U.S. patent application number 11/954148 was filed with the patent office on 2008-04-17 for method and apparatus for treating wastewater.
This patent application is currently assigned to SIEMENS WATER TECHNOLOGIES CORP.. Invention is credited to Matthew J. Kuzma.
Application Number | 20080087602 11/954148 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 37943323 |
Filed Date | 2008-04-17 |
United States Patent
Application |
20080087602 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Kuzma; Matthew J. |
April 17, 2008 |
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR TREATING WASTEWATER
Abstract
The invention is directed to a method an apparatus for treating
wastewater. The wastewater treatment system includes an aeration
system that cycles between biological multiple biological basins.
The system also includes one or more membrane basins. A method of
the invention includes controlling the introduction of air into
each biological basin in response to one or more operating
conditions.
Inventors: |
Kuzma; Matthew J.; (Seattle,
WA) |
Correspondence
Address: |
LOWRIE, LANDO & ANASTASI, LLP;U0105
ONE MAIN STREET, SUITE 1100
CAMBRIDGE
MA
02142
US
|
Assignee: |
SIEMENS WATER TECHNOLOGIES
CORP.
10 Technology Drive
Lowell
MA
01851
|
Family ID: |
37943323 |
Appl. No.: |
11/954148 |
Filed: |
December 11, 2007 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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11543006 |
Oct 4, 2006 |
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11954148 |
Dec 11, 2007 |
|
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60723745 |
Oct 5, 2005 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
210/605 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C02F 3/006 20130101;
C02F 2209/38 20130101; C02F 3/1268 20130101; Y02W 10/10 20150501;
C02F 2209/22 20130101; C02F 3/301 20130101; C02F 2209/07 20130101;
C02F 2209/15 20130101; Y02W 10/15 20150501; C02F 2209/04
20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
210/605 |
International
Class: |
C02F 3/30 20060101
C02F003/30 |
Claims
1-21. (canceled)
22. A process of nitrifying and denitrifying wastewater and
reducing or minimizing the DO concentration in a denitrification
zone of a nitrification/denitrification system that includes an
aerobic reactor having one or more immersed membranes contained
therein comprising: alternatively directing a wastewater influent
into first and second zones; at various times during the process
maintaining the first zone as a nitrification zone and maintaining
the second zone as a denitrification zone, and at various other
times, maintaining the first zone at a denitrification zone and the
second zone as a nitrification zone; directing wastewater from
either of the first or second zones to the downstream aerobic
reactor having the one or more immersed membranes therein; aerating
the aerobic reactor; directing wastewater in the aerobic reactor
into the one or more immersed membranes and separating the
wastewater into a permeate and return activated sludge; pumping the
permeate from the one or more immersed membranes in the aerobic
reactor; returning activated sludge from the aerobic reactor to
either of the first or second zones; and during the process
reducing or minimizing the DO concentration in the denitrification
zones by selectively directing the return activated sludge to one
of the first or second zones being maintained as a nitrification
zone and switching the flow of the return activated sludge during
the process between the first and second zones so as to direct the
return activated sludge to the first or second zone being
maintained as the nitrification zone.
23. The process of claim 22, wherein the wastewater flow from the
first and second zones to the downstream aerobic reactor is
switched such that the flow of wastewater to the downstream aerobic
reactor is from the zone being maintained as a nitrification
zone.
24. The process of claim 23, wherein at various times both the
first and second zones are maintained as nitrification zones.
25. The process of claim 22, wherein at various times one of the
first or second zones is maintained as a denitrification zone and
the other zone is maintained as a nitrification zone.
26. A process of nitrifying and denitrifying wastewater utilizing
first and second reactors and a downstream third aerobic reactor
having one or more immersed membrane filters contained therein, the
process comprising: alternatively directing influent wastewater
into the first and second reactors; alternatively nitrifying and
denitrifying the wastewater in the first and second reactors such
that at one time the first reactor performs a nitrification
function while the second reactor performs a denitrification
function, and at another time the first reactor performs a
denitrifying function while the second reactor performs a
nitrifying function; alternatively directing influent from the
first and second reactors to the downstream third aerobic reactor
having the one or more immersed membrane filters contained therein;
filtering the wastewater in the downstream third aerobic reactor by
directing the wastewater into the immersed membrane filter and
separating the wastewater into filtered effluent and activated
sludge; pumping the filtered effluent from the immersed membrane
filter; and returning activated sludge from the downstream third
aerobic reactor having the immersed membrane filtered therein to
one of the first or second reactors functioning to nitrify the
wastewater.
27. The process of claim 26, wherein during the process of treating
the wastewater each of the first and second reactors switch between
nitrifying and denitrifying the wastewater; and wherein there is
provided a return activated sludge line between the downstream
third aerobic reactor and each of the first and second reactors,
and wherein the flow of return activated sludge is switched between
the two return activated sludge lines such that return activated
sludge is recycled to the first or second reactor nitrifying the
wastewater.
Description
RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. .sctn.
119(e) to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/723,745,
entitled "METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR TREATING WASTEWATER," filed on
Oct. 5, 2005, which is herein incorporated by reference in its
entirety.
BACKGROUND OF INVENTION
[0002] 1. Field of Invention
[0003] The present invention relates to a system and method for
treating wastewater, and more particularly to a wastewater
treatment system and method utilizing a membrane bioreactor.
[0004] 2. Discussion of Related Art
[0005] The importance of membranes for treatment of waste water is
growing rapidly. With the arrival of submerged membrane processes
where the membrane modules are immersed in a large feed tank and
filtrate is collected typically through suction applied to the
filtrate side of the membrane, membrane bioreactors (MBRs)
combining biological and physical processes in one stage promise to
be more compact, efficient and economic. Membrane bioreactors are
typically sized to accommodate community and large-scale sewage
treatment, i.e. 160,000 gpd, and 20-40 mgd and more. However,
construction and energy use costs associated with large scale MBR
systems are significant.
SUMMARY OF INVENTION
[0006] In accordance with one or more embodiments, the invention
relates to a system and method of treating wastewater.
[0007] In one embodiment, a wastewater treatment system includes a
bioreactor comprising a first compartment and a second compartment,
means for periodically aerating at least one of the first
compartment and the second compartment, and a membrane bioreactor
fluidly connected to at least one of an outlet of the first
compartment and an outlet of the second compartment. In another
embodiment, the means for aerating at least one compartment
comprises a jet assembly positioned in each compartment.
[0008] Another embodiment is directed to a method or treating
wastewater comprising providing a wastewater to one of a first
compartment, a second compartment, and combinations thereof,
alternating between anoxic conditions and aerobic conditions within
the same compartment, and passing the wastewater from the at least
one of the first compartment and the second compartment to a
membrane bioreactor.
[0009] Another embodiment is directed to a computer-readable medium
having computer-readable signals stored thereon that define
instruction that, as a result of being executed by a computer,
instruct the computer to perform a method of controlling a
wastewater treatment system comprising actor of receiving an input
signal respective of a characteristic of wastewater in a first
compartment of a bioreactor and regulating an amount of air
directed to the first compartment.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[0010] The accompanying drawings, are not intended to be drawn to
scale. In the drawings, each identical or nearly identical
component that is illustrated in various figures is represented by
a like numeral. For purposes of clarity, not every component may be
labeled in every drawing. In the drawings:
[0011] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram in accordance with one or more
embodiments of the invention;
[0012] FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating a treatment system in
accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention;
[0013] FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram illustrating a computer system
upon which one or more embodiments of the invention may be
practiced; and
[0014] FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of a storage system that
may be used with the computer system of FIG. 3 in accordance with
one or more embodiment so the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0015] This invention is not limited in its application to the
details of construction and the arrangement of components set forth
in the following description or illustrated in the drawings. The
invention is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced or
of being carried out in various ways. Also, the phraseology and
terminology used herein is for the purpose of description and
should not be regarded as limiting. The use of "including,"
"comprising," or "having," "containing," "involving," and
variations thereof herein, is meant to encompass the items listed
thereafter and equivalents thereof as well as additional items.
Only the transitional phrases "consisting of" and "consisting
essentially of" are closed or semi-closed transitional phrases,
respectively, with respect to the claims. As used herein, the term
"plurality" refers to two or more items or components.
[0016] The invention is directed to wastewater treatment systems
utilizing membrane bioreactors (MBR's). "Wastewater," as used
herein, defines a stream of waste from a residential or community
source, having pollutants of biodegradable material, inorganic or
organic compounds capable of being decomposed by bacteria, flowing
into the wastewater treatment system. As used herein, a "wastewater
treatment system" is a system, typically a biological treatment
system, having a biomass population of bacterial micro-organisms of
a diversity of types of bacteria, used to digest biodegradable
material. Notably, the biomass requires an environment that
provides the proper conditions for growth.
[0017] One embodiment of the present invention includes a plurality
of biological basins operated simultaneously. The plurality of
biological basins may comprise individual basins positioned near or
adjacent to one another, or a single basin with a plurality of
compartments. As used herein, the terms "basin" and "compartment"
are used interchangeably to denote an individual treatment zone. In
one embodiment, at least two basins are positioned adjacent one
another and share a common interior wall which may reduce
construction costs.
[0018] According to one embodiment, a suspension system may be
disposed in each of the plurality of basins. The suspension system
may be any system sufficient to suspend solids in the wastewater
within the basin. For example, the suspension system may be a
stirrer or a plurality of fluid jet streams. In one embodiment, the
suspension system includes a plurality of jets positioned at or
near a floor of each basin for delivering a jet stream of fluid
and/or air.
[0019] In one embodiment, an aeration system is disposed in each of
the plurality of basins. The aeration system may be any aeration
system sufficient to deliver a suitable amount of air to promote
aerobic conditions within the basin. The aeration system my produce
fine bubbles, coarse bubbles, a jet stream of gas, and combinations
thereof. The aeration system may be positioned in any suitable
location within the compartment. In one embodiment, the aeration
system is fluidly connected to the jet suspension system, that is
to say, the aeration system and the fluidization system may be
combined into one system. In one embodiment, when it is desirable
to aerate one or more basins, air may be added to the wastewater in
the fluidization system for delivery through a jet assembly. In one
embodiment, a single source of air may be used to supply one or
more aerations systems. For example, a single air blower may cycle
air between and among multiple basins through switchover devices,
such as diversion valves. The use of a single source of air to
cycle aeration between two or more basins may reduce original
equipment costs, which typically include an individual source of
air for each basin.
[0020] In one embodiment, a common wastewater feed is fluidly
connected to each jet suspension system in multiple basins. The jet
suspension system operates continually in each basin fluidizing
each basin. Air may then be cycled among the basins through the jet
suspension system. When aeration of one or more basins is desired,
air may diverted to one or more particular jet suspension systems
of a particular basin or basins. When anoxic conditions are
desired, a flow of air may be completely interrupted and air may be
diverted away from the particular basin or basins. It is
appreciated that the flow of air need not be completely interrupted
when operating under anoxic conditions. For example, a minimum
amount of air may be desired to assist in the anoxic process, so
long as the air present under anoxic conditions is not sufficient
to support aerobic conditions in the basin.
[0021] In one embodiment, a single blower may be used to cycle air
among respective basins, wherein at any give time, one or more
basins may run under aerobic conditions, while the remaining basin
or basins may run under anoxic conditions. One advantage of the
combined suspension/aeration system may a reduced incidence of
clogging by settling solids as fluid (either wastewater or combined
wastewater and air) is always passing through the combined
suspension/aeration system.
[0022] The combined suspension/aeration system may have any
configuration to provide adequate suspension and aeration for the
desired application and treatment volume. For example, the combined
system may comprise a jet assembly having a high efficiency jet
having an orifice of a particular configuration and cross sectional
area to promote suspension and aeration.
[0023] Switchover of air flow form one or more basins to another or
multiple other basins may by manual or automatic, based upon time
of operating conditions within the basins, sensors detecting a
characteristic of the wastewater within the basins, or combinations
thereof. For example, one or more sensors may detect dissolved
oxygen content, oxidation reduction potential (ORP), alkalinity,
and/or nitrate content of wastewater within a basin, thereby
generating a signal indicating operating conditions are appropriate
for either adding air or interrupting air flowing to a particular
basin. In one embodiment, alternating between anoxic and aerobic
conditions is based upon a duration of a particular cycle and a
concentration of dissolved oxygen in the basin. In another
embodiment, a decrease in the rate of change of the oxidation
reduction potential may signal the end of the anoxic cycle.
[0024] Cycling between anoxic and aerobic conditions within the
same basin may provide advantages over batch or sequential batch
operations which require transfer of basin contents from one basin
to another. For example, one advantage of cycling air among basins
is that the contents of the basins need not be transferred to
another basin in order to switch between anoxic and aerobic
conditions, thereby reducing the number of basins required. The
continuous operation of a single blower to supply at least two
basins may also reduce energy costs.
[0025] One or more of the basins may be operated as a batch flow
mode, a sequencing batch reactor, or as a continuous flow batch
reactor having continuous wastewater inflow. In a continuous flow
batch reactor, the wastewater may be directed to one or more basins
equally, or directed to a particular basin based upon volume of
flow or one or more physical or chemical characteristics of the
wastewater. For example, the chemical makeup of incoming wastewater
may determine whether the incoming wastewater is to be directed to
a basin currently operating under anoxic conditions, or to a basin
currently operating under aerobic conditions.
[0026] Because each basin cycles between anoxic and aerobic
conditions, the residence time of wastewater within each basin
determines the number of anoxic cycles and aerobic cycles to which
the wastewater is exposed. For example, wastewater entering a basin
may be exposed to to only one anoxic cycle and one aerobic cycle.
However, under a longer residence time, wastewater entering a basin
may be exposed to multiple anoxic and aerobic cycles.
[0027] The bacteria used in the basins may be any bacteria suitable
to thrive in anoxic and/or anaerobic conditions. In one embodiment,
the anoxic process may form facultative bacteria that may work in
both anoxic and aerobic conditions.
[0028] In another embodiment, the effluent from one or more of the
basins may be directed to one or more membrane basins, each
membrane basin having one or more filter membranes positioned
therein. The one or more membrane basins may be formed similar to
the biological basins. For example, if multiple membrane basins are
desired, the membrane basins may comprise individual basins
positioned near or adjacent to one another, or a single basin with
a plurality of compartments, sharing at least one interior wall. In
one embodiment, the one or more biological basins are fluidly
connected to one membrane basin. In another embodiment, at least
two basins are fluidly connected to at least two membrane
basins.
[0029] The filter membranes may have any configuration suitable for
a particular purpose, such as sheet or hollow tube. The membrane
may be formed of any material (natural or synthetic) suitable for a
particular filtration. In one embodiment, the membrane is formed of
polymeric hollow fibers. The one or more filter membranes may be
positioned in one or more membrane modules. The membrane modules
may have any shape and cross sectional area suitable for use in a
desired application, for example, square, rectangular, or
cylindrical. In one embodiment, the membrane modules are
cylindrical.
[0030] According to one embodiment of the invention, one or more
membrane modules may be positioned in a basin in such a way as to
be completely submerged by fluid during operation. For example, the
membrane module may be positioned horizontally, vertically, or at
an angle within the basin. Multiple membrane modules may be
positioned adjacent one another, or located at predetermined
positions within the basin and may, but need not, be positioned in
the same plane as others or parallel to one another. The membrane
modules may be mounted directly to the basin or mounted to a module
support which may be removably attached to the basin. In one
embodiment, a plurality of membrane modules are mounted to a module
support to facilitate membrane maintenance and/or replacement.
[0031] As exemplarily illustrated in FIG. 1, some treatment systems
100 of the invention may comprise a biological basin 112 comprising
two compartments 110, 120. Jet assembly systems 114 are fluidly
connected to wastewater inlets 116 and aeration blower 150. Jet
pumps 118 operate continuously to introduce wastewater into
compartments 110, 120 as well as to suspend solids present in the
wastewater. Aeration blower 150 also operates continuously
providing a source of air that is cycled between the jet assembly
114 in compartment 110 and the jet assembly 114 in compartment 120.
A switchover device 160 directs the flow of air between the two jet
assemblies. Compartment 110 is fluidly connected to a first
membrane basin 130. Compartment 120 is fluidly connected to a
second membrane basin 130. Pumps 122 direct treated wastewater from
each compartment 110, 120 to membrane basins 130, and assist in
recycling missed liquor from the first and second membrane basins
130 to compartment 110 and compartment 120, respectively. Filtrate
exits membrane basins 130 through lines 124.
[0032] During operation, switchover device 160 diverts air to
compartment 110 and interrupts air flow to compartment 120 so that
compartment 110 operates under aerobic conditions and compartment
120 operates under anoxic conditions. Switchover device 160 may
then interrupt air to the jet assembly 114 in compartment 110, and
direct air to the jet assembly 114 in compartment 120, at which
time conditions in compartment 110 change from aerobic to anoxic,
and conditions in compartment 120 change from anoxic to
aerobic.
[0033] Some aspects of the invention may be particularly directed
to controlling waste treatment operations that utilize membrane
filtration techniques. For example, with reference to FIG. 2, a
wastewater treatment system 200 may comprise a first biological
compartment 210, a second biological compartment 220 and a membrane
compartment 230. Facultative bacteria, which functions in both
anoxic and aerobic conditions, may be positioned in both
compartments 210, 220. Wastewater enters compartments 210, 220 from
wastewater source 218, such as jet pumps. A source of air 250, such
as a blower, delivers air to one or both compartments 210, 220
through switchover device 260. Concentrated mixed liquor may be
directed from membrane compartment 230 to one or both of
compartments 210, 220 via switchover device 270.
[0034] Controller 240 may respond to signals from sensors (not
shown) positioned at any particular location within the system. For
example, a sensor in compartment 210, which may be operating under
anoxic conditions, may generate a signal indicating that
denitrification has reached a desired extent of completion.
Controller 240 may respond by generating a control signal causing
switchover device 260 to direct air to compartment 210. Similarly,
a sensor (not shown) in compartment 220, which may be operating
under aerobic conditions, may generate a signal indicating that
oxidation has reached a desired extent of completion. Controller
240 may respond by generating a control signal causing switchover
device 260 to interrupt flow of air to compartment 220.
[0035] Controller 240 may also respond to one or more sensors
positioned in membrane compartment 230. For example, a sensor in
membrane compartment 230 may generate a signal indicating the
concentrated mixed liquor being recycled from membrane compartment
230 should be further exposed to anoxic conditions. Controller 240
may respond by generating a control signal to switchover device 270
to direct recycled concentrated mixed liquor to either or both
compartments 210, 220 which may be operating under anoxic
conditions. Similarly, controller 240 may respond to one or more
sensors (not shown) positioned in a wastewater inlet to generate a
signal to a flow controller (not shown) to direct incoming
wastewater to one or both compartments 210, 220.
[0036] The system and controller of one or more embodiments of the
invention provide a versatile unit having multiple modes of
operation, which can respond to multiple inputs to increase the
efficiency of the wastewater treatment system.
[0037] The controller of the system of the invention 240 may be
implemented using one or more computer systems 300 as exemplarily
shown in FIG. 3. Computer system 300 may be, for example, a
general-purpose computer such as those based on in Intel
PENTIUM.RTM.-type processor, a Motorol PowerPC.RTM. processor, a
Hewlett-Packard PA-RISC.RTM. processor, a Sun UltraAPARC.RTM.
processor, or any other type of processor or combination thereof.
Alternatively, the computer system may include
specially-programmed, special-purpose hardware, for example, an
application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) or controllers
intended for water treatment systems.
[0038] Computer system 300 can include one or more processors 302
typically connected to one or more memory devices 304, which can
comprise, for example, any one or more of a disk drive memory, a
flash memory device, a RAM memory device, or other device for
storing data. Memory 304 is typically used for storing programs and
data during operation of the system 200 and/or computer system 300.
For example, memory 304 may be used for storing historical data
relating to the parameters over a period of time, as well as
operating data. Software, including programming code that
implements embodiments of the invention, can be stored on a
computer readable and/or writeable nonvolatile recording medium
(discussed further with respect to FIG. 4), and then typically
copied into memory 304 wherein it can then be executed by processor
302. Such programming code may be written in any of a plurality of
programming languages, for example, Java, Visual Basic, C, C#, or
C++, Fortran, Pascal, Eiffel, Basic, COBAL, or any of a variety of
combinations thereof.
[0039] Components of computer system 300 may be coupled by one or
more interconnection mechanisms 306, which may include one or more
busses (e.g., between components that are integrated within a same
device) and/or a network (e.g., between components that reside on
separate discrete devices). The interconnection mechanism typically
enables communications (e.g., data, instructions) to be exchanged
between components of system 300.
[0040] Computer system 300 can also include one or more input
devices 308, for example, a keyboard, mouse, trackball, microphone,
touch screen, and other man-machine interface devices as well as
one or more output devices 310, for example, a printing device,
display screen, or speaker. In addition, computer system 300 may
contain one or more interfaces (not shown) that can connect
computer system 300 to a communication network (in addition or as
an alternative to the network that may be formed by one or more of
the components of system 300).
[0041] According to one or more embodiments of the invention, the
one or more input devices 308 may include sensors for measuring
parameters of system 200 and/or components thereof. Alternatively,
the sensors, the metering valves and/or pumps, or all of these
components may be connected to a communication network (not shown)
that is operatively coupled to computer system 300. For example,
one or more compartments 210, 220, and 230, and/or components
thereof, may be configured as input devices that are connected to
computer system 300. Any one or more of the above may be coupled to
another computer system or component to communicate with computer
system 300 over one or more communication networks. Such a
configuration permits any sensor or signal-generating device to be
located at a significant distance from the computer system and/or
allow any sensor to be located at a significant distance from any
subsystem and/or the controller, while still providing data
therebetween. Such communication mechanisms may be effected by
utilizing any suitable technique including but not limited to those
utilizing wireless protocols.
[0042] As exemplarily shown in FIG. 4, controller 300 can include
one or more computer storage media such as readable and/or
writeable nonvolatile recording medium 402 in which signals can be
stored that define a program to be executed by one or more
processors 302. Medium 402 may, for example, be a disk or flash
memory. In typical operation, processor 302 can cause data, such as
code that implements one or more embodiments of the invention, to
be read from storage medium 402 into a memory 404 that allows for
faster access to the information by the one or more processors than
does medium 402. Memory 404 is typically a volatile, random access
memory such as a dynamic random access memory (DRAM) or static
memory (SRAM) or other suitable devices that facilitates
information transfer to and from processor 302.
[0043] Although computer system 300 is shown by way of example as
one type of computer system upon which various aspects of the
invention may be practiced, it should be appreciated that the
invention is not limited to being implemented in software, or on
the computer system as exemplarily shown. Indeed, rather than
implemented on, for example, a general purpose computer system, the
controller, or components or subsections thereof, may alternatively
be implemented as a dedicated system or as a dedicated programmable
logic controller (PLC) or in a distributed control system. Further,
it should be appreciated that one or more features or aspects of
the invention may be implemented in software, hardware or firmware,
or any combination thereof. For example, one or more segments of an
algorithm executable by controller 240 can be performed in separate
computers, which in turn, can be communication through one or more
networks.
[0044] Having thus described several aspects of at least one
embodiment of this invention, it should be apparent to those
skilled in the art that the foregoing is merely illustrative and
not limiting, having been presented by way of example only.
Numerous modification and other embodiments are within the scope of
the invention. In particular, although many embodiments presented
herein involve specific combinations of method acts or system
elements, it should be understood that those acts and those
elements may be combined in other ways to accomplish the same
objectives.
[0045] Further, acts, elements, and features discusses only in
connection with one embodiment are not intended to be excluded from
a similar role in other embodiments.
[0046] It is to be appreciated that various alterations,
modifications, and improvements can readily occur to those skilled
in the art ant that such alterations, modifications, and
improvements are intended to be part of the disclosure and within
the spirit and scope of the invention.
[0047] Moreover, it should also be appreciated that the invention
is directed to each feature, system, subsystem, or technique
described herein and any combination of two or more features,
systems, subsystems, and/or method, if such features, systems,
subsystems, and techniques are not mutually inconsistent, is
considered to be within the scope of the invention as embodied in
the claims.
[0048] Use of ordinal terms such as "first," "second," "third," and
the like in the claims to modify a claim element does not by itself
connote any priority, precedence, or order of one claimed element
over another or the temporal order in which acts of a method are
performed, but are used merely as labels to distinguish one claim
element having a certain name from another element having a same
name (but for use of the ordinal term) to distinguish the claim
elements.
[0049] Those skilled in the art should appreciate that the
parameters and configuration described herein are exemplary and
that actual parameters and/or configurations will depend on the
specific application in which the systems and techniques of the
invention are used. Those skilled in the art should also recognize
or be able to ascertain, using no more than routing
experimentation, equivalents to the specific embodiments of the
invention. It is therefore to be understood that the embodiments
described herein are presented by way of example only and that,
within the scope of the appended claims and equivalents thereto;
the invention my be practice otherwise than as specifically
described.
* * * * *