U.S. patent application number 11/864765 was filed with the patent office on 2008-03-20 for grid etcher.
This patent application is currently assigned to The Government of the U.S.A., as represented by the Secretary of Health and Human Services. Invention is credited to Daniel Hoeppner, Ron McKay, David W. Munno, Rea Ravin, James V. Sullivan.
Application Number | 20080069956 11/864765 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 36035741 |
Filed Date | 2008-03-20 |
United States Patent
Application |
20080069956 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Ravin; Rea ; et al. |
March 20, 2008 |
GRID ETCHER
Abstract
An apparatus and process for monitoring migratory cell
proliferation with restricted migration on a substrate includes
providing a substrate, coating the substrate with extracellular
matrix, plating cells suspended in cell culture media on
extracellular matrix, and placing intersecting channels across the
extracellular matrix components by removing the extracellular
matrix components from the channels to isolate islands of the
extracellular matrix components on the substrate. When the cells
are immersed with a fluid, migration of the cells is confined to
the isolated islands of the extracellular matrix components,
permitting long-term observation of a migratory population.
Inventors: |
Ravin; Rea; (Rockville,
MD) ; Sullivan; James V.; (Bowie, MD) ;
Hoeppner; Daniel; (Bethesda, MD) ; Munno; David
W.; (Stamford, CT) ; McKay; Ron; (Bethesda,
MD) |
Correspondence
Address: |
TOWNSEND AND TOWNSEND AND CREW, LLP
TWO EMBARCADERO CENTER
8TH FLOOR
SAN FRANCISCO
CA
94111
US
|
Assignee: |
The Government of the U.S.A., as
represented by the Secretary of Health and Human Services
Rockville
MD
|
Family ID: |
36035741 |
Appl. No.: |
11/864765 |
Filed: |
September 28, 2007 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
10967703 |
Oct 14, 2004 |
7276367 |
|
|
11864765 |
Sep 28, 2007 |
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
427/289 ;
83/875 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G01N 33/5029 20130101;
Y10S 436/807 20130101; Y10T 83/0304 20150401; C12M 41/36
20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
427/289 ;
083/875 |
International
Class: |
B05D 3/12 20060101
B05D003/12; B23D 1/08 20060101 B23D001/08 |
Goverment Interests
STATEMENT AS TO RIGHTS TO INVENTIONS MADE UNDER FEDERALLY SPONSORED
RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT
[0002] The technology set forth herein is federally sponsored and
funded by the United States Department of Health and Human
Services. The United States government has certain rights in this
invention.
Claims
1. A device for making channels in extracellular matrix on a
substrate comprising: a plate to support a substrate coated with
extracellular matrix; a frame placed over said substrate and said
plate having an aperture which allows working access to at least a
portion of said extracellular matrix; and, an etching tool having
multiple tines which, when said tines traverse across said
extracellular matrix in the region defined by said aperture,
creates channels within said extracellular matrix.
2. The device of claim 1 wherein said tines are evenly spaced in
said etching tool and each have a rectangular cross-section.
3. The device of claim 1 wherein said aperture has a rectangular
shape.
4. The device of claim 1 wherein said frame makes a watertight seal
with said substrate which allows said extracellular matrix to be
maintained in a liquid media.
5. The device of claim 1 wherein said etching tool has two sets of
tines which can be used for removing extracellular matrix.
6. An etching assembly comprising: a plate capable of supporting a
substrate; a frame having an aperture which is capable of attaching
over a substrate to said plate; and, an etching tool having
multiple tines wherein said tines can penetrate through said frame
aperture to be capable of etching material away from an underlying
substrate.
7. The etching assembly of claim 6 wherein said etching tool tines
are evenly spaced and each have a rectangular cross section.
8. The etching assembly of claim 6 wherein said aperture has a
rectangular shape and said frame is attached to said plate with
screws.
9. The etching assembly of claim 6 further comprising a substrate
coated with extracellular matrix.
10. The etching assembly of claim 6 wherein a watertight seal is
formed in said frame aperture when said frame is affixed over a
substrate to said plate.
11. A process for making channels in extracellular matrix on a
substrate comprising the steps of: providing a planar substrate;
coating said substrate with extracellular matrix; selecting an
etching device comprising a frame with an aperture and an etching
tool with multiple tines; projecting the tines of said etching tool
through said frame aperture and using said tines to remove channels
of extracellular matrix on said substrate within the region defined
by said frame aperture.
12. The process of claim 11 wherein said tines are evenly spaced
and have a rectangular cross-section.
13. The process of claim 11 wherein channels of extracellular
matrix are removed in an intersecting pattern to create islands of
extracellular matrix.
14. A process for making channels in extracellular matrix with
cells on a substrate comprising the steps of: providing a planar
substrate; coating said substrate with extracellular matrix;
plating migratory cells onto the extracellular matrix to create a
matrix with cells; allowing the cells to adhere to the
extracellular matrix; selecting an etching device comprising a
frame with an aperture and an etching tool with multiple tines;
projecting the tines of said etching tool through said frame
aperture and using said tines to remove channels of extracellular
matrix on said substrate within the region defined by said frame
aperture.
15. The process of claim 14 wherein said tines are evenly spaced
and have a rectangular cross-section.
16. The process of claim 14 wherein channels of extracellular
matrix are removed in an intersecting pattern to create islands of
extracellular matrix.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application
Ser. No. 10/967,703, filed on Oct. 14, 2004, and issued as U.S.
Pat. No. 7,276,367 on Oct. 2, 2007.
REFERENCE TO A "SEQUENCE LISTING," A TABLE, OR A COMPUTER PROGRAM
LISTING APPENDIX SUBMITTED ON A COMPACT DISK
[0003] Not applicable.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0004] This invention relates to monitoring the proliferation of
migratory cells such as CNS stem cells/embryonic stem cells or any
other migratory cells. More specifically, an apparatus and process
is disclosed for placing isolated islands of an extracellular
matrix on a glass cover slip, and, plating, growing, and monitoring
the proliferation of migratory cells on the isolated islands of the
extracellular matrix.
[0005] Migratory cells, such as CNS stem cells/embryonic stem cells
or any other migratory cells are grown and simultaneously monitored
during proliferation for research purposes. Typically, an
extracellular matrix is placed upon a substrate, usually a
coverslip. Thereafter, cells are plated to (placed on) the
extracellular matrix for observation during proliferation. During
this observed proliferation, the cells unfortunately also
migrate.
[0006] Migration causes problems. Typically, only a discrete area
on a substrate, such as a portion of a substrate having the
extracellular matrix, can be observed. During migration, cells
within the observed discrete area move out of the observed discrete
area; what becomes of such cells is never known to the observer.
Other foreign cells, initially outside of the observed discrete
area, move into the observed area; as a consequence, the beginning
history of such cells can never be known to the observer. In either
case, the integrity of the monitoring processes is degraded. Where
one wishes to have an observed history of the proliferation of a
group of monitored cells, migration of the cells into or out of the
observed area must be inhibited.
[0007] For this reason, where cell populations are grown on
substrates, such as glass cover slips, attempts have been made to
provide isolated islands of substrate. These isolated islands of
substrate have the effect of allowing cell migration within their
boundaries while maintaining a discrete cell population within an
observable area.
[0008] Attempts to create isolated islands has included printing
glass cover slips with the desired isolated islands. In this
technique, the material from which the extracellular matrix is
ultimately formulated is placed upon a printing block having
printing areas shaped with the desired profile of isolated islands
of extracellular matrix. Thereafter, the printing block is
impressed upon a substrate, such as a glass cover slip, to transfer
the extracellular matrix material from the print block to the glass
cover slip. Substrate material is transferred from the printing
block onto the glass cover slip much as printer's ink is
transferred from a printing block onto paper which is to be
printed. The extracellular matrix transferred to the substrate has
the profile of the printing areas on the printing block.
[0009] Other techniques have included photo lithographic masks
utilizing photo resist, contact masks, micro stamping, and ink jet
printing.
[0010] For many of these techniques to work, drying of the
substrate transferred on the glass cover slip from the printing
block is required. Unfortunately, drying substantially degrades or
destroys the extracellular matrix. The growth of cells for
subsequent observation is difficult. Further, many of these
techniques leave residual chemicals (such as photo resist) with the
deposited substrate. These residual chemicals degrade the
subsequent growth on the substrate. Most importantly, these
techniques do not permit plating of the migratory cells before
formation of the islands of substrate.
[0011] It has also been contemplated to utilize lasers to form
continuous channels upon a continuous layer of extracellular matrix
on a glass cover slip. In this technique, the extracellular matrix
is placed upon a substrate, typically a glass cover slip. Once the
extracellular material is placed, at least one laser is utilized to
etch channels in the extracellular matrix. Typically, the
extracellular matrix is submerged during laser etching of channels.
This provides isolated islands of extracellular matrix having
separation between isolated islands complimentary to the channel
width and placement on the substrate.
[0012] The technique suffers from several disadvantages.
[0013] Utilizing lasers to make such channels is expensive.
Further, the ablation of the extracellular matrix generates debris
and produces localized heating at the channel boundaries which can
damage the extracellular matrix adjacent the channel boundaries.
Further, if cutting of the channels occurs while the matrix is
submerged in a liquid, localized heating of the substrate will
occur.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0014] An apparatus and process for monitoring migratory cell
proliferation with reduced migration on a substrate includes
providing a substrate, such as a glass coverslip. The substrate is
coated with extracellular matrix. Plating the extracellular matrix
with migratory cells then occurs. Finally, intersecting channels
are placed across the plated extracellular matrix by mechanical
etching to form desired isolated islands for the observation of
migratory cell growth. When the plated cells within the isolated
islands are immersed with a growth media, migration of the cells is
confined to the isolated islands of the substrate. By observing the
isolated islands during cell growth, cell characteristics of
migratory cells can be observed.
[0015] In the following specification, we use the word "substrate"
to describe the surface on which the extracellular matrix is
placed. The reader will understand that this is almost always a
coverslip used for magnified observation of the migratory cell
proliferation.
[0016] Further, we do not emphasize the normal step of conjugating
a fluorescent dye to the extracellular matrix in order to render
the extracellular matrix visible and provide the necessary light
for observing cell proliferation. As this step is conventional in
observations of cellular proliferation, it will not be further
discussed herein.
[0017] An advantage of this invention is that the formation of the
isolated islands of extracellular matrix upon a glass cover slip is
carried out in a continually moist environment. A continually moist
environment can be assured by immersing the cover slip during the
mechanical etching of the channels.
[0018] In the preferred embodiment, cell plating to the
extracellular matrix occurs before the channels are mechanically
etched. There is a reason for this order.
[0019] If the mechanical etching is done first, and the plating is
done second, some cells that settle within the plating area will
attach to the mechanically etched channels where the extracellular
material has been removed. The cells within the channel areas,
lacking the extracellular matrix, will become detached and float in
the liquid. At least some of these cells floating within the liquid
will eventually land on surfaces of the substrate that have the
extracellular matrix. After such landing, they will attach to the
regular growth surface and become normal migratory cells,
indistinguishable from the cell group under observation. This will
introduce new cells into the controlled growth areas which will
degrade the controlled observation process of cell
proliferation.
[0020] By plating the cells on the extracellular matrix, and then
removing the plated cells with the extracellular matrix within the
channel areas, the phenomena of detached cells floating in the
liquid is minimized.
[0021] A specialized apparatus is disclosed for mechanically
etching regularly spaced intersecting channels onto the
extracellular matrix on the substrate. Specifically, an open
chamber is defined on the cover slip overlying the extracellular
matrix. This open chamber has a fluid tight boundary about the
periphery of the chamber to maintain liquid media within the
chamber. An etching tool has an etching end with regularly spaced
flat mechanical etching teeth separated by regularly spaced
intervals for etching the extracellular matrix. The chamber is
supplied with a rectilinear opening having boundaries for guiding
the etching end of the etching apparatus in movement across the
substrate. The etching apparatus has a width to fit snugly within
the dimension of the rectilinear opening.
[0022] In use, the chamber is placed over the extracellular matrix
on the substrate and filled with cell culture media. At least one
etching tool with its regularly spaced flat mechanical etching
teeth is fitted to the rectilinear opening and extends through the
liquid to the substrate. The etching tool is guided by the
rectilinear opening and mechanically etches the extracellular
matrix while undergoing guided etching excursion across the
rectilinear opening. By first having a mechanical etching tool
undergo guided etching excursion parallel to first opposite sides
of the rectilinear opening and then having a mechanical etching
tool undergo excursion parallel to second opposite sides of the
rectilinear opening, a regular matrix of channels is defined upon
the extracellular matrix. This leaves a pattern of uniformly sized
and aligned rectilinear islands upon the extracellular matrix for
the isolation of migratory cell growth.
[0023] In the normal case, the rectilinear opening is square and a
single mechanical etching tool is utilized. It will be understood
that two etching tools having varying widths and teeth of varying
dimension and spacing can be used to generate rectangular growth
areas of varied dimensions.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0024] FIG. 1 is an exploded view of a holding plate, a cover slip
coated with an extracellular matrix placed upon the holding plate,
an O-ring, and overlying cell grid making guide and, an etching
tool aligned for etching excursion to configure a first set of
channels within the extracellular matrix;
[0025] FIGS. 2A and 2B are plan and elevation views of the holding
plate, respectively;
[0026] FIGS. 3A and 3B are plan views of cell grid making
guides;
[0027] FIG. 4 is a side elevation of an etching tool for excursion
within the cell grid making guide of FIG. 3, the tool having
etching members at both ends;
[0028] FIG. 5 is a plan view of multiple restricted-growth areas
generated as a grid on an observation cover slip;
[0029] FIG. 6 is a plan view of a single rectilinear growth area
configured by utilizing a first end of the etching tool shown in
FIG. 4 for a vertical channels and a second end of the etching tool
shown in FIG. 4 for horizontal channels;
[0030] FIGS. 7A and 7B are a matrix of unrestrained and restrained
growth islands and timed intervals illustrating the cell monitoring
permitted by this invention; and,
[0031] FIGS. 8A and 8B are a lineage analysis for cells of the
unrestrained and restrained growth islands illustrating the
superior monitoring of this invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0032] Referring to the exploded view of FIG. 1, holding plate H is
shown with cover slip C overlying the holding plate. Typically,
cover slip C has an upwardly exposed surface 10 onto which
extracellular matrix 11 is adhered and layered. Typically, this
extracellular matrix 11 includes two layers including
poly-L-ornithine which binds to the upper surface of glass cover
slip C and a covering layer of fibronectin which provides the
surface for attachment of the cells.
[0033] The extracellular matrix 11 is a growth surface. In order to
effectively capture cells and thereafter permit the optimum
propagation of the captured cells, this surface should preferably
remain moist at all times. Because of this requirement, it will be
seen that the chamber for etching the desired isolated islands is
designed to have the O-ring boundary maintaining the surface of
cover slip C in a fluid environment. Immediately overlying cover
slip C, circular O-ring O provides a reservoir barrier immediately
underlying grid making guide G.
[0034] Grid making guide G fastens at apertures 20 to screws 14
protruding upwardly of holding plate H. Grid making guide G
includes central bulbous portion having rectilinear aperture A,
here shown as a square, configured centrally of the guide. As will
hereinafter become apparent, cover slip C is placed on the holding
plate H with O-ring O overlying upwardly exposed surface 10 and
extracellular matrix 11. Typically, holding plate H, cover slip C,
O-ring O, and grid making guide G are all held together by wing
nuts 16 on screws 14 to provide a gentle but firm compression on
cover slip C toward holding plate H.
[0035] Etching tool E includes first etching end 30 and second
etching end 31. Each of these etching ends includes seven regularly
thick etching tines 32 spaced by regular intervals 33. Further,
etching tool E has an overall width which matches the overall width
of square aperture A within grid making guide G. It will be seen
that the tines 32 and intervals 33 vary at each end of etching tool
E.
[0036] In operation, cover slip C is covered with the extracellular
matrix and thereafter plated over the surface of the extracellular
matrix with the cells to be analyzed during proliferation. Once
this is done, holding plate H, cover slip C, O-ring O, and grid
making guide G are all assembled, and a liquid is poured into the
chamber defined between cover slip C and grid making guide G by
O-ring O. Thereafter, mechanical etching occurs utilizing an end
30, 31 of etching tool E. This etching occurs by aligning etching
tool E parallel to one of the sides of aperture A and moving the
tool normal to its parallel alignment. This movement places a group
of channels L (see FIG. 5) across the surface of cover slip C.
Thereafter, by rotating etching tool E 90.degree., and repeating
the movement of the tool normal to its parallel alignment, a second
set of intersecting channels L is placed across cover slip C. Since
these intersecting channels L will be at 90.degree. with respect to
the earlier etched channels L, the remaining extracellular matrix
will form isolated islands I or I1(See FIGS. 5 and 6 at respective
islands I and I1). It has been found that these isolated islands I
and I1 permit isolated populations of migratory cells to propagate
without substantial migration either from without the boundaries of
the islands or from within the boundaries of the islands to
positions exterior of the islands.
[0037] Referring to FIG. 2A and 2B, holding plate H includes flat
plate 15 having respective upstanding bolts 14 mounted thereto.
This plate allows a cover slip C to fit conveniently between
upstanding bolts 14.
[0038] Referring to FIG. 3A, a first cell grid making guide G is
illustrated. Grid making guide G includes central bulbous portion
22 spanned on either side by wings 21. Apertures 20 accommodating
upstanding bolts 14 are configured in the ends of the respective
wings 21. O-ring O is shown in broken lines with respect to bulbous
portion 22 of cell grid making guide G.
[0039] Referring to FIG. 3B, a second cell grid making guide G' is
illustrated. In this embodiment central bulbous portion 22 includes
three apertures A1, A2, and A3.
[0040] Referring to FIG. 4, etching tool E is illustrated. Etching
tool E includes two different etching ends 30, 31. Observing end
30, it can be seen that etching tines 32 across end 30 are all the
same dimension. Further, each etching tine 32 is separated from its
adjacent etching tines by regular intervals 33. Comparing end 31
with end 30, it will be seen that the dimensions of the tines 32
and their interval of separation 33 are varied. Dimensions are
important. By way of example, the respective tines on end 30 are
0.042 in. center to center spacing with slots 0.022 in there
between. Similarly, end 31 includes center to center spacing of the
tines at 0.038 in. with slots of 0.018 in. there between. The
etching tool E is approximately 10 mm wide by 100 millimeters long
and made of 1/16 in stainless steel.
[0041] Referring to FIG. 5, the end result of the etching process
can be seen. Specifically, isolated islands I of the extracellular
matrix are illustrated. Referring to FIG. 6, a rectilinear island
I1 is illustrated. Rectilinear islands can be formed by using one
end 30 of etching tool E for etching in one direction, and the
other end 31 of the etching tool E for etching in the other
direction at 90.degree. to the first direction.
[0042] Referring to FIGS. 7A and 7B, the remarkably different
population result from the growing of migratory cells is
illustrated. Specifically, and observing FIG. 7A, where the surface
of the extracellular matrix is without islands I, cell distribution
is sparse. Conversely, and observing FIG. 7B, where the surface of
the extracellular matrix is with islands I, cell distribution is
dense.
[0043] During proliferation, the areas in which the cells grow are
monitored continuously. Where cells leave the monitored areas,
there is no way of identifying what happens to the cells. Where the
cells arrive into the monitored areas, there is no way of
identifying what is the prior history of the cells and where they
have come from.
[0044] Where the islands I set forth in this disclosure are
utilized, cells are for the most part confined to the boundaries of
the islands. Presuming that the entirety of the islands are
continuously monitored, departing and arriving cells are
essentially eliminated enabling a much more comprehensive record of
proliferation to be maintained.
[0045] The results of this latter assurance can be seen in the
graphical representation of FIGS. 8A and 8B. Observing FIG. 8A, it
will be seen that in a lineage diagram, or family tree, of the
original cells (approximately six) shown, only two derivatives
remaining in the final frame of the recording. All other cells
leave the visual field or die.
[0046] Observing FIG. 8B, it will be seen that the restrained
population differs radically. The observed population is much more
numerous. Furthermore, cells are illustrated can be tracked to the
seventh generation, as distinguished from a mere three
generations.
* * * * *