U.S. patent application number 11/760463 was filed with the patent office on 2008-04-24 for cryogenic container, superconductivity magnetic energy storage (smes) system, and method for shielding a cryogenic fluid.
Invention is credited to Gregory J. Egan.
Application Number | 20080092555 11/760463 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 36100022 |
Filed Date | 2008-04-24 |
United States Patent
Application |
20080092555 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Egan; Gregory J. |
April 24, 2008 |
Cryogenic Container, Superconductivity Magnetic Energy Storage
(SMES) System, And Method For Shielding A Cryogenic Fluid
Abstract
A cryogenic container includes an inner vessel for containing a
cryogenic fluid, and an outer vessel for insulating the cryogenic
fluid from the environment. The inner vessel includes a
superconductive layer formed of a material having superconducting
properties at the temperature of the cryogenic fluid. The
superconductive layer forms a magnetic field around the cryogenic
container, that repels electromagnetic energy, including thermal
energy from the environment, keeping the cryogenic fluid at low
temperatures. The cryogenic container has a portability and a
volume that permits its' use in applications from handheld
electronics to vehicles such as alternative fueled vehicles (AFVs).
A SMES storage system includes the cryogenic container, and a SMES
magnet suspended within the cryogenic fluid. The SMES storage
system can also include a recharger and a cryocooler configured to
recharge the cryogenic container with the cryogenic fluid.
Inventors: |
Egan; Gregory J.;
(Littleton, CO) |
Correspondence
Address: |
STEPHEN A. GRATTON
2764 SOUTH BRAUN WAY
LAKEWOOD
CO
80228
US
|
Family ID: |
36100022 |
Appl. No.: |
11/760463 |
Filed: |
June 8, 2007 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
11132135 |
May 18, 2005 |
7305836 |
|
|
11760463 |
Jun 8, 2007 |
|
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Current U.S.
Class: |
62/6 ;
220/560.12; 62/3.6 |
Current CPC
Class: |
F17C 2250/04 20130101;
F17C 2205/0352 20130101; F17C 2221/012 20130101; F17C 2221/014
20130101; F17C 2203/014 20130101; F17C 2203/0304 20130101; Y10S
505/898 20130101; F17C 2203/0391 20130101; F17C 2223/033 20130101;
F17C 2201/0104 20130101; F17C 2270/0171 20130101; F17C 3/04
20130101; F17C 2203/0639 20130101; Y02E 60/32 20130101; F17C 6/00
20130101; F17C 2203/0629 20130101; F17C 2221/011 20130101; F17C
2201/054 20130101; F17C 3/08 20130101; F17C 2201/056 20130101; F17C
2270/0178 20130101; H01F 6/00 20130101; H01F 6/04 20130101; Y10S
505/875 20130101; F17C 2203/0641 20130101; F17C 2260/033 20130101;
F17C 2201/01 20130101; F17C 2201/032 20130101; F17C 2201/035
20130101; F17C 2203/015 20130101; F17C 2223/0161 20130101; H01F
27/36 20130101; F17C 2203/0643 20130101; F17C 2203/0687 20130101;
F17C 13/02 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
062/006 ;
220/560.12; 062/003.6 |
International
Class: |
F25B 9/00 20060101
F25B009/00; F17C 3/02 20060101 F17C003/02; F25B 21/02 20060101
F25B021/02 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
May 19, 2004 |
AU |
2004902677 |
Claims
1. A cryogenic container comprising: an inner vessel configured to
contain a cryogenic fluid at a selected temperature range; an outer
vessel surrounding the inner vessel; and a material lining a
surface of the inner vessel having superconducting properties at
the selected temperature range configured to shield the cryogenic
fluid in the inner vessel from thermal energy transmitted through
the inner vessel.
2. The cryogenic container of claim 1 further comprising: a
recharger configured to inject a compressed cryogenic gas into the
inner vessel for recharging the cryogenic fluid; and a cryocooler
configured to supply the recharger with a fluid.
3. The cryogenic container of claim 2 wherein the fluid comprises
hydrogen.
4. The cryogenic container of claim 2 wherein the fluid comprises
supercritical hydrogen.
5. The cryogenic container of claim 1 wherein the inner vessel is
configured to contain a volume of from 10 cc (cubic centimeters) to
1 m.sup.3 (cubic meters) of the cryogenic fluid.
6. The cryogenic container of claim 1 wherein the material
comprises a low temperature superconductor.
7. A cryogenic container comprising: an inner vessel configured to
contain a cryogenic fluid at a selected temperature range; an outer
vessel surrounding the inner vessel forming an annulus between the
inner vessel and the outer vessel; and a layer on the inner vessel
comprising a material having superconducting properties at the
selected temperature range configured to shield the cryogenic fluid
in the inner vessel from thermal energy and infrared radiation
transmitted through the inner vessel to the cryogenic fluid.
8. The container of claim 7 wherein the layer substantially covers
an outer surface of the inner vessel.
9. The container of claim 7 wherein the layer substantially covers
an inner surface of the inner vessel.
10. The container of claim 7 wherein the inner vessel is adapted to
contain a volume of from 10 cc (cubic centimeters) to 1 m.sup.3
(cubic meters) of the cryogenic fluid.
11. The container of claim 7 wherein the annulus contains a thermal
insulation and a vacuum.
12. The container of claim 7 wherein the material comprises a low
temperature superconductor.
13. The container of claim 7 wherein the material comprises a
compound selected from the group consisting of magnesium diboride,
a niobium alloy, a copper oxide, a BCS superconductor, a rare earth
copper oxide (RECuOx), a carbon material, or a ceramic
material.
14. The container of claim 7 wherein the material comprises
magnesium diboride.
15. A system for storing electrical energy comprising: an inner
vessel configured to contain a cryogenic fluid at a selected
temperature range; an outer vessel surrounding the inner vessel
forming an annulus between the inner vessel and the outer vessel; a
material on the inner vessel having superconducting properties at
the selected temperature range configured to shield the cryogenic
fluid in the inner vessel from thermal energy transmitted through
the inner vessel; a superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES)
magnet in the inner vessel configured to store the electrical
energy; and a control circuitry configured to either input or
extract the electrical energy from the (SMES) magnet.
16. The system of claim 15 further comprising a recharger
configured to inject a compressed cryogenic gas into the inner
vessel for recharging the cryogenic fluid.
17. The system of claim 16 further comprising a cryocooler
configured to supply the recharger with a fluid.
18. The system of claim 17 wherein the fluid comprises a
supercritical fluid.
19. The system of claim 17 wherein the fluid comprises
supercritical hydrogen.
20. The system of claim 15 wherein the material is not permanently
attached to the inner vessel.
21. A method for shielding a cryogenic fluid comprising: providing
a cryogenic container comprising an outer vessel, and an inner
vessel adapted to contain the cryogenic fluid at a selected
temperature range; providing a material on the inner vessel having
superconductive properties at the selected temperature range
configured to shield the cryogenic fluid in the inner vessel from
electromagnetic energy transmitted through the inner vessel; and
shielding the cryogenic fluid from the electromagnetic energy using
the material.
22. The method of claim 21 wherein the material substantially
covers an outer surface of the inner vessel.
23. The method of claim 21 wherein the material substantially
covers an inner surface of the inner vessel.
24. The method of claim 21 wherein the cryogenic container includes
an annulus and the annulus contains a thermal insulating material
and a vacuum.
25. The method of claim 21 wherein the cryogenic container includes
an annulus and the annulus contains a thermal insulating
material.
26. The method of claim 21 wherein the material comprises magnesium
diboride.
27. The method of claim 21 wherein the material comprises a
compound selected from the group consisting of magnesium diboride,
a niobium alloy, a copper oxide, a BCS superconductor, a rare earth
copper oxide (RECuOx), a carbon material, or a ceramic
material.
28. The method of claim 21 wherein the inner vessel is configured
to contain a volume of from 10 cc (cubic centimeters) to 1 m.sup.3
(cubic meters) of the cryogenic fluid.
Description
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a division of Ser. No. 11/132,135 filed
May 18, 2005.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] This invention relates generally to cryogenic containers for
storing cryogenic fluids. This invention also relates to
superconductivity magnetic energy storage (SMES) using cryogenic
containers. This invention also relates to methods for shielding
cryogenic fluids from thermal energy.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] Cryogenic containers, such as dewar type containers and
cryogenic tanks, are used to store cryogenic fluids such as liquid
nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen and neon. A conventional cryogenic
container includes an inner tank configured to contain the
cryogenic fluid, and an outer tank configured to provide a thermal
barrier between the cryogenic fluid and the environment. In
addition, the outer tank forms an annulus around the inner tank in
which insulation, and in some systems a vacuum, is contained. The
outer tank and the annulus are constructed to minimize the
conduction of thermal energy from the environment to the cryogenic
fluid.
[0004] Cryogenic containers are commonly used by hospitals and in
industrial applications where portability and compactness are not
primary considerations. Cryogenic containers are also used in the
transportation industry on ships and vehicles such as tank trucks
and rail cars. In the transportation industry, portability and
compactness are more of an issue, but in view of the scale of the
vehicles, are not primary considerations.
[0005] Cryogenic containers are also used in alternative fueled
vehicles (AFVs), such as cars and trucks, to store a cryogenic
fluid for use as a combustion fuel for the vehicles. In this case,
the cryogenic fluid can be in the form of liquid natural gas (LNG),
compressed natural gas (CNG) or liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). The
development of alternative fueled vehicles (AFVs) has been spurred
by the Clean Air Act (1990) and the Energy Policy Act (1992). In
addition, developing economies, such as China, have opted for
polices which favor alternative fueled vehicles (AFVs) over
conventional gas and diesel vehicles. With alternative fueled
vehicles (AFVs), the portability and compactness of a cryogenic
container can be a primary consideration. In addition, because the
cryogenic liquids must be stored for periods of days or longer,
these cryogenic containers must have a high thermal resistance from
the environment to the cryogenic fluid.
[0006] Another technology that employs cryogenic containers is low
temperature superconductivity. Superconductive materials have the
ability to conduct electrical currents with no energy losses or
resistive heating. In addition, superconductive materials exhibit
magnetic properties that allow magnetic fields in excess of 20
tesla to be produced. Low temperature superconducting magnets are
used in magnetic resonance imaging systems for medical
applications, and in laboratories for experimental applications. In
these applications, cryogenic containers are employed to maintain
the low temperatures necessary for superconductivity.
[0007] Recently, superconductors, such as magnesium diboride
(MgB.sub.2), have been discovered which exhibit superconductivity
at temperatures approaching 40 K. Although this is a low
temperature, it can be achieved using technologies that are less
expensive than those used to achieve superconductivity in
conventional superconductors, such as niobium alloys, which require
temperatures of about 23.degree. K.
[0008] In addition to their use in magnetic resonance imaging
systems, superconducting magnets can be used for storing electrical
energy. This technology is known as superconducting magnetic energy
storage (SMES). For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,146,383 to Logan
entitled "Modular Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage
Inductor", discloses a SMES system. U.S. Pat. No. 6,222,434 B1 to
Nick entitled "Superconducting Toroidal Magnet System" also
discloses a SMES system. In general, these prior art SMES systems
are large non-portable, devices which are hundreds of feet in
diameter. This technology, could be adapted to transportation and
AFV industries, and to other applications as well, if the scale of
the SMES system could be reduced.
[0009] The present invention is directed to all sizes of cryogenic
containers, but particularly to a cryogenic container that is
portable, yet has a low thermal conductivity, and a high thermal
shielding capability. Further, the present invention is directed to
a portable SMES system constructed using the cryogenic container.
Still further, the present invention is directed to improved
methods for shielding a cryogenic fluid from thermal energy.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0010] In accordance with the present invention, an improved
cryogenic container, a SMES system, and an improved method for
shielding a cryogenic fluid are provided.
[0011] The cryogenic container includes an inner vessel configured
to contain the cryogenic fluid at a selected temperature range. The
cryogenic container also includes an outer vessel surrounding the
inner vessel, and an annulus between the inner vessel and the outer
vessel configured to contain an insulating material and/or a
vacuum. The inner vessel includes a superconducting layer formed of
a material having superconductive properties at the selected
temperature range.
[0012] In the illustrative embodiment the inner vessel comprises a
metal cylinder, and the superconducting layer covers either an
inner surface (ID), or an outer surface (OD) of the inner vessel.
Preferably, the superconducting layer comprises a low temperature
superconductor material, such as magnesium diboride, a niobium
alloy, a copper oxide or a BCS superconductor. The superconducting
layer creates a magnetic field, which shields the cryogenic fluid
from electromagnetic energy, reducing heat transfer from the
environment, and maintaining the cryogenic fluid at low
temperatures.
[0013] Heat transfer in the cryogenic container is affected by a
number of factors, including, but not limited to, the infrared
heating of the cold surfaces, conductive heat transfer by gas
molecules from warm surfaces to cold surfaces, and conductive heat
transfer through the support structure for the inner vessel. The
magnetic field created by the superconducting layer reduces heat
transfer due to infrared heating of the cold surfaces. The
insulation in the annulus also reduces heat transfer from the
environment to the cryogenic fluid.
[0014] The SMES system includes the cryogenic container and a SMES
magnet in the inner vessel configured to store electrical energy.
The SMES system also includes an electrical connector on the outer
vessel configured for connection to an energy source for
transferring electrical energy into the SMES magnet, or to a load
for extracting stored electrical energy from the SMES magnet. The
SMES system can also include a recharger and a cryocooler
configured to recharge the cryogenic container with the cryogenic
fluid.
[0015] The method includes the steps of: providing the cryogenic
container adapted to contain the cryogenic fluid at the selected
temperature range, providing the layer on the cryogenic container
having superconductive properties at the selected temperature
range, and shielding the cryogenic fluid from electromagnetic
energy using the layer.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0016] FIG. 1A is a schematic cross sectional view of a cryogenic
container constructed in accordance with the invention;
[0017] FIG. 1B is a schematic cross sectional view of the cryogenic
container taken along section line 1B-1B of FIG. 1A;
[0018] FIG. 1C is an enlarged schematic cross sectional view taken
along section line 1C-1C of FIG. 1B illustrating a superconductor
layer on an inner wall of the cryogenic container;
[0019] FIG. 1D is an enlarged schematic cross sectional view taken
along section line 1D-1D of FIG. 1B illustrating a superconductor
layer on an outer wall of the cryogenic container;
[0020] FIG. 2A is a schematic cross sectional view of a SMES system
constructed in accordance with the invention using the cryogenic
container;
[0021] FIG. 2B is a schematic cross sectional view of the SMES
system taken along section line 2B-2B of FIG. 2A;
[0022] FIG. 2C is an enlarged schematic cross sectional view taken
along section line 2C-2C of FIG. 2B illustrating a superconductor
layer on the SMES system;
[0023] FIG. 2D is an enlarged schematic cross sectional view taken
along section line 2D-2D of FIG. 2B illustrating the superconductor
layer on the SMES system
[0024] FIG. 3 is an electrical schematic of a SMES magnet of the
SMES system; and
[0025] FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating steps in the method
of the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0026] Referring to FIGS. 1A-1D, a cryogenic container 10
constructed in accordance with the invention is illustrated. The
cryogenic container 10 includes an outer vessel 12, and an inner
vessel 14 suspended within the outer vessel 12. The outer vessel 12
and the inner vessel 14 and are generally cylindrically shaped,
fluid tight tanks having internal volumes selected as required.
Rather than being cylindrical, the outer vessel 12 and the inner
vessel 14 can have other shapes, such as cylindrical.
[0027] Both the outer vessel 12 and the inner vessel 14 can
comprise any material commonly used in the construction of
Dewar-type cryogenic tanks, such as steel, stainless steel, or non
magnetic stainless steel. In addition, the inner vessel 14 can be
suspended within the outer vessel 12 using any conventional
structure, such as support rods or rings (not shown).
[0028] Since size of the cryogenic container 10 is a key to
portability, it is preferred that for portable applications, the
cryogenic container 10 be from 1 centimeter to 1 meter in diameter,
and 5 centimeter to 2 meters in length. However, these dimensions
are not fixed and for non portable application can be increased to
hundreds of feet. In addition, for portable applications, the
cryogenic container 10 can be adapted to contain a volume of from
10 cc (cubic centimeters) to 1 m.sup.3 (cubic meters) of a
cryogenic fluid 16. In general, container sizes larger than this
range adversely affect the portability of the cryogenic container
10, and its' use in transportation systems, particularly
alternative fueled vehicles (AFVs). However, for non portable
applications the contained volume can be greatly increased as the
dimensions of the cryogenic container 10 are increased.
[0029] As shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B, the cryogenic fluid 16 is
contained within the inner vessel 14. As used herein "cryogenic
fluid" refers to fluid having a temperature of between 0.001 K and
200 K. Depending on the application, the cryogenic fluid 16 can
comprise any fluid at cryogenic temperatures. By way of example,
and not limitation, representative cryogenic fluids include
nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, neon and compounds of these elements.
In the illustrative embodiment, the cryogenic container 10 is
oriented in a horizontal direction (i.e., parallel to the ground),
such that the cryogenic fluid 16 has a fluid level 20 which is
generally horizontal, and parallel to a longitudinal axis 15 of the
cryogenic container 10. Alternately, the cryogenic container 10 can
be vertically oriented, in which case the fluid level 20 would be
generally orthogonal to the longitudinal axis 15.
[0030] The cryogenic container 10 also includes an annulus 18
between the outer vessel 12 and the inner vessel 14. The annulus 18
is adapted to contain a vacuum, and a multilayer thermal insulation
17, such as an A1/mylar and Dacron netting. The cryogenic container
10 also includes an interface tube 23, extending along the
longitudinal axis 15 across nearly the entire length thereof. The
interface tube 23 can include control devices, such as sensors, and
a shut off valve, and safety devices, such as a pressure relief
valve. The interface tube 23 can comprise a material having a high
strength to thermal conductivity ratio, such as a fiberglass/epoxy
composite. In addition, the interface tube 23 can include an
external vacuum jacket (not shown).
[0031] The cryogenic container 10 also includes a superconducting
layer 22, which comprises a material having superconductive
properties at a temperature range corresponding to that of the
cryogenic fluid 16. Preferably, the superconducting layer 22
comprises a low temperature superconductor where low temperature is
defined as from 0.1 K to 150 K. Suitable low temperature
superconductors include magnesium diboride, niobium alloys, and
copper oxide alloys, such as rare earth copper oxide (RECuOx).
Other suitable superconductors include carbon materials, ceramic
materials and doped materials, such as magnesium diboride doped
with silicon carbide (e.g., MgB.sub.2Si.sub.x). In general, the
superconductive layer 22 can comprise any BCS superconductor, where
BCS represents the initials of superconductor pioneers John
Bardeen, Leon Cooper, and Robert Schrieffer. Further, the
superconductive layer 22 can comprise multiple layers of material,
such as different superconductors having different magnetic or
electrical characteristics.
[0032] As shown in FIG. 1C, the superconducting layer 22 can cover
an outside surface 19 (i.e., outside diameter--OD), of the inner
vessel 14. Alternately, as shown in FIG. 1D, the superconducting
layer 22 can cover an inside surface 21 (i.e., inside diameter--ID)
of the inner vessel 14. As another alternative, the superconducting
layer 22 can cover both the outside surface 19 and the inside
surface 21 of the inner vessel 14.
[0033] The superconducting layer 22 can be formed on the inner
vessel 14 using a suitable coating, deposition or laminating
process such as chemical vapor deposition (CVD), mechanical
alloying, or sintering. In addition, as previously stated, the
superconducting layer 22 can comprise a single layer of material,
or multiple stacked layers of material. A thickness T of the
superconducting layer 22 can be selected as required, with from 0.1
.mu.m to 1 meter being a representative range. Alternately, the
superconductive layer 22 can comprise a separate element, such as a
cover or a lining, that encompasses or lines the inner vessel 14
but is not permanently attached. In general, the superconductive
layer 22 can comprise any mass of superconductor material
configured to provide a shielding structure for any part of the
cryogenic fluid 20.
[0034] The superconducting layer 22 requires a low temperature in
order to exhibit superconducting properties. For example,
niobium-based alloys require a temperature of about 23 K to exhibit
superconducting properties. Magnesium diboride requires a
relatively warm temperature compared to other superconductors of 40
K. In the present case, these temperatures are achieved when the
superconducting layer 22 is cooled by the cryogenic fluid 16.
[0035] For example, the cryogenic fluid 16 can be initially
injected into the inner vessel 14 at a temperature of from 0.1 K to
150 K. This in turn will cool the superconducting layer 22 to
substantially the same temperature. Once the superconducting layer
22 reaches its' critical temperature "Tc" and enters the
superconducting state, a magnetic field will be created around the
cryogenic container 10. This magnetic field will shield the
cryogenic fluid 16 from electromagnetic energy, including thermal
energy and infrared radiation, keeping the cryogenic fluid 10 at
the desired low temperature. The superconducting layer 22 thus
prevents heat from being transmitted via radiation from the
environment through the inner vessel 14 to the cryogenic fluid
16.
[0036] It is theorized by the inventor that the magnetic field
created by the superconducting layer 22 inhibits the incoming
electromagnetic energy via either or both the Meissner effect,
and/or pure diamagnetism. The strength of the magnetic field
depends on the field strength, the current density and the
coherence of the superconducting layer 22. It is also theorized
that the repellent effect of the magnetic field created by the
superconducting layer 22 mitigates the heating effects of the
incoming short wave radiation. The thermal insulation 17, in
addition to providing thermal insulation, also attenuates flux
jumping and provides magnetic stability for the magnetic field
created by the superconducting layer 22.
[0037] It is known that the superconducting state cannot exist in
the presence of a magnetic field greater than a critical value.
This critical magnetic field is strongly correlated with the
critical temperature of the superconductor material. It is the
nature of superconductors to exclude magnetic fields so long as the
applied field does not exceed their critical magnetic field. This
critical magnetic field can be tabulated at 0 K, and decreases from
that magnitude as temperature increases, reaching zero at the
critical temperature for superconductivity. The critical magnetic
field at any temperature below the critical temperature is given by
the relationship:
B.sub.c.apprxeq.B.sub.c(0)[1-(T/T.sub.c).sup.2]
[0038] where T represents the current temperature of the material,
T.sub.c represents the critical temperature of the material at
which it which it loses its superconducting properties, and B.sub.c
(0) represents the magnetic field of the material at 0 K.
[0039] The Meissner effect states that when a material makes the
transition from a normal to a superconducting state, it actively
excludes magnetic fields from its interior. This constraint to zero
magnetic field inside a superconductor is distinct from the perfect
diamagnetism which would arise from its zero electrical resistance.
With zero resistance, it would be implied that if an attempt to
magnetize a superconductor was made, current loops would be
generated to exactly cancel the imposed field. However, if the
material already had a steady magnetic field through it when it was
cooled through the superconducting transition, the magnetic field
would be expected to remain. If there were no change in the applied
magnetic field, there would be no generated voltage to drive
currents, even in a perfect conductor. Therefore, the active
exclusion of magnetic field must be considered to be an effect
distinct from zero resistance.
[0040] The superconducting layer 22 develops a magnetic field with
frictionless current generation. The Meissner effect repels
electromagnetic energy, including waves in the infrared region. The
magnetic field enabled by the cryogenic temperature of the
cryogenic fluid 16 can have a strength of up to 5 Telis. In
addition, the energy requirement to maintain a current of 5 Telis
is minimal because of the zero resistance nature of the
superconductive field.
[0041] Referring to FIGS. 2A-2D, a SMES system 24 constructed in
accordance with the invention is illustrated. The SMES system 24
includes a cryogenic container 26, which is substantially similar
to the previously described cryogenic container 10 (FIG. 1A). The
cryogenic container 26 includes an outer vessel 28, an inner vessel
30, an annulus 32, and thermal insulation 33, substantially as
previously described for the outer vessel 12 (FIG. 1A), the inner
vessel 14 (FIG. 1A), the annulus 18 (FIG. 1A), and the thermal
insulation 17 (FIG. 1A). In addition, a cryogenic fluid 34 having a
fluid level 37 is contained within the inner vessel 30,
substantially as previously described for cryogenic fluid 16 (FIG.
1A) and fluid level 20 (FIG. 1A). The cryogenic container 26 also
includes an interface tube 35, substantially as previously
described for the interface tube 23 (FIG. 1A).
[0042] The cryogenic container 26 (FIG. 2A) also includes a
superconducting layer 36 (FIGS. 2C-2D) formed on either an outside
surface 29 (FIG. 2C) of the inner vessel 30 (FIG. 2C), or on an
inside surface 41 (FIG. 2D) of the inner vessel 30 (FIG. 2D). The
superconducting layer 36 (FIGS. 2C-2D) preferably comprises a low
temperature superconductor material, substantially as previously
described for superconducting layer 22 (FIG. 1C-1D).
[0043] The SMES system 24 (FIG. 2A) also includes a SMES magnet 38
(FIG. 2A) suspended within the inner vessel 30 (FIG. 2A) immersed
in the cryogenic fluid 34 (FIG. 2A). The SMES magnet 38 (FIG. 2A)
comprises a superconductive material coiled around the interface
tube 35 (FIG. 2A). In addition, the SMES magnet 38 (FIG. 2A)
includes an input/output electrical connector 50 (FIG. 2A) on the
interface tube 35 (FIG. 2A) for transferring electrical energy into
or out of the SMES magnet 38 (FIG. 2A).
[0044] The SMES system 24 (FIG. 2A) can also include a portable
recharger 42 (FIG. 2A) configured to recharge the cryogenic
container 26 (FIG. 2A) with the cryogenic fluid 24 (FIG. 2A). The
recharger 42 (FIG. 2A) can be configured for removable sealed
engagement with a fill port 52 (FIG. 2A) on the interface tube 35
(FIG. 2A). In addition, the recharger 42 (FIG. 2A) can include a
compressor (not shown) configured to compress a cryogenic gas to a
high pressure (e.g., 1000 to 3000 psig) for injection into the
cryogenic container 26 (FIG. 2A) to form the cryogenic fluid 34
(FIG. 2A). The recharger 42 (FIG. 2A) can also include a passive
cooling element such as a cold finger (not shown) to facilitate
transfer of the pressurized cryogenic gas into the fill port 52
(FIG. 2A) on the interface tube 35 (FIG. 2A).
[0045] The SMES system 24 (FIG. 2A) can also include an active
portable cryocooler 40 (FIG. 2A) configured to cool a fluid to a
cryogenic temperature, and to transfer the fluid 34 to the
recharger 42 (FIG. 2A). The cryocooler 40 (FIG. 2A) can also
include a power supply (not shown), such as a 12 volt DC battery,
for supplying energy for cooling the fluid. In addition, the
cryocooler 40 (FIG. 2A) can include a heat exchanger (not shown)
and a Joule-Thompson expansion valve (not shown) for cooling the
fluid, and a fitting for removably coupling the cryocooler 40 (FIG.
2A) to the recharger 42 (FIG. 2A).
[0046] The SMES system 24 (FIG. 2A) can be used in any application
requiring portable energy from handheld electronics to supply
energy for vehicles. For example, the SMES system 24 (FIG. 2A) can
be used as a power source for a alternative fueled vehicle (AFV).
In this case, the cryogenic fluid 34 (FIG. 2A) can comprise liquid
hydrogen, the cryocooler 40 (FIG. 2A) can be adapted to form
supercritical hydrogen, and the recharger 42 (FIG. 2A) can be
adapted to form compressed hydrogen gas. By way of example and not
limitation, the SMES system 24 (FIG. 2A) can be configured to
provide a SMES current of about 1000 A, a stored energy of about
2.1 MJ (amp hrs), an average power of about 200 kW, a carry over
time of >8 seconds, a DC link voltage of up to 800 V, a magnetic
field of 4.5 T, an inductivity of 4.1 H, and a magnet diameter of
760 mm/600 mm.
[0047] As shown in FIG. 3, the SMES magnet 38 includes a plurality
of superconducting accumulator coils 46. Each accumulator coil 46
includes a plurality of coil segments 48 joined together and
electrically connected to form the accumulator coil 46. In
addition, each accumulator coil can comprise wires or layers formed
of a superconductor material. One superconducting wire material
comprises SiC doped MgB.sub.2. This material has been used to
develop superconducting magnets by the Institute for
Superconducting and Electronic Materials, University of Wollongong,
Wollongong, NSW 2522 Australia.
[0048] As also shown in FIG. 3, the SMES magnet 38 can include
control circuitry 54 configured to either extract energy from the
SMES magnet 38, or input energy into the SMES magnet 38. For
example, in a charging mode the control circuitry 54 allows the
SMES magnet to store energy, and in a discharge mode the control
circuitry 54 allows the SMES magnet 38 to discharge energy.
[0049] The SMES system 24 (FIG. 2A) can also include additional
sensors and circuitry on various elements of the cryogenic
container 26 and within the interface tube 35. For example,
additional sensors and circuitry (e.g., watt meter) can be used for
measuring current and voltage input or output. Additional sensors
and circuitry can also be used to measure heat transfer (i.e., MLI
contact resistance, support structure conduction, free molecular
gaseous conduction) with and without superconductivity, with
temperature sensors placed in the insulation 33 and on various
other surfaces. In addition, sensors and circuitry can be used to
take boil off measurements of the cryogenic fluid 34. Although the
sensors and circuitry would generate additional thermal energy, the
system 24 can be configured to dissipate and mitigate the affects
of this additional thermal energy.
[0050] Referring to FIG. 4, broad steps in the method of the
invention are illustrated. These steps include providing the
cryogenic container 10 adapted to contain the cryogenic fluid 16 at
a selected temperature range; providing the superconducting layer
22 on the cryogenic container 10 having superconductive properties
at the selected temperature range; and shielding the cryogenic
fluid from electromagnetic energy using the superconducting layer
22.
[0051] Thus the invention provides a cryogenic container, a SMES
system and a method for shielding a cryogenic fluid. While the
invention has been described with reference to certain preferred
embodiments, as will be apparent to those skilled in the art,
certain changes and modifications can be made without departing
from the scope of the invention as defined by the following
claims.
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