U.S. patent application number 11/939222 was filed with the patent office on 2008-03-20 for efficient bit interleaver for a multi-band ofdm ultra-wideband system.
This patent application is currently assigned to TEXAS INSTRUMENTS INCORPORATED. Invention is credited to Jaiganesh Balakrishnan, Anuj Batra, Anand G. Dabak.
Application Number | 20080069255 11/939222 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 32965671 |
Filed Date | 2008-03-20 |
United States Patent
Application |
20080069255 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Balakrishnan; Jaiganesh ; et
al. |
March 20, 2008 |
Efficient Bit Interleaver for A Multi-Band OFDM Ultra-Wideband
System
Abstract
An efficient bit interleaving scheme for a multi-band OFDM
ultra-wideband (UWB) system. The encoded bits of the multi-band
OFDM system are interleaved within each OFDM symbol and across OFDM
symbols. The bit interleaving scheme minimizes performance
degradation due to groups of contiguous OFDM tones experiencing a
poor SNR caused by the frequency selective channel, exploits the
frequency diversity across sub-bands, randomizes the effect of
co-channel interference from simultaneously operating
un-coordinated piconets, and randomizes the impact of generic
narrow-band interferers present within the UWB spectrum.
Inventors: |
Balakrishnan; Jaiganesh;
(Dallas, TX) ; Batra; Anuj; (Dallas, TX) ;
Dabak; Anand G.; (Plano, TX) |
Correspondence
Address: |
TEXAS INSTRUMENTS INCORPORATED
P O BOX 655474, M/S 3999
DALLAS
TX
75265
US
|
Assignee: |
TEXAS INSTRUMENTS
INCORPORATED
7839 Churchill Way, M/S 3999
Dallas
TX
75251
|
Family ID: |
32965671 |
Appl. No.: |
11/939222 |
Filed: |
November 13, 2007 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
10797880 |
Mar 10, 2004 |
7313190 |
|
|
11939222 |
Nov 13, 2007 |
|
|
|
60453871 |
Mar 11, 2003 |
|
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Current U.S.
Class: |
375/260 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H04L 5/0044 20130101;
H04L 5/0083 20130101; H04L 5/0042 20130101; H04L 1/0068 20130101;
H04L 5/0007 20130101; H03M 13/2707 20130101; H04B 1/719 20130101;
H04L 1/0071 20130101; H04L 1/0059 20130101; H04B 1/7176
20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
375/260 |
International
Class: |
H04L 27/00 20060101
H04L027/00 |
Claims
1-53. (canceled)
54. A bit interleaving method comprising the steps of: permuting
coded bits of an OFDM symbol stream and generating interleaved OFDM
symbols in response thereto; and permuting each group of bits
associated with each interleaved OFDM symbol and generating
interleaved OFDM tones within each OFDM symbol in response
thereto.
55. The bit interleaving method according to claim 54, wherein
generating interleaved OFDM symbols comprises interleaving OFDM
symbols via an interleaver selected from the group consisting of a
regular block interleaver, a random interleaver, a random block
interleaver, a triangular interleaver, and a composite symbol/tone
interleaver.
56. The bit interleaving method according to claim 54, wherein
generating interleaved OFDM tones comprises interleaving OFDM tones
within each OFDM symbol via an interleaver selected from the group
consisting of a regular block interleaver, a random interleaver, a
random block interleaver, a triangular interleaver, and a composite
symbol/tone interleaver.
57. The bit interleaving method according to claim 54, wherein
generating interleaved OFDM symbols comprises adding pad bits to
the OFDM symbol stream sufficient to allow generating a desired
number of OFDM symbols whenever the number of incoming OFDM symbol
bits is insufficient to accommodate generating the desired number
of OFDM symbols.
58. A bit interleaving method comprising: permuting coded bits of
an OFDM symbol stream and generating interleaved OFDM symbols to
implement a desired interleaved OFDM symbol pattern in response
thereto; and permuting each group of bits associated with each
interleaved OFDM symbol and generating interleaved OFDM tones
within each OFDM symbol in response to the desired interleaved OFDM
symbol pattern.
59. The bit interleaving method according to claim 58, wherein
permuting each group of bits associated with each interleaved OFDM
symbol and generating interleaved OFDM tones within each OFDM
symbol in response to the desired interleaved OFDM symbol pattern
is achieved via a plurality of different types of symbol/tone
interleaving operations, wherein each type of symbol/tone
interleaving operation is determined via the desired interleaved
OFDM symbol pattern.
60. A bit interleaving method comprising: grouping the coded bits
of an OFDM symbol stream into blocks of 3N.sub.CBPS, wherein 3 is a
desired number of OFDM symbols and further wherein N.sub.CBPS is
the number of coded bits per symbol; permuting each group of coded
bits and generating interleaved OFDM symbols in response thereto
only if the coded bits available for grouping correspond to no less
than 3 OFDM symbols; grouping the interleaved OFDM symbols into
blocks of N.sub.CBPS bits; and permuting each block of N.sub.CBPS
bits associated with the interleaved OFDM symbols and generating
interleaved OFDM tones in response thereto.
61. The bit interleaving method according to claim 60, wherein
N.sub.CBPS=100.
62. The bit interleaving method according to claim 60, wherein
N.sub.CBPS=200.
63. The bit interleaving method according to claim 60, wherein the
desired number of OFDM symbols is 6 and N.sub.CBPS=200.
64. The bit interleaving method according to claim 60, wherein
permuting each group of coded bits and generating interleaved OFDM
symbols in response thereto is implemented via a symbol
interleaving operation having an input-output relationship defined
by S .function. ( j ) = U .times. { Floor .function. ( i N CBPS ) +
X .times. .times. Mod .function. ( i , N CBPS ) } , ##EQU3##
wherein {U(i)} and {S(j)}, where i, j=0, . . . , XN.sub.CBPS,
represent the input and output bits of the symbol interleaving
operation respectively, and further wherein the function Floor(.)
returns the largest integer value less than or equal to its
argument value, and further wherein the function Mod(.cndot.)
returns the remainder after division of N.sub.CBPS by i.
65. The bit interleaving method according to claim 64, wherein
N.sub.CBPS=100.
66. The bit interleaving method according to claim 64, wherein
N.sub.CBPS=200.
67. The bit interleaving method according to claim 69, wherein the
desired number of OFDM symbols is 6 and N.sub.CBPS=200.
68. The bit interleaving method according to claim 60, wherein
permuting each block of N.sub.CBPS its associated with the
interleaved OFDM symbols and generating interleaved OFDM tones in
response thereto comprises permuting each block of N.sub.CBPS bits
via a tone interleaving operation of size N.sub.Tint.times.10,
wherein N.sub.Tint=N.sub.CBPS10, and further wherein 10 is a
desired integer value.
69. The bit interleaving method according to claim 68, wherein and
N.sub.Tint=10.
70. The bit interleaving method according to claim 68, wherein
N.sub.Tint=20.
71. The bit interleaving method according to claim 68, wherein the
tone interleaving operation has an input-output relationship
defined by T .function. ( j ) = S .times. { Floor .function. ( i N
T .times. .times. int ) + 10 .times. .times. Mod .function. ( i , N
T .times. .times. int ) } , ##EQU4## wherein {S(i)} and {T(j)},
where i, j=0, . . . , N.sub.CBPS-1 represent the input and output
bits of the tone interleaving operation respectively, and further
wherein the function Floor(.cndot.) returns the largest integer
value no greater than it argument value, and further wherein the
function Mod(.cndot.) returns the remainder after division of
N.sub.Tint by i.
72. The bit interleaving method according to claim 71, wherein
N.sub.Tint=10.
73. The bit interleaving method according to claim 71, wherein
N.sub.Tint=20.
74. A bit interleaving method comprising: grouping the coded bits
of an OFDM symbol stream into blocks of 3N.sub.CBPS, wherein 3 is a
desired number of OFDM symbols and further wherein N.sub.CBPS the
number of coded bits per symbol, and further wherein pad bits are
added to increase the number of bits to correspond to 3N.sub.CBPS,
whenever the number of coded bits per symbol is less than
N.sub.CBPS; permuting each group of coded bits and generating
interleaved OFDM symbols in response thereto; grouping the
interleaved OFDM symbols into blocks of N.sub.CBPS bits; and
permuting each block of N.sub.CBPS its associated with the
interleaved OFDM symbols and generating interleaved OFDM tones in
response thereto.
75. The bit interleaving method according to claim 74, wherein
N.sub.CBPS=100.
76. The bit interleaving method according to claim 74, wherein
N.sub.CBPS=200.
77. The bit interleaving method according to claim 74, wherein the
desired number of OFDM symbols 6 and N.sub.CBPS=200.
78. The bit interleaving method according to claim 74, wherein the
step of permuting each group of coded bits and generating
interleaved OFDM symbols in response thereto is implemented via a
symbol interleaving operation having an input-output relationship
defined by S .function. ( j ) = U .times. { Floor .function. ( i N
CBPS ) + 3 .times. .times. Mod .function. ( i , N CBPS ) } ,
##EQU5## wherein {S(i)} and {T(j)}, where i, j=0, . . . ,
3N.sub.CBPS, represent the input and output bits of the symbol
interleaving operation respectively, and further wherein the
function Floor(.cndot.) returns the largest integer value less than
or equal to its argument value, and further wherein the function
Mod(.cndot.) returns the remainder after division of N.sub.CBPS by
i.
79. The bit interleaving method according to claim 74, wherein
permuting each block of N.sub.CBPS bits associated with the
interleaved OFDM symbols and generating interleaved OFDM tones in
response thereto comprises permuting each block of N.sub.CBPS bits
via a tone interleaving operation of size N.sub.Tint.times.10,
wherein N.sub.Tint=t N.sub.CBPS/10, and further wherein 10 is a
desired integer value.
80. The bit interleaving method according to claim 79, wherein
desired number of OFDM symbols is 6.
81. The bit interleaving method according to claim 78, wherein the
tone interleaving operation has an input-output relationship
defined by T .function. ( j ) = S .times. { Floor .function. ( i N
T .times. .times. int ) + 10 .times. .times. Mod .function. ( i , N
T .times. .times. int ) } , ##EQU6## wherein {S(i)} and {T(j)},
where i, j=0, . . . , N.sub.CBPS-1 represent the input and output
bits of the tone interleaving operation respectively, and further
wherein the function Floor(.cndot.) returns the largest integer
value no greater than it argument value, and further wherein the
function Mod(.cndot.) returns the remainder after division of
N.sub.Tint by i.
82. The bit interleaving method according to claim 68, wherein and
N.sub.Tint=10.
83. The bit interleaving method according to claim 68, wherein
N.sub.Tint=20.
84. A bit interleaver comprising: a symbol interleaver operational
to group the coded bits of a an OFDM symbol stream into blocks of
1200 coded bits, wherein 6 is the desired number of OFDM symbols
and further wherein 200 is the number of coded bits per symbol, and
further operational to permute each group of coded bits and
generate interleaved OFDM symbols in response thereto only if the
coded bits available for grouping correspond to no less than 6 OFDM
symbols; and a tone interleaver operational to group the
interleaved OFDM symbols into blocks of 200 bits and permute each
block of 200 bits associated with the interleaved OFDM symbols and
generate interleaved OFDM tones in response thereto.
85. The bit interleaver according to claim 84, wherein the symbol
interleaver is configured to have an input-output relationship
defined by S .function. ( j ) = U .times. { Floor .function. ( i
200 ) + 6 .times. .times. Mod .function. ( i , 200 ) } , ##EQU7##
wherein {S(i)} and {T(j)}, where i, j=0, . . . , 1199, represent
the input and output bits of the symbol interleaver respectively,
and further wherein the function Floor(.cndot.) returns the largest
integer value less than or equal to its argument value, and further
wherein the function Mod(.cndot.) returns the remainder after
division of 200 by i.
86. The bit interleaver according to claim 84, wherein the tone
interleaver is configured to have an input-output relationship
defined by T .function. ( j ) = S .times. { Floor .function. ( i N
T .times. .times. int ) + 10 .times. .times. Mod .function. ( i , N
T .times. .times. int ) } , ##EQU8## wherein {S(i)} and {T(j)},
where i, j=0, . . . , 199 represent the input and output bits of
the tone interleaver respectively, and further wherein the tone
interleaver size=N.sub.Tint.times.10, N.sub.Tint=20 and 10 is a
desired integer value, and further wherein the function
Floor(.cndot.) returns the largest integer value no greater than it
argument value, and further wherein the function Mod(.cndot.)
returns the remainder after division of N.sub.Tint By i.
87. The bit interleaving method according to claim 71, wherein
N.sub.Tint=10.
88. The bit interleaving method according to claim 71, wherein
N.sub.Tint=20.
89. A composite bit interleaver operational to group the coded bits
of an OFDM symbol stream into blocks of 1200 coded bits, wherein 6
is the desired number of OFDM symbols and further wherein 200 is
the number of coded bits per symbol, and further operational to
permute each group of coded bits and generate interleaved OFDM
symbols in response thereto only if the coded bits available for
grouping correspond to no less than 6 OFDM symbols; and further
operational to group the interleaved OFDM symbols into blocks of
200 its and permute each block of 200 bits associated with the
interleaved OFDM symbols and generate interleaved OFDM tones in
response thereto.
90. The composite bit interleaver according to claim 89, wherein
the symbol interleaving operation is defined via an input-output
relationship according to S .function. ( j ) = U .times. { Floor
.function. ( i 200 ) + 6 .times. .times. Mod .function. ( i , 200 )
} , ##EQU9## wherein {S(i)} and {T(j)}, where i, j=0, . . . , 1199,
represent the input and output bits of the symbol interleaving
operation respectively, and further wherein the function
Floor(.cndot.) returns the largest integer value less than or equal
to its argument value, and further wherein the function
Mod(.cndot.) returns the remainder after division of 200 by i.
91. The composite bit interleaver according to claim 89, wherein
the tone interleaving operation is defined via an input-output
relationship according to T .function. ( j ) = S .times. { Floor
.function. ( i N T .times. .times. int ) + 10 .times. .times. Mod
.function. ( i , N T .times. .times. int ) } , ##EQU10## wherein
{S(i)} and {T(j)}, where i, j=0, . . . , 199 represent the input
and output bits of the tone interleaving operation respectively,
and further wherein the tone interleaver size=N.sub.Tint.times.10,
N.sub.Tint=20 and 10 is a desired integer value, and further
wherein the function Floor(.cndot.) returns the largest integer
value no greater than it argument value, and further wherein the
function Mod(.cndot.) returns the remainder after division of
N.sub.Tint by i.
91. A composite bit interleaver operational to group the coded bits
of an OFDM symbol stream into blocks of 1200 coded bits, wherein 6
is the desired number of OFDM symbols, N.sub.CBPS is the number of
coded bits per symbol, and pad bits are used to increase the number
of bits to correspond to 6 OFDM symbols whenever the number of
coded bits per symbol is less than N.sub.CBPS, and to permute each
group of coded bits and generate interleaved OFDM symbols in
response thereto; and further operational to group the interleaved
OFDM symbols into blocks of 200 bits and permute each block of 200
bits associated with the interleaved OFDM symbols and generate
interleaved OFDM tones in response thereto.
92. The composite bit interleaver according to claim 91, wherein
the symbol interleaving operation is defined via an input-output
relationship according to S .function. ( j ) = U .times. { Floor
.times. .times. ( i 200 ) + 10 .times. Mod .function. ( i , 200 ) }
, ##EQU11## wherein {S(i)} and {T(j)}, where i, j=0, . . . , 1199,
represent the input and output bits of the symbol interleaving
operation respectively, and further wherein the function
Floor(.cndot.) returns the largest integer value less than or equal
to its argument value, and further wherein the function
Mod(.cndot.) returns the remainder after division of 200 by i.
93. The composite bit interleaver according to claim 91, wherein
the tone interleaving operation is defined via an input-output
relationship according to T .function. ( j ) = S .times. { Floor
.times. .times. ( i N T .times. .times. int ) + 10 .times. Mod
.function. ( i , N T .times. .times. int ) } , ##EQU12## wherein
{S(i)} and {T(j)}, where i, j=0, . . . , N.sub.CBPS-1 represent the
input and output bits of the tone interleaving operation
respectively, and further wherein the tone interleaver
size=N.sub.Tint.times.A, N.sub.Tint=20 and 10 is a desired integer
value, and further wherein the function Floor(.cndot.) returns the
largest integer value no greater than it argument value, and
further wherein the function Mod(.cndot.) returns the remainder
after division of N.sub.Tint by i.
94. The bit interleaving method according to claim 93, wherein
N.sub.Tint=10.
95. The bit interleaving method according to claim 93, wherein
N.sub.Tint=20.
Description
CLAIM TO PRIORITY OF PROVISIONAL APPLICATION
[0001] The application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. .sctn.
119(e)(1) of provisional application Ser. No. 60/453,871, attorney
docket number TI-36096PS, entitled Efficient Bit Interleaver For A
TFI-OFDM Ultra-Wideband System, filed Mar. 11, 2003, by Jaiganesh
Balakrishnan, Anuj Batra and Anand Dabak.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] 1. Field of the Invention
[0003] This invention relates generally to multiband systems for
ultra wideband (UWB) applications, and more specifically to a
technique for implementing efficient bit interleaving for a UWB
system employing multi-band orthogonal frequency division
multiplexing (OFDM).
[0004] 2. Description of the Prior Art
[0005] The encoded bits in a multi-band OFDM system are grouped
into OFDM symbols, and each symbol is transmitted over different
frequency sub-bands. The UWB multi-path channel is frequency
selective and exhibits significant gain (or attenuation) variations
across tones and sub-bands. This results in unequal error
protection for the encoded bits transmitted across the various
tones and sub-bands.
[0006] In view of the above, it would be both advantageous and
desirable to provide a bit interleaving scheme that minimizes
performance degradation due to groups of contiguous OFDM tones
experiencing a poor SNR caused by the frequency selective channel,
exploits the frequency diversity across sub-bands, randomizes the
effect of co-channel interference from simultaneously operating
un-coordinated piconets, and randomizes the impact of generic
narrow-band interferers present within the UWB spectrum.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0007] The present invention is directed to an efficient bit
interleaving scheme for a multi-band OFDM ultra-wideband (UWB)
system. The encoded bits of the multi-band OFDM system are
interleaved within each OFDM symbol and across OFDM symbols. The
bit interleaving scheme minimizes performance degradation due to
groups of contiguous OFDM tones experiencing a poor SNR caused by
the frequency selective channel, exploits the frequency diversity
across sub-bands, randomizes the effect of co-channel interference
from simultaneously operating un-coordinated piconets, and
randomizes the impact of generic narrow-band interferers present
within the UWB spectrum.
[0008] According to one embodiment, a bit interleaving method
comprises the steps of
[0009] grouping the coded bits of an OFDM symbol stream into blocks
of XN.sub.CBPS, wherein X is a desired number of OFDM symbols and
further wherein N.sub.CBPS is the number of coded bits per
symbol;
[0010] permuting each group of coded bits and generating
interleaved OFDM symbols in response thereto only if the coded bits
available for grouping correspond to no less than X OFDM
symbols;
[0011] grouping the interleaved OFDM symbols into blocks of
N.sub.CBPS bits; and
[0012] permuting each block of N.sub.CBPS bits associated with the
interleaved OFDM symbols and generating interleaved OFDM tones in
response thereto.
[0013] According to another embodiment, a bit interleaving method
comprises the steps of
[0014] grouping the coded bits of an OFDM symbol stream into blocks
of XN.sub.CBPS, wherein X is a desired number of OFDM symbols and
further wherein N.sub.CBPS is the number of coded bits per symbol,
and further wherein pad bits are added to increase the number of
bits to correspond to XN.sub.CBPS, whenever the number of coded
bits per symbol is less than N.sub.CBPS;
[0015] permuting each group of coded bits and generating
interleaved OFDM symbols in response thereto;
[0016] grouping the interleaved OFDM symbols into blocks of
N.sub.CBPS bits; and
[0017] permuting each block of N.sub.CBPS bits associated with the
interleaved OFDM symbols and generating interleaved OFDM tones in
response thereto.
[0018] According to yet another embodiment, a bit interleaver
comprises
[0019] a symbol interleaver operational to group the coded bits of
a an OFDM symbol stream into blocks of XN.sub.CBPS coded bits,
wherein X is the desired number of OFDM symbols and further wherein
N.sub.CBPS is the number of coded bits per symbol, and further
operational to permute each group of coded bits and generate
interleaved OFDM symbols in response thereto only if the coded bits
available for grouping correspond to no less than X OFDM symbols;
and
[0020] A tone interleaver operational to group the interleaved OFDM
symbols into blocks of N.sub.CBPS bits and permute each block of
N.sub.CBPS bits associated with the interleaved OFDM symbols and
generate interleaved OFDM tones in response thereto.
[0021] In cases where the number of bits is less than XN.sub.CBPS,
the symbol interleaver is skipped; and only a tone interleaving
operation is performed. The foregoing symbol interleaving and tone
interleaving operations can optionally be implemented with a single
interleaving operation using a composite interleaver.
[0022] According to still another embodiment, a composite bit
interleaver is operational to group the coded bits of an OFDM
symbol stream into blocks of XN.sub.CBPS coded bits, wherein X is
the desired number of OFDM symbols and further wherein N.sub.CBPS
is the number of coded bits per symbol, and further operational to
permute each group of coded bits and generate interleaved OFDM
symbols in response thereto only if the coded bits available for
grouping correspond to no less than X OFDM symbols; and further
operational to group the interleaved OFDM symbols into blocks of
N.sub.CBPS bits and permute each block of N.sub.CBPS bits
associated with the interleaved OFDM symbols and generate
interleaved OFDM tones in response thereto.
[0023] According to still another embodiment, a composite bit
interleaver is operational to group the coded bits of an OFDM
symbol stream into blocks of XN.sub.CBPS coded bits, wherein X is
the desired number of OFDM symbols, N.sub.CBPS is the number of
coded bits per symbol, and pad bits are used to increase the number
of bits to correspond to X OFDM symbols whenever the number of
coded bits per symbol is less than N.sub.CBPS, and to permute each
group of coded bits and generate interleaved OFDM symbols in
response thereto; and further operational to group the interleaved
OFDM symbols into blocks of N.sub.CBPS bits and permute each block
of N.sub.CBPS bits associated with the interleaved OFDM symbols and
generate interleaved OFDM tones in response thereto.
[0024] According to still another embodiment, a bit interleaving
method comprises the steps of
[0025] permuting coded bits of an OFDM symbol stream and generating
interleaved OFDM symbols to implement a desired interleaved OFDM
symbol pattern in response thereto; and
[0026] permuting each group of bits associated with each
interleaved OFDM symbol and generating interleaved OFDM tones
within each OFDM symbol in response to the desired interleaved OFDM
symbol pattern.
[0027] The foregoing step of permuting each group of bits
associated with each interleaved OFDM symbol and generating
interleaved OFDM tones within each OFDM symbol in response to the
desired interleaved OFDM symbol pattern can be achieved via a
plurality of different types of symbol/tone interleaving
operations, for example, wherein each type of symbol/tone
interleaving operation is determined via the desired interleaved
OFDM symbol pattern. Thus, one could, for example, switch between
two different types of interleavers every six OFDM symbols. In this
instance, one embodiment of the symbol/tone interleaver could be
employed for the first six OFDM symbols; while for the second six
OFDM symbols, another (different) embodiment of the symbol/tone
interleaver could be employed. The difference between the two
interleaver structures could be as simple as doing a bit reversal
between the two interleaver structures.
[0028] According to still another embodiment, a bit interleaving
method comprises the steps of
[0029] permuting coded bits of an OFDM symbol stream and generating
interleaved OFDM symbols in response thereto; and
[0030] permuting each group of bits associated with each
interleaved OFDM symbol and generating interleaved OFDM tones
within each OFDM symbol in response thereto.
[0031] `Pad bits` can be used to increase the number of bits to
correspond to XN.sub.CBPS when the number of bits is less than
XN.sub.CBPS. The `pad bits` can be added either at the input of the
scrambler seen, for example, in FIG. 2, as a parallel stream to the
input data, or at the input of the interleaver, for example, also
seen in FIG. 2, as a parallel stream coming from the puncturer
output. Theoretically, the pad bits can be any random binary
sequence. Using a random binary sequence is desirable, especially
when the pad bits are introduced at the input of the interleaver.
If, however, the pad bits are introduced at the input of the
scrambler, an `all zero` sequence or and `all one` sequence is
sufficient. The foregoing process is easily implemented and the
scrambler would randomize these bits such that the pad bits at the
output of the scrambler correspond to a random binary sequence.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0032] Other aspects and features of the present invention and many
of the attendant advantages of the present invention will be
readily appreciated as the invention becomes better understood by
reference to the following detailed description when considered in
connection with the accompanying drawings in which like reference
numerals designate like parts throughout the figures thereof and
wherein:
[0033] FIG. 1 is a time-domain representation of time-frequency
coding for multi-band OFDM transmission;
[0034] FIG. 2 is a simplified block diagram illustrating a typical
transmitter architecture for a multi-band OFDM system;
[0035] FIG. 3 is a block diagram depicting a bit interleaving
process according to one embodiment of the present invention;
and
[0036] FIGS. 4A and 4B illustrate symbol and tone interleaving
processes implemented to generate coded bits that are interleaved
across three symbols and within each symbol according to one
embodiment of the present invention.
[0037] While the above-identified drawing figures set forth
alternative embodiments, other embodiments of the present invention
are also contemplated, as noted in the discussion. In all cases,
this disclosure presents illustrated embodiments of the present
invention by way of representation and not limitation. Numerous
other modifications and embodiments can be devised by those skilled
in the art which fall within the scope and spirit of the principles
of this invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0038] The efficient bit interleaving scheme described herein below
may be implemented for a UWB system employing multi-band OFDM such
as the one disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No.
10/688,169, entitled Time-Frequency Interleaved Orthogonal
Frequency Division Multiplexing Ultra Wide Band Physical Layer,
docket no. TI-35949, filed on Oct. 18, 2003 by Anuj Batra et al.
Patent application Ser. No. 10/688,169 is incorporated in its
entirety by reference herein.
[0039] In the foregoing UWB system, the OFDM symbols are coded
across both time and frequency. An example of this time-frequency
coding for multi-band OFDM transmission is shown in FIG. 1. In this
representation 10, the first OFDM symbol 12 is transmitted on
channel number 1, the second OFDM symbol 14 is transmitted on
channel number 3, the third OFDM symbol 16 is transmitted on
channel number 2, and so on. The exact time-frequency coding
pattern may be different from packet to packet and piconet to
piconet. From FIG. 1, one can see that a guard interval 20 is
inserted after each OFDM symbol. This guard interval 20 ensures the
transmitter and receiver have sufficient time to switch from the
current channel to the next channel.
[0040] One of the primary advantages of the multi-band OFDM system
is the capability to exploit the frequency diversity across the
various sub-channels. The design of the bit interleaving scheme is
critical in exploiting the frequency diversity across the
sub-channels. One typical transmitter architecture 100 for a
multi-band OFDM system is illustrated in FIG. 2. The input bits are
whitened using a scrambler 102, encoded using a convolutional code
104, interleaved 106, mapped onto an OFDM symbol 108, modulated
into the appropriate sub-channel 110, and transmitted.
[0041] In cases where the number of bits is less than XN.sub.CBPS,
(where X is a desired integer value), as stated herein before, the
symbol interleaver is skipped; and only a tone interleaving
operation is performed. The foregoing symbol interleaving and tone
interleaving operations can easily be implemented with a single
interleaving operation using a composite interleaver.
Bit Interleaving
[0042] The salient features and advantages of the bit interleaving
scheme are described herein below. The UWB multi-path channel is
frequency selective and exhibits significant gain (or attenuation)
variations across tone and sub-bands as stated herein before. This
results in unequal error protection for the encoded bits
transmitted across the various tone and sub-bands. The encoded bits
of a multi-band OFDM system are interleaved within each OFDM symbol
and across OFDM symbols in accordance with the scheme described
herein. The bit interleaving operation is performed in two stages:
symbol interleaving followed by tone interleaving.
[0043] In the first stage, the symbol interleaver permutes the
encoded bits across OFDM symbols. The symbol interleaving provides
the following advantages: [0044] 1) enables the multi-band OFDM
system to obtain frequency diversity across the sub-bands. The
average multi-path energy in each sub-channel (i.e. bandwidth 500
MHz) of typical UWB multi-path channel impulse responses exhibits
shadowing with a standard deviation of approximately 3 dB; [0045]
2) randomizes the co-channel interference from simultaneously
operating un-coordinated piconets. Depending on the time-frequency
coding pattern that is employed, the co-channel interferer may be
present in only a sub-set of the used sub-bands; and [0046] 3)
randomizes any generic narrow-band interferers that are present
within the UWB spectrum.
[0047] In the second stage, the output bits of the symbol
interleaver are passed onto a tone interleaver. The tone
interleaver permutes the bits across the data tones within an OFDM
symbol. The tone interleaving operation provides the following
advantages: [0048] 1) enables the multi-band OFDM system to achieve
frequency diversity across tones. The UWB channel impulse response
is frequency selective and results in significant gain (or
attenuation) variations across the OFDM tones. Typically, a null in
the frequency domain, introduced by the multi-path channel, affects
a group of adjacent OFDM tones. The presence of a group of
contiguous OFDM tones experiencing a poor SNR, due to the
frequency-domain channel null, results in unequal error protection
of the transmitted data bits and increases the performance
degradation of the multi-band OFDM system. Tone interleaving
mitigates this problem by randomizing the distribution of the bits
transmitted on tones experiencing a poor SNR; and [0049] 2)
randomizes the interference caused by generic narrow-band
interferers present within the frequency band of the OFDM symbol.
The narrow-band interferer affects a small set of contiguous tones
and its impact on an OFDM system is analogous to that of burst
errors in a single-carrier system. Hence, tone interleaving
mitigates the impact of narrow-band interferer.
[0050] The present invention is not so limited however; and it
shall be understood that the symbol interleaving and tone
interleaving operations can be implemented with a single stage
interleaving operation using a composite interleaver.
Mathematical Description
[0051] A mathematic description of the symbol interleaving and tone
interleaving operations are described herein below. For the sake of
simplicity, a block interleaver structure has been considered for
both the symbol and tone interleaver. Other interleaver structures
such as random interleavers, random block interleavers, or
triangular interleavers, can just as easily be chosen however,
without loss of generality. Consider for example, a symbol
interleaving operation among at most three consecutive OFDM
symbols. This corresponds to a maximum interleaving latency of
slightly less than 1 .mu.s for a multi-band OFDM system with a
symbol duration of T.sub.SYMB=312.5 ns.
[0052] Let N.sub.CBPS, for example, now be the number of coded bits
per OFDM symbol. First, the coded bits are grouped together into
blocks of 3N.sub.CBPS coded bits, which corresponds to three OFDM
symbols. Each group of coded bits is then permuted using a regular
symbol block interleaver of size N.sub.CBPS.times.3. Now let the
sequences {U(i)} and {S(j)}, where i, j=0, . . . , 3N.sub.CBPS-1,
represent the input and output bits of the symbol block
interleaver, respectively. The input-output relationship of this
interleaver is then given by: S .function. ( j ) = U .times. {
Floor .function. ( i N CBPS ) + 3 .times. .times. Mod .function. (
i , N CBPS ) } , ##EQU1## where the function Floor(.cndot.) returns
the largest integer value less than or equal to its argument value
and where the function Mod(.cndot.) returns the remainder after
division of N.sub.CBPS by i. If the coded bits available at the
input of the symbol block interleaver correspond to less than three
OFDM symbols, then the symbol interleaving operation is not
performed on these bits. This condition is expected to occur
towards the end of the packet, when the number of coded bits
available to the symbol block interleaver only corresponds to that
of 1 or 2 OFDM symbols.
[0053] `Pad bits` can be used to increase the number of bits to
correspond to XN.sub.CBPS when the number of bits is less than
XN.sub.CBPS. The `pad bits` can be added either at the input of the
scrambler 102, as a parallel stream 112 to the input data, or at
the input of the interleaver 106, as a parallel stream 114 to the
interleaver input data. Theoretically, the pad bits can be any
random binary sequence. Using a random binary sequence is
desirable, especially when the pad bits are introduced at the input
of the interleaver 106. If, however, the pad bits are introduced at
the input of the scrambler 102, an `all zero` sequence or an `all
one` sequence is sufficient. The foregoing process is easily
implemented; and the scrambler 102 would randomize these bits such
that the pad bits at the output of the scrambler 102 correspond to
a random binary sequence.
[0054] The output of the symbol block interleaver is then passed
through a tone block interleaver. In a multi-band OFDM system, the
number of coded bits per symbol (N.sub.CBPS) can take a value of
50, 100 or 200 depending on the information data rate. The outputs
of the symbol block interleaver in a typical example are grouped
together into blocks of N.sub.CBPS bits and then permuted using a
regular block interleaver of size N.sub.Tint.times.10, where
N.sub.Tint=N.sub.CBPS/10. Now, let the sequences {S(i)} and {V(j)},
where i, j=0, . . . , N.sub.CBPS-1, represent the input and output
bits of the tone interleaver, respectively. The input-output
relationship of the tone block interleaver is then given by: T
.function. ( j ) = S .times. { Floor .function. ( i N T .times.
.times. int ) + 10 .times. .times. Mod .function. ( i , N T .times.
.times. int ) } , ##EQU2## where the function Mod(.cndot.) returns
the remainder after division of N.sub.Tint by i.
[0055] Moving now to FIG. 3, one embodiment of a bit interleaving
process 200 using the principles disclosed herein above is
discussed in further detail herein below and can be seen to be
implemented in three stages:
[0056] In the first stage 202, the coded bits, in the header or
payload 203, that enter the scrambler 102 seen in FIG. 2, are
grouped together into groups of XN.sub.CBPS bits 204. These groups
of XN.sub.CBPS bits 204 are then passed through the convolutional
encoder 104 and puncturer 116. After leaving the puncturer 116,
each group of XN.sub.CBPS bits 204 is interleaved in the second
stage 205 using a block symbol interleaver 206. One embodiment of
such a symbol interleaver is shown in FIG. 4A that depicts a
XN.sub.CBPS.times.3 block symbol interleaving process 300 for a
data rate of 110 Mbps. Subsequent to the symbol interleaving
process 300, the resultant bits generated via the symbol
interleaving process 300 are interleaved in the third stage 207
using a block tone interleaver 208. One embodiment of such a tone
interleaver is shown in FIG. 4B that depicts a
(N.sub.CBPS/10).times.10 block tone interleaving process 400 for a
data rate of 110 Mbps. The end results seen in FIG. 4B depict coded
bits 410 that are interleaved across three symbols and within each
symbol.
[0057] If there are less than XN.sub.CBPS bits, depicted as
<XN.sub.CBPS 210 in FIG. 3, which can happen at the end of the
header 203 or near the end of a packet, then the second stage 205
of the bit interleaving process 200 is skipped. Pad bits 112, 114
can however, be added as discussed herein before, as an input to
the scrambler 102 or alternatively as an input to the interleaver
106. If the pad bits 112 are input to the scrambler 102, then every
group of coded bits in the header or payload will be an integral
multiple XN.sub.CBPS, and <XN.sub.CBPS 210 will never exist. In
this instance, the second stage 205 will always be present. The pad
bits 114 can also be input to the interleaver 106. In this way,
coded bits <XN.sub.CBPS 210 are increased until they equal
XN.sub.CBPS bits, and the second stage of bit interleaving 205 can
again be implemented prior to tone interleaving.
[0058] The symbol and tone interleavers 205, 207, as stated herein
before, can be time-varying, i.e., they can change at every time
instant k. Thus, at one time instant k1, for example, a first
combination of random interleavers, random block interleavers, or
triangular interleavers may be employed to implement the symbol
and/or tone interleavers 205, 207, while at a different time
instant k2, a second combination of random interleavers, random
block interleavers, or triangular interleavers may be employed to
implement the symbol and/or tone interleavers 205, 207. The present
invention is not so limited however, and although specific types of
interleavers have been discussed herein before, those skilled in
the art will readily appreciate that other interleaver types and
combinations can just as easily be employed to implement a bit
interleaver in accordance with the inventive principles set forth
herein above.
[0059] This invention has been described in considerable detail in
order to provide those skilled in the multi-band OFDM art with the
information needed to apply the novel principles and to construct
and use such specialized components as are required. In view of the
foregoing descriptions, it should be apparent that the present
invention represents a significant departure from the prior art in
construction and operation. However, while particular embodiments
of the present invention have been described herein in detail, it
is to be understood that various alterations, modifications and
substitutions can be made therein without departing in any way from
the spirit and scope of the present invention, as defined in the
claims which follow.
* * * * *