0073] The compounds of the present invention modulate the function
of the nuclear hormone receptors, particularly the androgen
receptor, and include compounds which are, for example, selective
agonists, partial agonists, antagonists or partial antagonists of
the androgen receptor (AR). Thus, the present compounds are useful
in the treatment of AR-associated conditions An "AR-associated
condition," as used herein, denotes a condition or disorder which
can be treated by modulating the function or activity of an AR in a
subject, wherein treatment comprises prevention, partial
alleviation or cure of the condition or disorder. Modulation may
occur locally, for example, within certain tissues of the subject,
or more extensively throughout a subject being treated for such a
condition or disorder.
[0074] The compounds of the present invention can be administered
to animals, preferably humans, for the treatment of a variety of
conditions and disorders, including, but not limited to maintenance
of muscle strength and function (e.g., in the elderly); reversal or
prevention of frailty or age-related functional decline ("ARFD") in
the elderly (e.g., sarcopenia); treatment of catabolic side effects
of glucocorticoids; prevention and/or treatment of reduced bone
mass, density or growth (e.g., osteoporosis and osteopenia);
treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS); chronic myalgia;
treatment of acute fatigue syndrome and muscle loss following
elective surgery (e.g., post-surgical rehabilitation); accelerating
of wound healing; accelerating bone fracture repair (such as
accelerating the recovery of hip fracture patients); accelerating
healing of complicated fractures, e.g. distraction osteogenesis; in
joint replacement; prevention of post-surgical adhesion formation;
acceleration of tooth repair or growth; maintenance of sensory
function (e.g., hearing, sight, olefaction and taste); treatment of
periodontal disease; treatment of wasting secondary to fractures
and wasting in connection with chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease (COPD), chronic liver disease, AIDS, weightlessness, cancer
cachexia, burn and trauma recovery, chronic catabolic state (e.g.,
coma), eating disorders (e.g., anorexia) and chemotherapy;
treatment of cardiomyopathy; treatment of thrombocytopenia;
treatment of growth retardation in connection with Crohn's disease;
treatment of short bowel syndrome; treatment of irritable bowel
syndrome; treatment of inflammatory bowel disease; treatment of
Crohn's disease and ulcerative colits; treatment of complications
associated with transplantation; treatment of physiological short
stature including growth hormone deficient children and short
stature associated with chronic illness; treatment of obesity and
growth retardation associated with obesity; treatment of anorexia
(e.g., associated with cachexia or aging); treatment of
hypercortisolism and Cushing's syndrome; Paget's disease; treatment
of osteoarthritis; induction of pulsatile growth hormone release;
treatment of osteochondrodysplasias; treatment of depression,
nervousness, irritability and stress; treatment of reduced mental
energy and low self-esteem (e.g., motivation/assertiveness);
improvement of cognitive function (e.g., the treatment of dementia,
including Alzheimer's disease and short term memory loss);
treatment of catabolism in connection with pulmonary dysfunction
and ventilator dependency; treatment of cardiac dysfunction (e.g.,
associated with valvular disease, myocardial infarction, cardiac
hypertrophy or congestive heart failure); lowering blood pressure;
protection against ventricular dysfunction or prevention of
reperfusion events; treatment of adults in chronic dialysis;
reversal or slowing of the catabolic state of aging; attenuation or
reversal of protein catabolic responses following trauma (e.g.,
reversal of the catabolic state associated with surgery, congestive
heart failure, cardiac myopathy, burns, cancer, COPD etc.);
reducing cachexia and protein loss due to chronic illness such as
cancer or AIDS; treatment of hyperinsulinemia including
nesidioblastosis; treatment of immunosuppressed patients; treatment
of wasting in connection with multiple sclerosis or other
neurodegenerative disorders; promotion of myelin repair;
maintenance of skin thickness; treatment of metabolic homeostasis
and renal homeostasis (e.g., in the frail elderly); stimulation of
osteoblasts, bone remodeling and cartilage growth; regulation of
food intake; treatment of insulin resistance, including NIDDM, in
mammals (e.g., humans); treatment of insulin resistance in the
heart; improvement of sleep quality and correction of the relative
hyposomatotropism of senescence due to high increase in REM sleep
and a decrease in REM latency; treatment of hypothermia; treatment
of congestive heart failure; treatment of lipodystrophy (e.g., in
patients taking HIV or AIDS therapies such as protease inhibitors);
treatment of muscular atrophy (e.g., due to physical inactivity,
bed rest or reduced weight-bearing conditions); treatment of
musculoskeletal impairment (e.g., in the elderly); improvement of
the overall pulmonary function; treatment of sleep disorders; and
the treatment of the catabolic state of prolonged critical illness;
treatment of hirsutism, acne, seborrhea, androgenic alopecia,
anemia, hyperpilosity, benign prostate hypertrophy, adenomas and
neoplasies of the prostate (e.g., advanced metastatic prostate
cancer) and malignant tumor cells containing the androgen receptor,
such as is the case for breast, brain, skin, ovarian, bladder,
lymphatic, liver and kidney cancers; cancers of the skin, pancreas,
endometrium, lung and colon; osteosarcoma; hypercalcemia of
malignancy; metastatic bone disease; treatment of spermatogenesis,
endometriosis and polycystic ovary syndrome; conteracting
preeclampsia, eclampsia of pregnancy and preterm labor; treatment
of premenstural syndrome; treatment of vaginal dryness; age related
decreased testosterone levels in men, male menopause, hypogonadism,
male hormone replacement, male and female sexual dysfunction (e.g.,
erectile dysfunction, decreased sex drive, sexual well-being,
decreased libido), urinary incontinence, male and female
contraception, hair loss, Reaven's Syndrome and the enhancement of
bone and muscle performance/strength. The term treatment is also
intended to include prophylactic treatment.
[0075] In addition, the conditions, diseases, and maladies
collectively referenced to as "Syndrome X" or Metabolic Syndrome as
detailed in Johannsson J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 82, 727-34
(1997), may be treated employing the compounds of the
invention.
B. Combinations
[0076] The present invention includes within its scope
pharmaceutical compositions comprising, as an active ingredient, a
therapeutically effective amount of at least one of the compounds
of formula I, alone or in combination with a pharmaceutical carrier
or diluent. Optionally, compounds of the present invention can be
used alone, in combination with other compounds of the invention,
or in combination with one or more other therapeutic agent(s),
e.g., an antibiotic or other pharmaceutically active material.
[0077] The compounds of the present invention may be combined with
growth promoting agents, such as, but not limited to, TRH,
diethylstilbesterol, theophylline, enkephalins, E series
prostaglandins, compounds disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,239,345,
e.g., zeranol, and compounds disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,036,979,
e.g., sulbenox or peptides disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.
4,411,890.
[0078] The compounds of the invention may also be used in
combination with growth hormone secretagogues such as GHRP-6,
GHRP-1 (as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,411,890 and publications WO
89/07110 and WO 89/07111), GHRP-2 (as described in WO 93/04081),
NN703 (Novo Nordisk), LY444711 (Lilly), MK-677 (Merck), CP424391
(Pfizer) and B-HT920, or with growth hormone releasing factor and
its analogs or growth hormone and its analogs or somatomedins
including IGF-1 and IGF-2, or with alpha-adrenergic agonists, such
as clonidine or serotinin 5-HT.sub.D agonists, such as sumatriptan,
or agents which inhibit somatostatin or its release, such as
physostigmine and pyridostigmine. A still further use of the
disclosed compounds of the invention is in combination with
parathyroid hormone, PTH(1-34) or bisphosphonates, such as MK-217
(alendronate).
[0079] A still further use of the compounds of the invention is in
combination with estrogen, testosterone, a selective estrogen
receptor modulator, such as tamoxifen or raloxifene, or other
androgen receptor modulators, such as those disclosed in Edwards,
J. P. et. al., Bio. Med. Chem. Let., 9, 1003-1008 (1999) and
Hamann, L. G. et. al., J. Med. Chem., 42, 210-212 (1999).
[0080] A further use of the compounds of this invention is in
combination with progesterone receptor agonists ("PRA"), such as
levonorgestrel, medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA).
[0081] The compounds of the present invention may be employed alone
or in combination with each other and/or other modulators of
nuclear hormone receptors or other suitable therapeutic agents
useful in the treatment of the aforementioned disorders including:
anti-diabetic agents; anti-osteoporosis agents; anti-obesity
agents; anti-inflammatory agents; anti-anxiety agents;
anti-depressants; anti-hypertensive agents; anti-platelet agents;
anti-thrombotic and thrombolytic agents; cardiac glycosides;
cholesterol/lipid lowering agents; mineralocorticoid receptor
antagonists; phosphodiesterase inhibitors; protein tyrosine kinase
inhibitors; thyroid mimetics (including thyroid receptor agonists);
anabolic agents; HIV or AIDS therapies; therapies useful in the
treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other cognitive disorders;
therapies useful in the treatment of sleeping disorders;
anti-proliferative agents; and anti-tumor agents.
[0082] Examples of suitable anti-diabetic agents for use in
combination with the compounds of the present invention include
biguanides (e.g., metformin), glucosidase inhibitors (e.g.,
acarbose), insulins (including insulin secretagogues or insulin
sensitizers), meglitinides (e.g., repaglinide), sulfonylureas
(e.g., glimepiride, glyburide and glipizide), biguanide/glyburide
combinations (e.g., Glucovance.RTM.), thiazolidinediones (e.g.,
troglitazone, rosiglitazone and pioglitazone), PPAR-alpha agonists,
PPAR-gamma agonists, PPAR alpha/gamma dual agonists, SGLT2
inhibitors, glycogen phosphorylase inhibitors, inhibitors of fatty
acid binding protein (aP2) such as those disclosed in U.S. Ser. No.
09/519,079 filed Mar. 6, 2000, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and
dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP4) inhibitors such as those disclosed
in WO 0168603.
[0083] Examples of suitable anti-osteoporosis agents for use in
combination with the compounds of the present invention include
alendronate, risedronate, PTH, PTH fragment, raloxifene,
calcitonins, steroidal or non-steroidal progesterone receptor
agonists, RANK ligand antagonists, calcium sensing receptor
antagonists, TRAP inhibitors, selective estrogen receptor
modulators (SERM's), estrogen and AP-1 inhibitors.
[0084] Examples of suitable anti-obesity agents for use in
combination with the compounds of the present invention include aP2
inhibitors, such as those disclosed in U.S. Ser. No. 09/519,079
filed Mar. 6, 2000, PPAR gamma antagonists, PPAR delta agonists,
beta 3 adrenergic agonists, such as AJ9677 (Takeda/Dainippon),
L750355 (Merck), or CP331648 (Pfizer) or other known beta .delta.
agonists as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,541,204, 5,770,615,
5,491,134, 5,776,983 and 5,488,064, a lipase inhibitor, such as
orlistat or ATL-962 (Alizyme), a serotonin (and dopamine) reuptake
inhibitor, such as sibutramine, topiramate (Johnson & Johnson)
or axokine (Regeneron), a thyroid receptor beta drug, such as a
thyroid receptor ligand as disclosed in WO 97/21993 (U. Cal SF), WO
99/00353 (KaroBio) and GB98/284425 (KaroBio), and/or an anorectic
agent, such as dexamphetamine, phentermine, phenylpropanolamine or
mazindol.
[0085] Examples of suitable anti-inflammatory agents for use in
combination with the compounds of the present invention include
prednisone, dexamethasone, Enbrel.RTM., cyclooxygenase inhibitors
(i.e., COX-1 and/or COX-2 inhibitors such as NSAIDs, aspirin,
indomethacin, ibuprofen, piroxicam, Naproxen.RTM., Celebrex.RTM.,
Vioxx.RTM.), CTLA4-Ig agonists/antagonists, CD40 ligand
antagonists, IMPDH inhibitors, such as mycophenolate
(CellCept.RTM.), integrin antagonists, alpha-4 beta-7 integrin
antagonists, cell adhesion inhibitors, interferon gamma
antagonists, ICAM-1, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) antagonists (e.g.,
infliximab, OR1384), prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors,
budesonide, clofazimine, CNI-1493, CD4 antagonists (e.g.,
priliximab), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitors,
protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) inhibitors, IKK inhibitors, and
therapies for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (e.g.,
Zelmac.RTM. and Maxi-K.RTM. openers such as those disclosed in U.S.
Pat. No. 6,184,231 B1).
[0086] Examples of suitable anti-anxiety agents for use in
combination with the compounds of the present invention include
diazepam, lorazepam, buspirone, oxazepam, and hydroxyzine
pamoate.
[0087] Examples of suitable anti-depressants for use in combination
with the compounds of the present invention include citalopram,
fluoxetine, nefazodone, sertraline, and paroxetine.
[0088] Examples of suitable anti-hypertensive agents for use in
combination with the compounds of the present invention include
beta adrenergic blockers, calcium channel blockers (L-type and
T-type; e.g. diltiazem, verapamil, nifedipine, amlodipine and
mybefradil), diuretics (e.g., chlorothiazide, hydrochlorothiazide,
flumethiazide, hydroflumethiazide, bendroflumethiazide,
methylchlorothiazide, trichloromethiazide, polythiazide,
benzthiazide, ethacrynic acid tricrynafen, chlorthalidone,
furosemide, musolimine, bumetanide, triamtrenene, amiloride,
spironolactone), renin inhibitors, ACE inhibitors (e.g., captopril,
zofenopril, fosinopril, enalapril, ceranopril, cilazopril,
delapril, pentopril, quinapril, ramipril, lisinopril), AT-1
receptor antagonists (e.g., losartan, irbesartan, valsartan), ET
receptor antagonists (e.g., sitaxsentan, atrsentan and compounds
disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,612,359 and 6,043,265), Dual ET/AII
antagonist (e.g., compounds disclosed in WO 00/01389), neutral
endopeptidase (NEP) inhibitors, vasopepsidase inhibitors (dual
NEP-ACE inhibitors) (e.g., omapatrilat and gemopatrilat), and
nitrates.
[0089] Examples of suitable anti-platelet agents for use in
combination with the compounds of the present invention include
GPIIb/IIIa blockers (e.g., abciximab, eptifibatide, tirofiban),
P2Y12 antagonists (e.g., clopidogrel, ticlopidine, CS-747),
thromboxane receptor antagonists (e.g., ifetroban), aspirin, and
PDE-III inhibitors (e.g., dipyridamole) with or without
aspirin.
[0090] Examples of suitable cardiac glycosides for use in
combination with the compounds of the present invention include
digitalis and ouabain.
[0091] Examples of suitable cholesterol/lipid lowering agents for
use in combination with the compounds of the present invention
include HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (e.g., pravastatin,
lovastatin, atorvastatin, simvastatin, NK-104 (a.k.a. itavastatin,
or nisvastatin or nisbastatin) and ZD-4522 (a.k.a. rosuvastatin, or
atavastatin or visastatin)), squalene synthetase inhibitors,
fibrates, bile acid sequestrants, ACAT inhibitors, MTP inhibitors,
lipooxygenase inhibitors, cholesterol absorption inhibitors, and
cholesterol ester transfer protein inhibitors (e.g.,
CP-529414).
[0092] Examples of suitable mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists
for use in combination with the compounds of the present invention
include spironolactone and eplerinone.
[0093] Examples of suitable phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors for
use in combination with the compounds of the present invention
include PDE-3 inhibitors such as cilostazol, and
phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors (PDE-5 inhibitors) such as
sildenafil.
[0094] Examples of suitable thyroid mimetics for use in combination
with the compounds of the present invention include thyrotropin,
polythyroid, KB-130015, and dronedarone.
[0095] Examples of suitable anabolic agents for use in combination
with the compounds of the present invention include testosterone,
TRH diethylstilbesterol, estrogens, .beta.-agonists, theophylline,
anabolic steroids, dehydroepiandrosterone, enkephalins, E-series
prostagladins, retinoic acid and compounds as disclosed in U.S.
Pat. No. 3,239,345, e.g., Zeranol.RTM.; U.S. Pat. No. 4,036,979,
e.g., Sulbenox.RTM. or peptides as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.
4,411,890.
[0096] Examples of suitable HIV or AIDS therapies for use in
combination with the compounds of the present invention include
indinavir sulfate, saquinavir, saquinavir mesylate, ritonavir,
lamivudine, zidovudine, lamivudine/zidovudine combinations,
zalcitabine, didanosine, stavudine, and megestrol acetate.
[0097] Examples of suitable therapies for treatment of Alzheimer's
disease and cognitive disorders for use in combination with the
compounds of the present invention include donepezil, tacrine,
revastigmine, 5HT6, gamma secretase inhibitors, beta secretase
inhibitors, SK channel blockers, Maxi-K blockers, and KCNQs
blockers.
[0098] Examples of suitable therapies for treatment of sleeping
disorders for use in combination with the compounds of the present
invention include melatonin analogs, melatonin receptor
antagonists, MLIB agonists, and GABA/NMDA receptor antagonists.
[0099] Examples of suitable anti-proliferative agents for use in
combination with the compounds of the present invention include
cyclosporin A, paclitaxel, FK-506, and adriamycin.
[0100] Examples of suitable anti-tumor agents for use in
combination with the compounds of the present invention include
paclitaxel, adriamycin, epothilones, cisplatin and carboplatin.
[0101] Compounds of the present invention may further be used in
combination with nutritional supplements such as those described in
U.S. Pat. No. 5,179,080, especially in combination with whey
protein or casein, amino acids (such as leucine, branched amino
acids and hydroxymethylbutyrate), triglycerides, vitamins (e.g., A,
B6, B12, folate, C, D and E), minerals (e.g., selenium, magnesium,
zinc, chromium, calcium and potassium), carnitine, lipoic acid,
creatinine, B-hyroxy-B-methylbutyriate (Juven) and coenzyme
Q-10.
[0102] In addition, compounds of the present invention may be used
in combination with therapeutic agents used in the treatment of
sexual dysfunction, including but not limited to PDE-5 inhibitors,
such as sildenafil or IC-351.
[0103] Compounds of the present invention may further be used in
combination with antiresorptive agents, hormone replacement
therapies, vitamin D analogues, elemental calcium and calcium
supplements, cathepsin K inhibitors, MMP inhibitors, vitronectin
receptor antagonists, Src SH.sub.2 antagonists,
vacular--H.sup.+-ATPase inhibitors, ipriflavone, fluoride,
Tibolone, prostanoids, 17-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
inhibitors and Src kinase inhibitors.
[0104] Compounds of the present invention may be used in
combination with male contraceptives, such as nonoxynol 9 or
therapeutic agents for the treatment of hair loss, such as
minoxidil and finasteride or chemotherapeutic agents, such as with
LHRH agonists.
[0105] Further, the compounds of the present invention may be used
in combination with anti-cancer and cytotoxic agents, including but
not limited to alkylating agents such as nitrogen mustards, alkyl
sulfonates, nitrosoureas, ethylenimines, and triazenes;
antimetabolites such as folate antagonists, purine analogues, and
pyrimidine analogues; antibiotics such as anthracyclines,
bleomycins, mitomycin, dactinomycin, and plicamycin; enzymes such
as L-asparaginase; farnesyl-protein transferase inhibitors;
5.alpha.-reductase inhibitors; inhibitors of
17.beta.-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 3; hormonal agents such
as glucocorticoids, estrogens/antiestrogens,
androgens/antiandrogens, progestins, and luteinizing
hormone-releasing hormone antagonists, octreotide acetate;
microtubule-disruptor agents, such as ecteinascidins or their
analogs and derivatives; microtubule-stabilizing agents such as
taxanes, for example, paclitaxel (Taxol.RTM.), docetaxel
(Taxoter.RTM.), and their analogs, and epothilones, such as
epothilones A-F and their analogs; plant-derived products, such as
vinca alkaloids, epipodophyllotoxins, taxanes; and topiosomerase
inhibitors; prenyl-protein transferase inhibitors; and
miscellaneous agents such as hydroxyurea, procarbazine, mitotane,
hexamethylmelamine, platinum coordination complexes such as
cisplatin and carboplatin; and other agents used as anti-cancer and
cytotoxic agents such as biological response modifiers, growth
factors; immune modulators and monoclonal antibodies. The compounds
of the invention may also be used in conjunction with radiation
therapy.
[0106] Representative examples of these classes of anti-cancer and
cytotoxic agents include but are not limited to mechlorethamine
hydrochloride, cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil, melphalan,
ifosfamide, busulfan, carmustin, lomustine, semustine,
streptozocin, thiotepa, dacarbazine, methotrexate, thioguanine,
mercaptopurine, fludarabine, pentastatin, cladribin, cytarabine,
fluorouracil, doxorubicin hydrochloride, daunorubicin, idarubicin,
bleomycin sulfate, mitomycin C, actinomycin D, safracins,
saframycins, quinocarcins, discodermolides, vincristine,
vinblastine, vinorelbine tartrate, etoposide, etoposide phosphate,
teniposide, paclitaxel, tamoxifen, estramustine, estramustine
phosphate sodium, flutamide, buserelin, leuprolide, pteridines,
diyneses, levamisole, aflacon, interferon, interleukins,
aldesleukin, filgrastim, sargramostim, rituximab, BCG, tretinoin,
irinotecan hydrochloride, betamethosone, gemcitabine hydrochloride,
altretamine, and topoteca and any analogs or derivatives
thereof.
[0107] Preferred member of these classes include, but are not
limited to, paclitaxel, cisplatin, carboplatin, doxorubicin,
caminomycin, daunorubicin, aminopterin, methotrexate, methopterin,
mitomycin C, ecteinascidin 743, or porfiromycin, 5-fluorouracil,
6-mercaptopurine, gemcitabine, cytosine arabinoside,
podophyllotoxin or podophyllotoxin derivatives such as etoposide,
etoposide phosphate or teniposide, melphalan, vinblastine,
vincristine, leurosidine, vindesine and leurosine.
[0108] Examples of anticancer and other cytotoxic agents include
the following: epothilone derivatives as found in German Patent No.
4138042.8; WO 97/19086, WO 98/22461, WO 98/25929, WO 98/38192, WO
99/01124, WO 99/02224, WO 99/02514, WO 99/03848, WO 99/07692, WO
99/27890, WO 99/28324, WO 99/43653, WO 99/54330, WO 99/54318, WO
99/54319, WO 99/65913, WO 99/67252, WO 99/67253 and WO 00/00485;
cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors as found in WO 99/24416 (see
also U.S. Pat. No. 6,040,321); and prenyl-protein transferase
inhibitors as found in WO 97/30992 and WO 98/54966; and agents such
as those described generically and specifically in U.S. Pat. No.
6,011,029 (the compounds of which U.S. patent can be employed
together with any NHR modulators (including, but not limited to,
those of present invention) such as AR modulators, ER modulators,
with LHRH modulators, or with surgical castration, especially in
the treatment of cancer).
[0109] The above other therapeutic agents, when employed in
combination with the compounds of the present invention, may be
used, for example, in those amounts indicated in the Physicians'
Desk Reference (PDR) or as otherwise determined by one of ordinary
skill in the art.
[0110] The compounds of the formula I can be administered for any
of the uses described herein by any suitable means, for example,
orally, such as in the form of tablets, capsules, granules or
powders; sublingually; bucally; parenterally, such as by
subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, or intrasternal injection
or infusion techniques (e.g., as sterile injectable aqueous or
non-aqueous solutions or suspensions); nasally, including
administration to the nasal membranes, such as by inhalation spray;
topically, such as in the form of a cream or ointment; or rectally
such as in the form of suppositories; in dosage unit formulations
containing non-toxic, pharmaceutically acceptable vehicles or
diluents. The present compounds can, for example, be administered
in a form suitable for immediate release or extended release.
Immediate release or extended release can be achieved by the use of
suitable pharmaceutical compositions comprising the present
compounds, or, particularly in the case of extended release, by the
use of devices such as subcutaneous implants or osmotic pumps. The
present compounds can also be administered liposomally.
[0111] Exemplary compositions for oral administration include
suspensions which can contain, for example, microcrystalline
cellulose for imparting bulk, alginic acid or sodium alginate as a
suspending agent, methylcellulose as a viscosity enhancer, and
sweeteners or flavoring agents such as those known in the art; and
immediate release tablets which can contain, for example,
microcrystalline cellulose, dicalcium phosphate, starch, magnesium
stearate and/or lactose and/or other excipients, binders,
extenders, disintegrants, diluents and lubricants such as those
known in the art. The compounds of formula I can also be delivered
through the oral cavity by sublingual and/or buccal administration.
Molded tablets, compressed tablets or freeze-dried tablets are
exemplary forms which may be used. Exemplary compositions include
those formulating the present compound(s) with fast dissolving
diluents such as mannitol, lactose, sucrose and/or cyclodextrins.
Also included in such formulations may be high molecular weight
excipients such as celluloses (avicel) or polyethylene glycols
(PEG). Such formulations can also include an excipient to aid
mucosal adhesion such as hydroxy propyl cellulose (HPC), hydroxy
propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), sodium carboxy methyl cellulose
(SCMC), maleic anhydride copolymer (e.g., Gantrez), and agents to
control release such as polyacrylic copolymer (e.g. Carbopol 934).
Lubricants, glidants, flavors, coloring agents and stabilizers may
also be added for ease of fabrication and use.
[0112] Exemplary compositions for nasal aerosol or inhalation
administration include solutions in saline which can contain, for
example, benzyl alcohol or other suitable preservatives, absorption
promoters to enhance bioavailability, and/or other solubilizing or
dispersing agents such as those known in the art.
[0113] Exemplary compositions for parenteral administration include
injectable solutions or suspensions which can contain, for example,
suitable non-toxic, parenterally acceptable diluents or solvents,
such as mannitol, 1,3-butanediol, water, Ringer's solution, an
isotonic sodium chloride solution, or other suitable dispersing or
wetting and suspending agents, including synthetic mono- or
diglycerides, and fatty acids, including oleic acid, or
Cremaphor.
[0114] Exemplary compositions for rectal administration include
suppositories which can contain, for example, a suitable
non-irritating excipient, such as cocoa butter, synthetic glyceride
esters or polyethylene glycols, which are solid at ordinary
temperatures, but liquify and/or dissolve in the rectal cavity to
release the drug.
[0115] Exemplary compositions for topical administration include a
topical carrier such as Plastibase (mineral oil gelled with
polyethylene).
[0116] The effective amount of a compound of the present invention
can be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art, and includes
exemplary dosage amounts for an adult human of from about 0.01 to
2000 mg of active compound per day, which can be administered in a
single dose or in the form of individual divided doses, such as
from 1 to 4 times per day. It will be understood that the specific
dose level and frequency of dosage for any particular subject can
be varied and will depend upon a variety of factors including the
activity of the specific compound employed, the metabolic stability
and length of action of that compound, the species, age, body
weight, general health, sex and diet of the subject, the mode and
time of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination, and
severity of the particular condition. Preferred subjects for
treatment include animals, most preferably mammalian species such
as humans, and domestic animals such as dogs, cats and the like,
subject to NHR-associated conditions.
Transactivation Assays
A. AR Specific Assay
[0117] Compounds of the present invention were tested in
transactivation assays of a transfected reporter construct and
using the endogenous androgen receptor of the host cells. The
transactivation assay provides a method for identifying functional
agonists and partial agonists that mimic, or antagonists that
inhibit, the effect of native hormones, in this case,
dihydrotestosterone (DHT). This assay can be used to predict in
vivo activity as there is a good correlation in both series of
data. See, e.g. T. Berger et al., J. Steroid Biochem. Molec. Biol.
773 (1992), the disclosure of which is herein incorporated by
reference.
[0118] For the transactivation assay a reporter plasmid is
introduced by transfection (a procedure to induce cells to take
foreign genes) into the respective cells. This reporter plasmid,
comprising the cDNA for a reporter protein, such as secreted
alkaline phosphatase (SEAP), controlled by prostate specific
antigen (PSA) upstream sequences containing androgen response
elements (AREs). This reporter plasmid functions as a reporter for
the transcription-modulating activity of the AR. Thus, the reporter
acts as a surrogate for the products (mRNA then protein) normally
expressed by a gene under control of the AR and its native hormone.
In order to detect antagonists, the transactivation assay is
carried out in the presence of constant concentration of the
natural AR hormone (DHT) known to induce a defined reporter signal.
Increasing concentrations of a suspected antagonist will decrease
the reporter signal (e.g., SEAP production). On the other hand,
exposing the transfected cells to increasing concentrations of a
suspected agonist will increase the production of the reporter
signal.
[0119] For this assay, LNCaP and MDA 453 cells were obtained from
the American Type Culture Collection (Rockville, Md.), and
maintained in RPMI 1640 or DMEM medium supplemented with 10% fetal
bovine serum (FBS; Gibco) respectively. The respective cells were
transiently transfected by electroporation according to the
optimized procedure described by Heiser, 130 Methods Mol. Biol.,
117 (2000), with the pSEAP2/PSA540/Enhancer reporter plasmid. The
reporter plasmid, was constructed as follows: commercial human
placental genomic DNA was used to generate by Polymerase Cycle
Reaction (PCR) a fragment containing the BglII site (position 5284)
and the Hind III site at position 5831 of the human prostate
specific antigen promoter (Accession # U37672), Schuur, et al., J.
Biol. Chem., 271 (12): 7043-51 (1996). This fragment was subcloned
into the pSEAP2/basic (Clontech) previously digested with BglII and
HindIII to generate the pSEAP2/PSA540 construct. Then a fragment
bearing the fragment of human PSA upstream sequence between
positions-5322 and -3873 was amplified by PCR from human placental
genomic DNA. A XhoI and a BglII sites were introduced with the
primers. The resulting fragment was subcloned into pSEAP2/PSA540
digested with XhoI and BglII respectively, to generate the
pSEAP2/PSA540/Enhancer construct. LNCaP and MDA MB-453 cells were
collected in media containing 10% charcoal stripped FBS. Each cell
suspension was distributed into two Gene Pulser Cuvetts (Bio-Rad)
which then received 8 .mu.g of the reporter construct, and
electoporated using a Bio-Rad Gene Pulser at 210 volts and 960
.mu.Faraday. Following the transfections the cells were washed and
incubated with media containing charcoal stripped fetal bovine
serum in the absence (blank) or presence (control) of 1 nM
dihydrotestosterone (DHT; Sigma Chemical) and in the presence or
absence of the standard anti-androgen bicalutamide or compounds of
the present invention in concentrations ranging from 10.sup.-10 to
10.sup.-5 M (sample). Duplicates were used for each sample. The
compound dilutions were performed on a Biomek 2000 laboratory
workstation.
[0120] After 48 h, a fraction of the supernatant was assayed for
SEAP activity using the Phospha-Light Chemiluminescent Reporter
Gene Assay System (Tropix, Inc). Viability of the remaining cells
was determined using the CellTiter 96 Aqueous Non-Radioactive Cell
Proliferation Assay (MTS Assay, Promega). Briefly, a mix of a
tetrazolium compound
(3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl-
)-2H-tetrazolium, inner salt; MTS) and an electron coupling reagent
(phenazine methosulfate; PMS) are added to the cells. MTS (Owen's
reagent) is bioreduced by cells into a formazan that is soluble in
tissue culture medium, and therefore its absorbance at 490 nm can
be measured directly from 96 well assay plates without additional
processing. The quantity of formazan product as measured by the
amount of 490 .mu.m absorbance is directly proportional to the
number of living cells in culture. For each replicate the SEAP
reading was normalized by the Abs490 value derived from the MTS
assay. For the antagonist mode, the % Inhibition was calculated as:
% Inhibition=100.times.(1-[average control-average blank/average
sample-average blank]) Data was plotted and the concentration of
compound that inhibited 50% of the normalized SEAP was quantified
(IC.sub.50).
[0121] For the agonist mode % Control was referred as the effect of
the tested compound compared to the maximal effect observed with
the natural hormone, in this case DHT, and was calculated as: %
Control=100.times.average sample-average blank/average
control-average blank Data was plotted and the concentration of
compound that activates to levels 50% of the normalized SEAP for
the control was quantified (EC.sub.50).
B. GR Specificity Assay
[0122] The reporter plasmid utilized was comprised of the cDNA for
the reporter SEAP protein, as described for the AR specific
transactivation assay. Expression of the reporter SEAP protein was
controlled by the mouse mammary tumor virus long terminal repeat
(MMTV LTR) sequences that contains three hormone response elements
(HREs) that can be regulated by both GR and PR see, e.g. G.
Chalepakis et al., Cell, 53(3), 371 (1988). This plasmid was
transfected into A549 cells, which expresses endogenous GR, to
obtain a GR specific transactivation assay. A549 cells were
obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (Rockville,
Md.), and maintained in RPMI 1640 supplemented with 10% fetal
bovine serum (FBS; Gibco). Determination of the GR specific
antagonist activity of the compounds of the present invention was
identical to that described for the AR specific transactivation
assay, except that the DHT was replaced with 5 nM dexamethasone
(Sigma Chemicals), a specific agonist for GR. Determination of the
GR specific agonist activity of the compounds of the present
invention was performed as described for the AR transactivation
assay, wherein one measures the activation of the GR specific
reporter system by the addition of a test compound, in the absence
of a known GR specific agonists ligand.
C. PR Specific Assay
[0123] The reporter plasmid utilized was comprised of the cDNA for
the reporter SEAP protein, as described for the AR specific
transactivation assay. Expression of the reporter SEAP protein was
controlled by the mouse mammary tumor virus long terminal repeat
(MMTV LTR) sequences that contains three hormone response elements
(HRE's) that can be regulated by both GR and PR. This plasmid was
transfected into T47D, which expresses endogenous PR, to obtain a
PR specific transactivation assay. T47D cells were obtained from
the American Type Culture Collection (Rockville, Md.), and
maintained in DMEM medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum
(FBS; Gibco). Determination of the PR specific antagonist activity
of the compounds of the present invention was identical to that
described for the AR specific transactivation assay, except that
the DHT was replaced with 1 nM Promegastone (NEN), a specific
agonist for PR. Determination of the PR specific agonist activity
of the compounds of the present invention was performed as
described for the AR transactivation assay, wherein one measures
the activation of the PR specific reporter system by the addition
of a test compound, in the absence of a known PR specific agonists
ligand.
D. AR Binding Assay
[0124] For the whole-cell binding assay, human LNCaP cells (T877A
mutant AR) or MDA 453 (wild type AR) in 96-well microtiter plates
containing RPMI 1640 or DMEM supplemented with 10% charcoal
stripped CA-FBS (Cocaleco Biologicals) respectively, were incubated
at 37.degree. C. to remove any endogenous ligand that might be
complexed with the receptor in the cells. After 48 h, either a
saturation analysis to determine the K.sub.d for tritiated
dihydrotestosterone, [.sup.3H]-DHT, or a competitive binding assay
to evaluate the ability of test compounds to compete with
[.sup.3H]-DHT were performed. For the saturation analysis, media
(RPMI 1640 or DMEM--0.2% CA-FBS) containing [.sup.3H]-DHT (in
concentrations ranging from 0.1 nM to 16 nM) in the absence (total
binding) or presence (non-specific binding) of a 500-fold molar
excess of unlabeled DHT were added to the cells. After 4 h at
37.degree. C., an aliquot of the total binding media at each
concentration of [.sup.3H]-DHT was removed to estimate the amount
of free [.sup.3H]-DHT. The remaining media was removed, cells were
washed three times with PBS and harvested onto UniFilter GF/B
plates (Packard), Microscint (Packard) was added and plates counted
in a Top-Counter (Packard) to evaluate the amount of bound
[.sup.3H]-DHT.
[0125] For the saturation analysis, the difference between the
total binding and the non-specific binding, was defined as specific
binding. The specific binding was evaluated by Scatchard analysis
to determine the K.sub.d for [.sup.3H]-DHT. See e.g. D.
[0126] Rodbard, Mathematics and statistics of ligand assays: an
illustrated guide: In: J. Langon and J. J. Clapp, eds., Ligand
Assay, Masson Publishing U.S.A., Inc., New York, pp. 45-99, (1981),
the disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference.
[0127] For the competition studies, media containing 1 nM
[.sup.3H]-DHT and compounds of the invention ("test compounds") in
concentrations ranging from 10.sup.-10 to 10.sup.-5 M were added to
the cells. Two replicates were used for each sample. After 4 h at
37.degree. C., cells were washed, harvested and counted as
described above. The data was plotted as the amount of
[.sup.3H]-DHT (% of control in the absence of test compound)
remaining over the range of the dose response curve for a given
compound. The concentration of test compound that inhibited 50% of
the amount of [.sup.3H]-DHT bound in the absence of competing
ligand was quantified (IC.sub.50) after log-logit transformation.
The K.sub.1 values were determined by application of the
Cheng-Prusoff equation to the IC.sub.50 values, where:
K.sub.1=IC.sub.50 (1+(.sup.3H-DHT)/K.sub.d for .sup.3H-DHT) After
correcting for non-specific binding, IC.sub.50 values were
determined. The IC.sub.50 is defined as the concentration of
competing ligand needed to reduce specific binding by 50%. The
K.sub.ds for [.sup.3H]-DHT for MDA 453 and LNCaP were 0.7 and 0.2
nM respectively.
E. C2C12 Mouse Myoblast Transactivation Assay
[0128] Two functional transactivation assays were developed to
assess the efficacy of androgen agonists in a muscle cell
background using a luciferase reporter. The first assay (ARTA
Stable 1) uses a cell line, Stable 1 (clone #72), which expresses
the full length rat androgen receptor but requires the transient
transfection of an enhancer/reporter. This cell line was derived
from C2C12 mouse moyoblast cells. The second assay (ARTA Stable 2)
uses a cell line, Stable 2 (clone #133), derived from Stable 1
which expresses both rAR and the enhancer/luciferase reporter.
[0129] The enhancer/reporter construct used in this system is
pGL3/2XDR-1/luciferase. 2.times.DR-1 was reported to be an AR
specific response element in CV-1 cells, Brown et. al. The Journal
of Biological Chemistry 272, 8227-8235, (1997). It was developed by
random mutagenesis of an AR/GR consensus enhancer sequence.
F. ARTA Stable 1
[0130] 1. Stable 1 cells are plated in 96 well format at 6,000
cells/well in high glucose DMEM without phenol red (Gibco BRL, Cat.
No.: 21063-029) containing 10% charcoal and dextran treated FBS
(HyClone Cat. No.: SH30068.02), 50 mM HEPES Buffer (Gibco BRL, Cat.
No.: 15630-080), 1.times.MEM Na Pyruvate (Gibco BRL, Cat. No.:
11360-070), 0.5.times.Antibiotic-Antimycotic, and 800 .mu.g/mL
Geneticin (Gibco BRL, Cat. No.: 10131-035).
[0131] 2. 48 h later, cells are transfected with
pGL3/2XDR-1/luciferase using LipofectAMINE Plus.TM. Reagent (Gibco
BRL, Cat. No.: 10964-013). Specifically, 5 ng/well
pGL3/2XDR-1/luciferase DNA and 50 ng/well Salmon Sperm DNA (as
carrier) are diluted with 5 .mu.l/well Opti-MEMem media (Gibco BRL,
Cat. No.: 31985-070). To this, 0.5 .mu.l/well Plus reagent is
added. This mixture is incubated for 15 min at rt. In a separate
vessel, 0.385 .mu.l/well LipofectAMINE reagent is diluted with 5
.mu.l/well Opti-MEM. The DNA mixture is then combined with the
LipofectAMINE mixture and incubated for an additional 15 min at rt.
During this time, the media from the cells is removed and replaced
with 60 .mu.l/well of Opti-MEM. To this is added 10 .mu.l/well of
the DNA/LipofectAMINE transfection mixture. The cells are incubated
for 4 h.
[0132] 3. The transfection mixture is removed from the cells and
replaced with 90 .mu.l of media as in #1 above.
[0133] 4. 10 .mu.l/well of appropriate drug dilution is placed in
each well.
[0134] 5. 24 h later, the Steady-Glo.TM. Luciferase Assay System is
used to detect activity according to the manufacturer's
instructions (Promega, Cat. No.: E2520).
G. ARTA Stable 2
[0135] 1. Stable 2 cells are plated in 96 well format at 6,000
cells/well in high glucose DMEM without phenol red (Gibco BRL, Cat.
No.: 21063-029) containing 10% charcoal and dextran treated FBS
(HyClone Cat. No.: SH30068.02), 50 mM HEPES Buffer (Gibco BRL, Cat.
No.: 15630-080), 1.times.MEM Na Pyruvate (Gibco BRL, Cat. No.:
11360-070), 0.5.times.Antibiotic-Antimycotic, 800 .mu.g/mL
Geneticin (Gibco BRL, Cat. No.: 10131-035) and 800 .mu.g/mL
Hygromycin .beta. (Gibco BRL, Cat. No.: 10687-010).
[0136] 2. 48 h later, the media on the cells is removed and
replaced with 90 .mu.l fresh. 10 .mu.l/well of appropriate drug
dilution is placed in each well.
[0137] 3. 24 h later, the Steady-Glo.TM. Luciferase Assay System is
used to detect activity according to the manufacturer's
instructions (Promega, Cat. No. E2520).
Proliferation Assays
A. Human Prostate Cell Proliferation Assay
[0138] Compounds of the present invention were tested ("test
compounds") on the proliferation of human prostate cancer cell
lines. For that, MDA PCa2b cells, a cell line derived from the
metastasis of a patient that failed castration, Navone et al.,
Clin. Cancer Res., 3, 2493-500 (1997), were incubated with or
without the test compounds for 72 h and the amount of
[.sup.3H]-thymidine incorporated into DNA was quantified as a way
to assess number of cells and therefore proliferation. The MDA
PCa2b cell line was maintained in BRFF-HPC1 media (Biological
Research Faculty & Facility Inc., MD) supplemented with 10%
FBS. For the assay, cells were plated in Biocoated 96-well
microplates and incubated at 37.degree. C. in 10% FBS
(charcoal-stripped)/BRFF-BMZERO (without androgens). After 24 h,
the cells were treated in the absence (blank) or presence of 1 nM
DHT (control) or with test compounds (sample) of the present
invention in concentrations ranging from 10.sup.-10 to 10.sup.-5 M.
Duplicates were used for each sample. The compound dilutions were
performed on a Biomek 2000 laboratory work station. Seventy-two h
later 0.44 uCi. of [.sup.3H]-Thymidine (Amersham) was added per
well and incubated for another 24 h followed by tripsinization,
harvesting of the cells onto GF/B filters. Micro-scint PS were
added to the filters before counting them on a Beckman
TopCount.
[0139] The % Inhibition was calculated as: %
Inhibition=100.times.(1-[average.sub.control-average.sub.blank/average.su-
b.sample-average.sub.blank]) Data was plotted and the concentration
of compound that inhibited 50% of the [3H]_Thymidine incorporation
was quantified (IC.sub.50).
B. Murine Breast Cell Proliferation Assay
[0140] The ability of compounds of the present invention ("test
compounds") to modulate the function of the AR was determined by
testing said compounds in a proliferation assay using the androgen
responsive murine breast cell line derived from the Shionogi tumor,
Hiraoka et al., Cancer Res., 47, 6560-6564 (1987). Stable AR
dependent clones of the parental Shionogi line were established by
passing tumor fragments under the general procedures originally
described in Tetuo, et. al., Cancer Research 25, 1168-1175 (1965).
From the above procedure, one stable line, SC114, was isolated,
characterized and utilized for the testing of example compounds.
SC114 cells were incubated with or without the test compounds for
72 h and the amount of [3H]-thymidine incorporated into DNA was
quantified as a surrogate endpoint to assess the number of cells
and therefore the proliferation rate as described in Suzuki et.
al., J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 37, 559-567 (1990). The SC114
cell line was maintained in MEM containing 10.sup.-8 M testosterone
and 2% DCC-treated FCS. For the assay, cells were plated in 96-well
microplates in the maintenance media and incubated at 37.degree. C.
On the following day, the medium was changed to serum free medium
[Ham's F-12:MEM (1; 1, v/v) containing 0.1% BSA] with (antagonist
mode) or without (agonist mode) 10.sup.-8 M testosterone and the
test compounds of the present invention in concentrations ranging
from 10.sup.-10 to 10.sup.-5 M. Duplicates were used for each
sample. The compound dilutions were performed on a Biomek 2000
laboratory work station. Seventy two h later 0.44uCi of
[3H]-Thymidine (Amersham) was added per well and incubated for
another 2 h followed by tripsinization, and harvesting of the cells
onto GF/B filters. Micro-scint PS were added to the filters before
counting them on a Beckman TopCount.
[0141] For the antagonist mode, the % Inhibition was calculated as:
%
Inhibition=100.times.(1-[average.sub.sample-average.sub.blank/average.sub-
.control-average.sub.blank]) Data was plotted and the concentration
of compound that inhibited 50% of the [.sup.3H]-Thymidine
incorporation was quantified (IC.sub.50).
[0142] For the agonist mode % Control was referred as the effect of
the tested compound compared to the maximal effect observed with
the natural hormone, in this case DHT, and was calculated as: %
Control=100.times.(average.sub.sample-average.sub.blank)/(average.sub.con-
trol-average blank) Data was plotted and the concentration of
compound that inhibited 50% of the [.sup.3H]-Thymidine
incorporation was quantified (EC.sub.50).
C. In Vitro Assay to Measure GR-Induced AP-1 Transrepression
[0143] The AP-1 assay is a cell-based luciferase reporter assay.
A549 cells, which contain endogenous glucocorticoid receptor, were
stably transfected with an AP-1 DNA binding site attached to the
luciferase gene. Cells are then grown in RPMI+10% fetal calf serum
(charcoal-treated)+Penicillin/Streptomycin with 0.5 mg/mL
geneticin. Cells are plated the day before the assay at
approximately 40000 cells/well. On assay day, the media is removed
by aspiration and 20 .mu.L assay buffer (RPMI without phenol
red+10% FCS (charcoal-treated)+Pen/Strep) is added to each well. At
this point either 20 .mu.L assay buffer (control experiments), the
compounds of the present invention ("test compounds") (dissolved in
DMSO and added at varying concentrations) or dexamethasome (100 nM
in DMSO, positive control) are added to each well. The plates are
then pre-incubated for 15 min at 37.degree. C., followed by
stimulation of the cells with 10 ng/mL PMA. The plates are then
incubated for 7 h at 37.degree. C. after which 40 .mu.L luciferase
substrate reagent is added to each well. Activity is measured by
analysis in a luminometer as compared to control experiments
treated with buffer or dexamethasome. Activity is designated as %
inhibition of the reporter system as compared to the buffer control
with 10 ng/mL PMA alone. The control, dexamethasone, at a
concentration of .gtoreq.10 .mu.M typically suppresses activity by
65%. Test compounds which demonstrate an inhibition of PMA
induction of 50% or greater at a concentration of test compound of
.gtoreq.10 .mu.M are deemed active.
In Vivo Assays
Levator Ani & Wet Prostate Weight Assay AR Agonist Assay
[0144] The activity of compounds of the present invention as AR
agonists was investigated in an immature male rat model, a
recognized test of anabolic effects in muscle and sustaining
effects in sex organs for a given compound, as described in L. G.
Hershberger et al., Proc. Soc. Expt. Biol. Med., 83, 175 (1953); B.
L. Beyler et al, "Methods for evaluating anabolic and catabolic
agents in laboratory animals", J. Amer. Med. Women's Ass., 23, 708
(1968); H. Fukuda et al., "Investigations of the levator ani muscle
as an anabolic steroid assay", Nago Dqi. Yak. Ken. Nem. 14, 84
(1966) the disclosures of which are herein incorporated by
reference.
[0145] The basis of this assay lies in the well-defined action of
androgenic agents on the maintenance and growth of muscle tissues
and sexual accessory organs in animals and man. Androgenic
steroids, such as testosterone (T), have been well characterized
for their ability to maintain muscle mass. Treatment of animals or
humans after castrations with an exogenous source of T results in a
reversal of muscular atrophy. The effects of T on muscular atrophy
in the rat levator ani muscle have been well characterized. M.
Masuoka et al., "Constant cell population in normal, testosterone
deprived and testosterone stimulated levator ani muscles" Am. J.
Anat. 119, 263 (1966); Z. Gori et al., "Testosterone hypertrophy of
levator ani muscle of castrated rats. I. Quantitative data"
Boll.--Soc. Ital. Biol. Sper. 42, 1596 (1966); Z. Gori et al.,
"Testosterone hypertrophy of levator ani muscle of castrated rats.
II. Electron-microscopic observations" Boll.--Soc. Ital. Biol.
Sper. 42, 1600 (1966); A. Boris et al., Steroids 15, 61 (1970). As
described above, the effects of androgens on maintenance of male
sexual accessory organs, such as the prostate and seminal vesicles,
is well described. Castration results in rapid involution and
atrophy of the prostate and seminal vesicles. This effect can be
reversed by exogenous addition of androgens. Since both the levator
ani muscle and the male sex organs are the tissues most responsive
to the effects of androgenic agents, this model is used to
determine the androgen dependent reversal of atrophy in the levator
ani muscle and the sex accessory organs in immature castrated rats.
Sexually mature rats (200-250 g, 6-8 weeks-old, Sprague-Dawley,
Harlan) were acquired castrated from the vendor (Taconic). The rats
were divided into groups and treated daily for 7 to 14 days with
one of the following:
[0146] 1. Control vehicle
[0147] 2. Testosterone Propionate (TP) (3 mg/rat/day,
subcutaneous)
[0148] 3. TP plus Bicalutamide (administered p.o. in PEGTW, QD), a
recognized antiandrogen, as a reference compound.
[0149] 4. To demonstrate antagonist activity, a compound of the
present invention ("test compound") was administered (p.o. in
PEGTW, QD) with TP (s.c. as administered in group 2) in a range of
doses.
[0150] 5. To demonstrate agonist activity a compound of the present
invention ("test compound") was administered alone (p.o. in PEGTW,
QD) in a range of doses.
[0151] At the end of the 7-14-day treatment, the animals were
sacrificed by carbon dioxide, and the levator ani, seminal vesicle
and ventral prostate weighed. To compare data from different
experiments, the levator ani muscle and sexual organ weights were
first standardized as mg per 100 g of body weight, and the increase
in organ weight induced by TP was considered as the maximum
increase (100%). Super-anova (one factor) was used for statistical
analysis.
[0152] The gain and loss of sexual organ weight reflect the changes
of the cell number (DNA content) and cell mass (protein content),
depending upon the serum androgen concentration. See Y. Okuda et
al., J. Urol., 145, 188-191 (1991), the disclosure of which is
herein incorporated by reference. Therefore, measurement of organ
wet weight is sufficient to indicate the bioactivity of androgens
and androgen antagonist. In immature castrated rats, replacement of
exogenous androgens increases levator ani, seminal vesicles (SV)
and prostate in a dose dependent manner.
[0153] The maximum increase in organ weight was 4 to 5-fold when
dosing 3 mg/rat/day of testosterone (T) or 1 mg/rat/day of
testosterone propionate (TP) for 3 days. The EC.sub.50 of T and TP
were about 1 mg and 0.03 mg, respectively. The increase in the
weight of the VP and SV also correlated with the increase in the
serum T and DHT concentration. Although administration of T showed
5-times higher serum concentrations of T and DHT at 2 h after
subcutaneous injection than that of TP, thereafter, these high
levels declined very rapidly. In contrast, the serum concentrations
of T and DHT in TP-treated animals were fairly consistent during
the 24 h, and therefore, TP showed about 10-30-fold higher potency
than free T.
EXAMPLES
[0154] The following examples serve to better illustrate, but not
limit, some of the preferred embodiments of the invention.
Example 1
1-(4-Cyano-2-ethyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl-1-carbamoyl)-3-hydroxy-pyrrol-
idine-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester
[0155] ##STR12##
Step 1.
N-(4-Chloro-3-trifluoromethylphenyl)-2,2-dimethylpropionamide
[0156] ##STR13##
[0157] To a solution of 15.0 g (76.7 mmol) of
4-chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)aniline in 200 mL of anhydrous THF
cooled to 0-5.degree. C. was added 11.7 mL (84.4 mmol) of NEt.sub.3
followed by 10.4 mL (84.4 mmol) of pivaloyl chloride over 30 min.
The ice bath was removed, and the mixture was stirred for 1 h, then
diluted with ether and filtered. The filtrate was washed with water
(2.times.) and brine, dried (MgSO.sub.4), filtered and
concentrated. The residue was triturated with hexanes and the solid
filtered and dried to give 20.4 g (95%) of the Step 1 compound.
.sup.1H NMR (DMSO-d.sub.6) .delta. 1.22 (s, 9H), 7.63 (d, J=8.8,
1H), 8.00 (dd, J=2.8, 8.8, 1H), 8.24 (d, J=2.2, 1H), 9.62 (s, 1H);
.sup.13C NMR (DMSO-d.sub.6).delta.26.94, 118.6, 121.7, 123.6,
124.6, 126.4, 126.6, 131.7, 138.9, 177.1; HPLC-1: 3.62 min
retention time, column: Phenominex ODS C18 4.6.times.50 mm, 4 min
gradient, 10% MeOH/90% H.sub.2O/0.1% TFA to 90% MeOH/10%
H.sub.2O/0.1% TFA; 1 min hold; 4 mL/min, UV detection at 220 nm;
HPLC-2: 3.53 min retention time (99%), column: Shimadzu Shim-Pack
VP-ODS C18 4.6.times.50 mm, 4 min gradient, 10% MeOH/90%
H.sub.2O/0.1% TFA to 90% MeOH/10% H.sub.2O/0.1% TFA; 1 min hold; 4
mL/min, UVdetection at 220 nm; MS: 280 [M+H].sup.+.
Step 2.
N-(4-Chloro-2-ethyl-3-trifluoromethylphenyl)-2,2-dimethylpropionam-
ide
[0158] ##STR14##
[0159] To a solution of 3.00 g (10.7 mmol) of the Step 1 compound
in 30 mL of anhydrous THF cooled to 0-5.degree. C. was added 16.1
mL (25.7 mmol) of 1.6 M n-BuLi in hexanes over 30 min, keeping the
temperature below 5.degree. C. The solution was stirred at
0-5.degree. C. for 1.5 h. A solution of 0.94 mL (11.8 mmol) of
iodoethane in 2.5 mL of petroleum ether was added over 20 min,
keeping the temperature below 5.degree. C. The suspension was then
stirred at 0-5.degree. C. for 1 h and diluted with water and ether.
The aqueous layer was extracted with ether and the combined organic
layers were washed with brine, dried (MgSO.sub.4), filtered and
concentrated. The residue was purified on silica gel eluted using
CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 to give 2.07 g (63%) of the Step 2 compound.
.sup.1H NMR (CDCl.sub.3) .delta. 1.22 (t, 3H), 1.35 (s, 9H), 2.79
(m, 2H), 7.37 (br d, J=8.8, 2H), 7.93 (d, J=8.8, 1H); .sup.13C NMR
(CDCl.sub.3) .delta. 14.2, 22.2, 27.5, 39.8, 125.0, 127.0, 128.3,
129.0, 130.3, 135.4, 136.8, 176.8; HPLC-1: 3.54 min retention time,
column: Phenominex ODS C18 4.6.times.50 mm, 4 min gradient 10%
MeOH/90% H.sub.2O/0.1% TFA to 90% MeOH/10% H.sub.2O/0.1% TFA; 1 min
hold; 4 mL/min, UV detection at 220 nm, HPLC-2: 3.47 min retention
time (96%), column: Shimadzu Shim-Pack VP-ODS C18 4.6.times.50 mm,
4 min gradient, 10% MeOH/90% H.sub.2O/0.1% TFA to 90% MeOH/10%
H.sub.2O/0.1% TFA; 1 min hold; 4 mL/min, UV detection at 220 nm; MS
308 [M+H].sup.+.
Step 3.
N-(4-Cyano-2-ethyl-3-trifluoromethylphenyl)-2,2-dimethylpropionami-
de
[0160] ##STR15##
[0161] A suspension of 2.00 g (6.50 mmol) of the Step 2 compound
and 1.46 g (16.2 mmol) of CuCN in 20 mL of anhydrous
N-methylpyrrolidinone was refluxed for 18 h. The suspension was
cooled to rt and poured into ice water with stirring. The solid was
filtered, washed with water, dried, triturated with MeOH and
filtered. The filtrate was concentrated to give 2.00 g of the Step
3 compound. .sup.1H NMR (DMSO-d.sub.6) .delta. 1.01 (t, 3H), 1.24
(s, 9H), 2.79 (m, 2H), 7.71 (d, J=8.7, 2H), 7.95 (d, J=8.3, 1H),
9.30 (s, 1H); .sup.13C NMR (DMSO-d.sub.6) .delta. 13.8, 21.0, 26.9,
107.0, 116.0, 132.6, 133.7, 141.0, 143.0, 177.0; HPLC-1: 3.25 min
retention time, column: Phenominex ODS C18 4.6.times.50 mm, 4 min
gradient, 10% MeOH/90% H.sub.2O/0.1% TFA to 90% MeOH/10%
H.sub.2O/0.1% TFA; 1 min hold; 4 mL/min, UV detection at 220 nm;
HPLC-2: 3.20 min retention time (85%), column: Shimadzu Shim-Pack
VP-ODS C18 4.6.times.50 mm, 4 min gradient, 10% MeOH/90%
H.sub.2O/0.1% TFA to 90% MeOH/10% H.sub.2O/0.1% TFA; 1 min hold; 4
mL/min, UV detection at 220 nm; MS: 299 [M+H].sup.+.
Step 4. 4-Amino-3-ethyl-2-trifluoromethylbenzonitrile
[0162] ##STR16##
[0163] A solution of 1.94 g (6.50 mmol) of the Step 3 compound in
30 mL of concentrated HCl/EtOH (1:1) was refluxed for 17 h. The
solution was concentrated and the residue suspended in EtOAc,
washed with saturated NaHCO.sub.3 solution (2.times.) and brine,
dried over MgSO.sub.4, filtered and concentrated. The residue was
purified on silica gel eluting using CHCl.sub.3/MeOH (98:2) to give
1.07 g (77%) of the Step 4 compound. .sup.1H NMR (CDCl.sub.3)
.delta. 1.20 (t, 3H), 2.70 (m, 2H), 4.44 (br s, 2H), 6.83 (d,
J=8.8, 1H), 7.44 (d, J=8.8, 1H); .sup.13C NMR (CDCl.sub.3) .delta.
12.15, 21.02, 98.22, 117.30, 118.07, 122.3, 124.5, 127.43, 131.5,
134.1, 149.4; HPLC-1: 2.91 min retention time, column: Phenominex
ODS C18 4.6.times.50 mm, 4 min gradient, 10% MeOH/90% H.sub.2O/0.1%
TFA to 90% MeOH/10% H.sub.2O/0.1% TFA; 1 min hold; 4 mL/min, UV
detection at 220 nm; HPLC-2: 2.81 min retention time (99%), column:
Shimadzu Shim-Pack VP-ODS C18 4.6.times.50 mm, 4 min gradient, 10%
MeOH/90% H.sub.2O/0.1% TFA to 90% MeOH/10% H.sub.2O/0.1% TFA; 1 min
hold; 4 mL/min, UV detection at 220 nm; MS: 215 [M+H].sup.+.
Step 5.
1-(4-Cyano-2-ethyl-3-trifluoromethylphenylcarbamoyl)-3-hydroxypyrr-
olidine-2-carboxylic acid
[0164] ##STR17##
[0165] To a suspension of 0.495 g (2.32 mmol) of the Step 4
compound, or an equivalent molar amount of the hydrochloride salt
thereof, in 20 mL of CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 was added 1.94 g (23.2 mmol)
of NaHCO.sub.3 followed by 9.80 mL (18.5 mmol) of phosgene (20%
solution in toluene), and the suspension was stirred at rt for 1 h.
Another 2.5 mL (4.72 mmol) of 20% phosgene in toluene solution was
added, and the suspension stirred for 1.5 h. The suspension was
then filtered and the filtrate concentrated. The residue was
azeotroped with toluene three times and concentrated to dryness.
The resulting solid was then added to a suspension of 0.48 mL (2.78
mmol) of diisopropylethylamine, 0.60 g (2.32 mmol) of
cis-3-hydroxyproline and 0.30 g of 4 .ANG. molecular sieves in 25
mL of CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2, and the suspension was stirred at rt for
13.5 h. To the suspension was added 0.42 mL (2.78 mmol) of DBU and
the suspension stirred at rt for 3 days. The suspension was
filtered and the filtrate concentrated. The residue was purified on
a reverse phase prep C18 column eluted using water/methanol (0-100%
gradient) to give 83 mg (10%) of the compound of Example 1. .sup.1H
NMR (CD.sub.3OD) .delta. 1.17 (t, 3H), 2.05 (m, 1H), 2.18 (m, 1H),
2.92 (m, 2H), 3.75 (m, 2H), 4.42 (s, 1H), 2.52 (br s, 1H), 7.76 (d,
J=8.4, 1H), 7.86 (d, J=8.4, 1H); .sup.13C NMR (CD.sub.3OD) .delta.
14.3, 22.6, 33.6, 45.7, 69.6, 74.9, 107.5, 117.8, 123.45, 126.2,
131.0, 131.3, 131.6, 131.9, 132.2, 140.9, 144.5, 156.8, 173.9;
HPLC-1: 2.50 min retention time, column: Phenominex ODS C18
4.6.times.50 mm, 4 min gradient, 10% MeOH/90% H.sub.2O/0.1% TFA to
90% MeOH/10% H.sub.2O/0.1% TFA; 1 min hold; 4 mL/min, UV detection
at 220 nm; HPLC-2: 2.38 min retention time (96%), column: Shimadzu
Shim-Pack VP-ODS C18 4.6.times.50 mm, 4 min gradient, 10% MeOH/90%
H.sub.2O/0.1% TFA to 90% MeOH/10% H.sub.2O/0.1% TFA; 1 min hold; 4
mL/min, UV detection at 220 nm; MS: 372 [M+H].sup.+.
Example 2
1-(4-Cyanonaphthalen-1-ylcarbamoyl)-3-hydroxy-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic
acid methyl ester
[0166] ##STR18##
Step 1. 4-Isocyanato-naphthalene-1-carbonitrile
[0167] ##STR19##
[0168] The title compound was prepared from 4-cyanonaphthylamine in
a similar fashion to that described in Step 5 of Example 1 for the
preparation of an aryl isocyanate from an aryl amine.
Step 2.
1-(4-Cyanonaphthalen-1-ylcarbamoyl)-3-hydroxypyrrolidine-2-carboxy-
lic acid methyl ester
[0169] To a suspension of the Step 1 compound (0.51 g, 1.96 mmol)
in CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (2 mL) cooled to 0.degree. C. was added
i-Pr.sub.2EtN (0.37 mL, 2.16 mmol). After stirring at 0.degree. C.
for 20 min, cis-3-hydroxyproline methyl ester (0.34 g, 1.75 mmol)
in CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (1 mL) solution was added, along with 4 .ANG.
molecular sieves (0.5 g) and the resulting mixture stirred at rt
until urea formation was complete (.about.1 h). The reaction
mixture was then loaded on a silica gel column, eluted with 50%
EtOAc/hexane, and 5% MeOH in EtOAc/hexane (1:1) to afford 436 mg of
the title compound as a white foam. HPLC: 99% at 1.65 min
(retention time) (Conditions: Phenom. Luna C18 (4.6.times.50 mm);
Eluted with 0% to 100% B; 4 min gradient (A=90% H.sub.2O-10%
CH.sub.3CN-0.1% TFA and B=10% H.sub.2O-90% CH.sub.3CN-0.1% TFA),
Flow rate at 4 mL/min., UV detection at 220 nm). Chiral HPLC:
retention time=8.78 min (99%); Conditions: (CHIRALPAK.RTM. OD
column 4.6.times.250 mm; 25% isopropanol in hexane over 30 minutes
at flow rate 1.0 mL/min, UV detection at 220 nm); MS (ES): m/z 340
[M+1].sup.+
Example 3
1-(5-Chloro-6-cyano-pyridin-3-ylcarbamoyl)-3-hydroxypyrrolidine-2-carboxyl-
ic acid methyl ester
[0170] ##STR20##
Step 1. 5-Amino-3-chloropyridine-2-carbonitrile
[0171] ##STR21##
[0172] To a solution of 3-chloro-5-nitro-pyridine-2-carbonitrile
(0.1 g, 0.549 mmol) in 50% EtOAc and 40% H.sub.2O and 10% HOAc was
added iron powder (0.1 g). The reaction mixture was stirred at
60.degree. C. for 5 min until the amine was formed. The mixture was
washed with H.sub.2O and the EtOAc was removed under reduced
pressure. The crude product was purified by chromatography, eluted
with 30% EtOAc in hexane and 2% MeOH in EtOAc/hexane to afford the
title compound (0.66 g) as a white solid.
Step 2. 3-Chloro-5-isocyanatopyridine-2-carbonitrile
[0173] ##STR22##
[0174] To a stirring suspension of the Step 1 compound (0.066 g,
0.43 mmol) and Et.sub.3N (0.09 mL, 0.86 mmol) in THF (4 mL) cooled
to 0.degree. C. was added a solution of phosgene (20%) in toluene
(0.085 mL, 0.86 mmol). After addition, the mixture was stirred at
rt for 10 min. The mixture was then concentrated under reduced
pressure, the resulting solid residue dried in vacuo for 1 h to
afford compound 3B (0.065 g) as a light yellow solid.
Step 3.
1-(5-Chloro-6-cyanopyridin-3-ylcarbamoyl)-3-hydroxypyrrolidine-2-c-
arboxylic acid methyl ester
[0175] A solution of cis-3-hydroxyproline methyl ester, HCl salt
(0.14 g, 0.55 mmol) in MeOH (10 mL) was added WA21J resin (0.5 g).
The resulting suspension was stirred at rt for 30 min, and then
filtered. The collected resin was rinsed with MeOH (2.times.) and
combined filtrate concentrated carefully under reduced pressure to
give the corresponding free base (0.074 g) as a colorless oil. To a
suspension of cis-3-hydroxyproline (0.074 g, 0.51 mmol) in
CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (2 mL) was added the Step 2 compound (0.065 g,
0.36 mmol) in toluene (1 mL) solution, along with 4 .ANG. molecular
sieves (0.5 g) and the resulting mixture stirred at rt until urea
formation was complete (.about.1 d). The reaction mixture was
loaded on a silica gel column, eluted with 50% EtOAc/hexane, and 5%
MeOH in EtOAc/hexane (1:1) to afford 30 mg of the title compound as
a white solid. HPLC: 99% at 1.51 min (retention time) (Conditions:
Phenom. Luna C18 (4.6.times.50 mm); Eluted with 0% to 100% B; 4 min
gradient (A=90% H.sub.2O-10% CH.sub.3CN-0.1% TFA and B=10%
H.sub.2O-90% CH.sub.3CN-0.1% TFA), Flow rate at 4 mL/min., UV
detection at 220 nm). Chiral HPLC: retention time=8.45 min (99%);
Conditions: (CHIRALPAK.RTM. OD column 4.6.times.250 mm; 25%
isopropanol in hexane over 30 minutes at flow rate 1.0 mL/min, UV
detection at 220 nm); MS (ES): m/z 325 [M+1].sup.+
Example 4
1-[2-(4-Cyanonaphthalen-1-yl)acetyl]-3-hydroxypyrrolidine-2-carboxylic
acid methyl ester
[0176] ##STR23##
Step 1. (4-Cyanonaphthalen-1-yl)acetic acid methyl ester
[0177] ##STR24##
[0178] A solution of 4-methyl-1-cyanonaphthalene (4.35 g, 25.9
mmol) in THF (100 mL) was cooled to -78.degree. C. and treated with
commercially available LDA (2 M, 60 mL). The reaction mixture was
then warmed to 0.degree. C. and maintained at 0.degree. C. for 30
min. The resulting red-colored solution was cooled to -78.degree.
C. and methyl chloroformate (10 mL, 130 mmol) was added. The
reaction mixture was stirred while warming to rt until the
displacement was complete (4 h) and then quenched with sat'd
NH.sub.4Cl. The THF layer was evaporated and extracted with EtOAc
(3.times.20 mL). The EtOAc was dried over Na.sub.2SO.sub.4 and
concentrated in vacuo to afford an oil.
Step 2. (4-Cyanonaphthalen-1-yl)acetic acid
[0179] ##STR25##
[0180] A solution of the Step 1 compound (6.20 g, 26.7 mmol) in
MeOH (100 mL) was treated with saturated aqueous LiOH (15 mL), and
the reaction mixture was stirred at rt overnight (.about.16 h). The
resulting mixture was concentrated in vacuo to dryness and
partitioned between a mixed solvent (50% Et.sub.2O:50% EtOAc) and
H.sub.2O. The H.sub.2O layer was acidified to pH 2-3 and extracted
with EtOAc (3.times.20 mL). The EtOAc was dried over
Na.sub.2SO.sub.4 and concentrated in vacuo to give a yellow solid
(2.1 g) in 38% yield.
Step 3.
1-[2-(4-Cyanonaphthalen-1-yl)acetyl]-3-hydroxypyrrolidine-2-carbox-
ylic acid methyl ester
[0181] To a solution of the Step 2 compound (1.37 g, 5.3 mmol) in
DMF (30 mL) was added HOBT (1.94 g, 14.4 mmol), EDAC (1.85 g, 9.6
mmol), followed by TEA (2 mL, 14.4 mmol), and the reaction was
stirred at rt overnight (.about.16 h). The resulting mixture was
partitioned between EtOAc (100 mL) and H.sub.2O (4.times.50 mL).
The EtOAc layer was dried over Na.sub.2SO.sub.4 and was evaporated
in vacuo. The crude product was cleaned up by silica gel
chromatography using 10% MeOH in CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 to afford 1.01 g
of the title compound as an off-white solid. HPLC: 97.5% at 2.99
min (retention time) (Conditions: YMC S5 ODS (4.6.times.50 mm)
Ballistic; Eluted with 0% to 100% B; 4 min gradient (A=90%
H.sub.2O-10% CH.sub.3OH-0.2% H.sub.3PO.sub.4 and B=10% H.sub.2O-90%
CH.sub.3OH-0.2% H.sub.3PO.sub.4), Flow rate at 4 mL/min., UV
detection at 220 nm). MS (ES): m/z 339 [M+1].sup.+
* * * * *