U.S. patent application number 11/737056 was filed with the patent office on 2008-02-14 for pesticidal compositions containing rosemary oil and wintergreen oil.
This patent application is currently assigned to ECOSMART TECHNOLOGIES, INC.. Invention is credited to Steven M. BESSETTE, Essam E. ENAN, A. David LINDSAY.
Application Number | 20080038383 11/737056 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 38471751 |
Filed Date | 2008-02-14 |
United States Patent
Application |
20080038383 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
BESSETTE; Steven M. ; et
al. |
February 14, 2008 |
PESTICIDAL COMPOSITIONS CONTAINING ROSEMARY OIL AND WINTERGREEN
OIL
Abstract
Pesticidal compositions containing rosemary oil and/or
wintergreen oil and methods for using same are disclosed.
Inventors: |
BESSETTE; Steven M.;
(Brentwood, TN) ; LINDSAY; A. David; (Franklin,
TN) ; ENAN; Essam E.; (Franklin, TN) |
Correspondence
Address: |
NIXON & VANDERHYE, PC
901 NORTH GLEBE ROAD, 11TH FLOOR
ARLINGTON
VA
22203
US
|
Assignee: |
ECOSMART TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
3600 Mansell Road Suite 150
Alpharetta
GA
30022
|
Family ID: |
38471751 |
Appl. No.: |
11/737056 |
Filed: |
April 18, 2007 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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10014797 |
Dec 14, 2001 |
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11737056 |
Apr 18, 2007 |
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09604082 |
Jun 27, 2000 |
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10014797 |
Dec 14, 2001 |
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09505680 |
Feb 17, 2000 |
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10014797 |
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09340391 |
Jun 28, 1999 |
6986898 |
|
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10014797 |
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60140845 |
Jun 28, 1999 |
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60094463 |
Jul 28, 1998 |
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60100613 |
Sep 16, 1998 |
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60122803 |
Mar 3, 1999 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
424/745 |
Current CPC
Class: |
Y02A 50/322 20180101;
A01N 65/28 20130101; A01N 65/00 20130101; A01N 31/14 20130101; A01N
49/00 20130101; Y02A 50/33 20180101; Y02A 50/348 20180101; A01N
65/20 20130101; A01N 65/08 20130101; Y02A 50/352 20180101; Y02A
50/30 20180101; A01N 37/40 20130101; A01N 31/16 20130101; Y02A
50/329 20180101; A01N 65/44 20130101; A01N 31/08 20130101; Y02A
50/324 20180101; Y02A 50/336 20180101; Y02A 50/328 20180101; A01N
37/02 20130101; A01N 37/32 20130101; A01N 53/00 20130101; A01N
65/18 20130101; Y02A 50/351 20180101; Y02A 50/354 20180101; Y02A
50/325 20180101; A01N 65/16 20130101; A01N 43/30 20130101; Y02A
50/326 20180101; Y02A 50/339 20180101; A01N 65/22 20130101; A01N
25/32 20130101; A01N 65/24 20130101; A01N 31/04 20130101; A01N
61/00 20130101; A01N 65/00 20130101; A01N 65/00 20130101; A01N
65/00 20130101; A01N 2300/00 20130101; A01N 31/04 20130101; A01N
2300/00 20130101; A01N 37/32 20130101; A01N 2300/00 20130101; A01N
43/30 20130101; A01N 2300/00 20130101; A01N 65/00 20130101; A01N
25/02 20130101; A01N 31/16 20130101; A01N 37/02 20130101; A01N
37/40 20130101; A01N 43/30 20130101; A01N 61/02 20130101; A01N
65/00 20130101; A01N 65/22 20130101; A01N 65/22 20130101; A01N
25/02 20130101; A01N 31/16 20130101; A01N 37/02 20130101; A01N
37/40 20130101; A01N 43/30 20130101; A01N 61/02 20130101; A01N
65/22 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
424/745 |
International
Class: |
A01N 65/00 20060101
A01N065/00; A01P 15/00 20060101 A01P015/00; A01P 3/00 20060101
A01P003/00 |
Claims
1. A method for controlling pests, the method comprising: applying
to a locus where control of pests is desired, a
pesticidally-effective amount of a pesticidal composition
comprising: a pesticidally-acceptable carrier and a
pesticidally-active ingredient, wherein the pesticidally-active
ingredient consists of rosemary oil and wintergreen oil.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the pesticidally-acceptable
carrier is selected from the group consisting of mineral oil,
benzyl alcohol, citronellal, d-limonene, safflower oil, soybean
oil, and sesame oil.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein rosemary oil and wintergreen oil
are present in equal amounts.
4. The method of claim 2, wherein the pesticidally-acceptable
carrier is mineral oil.
5. The method of claim 2, wherein the pesticidally-acceptable
carrier is benzyl alcohol.
6. The method of claim 2, wherein the pesticidally-acceptable
carrier is citronellal.
7. The method of claim 2, wherein the pesticidally-acceptable
carrier is d-limonene.
8. The method of claim 2, wherein the pesticidally-acceptable
carrier is safflower oil.
9. The method of claim 2, wherein the pesticidally-acceptable
carrier is soybean oil.
10. The method of claim 2, wherein the pesticidally-acceptable
carrier is sesame oil.
11. The method of claim 1, wherein the pest is an insect.
12. The method of claim 1, wherein the pest is a fungus.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a division and claims the benefit of,
application Ser. No. 10/014,797, filed Dec. 14, 2001, which (1) is
a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/604,082,
filed Jun. 27, 2000, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional
Application Ser. No. 60/140,845, filed Jun. 28, 1999, the entire
disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference, (2) is a
continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/505,680, filed
Feb. 17, 2000, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated
herein by reference and (3) is a continuation-in-part of U.S.
application Ser. No. 09/340,391, filed Jun. 28, 1999, which in turn
claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No.
60/094,463, filed Jul. 28, 1998, U.S. Provisional Patent
Application Ser. No. 60/100,613, filed Sep. 16, 1998, and U.S.
Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/122,803, filed Mar. 3,
1999, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein by
reference. This application claims the benefit of each of the
above-identified patent applications.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The present invention relates to novel pesticidal
compositions and methods for using same for the control of
pests.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] Pests are annoying to humans for several reasons. Pests
include pathogenic organisms which infest mammals and plants; some
pests can spread disease as disease vectors. The pathogenic
organisms that infest plants and cause economic loss of plant crops
include fungi, insects, arachnids, gastropods, nematodes and the
like. The pathogenic organisms that infest animals include ticks,
mites, fleas, and mosquitoes. Other pests include cockroaches,
termites and ants. These and other pests have annually cost humans
billions of dollars in crop losses in the case of agricultural
pests and in the expense of keeping them under control. For
example, the losses caused by pests in agricultural environments
include decreased crop yield, reduced crop quality, and increased
harvesting costs. In household scenarios, insect pests may act as
vectors for diseases and allergic matter.
[0004] Over the years, synthetic chemical pesticides have provided
an effective means of pest control. For example, one approach
teaches the use of complex, organic insecticides, such as disclosed
in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,376,784 and 4,308,279. Other approaches employ
absorbent organic polymers for widespread dehydration of the
insects. See, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,985,251; 4,983,390; 4,818,534; and
4,983,389. Use of inorganic salts as components of pesticides has
also been tried, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,423,284 and
4,948,013, European Patent Application No. 462 347, Chemical
Abstracts 119(5):43357q (1993) and Farm Chemicals Handbook, page
c102 (1987).
[0005] However, it has become increasingly apparent that the
widespread use of synthetic chemical pesticides has caused
detrimental environmental effects that are harmful to humans and
other animals. For instance, the public has become concerned about
the amount of residual chemicals that persist in food, ground water
and the environment, and that are toxic, carcinogenic or otherwise
incompatible to humans, domestic animals and/or fish. Moreover,
some target pests have even shown an ability to develop resistance
to many commonly used synthetic chemical pesticides. In recent
times, regulatory guidelines have encouraged a search for
potentially less dangerous pesticidal compositions via stringent
restrictions on the use of certain synthetic pesticides. As a
result, elimination of effective pesticides from the market has
limited economical and effective options for controlling pests. As
an alternative, botanical pesticides are of great interest because
they are natural pesticides, i.e., toxicants derived from plants
that are safe to humans and the environment. Use of food-grade
plant essential oils have been tried, as described in U.S. Pat.
Nos. 5,439,690, 5,693,344, 6,004,569, 6,114,384, and 6,183,767 B1.
However, these plant essential oils when used alone can be
expensive, impractical or ineffective under certain
circumstances.
[0006] Accordingly, there is a great need for novel pesticidal
compositions containing no pyrethrum, synthetic pyrethroids,
chlorinated hydrocarbons, organo phosphates, carbamates and the
like, but comprising food-grade plant essential oils, to be used
against invertebrate pests, including insects, arachnids, larvae
and eggs thereof. In addition, there is a need for a method of
treating a locus to be protected to kill and repel invertebrate
pests.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0007] A primary object of the present invention is to provide
novel pesticidal compositions for use against pests such as
invertebrate insects, arachnids, larvae and eggs thereof.
[0008] Another object of the invention is to provide novel
pesticidal compositions containing rosemary oil and/or wintergreen
oil as a contact and repellent pesticide in household
applications.
[0009] Another object of the invention is to provide novel
pesticidal compositions containing rosemary oil and/or wintergreen
oil as a contact and repellent pesticide in lawn and garden
applications.
[0010] Another object of the invention is to provide novel
pesticidal compositions containing rosemary oil and/or wintergreen
oil as a contact and repellent pesticide in greenhouse and nursery
applications.
[0011] Another object of the invention is to provide novel
pesticidal compositions containing rosemary oil and/or wintergreen
oil as a contact and repellent pesticide in agricultural
applications.
[0012] Another object of the invention is to provide novel
pesticidal compositions containing rosemary oil and/or wintergreen
oil as a contact pesticide against various stages of the lifecycle
of invertebrate pests, including eggs, nymphs, pupae and
adults.
[0013] Another object of the invention is to provide novel
pesticidal compositions containing rosemary oil and/or wintergreen
oil that can be used with conventional pesticides, including
conventional plant essential oils such as thyme oil, eugenol and
2-phenethyl propionate, and conventional synergists such as
piperonyl butoxide.
[0014] It is also an object of the present invention to provide a
method of treating a locus where invertebrate pest control is
desired.
[0015] It is also an object of the present invention to provide a
pesticidal composition and method for mechanically and neurally
controlling invertebrate pests.
[0016] It is a further object to provide a safe, pesticidal
composition and method that will not harm mammals or the
environment.
[0017] It is still another object to provide a pesticidal
composition and method that has a pleasant scent, but is not too
strong or lingering, and that can be applied without burdensome
safety precautions.
[0018] It is still another object to provide a pesticidal
composition and method as described above which can be
inexpensively produced or employed.
[0019] It is still another object to provide a pesticidal
composition and method as described above which can be used indoors
and outdoors and will not soften, dissolve, or otherwise adversely
affect treated surfaces.
[0020] It is still another object to provide a pesticidal
composition and method as described above which is exempt from
registration with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency under
the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act.
[0021] It is still another object to provide a pesticidal
compostioin that is non-phytotoxic and can be safely applied to
economically valuable plants or crops.
[0022] It is still another object to provide a pesticidal
composition and method as described above which is exempt from a
food tolerance residue requirement when used on food under the
Federal Food and Drug Cosmetic Act.
[0023] It is still another object to provide a pesticidal
composition and method as described above which is allowed in
organic farming under the Organic Materials Review Institute and
the National Organic Program.
[0024] It is yet another object of the invention to provide a
pesticidal composition and method to which invertebrate pests can
not build resistance.
[0025] It is yet another object of the invention to provide a
pesticidal composition and method to provide quick knockdown and
kill of invertebrate pests, particularly in household
applications.
[0026] It is yet another object of the invention to provide a
pesticidal composition and method as described above that can be
formulated as a water-based emulsion, some of which may be exempt
from registration with the U.S. EPA.
[0027] One or more of the above non-limiting objects and technical
effects are accomplished by the present invention, which is
directed to pesticidal compositions comprising rosemary oil and/or
wintergreen oil. In addition, the present invention is directed to
a method for controlling pests by applying a pesticidally-effective
amount of the pesticidal compositions of the present invention to a
location where pest control is desired. The pesticidal compositions
of the represent invention can be applied and used as liquid
sprays, crystals, gels, and pellets, impregnating material, such as
posts, etc.
[0028] As used herein, the term "rosemary oil" denotes both
extracted and synthetic versions of Rosmarinus officinalis,
Limonium vulgare, Andromeda polifolia, and derivatives thereof,
having at least one of the following constituents: alpha-terpineol,
beta-caryophyllene, borneol, bornyl acetate, bornyl acetate,
camphene, camphor, cineole, diosmetin, diosmin, diterpenes,
flavonoids including apigenin, genkwanin, hispidulin, isobutyl
acetate, limonene, linalool, lutiolin, octanone, phenolic acids
(Rosmarinic acid), pinene, saponincineole, sinensetin,
terpinen-4-ol, thujone, and/or verbenol.
[0029] As used herein, the term "wintergreen oil" (Oil of
Gaultheria procumbens) denotes both extracted (by distillation of
the leaves of Gaultheria fragrantissima Wall) and synthetic
versions (e.g., methyl salicylate) and derivatives thereof,
including, without limitation, O-hydroxybenzoic acid methyl ester;
Betula oil; salicylic acid, methyl ester; benzoic acid, 2-hydroxy-,
methyl ester (2-HOC.sub.6H.sub.4COOCH.sub.3) (CAS Nos. 119-36-8 and
68917-75-9); sweet birch oil; Gaultheria oil; methyl
hydroxybenzoate; O-hydroxybenzoate; 2-(methoxycarbonyl)phenol;
2-carbomethoxyphenol; Linsal; methylester kyseliny salicylove
(Czech); o-anisic acid; panalgesic; methyl o-hydroxybenzoate;
teaberry oil; analgit; exagien; flucarmit; anthrapole nd; Metsal
liniment, and the like.
[0030] As used herein, the term "pest" refers to organisms and
microorganisms, including pathogens, that negatively affect plants
or animals by colonizing, attacking or infecting them. This
includes organisms that spread disease and/or damage the host
and/or compete for host nutrients. In addition, plant pests are
organisms known to associate with plants and which, as a result of
that association, causes a detrimental effect on the plant's health
and vigor. Plant pests include but are not limited to fungi,
bacteria, insects, and nematodes.
[0031] The term "pesticide" as used herein refers to a substance
that can be used in the control of agricultural, natural
environmental, and domestic/household pests, such as insects,
fungi, bacteria, and viruses. The term "pesticide" is understood to
encompass naturally occurring or synthetic chemical insecticides
(larvicides, and adulticides), insect growth regulators, acaricides
(miticides), nematicides, ectoparasiticides, bactericides,
fungicides, and herbicides (substance which can be used in
agriculture to control or modify plant growth).
[0032] The term "plant" as used herein encompasses whole plants and
parts of plants such as roots, stems, leaves and seed, as well as
cells and tissues within the plants or plant parts. Target crops to
be protected within the scope of the present invention include,
without limitation, the following species of plants: cereals
(wheat, barley, rye, oats, rice, sorghum and related crops), beet
(sugar beet and fodder beet), forage grasses (orchardgrass, fescue,
and the like), drupes, pomes and soft fruit (apples, pears, plums,
peaches, almonds, cherries, strawberries, raspberries and
blackberries), leguminous plants (beans, lentils, peas, soybeans),
oil plants (rape, mustard, poppy, olives, sunflowers, coconuts,
castor oil plants, cocoa beans, groundnuts), cucumber plants
(cucumber, marrows, melons) fiber plants (cotton, flax, hemp,
jute), citrus fruit (oranges, lemons, grapefruit, mandarins),
vegetables (spinach, lettuce, asparagus, cabbages and other
Brassicae, onions, tomatoes, potatoes, paprika), lauraceae
(avocados, carrots, cinnamon, camphor), deciduous trees and
conifers (e.g. linden-trees, yew-trees, oak-trees, alders, poplars,
birch-trees, firs, larches, pines), or plants such as maize,
tobacco, nuts, coffee, sugar cane, tea, vines, hops, bananas and
natural rubber plants, as well as ornamentals (including
composites).
[0033] The terms "control" or "controlling" used throughout the
specification and claims, are meant to include any pesticidal
(killing) or pestistatic (inhibiting, maiming or generally
interfering) activities of a pesticidal composition against a given
pest. Thus, these terms not only include killing, but also include
such activities as those of chemisterilants which produce sterility
in insects by preventing the production of ova or sperm, by causing
death of sperm or ova, or by producing severe injury to the genetic
material of sperm or ova, so that the larvae that are produced do
not develop into mature progeny. The terms also include repellant
activity that protect animals, plants or products from insect
attack by making food or living conditions unattractive or
offensive to pests. These repellant activities may be the result of
repellents that are poisonous, mildly toxic, or non-poisonous to
pests.
[0034] The pesticidal compositions of the present invention may be
used in the control of agricultural, natural environmental, and
domestic/household pests, such as invertebrate insects, arachnids,
larvae and eggs thereof, as well as against fungi, bacteria, and
viruses.
[0035] In one aspect, the present invention relates to pesticidal
compositions containing rosemary oil and/or wintergreen oil against
household pests including but not limited to cockroaches, ants,
flies and spiders.
[0036] In another aspect, the present invention relates to
pesticidal compositions containing rosemary oil and/or wintergreen
oil against plant pests, including but not limited to mites,
aphids, thrips, whiteflies, loopers, worms, beetles, leafrollers,
moths and weevils.
[0037] In still another aspect, the present invention relates to
pesticidal compositions comprising rosemary oil and/or wintergreen
oil to be used as a contact pesticide against invertebrates such as
insects, arachnids, larvae and eggs thereof.
[0038] In a further aspect, the present invention relates to
pesticidal compositions comprising rosemary oil and/or wintergreen
oil to be used as a repellent pesticide against invertebrate pests,
and provide anti-feedant properties against plant pests in
particular.
[0039] The present invention also relates to pesticidal
compositions comprising rosemary oil and/or wintergreen oil in
combination with diluents such as mineral oil (e.g., paraffin oil;
liquid petrolatum; white mineral oil; Nujol, alboline; bayol F;
blandlube; drakeol; cutting oil; heat-treating oil; hydraulic oil;
transformer oil; lubricating oil; drawing oil; crystol 325, CAS
Nos. 8012-95-1, 64742-46-7, 39355-35-6, 79956-36-8, 83046-05-3),
d-limonene, safflower oil, citronellal and sesame oil.
[0040] The present invention further relates to various optimum
ratios between and among the constituents of each proprietary blend
and the proper delivery system for each blend. For instance, the
mixing ratio of rosemary oil to wintergreen oil is the ratio
wherein rosemary oil and wintergreen oil show a synergistic effect,
and usually is from 100:1 to 1:100 parts by weight, preferably
within the range from 13:1 to 1:13.
[0041] The present invention also relates to pesticidal
compositions containing rosemary oil and/or wintergreen oil that
can be used with conventional pesticides.
[0042] In a further aspect, the present invention relates to a
method for controlling invertebrates such as insects, arachnids,
larvae and eggs thereof, including but not limited to cockroaches,
ants, flies, spiders, mites, aphids, thrips, whiteflies, loopers,
worms, beetles, leafrollers, moths and weevils, by the application
of pesticidally effective amounts of the pesticidal compositions of
the present invention to a location where invertebrate pest control
is desired.
[0043] At least one of the above objects and advantages may be
realized and attained by means of the instrumentalities and
combinations particularly recited in the appended claims and/or
supported by this written description. Additional objects and
attendant advantages of the present invention will be set forth, in
part, in the description that follows, or may be learned from
practicing or using the present invention. It is to be understood
that the foregoing general description and the following detailed
description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not to be
viewed as being restrictive of the invention, as claimed.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0044] The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and
constitute a part of the specification, illustrates the present
invention and, together with the description, serves to exemplify
the principles of the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0045] All patents, patent applications and literatures cited in
this description are incorporated herein by reference in their
entirety.
[0046] The inventors have surprisingly found that the pesticidal
compositions containing rosemary oil and/or wintergreen oil have a
broad spectrum of activity and are particularly effective against,
but not limited to, insects having a cuticle or proteinaceous
exoskeleton or the like. Furthermore, the composition according to
the present invention, comprises additional natural or essential
oils as additional components and is therefore particularly
advantageous in terms of its relative non-toxicity.
[0047] The present invention provides very efficacious pesticides
that, in a preferred aspect, may be designated as biopesticides in
that they comprise a chemical substance of natural origin that can
be synthesized. The preferred pesticidal composition of the present
invention have a lethal effect on pest targets. Unlike the bulk of
currently available pesticides on the market, the preferred
pesticidal compositions have active ingredients that have been
proven to be substantially non-toxic to man and domestic animals
and which have minimal adverse effects on wildlife and the
environment.
[0048] The pesticidal compositions of the present invention are
advantageous in that they can typically control pests at average or
lower than average dosage rates. Such pesticidal compositions are
also advantageous in that they can provide extended protection to a
locus. Further, such pesticidal compositions are also advantageous
in that said pesticidal compositions control pests without
introducing a notable amount of harm to the surrounding environment
of which the provided pesticidal composition is being utilized.
[0049] The pesticidal compositions of the invention have pesticidal
activity against one or more pests. However, it is understood that
certain pesticidal compositions may be more effective on some pests
than others, and may even be ineffective against some pests.
However, that does not in any way detract from their value as
pesticides since the present invention contemplates use as broad,
general acting pesticides, while others have utility as specific or
selective pesticides. The non-limiting Examples set forth below
illustrate methods by which the broad-acting or selectivity of
pesticidal activity may be readily ascertained by routine
experimentation.
[0050] The pesticidal compositions of the present invention offer
several advantages over currently used pesticides. First, the
preferred essential oils used in the composition of the invention
are naturally occurring compounds, and as such are relatively
nontoxic to humans, domestic animals and wildlife. Consequently,
when used for treating plant pests, food crops can be treated using
the composition up to and immediately before the harvesting period,
a practice that generally is avoided when using conventional
methods of pest control. The composition also can be used to
control the growth of pest organisms on harvested crops. The
harvested food can be used directly as food for animals or humans
with little fear of (residual toxicity) or phytotoxicity. By using
the subject compositions, the environmental and health hazards
involved in pest control are minimized. Because of the versatility
and broad spectrum of the present composition, when necessary, the
composition can be used as a preventative on a repeated basis and,
thus, can be integrated into integrated pest management (IPM)
programs. The composition can be applied to skin or to objects such
as clothing, fur, feathers, or hair that come into contact with
skin when used to treat pests that infest animals. The essential
oils, i.e., the active ingredients, of the pesticidal compositions
of the present invention are believed to be biorational chemicals
that may qualify for the US EPA Biopesticide Program.
[0051] Another advantage of the pesticidal compositions of the
present invention is that they have not previously been used
against microorganisms, and therefore, fungal and bacterial
pathogens and other pest organisms have not acquired resistance to
them. Disease resistance to chemicals other than the heavy metals
occurs commonly in pests such as fungi and on rare occasions in
bacterial plant disease pests. A new pesticide often becomes
noticeably less effective against a particular disease after
several growing seasons. As pesticides become more specific for
diseases, the pests become resistant. This can be attributed to the
singular mode of action of a particular pesticide, which disrupts
only one genetically controlled process in the metabolism of the
pest organism. The result is that resistant populations appear
suddenly, either by selection of resistant individuals in a
population or by a single gene mutation. Generally, the more
specific the site and mode of a pesticidal action, the greater the
likelihood for a pest organism to develop a tolerance to that
chemical. A new composition will solve the disease resistance
problem. To avoid developing future disease resistance in pests,
different chemicals should be alternated for treatment with the
methods of the invention.
[0052] Methods of using the pesticidal compositions of the present
invention offer several advantages over existing methods of pest
control. The formulations of the subject invention provide for
effective control of (microorganisms) insects, mites, fungiand
microorganisms In particular situations, such as where an insect
damages a plant part or tissue and a secondary fungal disease
develops, this aspect of the invention is particularly
advantageous. The pesticidal compositions according to the
invention have very good fungicidal properties and can be employed
for controlling phytopathogenic fungi, such as, without limitation,
plasmodiophoromycetes, oomycetes, chytridiomycetes, zygomycetes,
ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, deuteromycetes, etc. Fungal
phytopathogens particularly associated with crop plants and
included within the scope of the present invention include, without
limitation, the following: Miscellaneous Fungal Diseases (e.g.,
Septoria tritici, Septoria nodorum); Gibberella ear mold (e.g.,
e.g., Gibberella zeae, G. saubinetti); Aspergillus ear rot (e.g.,
Aspergillus flavus, A. parasiticus); Diplodia ear rot (e.g.,
Diplodia maydis, D. macrospora); Fusarium ear rot (e.g., Fusarium
moniliforme, F. monilif. var. subglutinans); Pythium stalk rot
(e.g., Pythium aphanidermata); Anthracnose stalk rot (e.g.,
Colletotrichum graminicola, C. tucumanensis, Glomerella
graminicola); Diplodia stalk rot (e.g., Diplodia maydis, D.
zeae-maydis, Stenocarpella maydis, Macrodiplodia zeae, Sphaeria
maydis, S. zeae, D. macrospora); Fusarium stalk rot (e.g., Fusarium
moniliforme); Gibberella stalk rot (e.g., G. zeae, G. saubinetti);
Stewart's wilt & leaf blight (e.g., Erwinia stewartii);
Northern corn leaf blight (e.g., Exserohilum turcicum); Southern
corn leaf blight (e.g., Bipolaris maydis); Gray leaf spot (e.g.,
Cercospora zeae-maydis, C. sorghi var. maydis); Anthracnose leaf
blight (e.g., Colletotrichum graminicola); Common rust (e.g.,
Puccinia sorghi, P. maydis); Southern rust (e.g., Puccinia
polysora, Dicaeoma polysorum); Head smut (e.g., Sphacelotheca
reiliana); Common smut (e.g., Ustilago maydis); Carbonum leaf spot
(e.g., Helminthosporium carbonum); Eye spot (e.g., Kabatiella
zeae); Sorghum downy mildew (e.g., Peronosclerospora sorghi); Brown
stripe downy mildew (e.g., Sclerophthora rayssiae); Sugarcane downy
mildew (e.g., Peronosclerospora sacchari); Phillipine downy mildew
(e.g., Peronoscler. Philippinensis); Java downy mildew (e.g.,
Peronosclerospora maydis); Spontaneum downy mildew (e.g.,
Peronosclerospora spantanea); Rajasthan downy mildew (e.g.,
Peronosclerospora heteropogoni); Graminicola downy mildew (e.g.,
Sclerospora graminicola); Rusts (e.g., Puccinia graminis f.sp.
tritici, Puccinia recondita f.sp. tritici, Puccinia striiformis);
Smuts (e.g., Tilletia tritici, Tilletia controversa, Tilletia
indica, Ustilago tritici, Urocystis tritici); Root rots, Foot rots
and Blights (e.g., Gaeumannomyces graminis, Pythium spp., Fusarium
culmorum, Fusarium graminaerum, Fusarium avenaceum, Drechslere
tritici-repentis, Rhizoctonia spp., Colletotrichum graminicola,
Helminthosporium spp., Microdochium nivale, Pseudocercosporella
herpotrichoides); Mildews (e.g., Erysiphe graminis f.sp. tritici,
Sclerophthora macrospora), and the like.
[0053] The long term control of pests results in plants with an
improved quality and yields of produce by host plants as compared
with untreated plants. The low concentration and single dose of
anti-pest agents decreases the likelihood of damage to the plant
and/or its crop, and decreases the likelihood of adverse side
effects to workers applying the pesticide, or to animals, fish or
fowl which ingest the tissues or parts of treated plants. The
methods of use of the pesticidal compositions of the invention will
depend at least in part upon the pest to be treated and its feeding
habits, as well as breeding and nesting habits. While very minor
dosage rates of the novel compositions will have an adverse effect
on pests, adequate control usually involves the application of a
sufficient amount to either eliminate pests entirely or
significantly deter their growth and/or rate of proliferation.
Dosage rates required to accomplish these effects, of course, vary
depending on the target pest, size, and maturity, i.e., stage of
growth. More mature pests may be more resistant to pesticides and
require higher dosage rates for a comparable level of control. Dose
response experiments using different dilutions (for example, about
1:1000, 1:100, 1:10 and 1:3) of the pesticidal compositions of the
present invention on target organisms and on plants are performed
to determine the optimal concentration of the active essential oil
compound(s) that show(s) pesticidal activity without phytotoxicity
or dermal sensitivity. For instance, when the pesticidal
composition of the present invention is utilized for agricultural
purposes, an amount from about 0.1 to 2,000 (SMB has a question
mark by this) g/ha of the active ingredients is employed onto the
soil, plants, or directly onto the harmful pests, preferably as an
emulsifiable concentrate or emulsion usually at a rate from 1 to
2000 ppm.
[0054] In preferred embodiment, a pesticidal composition of the
present invention useful for treating (e.g., preventing,
controlling, impeding, and the like) infectious or pathogenic
bacterial, viral, microbial, and other diseases causing pests is
provided which includes applying an effective amount of the
pesticidal composition to a locus in need thereof for controlling,
treating, managing, preventing, or the like, the spread of diseases
caused by germs, bacteria, or viruses such as Escherichia coli,
salmonella, staphylococci, streptococci, influenza, pneumonia,
various blood and urine bacterial pathogens, and the like. The
present invention further encompasses treatment of the following:
gram-positive cocci that cause staphylococcal infections such as
pneumonia, bacteremia, osteomyelitis, enterocolitis, and the like;
streptococci that cause infections such as hemolytic, viridans,
enterococci, lactic, and the like; pneumococci that cause
infections such as pneumonia, sinusitis, otitis, Meningitis, and
the like; gram-negative cocci such as meningococcus, gonococcus,
and the like; gram-positive bacilli that cause infections such as
erysipelothricosis, listeriosis, anthrax, nocardiosis, and the
like; gram-negative bacilli that cause infections such as
enterobacteriaceac salmonella, shigellosis, hemophilus, tularemia,
plaque, melioidosis, bartonellosis, campylobacter, and noncholera
vibrio, and the like; anaerobic bacilli that cause infections such
as clostridium botulinum, clostridium tetany, clostridia of gas
gangrene bacteroides, mixed anaerobic, actinomycosis, and the like;
mycobacteria that cause infections such as tuberculosis and
leprosy, and the like; and spirochetes that cause diseases such as
leptospirosis, lyme disease, and endemic treponematoses. Further,
the present invention, the pesticidal compositions may be useful
for treating surfaces containing infectious human immunodeficiency
virus (HIV), influenza, A, B, and C, parainfluenza viruses 1-4,
rhonoviruses (common cold), mumps virus, adenoviruses, reoviruses,
and epstein-Barr virus, infants and adult syncytial virus, primary
atypical pneumonia, polioviruses, coxsackieviruses, echoviruses and
high numbered viruses, epidemic gastroenteritis viruses, rubeola
virus, rubella virus, varicella-zoster virus, herpes simplex, human
herpes virus type 6, human parvovirus B19, cytomegalovirus,
hepatitis viruses types A, B, C, D, human Papillomavirus, molluscum
contagiosum virus, arboviruses, togaviruses, alphaviruses,
flaviviruses, bunyaviruses, orbivirus, rabies virus, herpesvirus
simiae, arenaviruses, filoviruses, and the like.
[0055] In a preferred embodiment, the present invention provides a
pesticidal composition comprising rosemary oil and wintergreen oil
in admixture with mineral oil, lecithin and water. In this
embodiment, rosemary oil is present in an amount of about 5-10%,
wintergreen oil is present in an amount of about 20-45%, and
mineral oil present in an amount of about 20-45%.
[0056] In another embodiment, the present invention provides a
pesticidal composition comprising rosemary oil and wintergreen oil
in admixture with mineral oil. In this embodiment, rosemary oil is
present in an amount of about 5-20%, wintergreen oil is present in
an amount of about 20-80%, and mineral oil is present in an amount
of about 5-45%.
[0057] In another embodiment, the present invention provides a
pesticidal composition comprising rosemary oil and wintergreen oil
in admixture with thyme oil and mineral oil.
[0058] In another embodiment, the present invention provides a
pesticidal composition comprising rosemary oil and wintergreen oil
in admixture with 2-phenethyl propionate and mineral oil.
[0059] In another embodiment, the present invention provides a
pesticidal composition comprising rosemary oil and wintergreen oil
in admixture with 2-phenethyl propionate, safflower oil and mineral
oil.
[0060] In another embodiment, the present invention provides a
pesticidal composition comprising rosemary oil and wintergreen oil
with a suitable carrier and optionally with a suitable surface
active agent, with and without one or more additional essential oil
compounds and derivatives thereof, natural or synthetic, including
racemic mixtures, enantiomers, diastereomers, hydrates, salts,
solvates and metabolites, etc. Additional essential oils that may
be included in the pesticidal composition of the present invention
include, without limitation, members selected from the group
consisting of .alpha.- or .beta.-pinene; .alpha.-campholenic
aldehyde; .alpha.-citronellol; .alpha.-iso-amyl-cinnamic (e.g.,
amyl cinnamic aldehyde); .alpha.-pinene oxide; .alpha.-cinnamic
terpinene; .alpha.-terpineol (e.g., methods.
1-methyl-4-isopropyl-1-cyclohexen-8-ol); .lamda.-terpinene;
achillea; aldehyde C16 (pure); alpha-phellandrene; amyl cinnamic
aldehyde; amyl salicylate; anethole; anise; aniseed; anisic
aldehyde; basil; bay; benzyl acetate; benzyl alcohol; bergamot
(e.g., Monardia fistulosa, Monarda didyma, Citrus bergamia, Monarda
punctata); bitter orange peel; black pepper; borneol; calamus;
camphor; cananga oil (e.g., java); cardamom; carnation (e.g.,
dianthus caryophyllus); carvacrol; carveol; cassia; castor; cedar
(e.g., hinoki); cedarwood; chamomile; cineole; cinnamaldehyde;
cinnamic alcohol; cinnamon; cis-pinane; citral (e.g.,
3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienal); citronella; citronellal; citronellol
dextro (e.g., 3-7-dimethyl-6-octen-1-ol); citronellol; citronellyl
acetate; citronellyl nitrile; citrus unshiu; clary sage; clove
(e.g., eugenia caryophyllus); clove bud; coriander; corn; cotton
seed; d-dihydrocarvone; decyl aldehyde; diethyl phthalate;
dihydroanethole; dihydrocarveol; dihydrolinalool; dihydromyrcene;
dihydromyrcenol; dihydromyrcenyl acetate; dihydroterpineol;
dimethyl salicylate; dimethyloctanal; dimethyloctanol;
dimethyloctanyl acetate; diphenyl oxide; dipropylene glycol;
d-limonene; d-pulegone; estragole; ethyl vanillin (e.g.,
3-ethoxy-4-hydrobenzaldehyde); eucalyptol (e.g., cineole);
eucalyptus citriodora; eucalyptus globulus; eucalyptus; eugenol
(e.g., 2-methoxy-4-allyl phenol); evening primrose; fenchol;
fennel; Ferniol.TM.; fish; florazon (e.g., 4-ethyl-.alpha.,
.alpha.-dimethyl-benzenepropanal); galaxolide; geraniol (e.g.,
2-trans-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-8-ol); geraniol; geranium;
geranyl acetate; geranyl nitrile; ginger; grapefruit; guaiacol;
guaiacwood; gurjun balsam; heliotropin; herbanate (e.g.,
3-(1-methyl-ethyl)bicyclo(2,2,1)hept-5-ene-2-carboxylic acid ethyl
ester); hiba; hydroxycitronellal; i-carvone; i-methyl acetate;
ionone; isobutyl quinoleine (e.g., 6-secondary butyl quinoline);
isobornyl acetate; isobornyl methylether; isoeugenol;
isolongifolene; jasmine; jojoba; juniper berry; lavender; lavandin;
lemon grass; lemon; lime; limonene; linallol oxide; linallol;
linalool; linalyl acetate; linseed; litsea cubeba; 1-methyl
acetate; longifolene; mandarin; mentha; menthane hydroperoxide;
menthol crystals; menthol laevo (e.g., 5-methyl-2-isopropyl
cyclohexanol); menthol; menthone laevo (e.g., 4-isopropyl-1-methyl
cyclohexan-3-one); methyl anthranilate; methyl cedryl ketone;
methyl chavicol; methyl hexyl ether; methyl ionone; mineral; mint;
musk ambrette; musk ketone; musk xylol; mustard (also known as
allylisothio-cyanate); myrcene; nerol; neryl acetate; nonyl
aldehyde; nutmeg (e.g., myristica fragrans); orange (e.g., citrus
aurantium dulcis); orris (e.g., iris florentina) root; para-cymene;
para-hydroxy phenyl butanone crystals (e.g.,
4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone); passion palmarosa oil (e.g.,
cymbopogon martini); patchouli (e.g., pogostemon cablin); p-cymene;
pennyroyal oil; pepper; peppermint (e.g., mentha piperita);
perillaldehyde; petitgrain (e.g., citrus aurantium amara); phenyl
ethyl alcohol; phenyl ethyl propionate; phenyl
ethyl-2-methylbutyrate; pimento berry; pimento leaf; pinane
hydroperoxide; pinanol; pine ester; pine needle; pine; pinene;
piperonal; piperonyl acetate; piperonyl alcohol; plinol; plinyl
acetate; pseudo ionone; rhodinol; rhodinyl acetate; rosalin; rose;
rosemary (e.g., rosmarinus officinalis); ryu; sage; sandalwood
(e.g., santalum album); sandenol; sassafras; sesame; soybean;
spearmint; spice; spike lavender; spirantol; starflower; tangerine;
tea seed; tea tree; terpenoid; terpineol; terpinolene; terpinyl
acetate; tert-butylcyclohexyl acetate; tetrahydrolinalool;
tetrahydrolinalyl acetate; tetrahydromyrcenol; thulasi; thyme;
thymol; tomato; trans-2-hexenol; trans-anethole and metabolites
thereof; turmeric; turpentine; vanillin (e.g., 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy
benzaldehyde); vetiver; vitalizair; white cedar; white grapefruit;
wintergreen and the like.
[0061] As these plant essential oil compounds are known and used
for other uses, they may be prepared by a skilled artisan by
employing known methods. For example, the synthetic form of
wintergreen oil (methyl salicylate) may also be used in the
embodiment.
[0062] It will be appreciated by the skilled artisan that the
pesticidal compositions of the present invention unexpectedly
exhibit excellent pesticidal activities using two or more U.S. Food
and Drug Administration approved plant essential oils, in lieu of
conventional pesticides which are not safe for use in households
and other sensitive areas, or in lieu of pesticidal compositions
containing individual plant essential oils. It will also be
appreciated by the skilled artisan that the pesticidal compositions
of the present invention provide affordable pesticidal formulations
that are aesthetically acceptable. It will also be appreciated by
the skilled artisan that the pesticidal compositions of the present
invention unexpectedly exhibit excellent pesticidal activities,
specifically knockdown and mortality, using water-based emulsions
in both pressurized (e.g. an aerosol) and non-pressurized systems
in lieu of oil based solvent systems.
[0063] Without wishing to be bound by the following theories, it is
believed that the plant essential oils attack a pest's nervous
system or may act as Phase I and/or Phase II drug metabolizing
enzyme inhibitors. Alternatively, pesticidal compositions of the
present invention may act via an alternative mode of action, as
agonists or antagonists against the nerve receptor systems that are
distinct to invertebrates, e.g., the octopamine receptor system. As
octopamine agonists, the pesticidal compositions of the present
invention act by binding to a receptor that activates adenylate
cyclase which, in turn, produces secondary messenger cyclic AMP.
The cyclic AMP acts by binding to a cyclic AMP receptor generating
hormonal-type activity. Pesticidal compositions of the present
invention are highly active and are believed to have activities
unexpectedly greater than octopamine. The term "octopamine agonist"
is meant to indicate a compound that mimics at least some of the
effects of octopamine by interaction with the octopamine receptor.
For example, an octopamine agonist, like endogenous octopamine, may
affect many areas of insect physiology, including carbohydrate
metabolism, lipid mobilization, hematocyte function, heart rate,
peripheral muscle tension and excitability, and behavior. Thus,
overactivation of the octopamine system in certain pests by an
octopamine agonist may lead to behavioral and physiological
abnormalities that have pestistatic and pesticidal consequences. As
octopamine agonists, the pesticidal compositions of the present
invention act as highly selective pest control agents since
vertebrate species--as opposed to invertebrate, e.g., insect,
species--lack octopamine receptors. As a result, any
octopamine-receptor containing pest is treatable or controllable by
the pesticidal compositions of the present invention. These pests
include all invertebrate pests, including, but not limited to,
round worms (e.g., hookworm, trichina, ascaris); flatworms (e.g.,
liver flukes and tapeworms); jointed worms (e.g., leeches);
mollusks (e.g., parasitic snails); and arthropods (insects,
spiders, centipedes, millipedes, crustaceans (e.g., barnacles)). In
particular, included among the arthropods are ticks; mites (both
plant and animal); lepidoptera (butterflies and moths and their
larvae); hemiptera (bugs); homoptera (aphids, scales); and
coleoptera (beetles). Also included are spiders; anoplura (lice);
diptera (flies and mosquitoes); trichoptera; orthoptera (e.g.,
roaches); odonta; thysanura (e.g., silverfish); collembola (e.g.,
fleas); dermaptera (earwigs); isoptera (termites); ephemerids
(mayflies); plecoptera; mallophaga (biting lice); thysanoptera; and
siphonaptera (fleas); dictyoptera (roaches); psocoptera (e.g.,
booklice); and certain hymenoptera (e.g., those whose larva feed on
leaves). In another embodiment of the invention, there is provided
a method for controlling pests by treating said pests with an
octopamine agonist of the invention in an amount effective to
provide pest control, by either pesticidal or pestistatic
activity.
[0064] In one aspect, the pesticidal compositions may use
surfactants as part of the delivery or carrier system. The presence
of nonionic, cationic or anionic surfactants, such as, sodium
lauryl sulfate, nonyl phenoxypolyoxyethylene and hydrogenated
tallow dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride, can be used as adjuvants.
Adjuvants are believed to confer the broad spectrum pesticidal
activity on the composition by acting as a wetting, dispersing
and/or emulsifying agent that facilitates or aids in the spreading
of the active rosemary and wintergreen oils across an insect or
larva, providing for a more uniform and rapid penetration of the
oils through the exoskeleton (if present), thus permitting the oils
to exert their pesticidal activity on the internal organs and/or
nervous system of the insect or larva. Non-limiting examples of
anionic surfactants such as salts of fatty acids, alkyl sulphates,
alkyl ether sulphonates and alkyl aryl sulphonates. Other examples
of preferred surfactants include sodium dodecyl benzenesulfonic
acid, alcohol ethoxylate, olefin sulfonate, and modified phthalic
glycerol alkyd resins such as Latron B1956.
[0065] In another aspect, the plant essential oils of the present
invention may act as solvents against the waxy cuticle protecting
invertebrate pests, thereby penetrating the cuticle and causing
fast knockdown and mortality. The plant essential oils may
penetrate the cuticle and contact the nerve endings in the
invertebrate pest's trachea, and cause neurotoxic activity. In any
event, the net effect of the toxicity and action of the inventive
composition disclosed herein is heretofore unknown and
unexpected.
[0066] Use of pesticidal compositions of the present invention
generally results in fast knockdown and 100% mortality on contact.
As such, they are advantageously employed as pesticidal agents in
uses such as, without limitation, households, lawn and garden
applications, agriculture, organic farming, greenhouse/nursery
applications, stored product applications, professional pest
control, pet bedding, foliage application, underwater or submerged
application, solid treatment, soil incorporation application,
seedling box treatment, stalk injection and planting treatment,
ornamentals, termites, mosquitoes, fire ants, head lice, dust
mites, etc. Use of the pesticidal compositions of the present
invention generally provides repellency to pests, and as such are
advantageously employed as plant protectants.
[0067] With respect to soil, the pesticidal compositions resist
weathering which includes wash-off caused by rain, decomposition by
ultra-violet light, oxidation, or hydrolysis in the presence of
moisture or, at least such decomposition, oxidation and hydrolysis
as would materially decrease the desirable pesticidal
characteristic of the pesticidal compositions or impart undesirable
characteristics to the pesticidal compositions. The pesticidal
compositions are so chemically inert that they are compatible with
substantially any other constituents of pest control, and they may
be used in the soil, upon the seeds, or the roots of plants without
injuring either the seeds or roots of plants. They may also be used
in combination with other pesticidally active compounds.
[0068] The term "carrier" as used herein means an inert or fluid
material, which may be inorganic or organic and of synthetic or
natural origin, with which the active compound is mixed or
formulated to facilitate its application to the container or carton
or other object to be treated, or its storage, transport and/or
handling. The pesticidal compositions of the instant invention also
typically comprise an inert carrier, in an amount in which the
inert carrier can assist the instant active ingredient to be
carried through a process or method of controlling pests. As such
an amount of the inert carrier, the inventive pesticidal
compositions preferably comprise the inert carrier in an amount of
from about 5-99.9%, provided that such a carrier is a solid, liquid
or gas carrier, or a combination thereof. In such a case, examples
of the solid carriers that may be in the pesticidal compositions of
the instant invention include clays such as kaolin, diatomaceous
earth, bentonite, fubasami clay and terra alba, synthetic hydrated
silicon oxides, talc, ceramics, other inorganic minerals which are
useful in producing formulated compositions such as sericite,
quartz, sulfur, active carbons and calcium carbonate, chemical
fertilizers such as ammonium sulfate, ammonium phosphate, ammonium
nitrate, urea and ammonium chloride, and the like, as well as
powders thereof, granules thereof, and a mixture thereof; examples
of the liquid carriers that may be in the pesticidal compositions
of the instant invention include water, alcohols such as methanol
and ethanol, aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene, xylene,
ethylbenzene and alkyl naphthalenes, non-aromatic hydrocarbons such
as hexane, cyclohexane, kerosene, isoparoffinic and normal
paroffinic solvents and light oils, esters such as ethyl acetate
and butyl acetate, nitrites such as acetonitrile and
isobutylonitrile, ethers such as diisopropyl ether and dioxane,
amides such as N,N-dimethylformamide and N,N-dimethylacetamide,
halogenated hydrocarbons such as dichloromethane, trichloroethane
and carbon tetrachloride, dimethylsulfoxide, botanical oils such as
soy oil and cotton seed oil, and the like, and a mixture thereof;
and examples of the gas carriers that may be in the aerosol form of
pesticidal compositions of the instant invention include
propellants such as butane gas, propane gas, liquid petroleum gas,
dimethyl ether, carbon dioxide, and the like, and a mixture
thereof.
[0069] In general, any of the materials customarily employed in
formulating pesticides, (insecticides, miticides, herbicides,
fungicides, etc.) are suitable. The inventive pesticidal
compositions of the present invention may be employed alone or in
the form of mixtures with such solid and/or liquid dispersible
carrier vehicles and/or other known compatible active agents such
as other insecticides, acaricides, nematicides, fungicides,
bactericides, rodenticides, herbicides, fertilizers,
growth-regulating agents, etc., if desired, or in the form of
particular dosage preparations for specific application made
therefrom, such as solutions, emulsions, suspensions, powders,
pastes, and granules which are thus ready for use. The pesticidal
compositions of the present invention can be formulated or mixed
with, if desired, conventional inert pesticide diluents or
extenders of the type usable in conventional pesticide formulations
or compositions, e.g. conventional pesticide dispersible carrier
vehicles such as gases, solutions, emulsions, suspensions,
emulsifiable concentrates, spray powders, pastes, soluble powders,
dusting agents, granules, foams, pastes, tablets, aerosols, natural
and synthetic materials impregnated with active compounds,
microcapsules, coating compositions for use on seeds, and
formulations used with burning equipment, such as fumigating
cartridges, fumigating cans and fumigating coils, as well as ULV
cold mist and warm mist formulations, etc. In addition, mineral oil
and the essential oils disclosed herein (e.g., safflower oil,
benzyl alcohol, citronellal, d-limonene, soybean oil, sesame oil,
etc.) may also serve as diluents or carriers in the pesticidal
compositions of the present invention.
[0070] Formulations containing the pesticidal compositions of the
present invention may be prepared in any known manner, for instance
by extending the pesticidal compositions with conventional liquid
carriers and/or dispersible solid carriers optionally with the use
of carrier vehicle assistants, e.g. conventional pesticide
surface-active agents, including emulsifying agents and/or
dispersing agents, whereby, for example, in the case where water is
used as diluent, organic solvents may be added as auxiliary
solvents. Suitable liquid diluents or carriers include water,
petroleum distillates, or other liquid carriers with or without
surface active agents. The choice of dispersing and emulsifying
agents and the amount employed is dictated by the nature of the
composition and the ability of the agent to facilitate the
dispersion of the pesticidal compositions of the present invention.
Non-ionic, anionic, amphoteric, or cationic dispersing and
emulsifying agents may be employed, for example, the condensation
products of alkylene oxides with phenol and organic acids, alkyl
aryl sulfonates, complex ether alcohols, quarternary ammonium
compounds, and the like.
[0071] Liquid concentrates may be prepared by dissolving a
composition of the present invention with a solvent and dispersing
the pesticidal compositions of the present inventions in water with
suitable surface active emulsifying and dispersing agents. Examples
of conventional carrier vehicles for this purpose include, but are
not limited to, aerosol organic solvents, such as aromatic
hydrocarbons (e.g. benzene, toluene, xylene, alkyl naphthalenes,
etc.), halogenated especially chlorinated, aromatic hydrocarbons
(e.g. chlorobenzenes, etc.), cycloalkanes, (e.g. cyclohexane,
etc.). paraffins (e.g. petroleum or mineral oil fractions),
chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons (e.g. methylene chloride,
chloroethylenes, etc.), alcohols (e.g. methanol, ethanol, propanol,
butanol, glycol, etc.) as well as ethers and esters thereof (e.g.
glycol monomethyl ether, etc.), amines (e.g. ethanolamine, etc.),
amides (e.g. dimethyl formamide etc.) sulfoxides (e.g. dimethyl
sulfoxide, etc.), acetonitrile, ketones (e.g. acetone, methyl ethyl
ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, cyclohexanone, etc.), and
water.
[0072] Surface-active agents, i.e., conventional carrier vehicle
assistants, that may be employed with the present invention
include, without limitation, emulsifying agents, such as non-ionic
and/or anionic emulsifying agents (e.g. polyethylene oxide esters
of fatty acids, polyethylene oxide ethers of fatty alcohols, alkyl
sulfates, alkyl sulfonates, aryl sulfonates, albumin hydrolyzates,
etc. and especially alkyl arylpolyglycol ethers. In the preparation
of wettable powders, dust or granulated formulations, the active
ingredient is dispersed in and on an appropriately divided carrier.
In the formulation of the wettable powders the aforementioned
dispersing agents as well as lignosulfonates can be included. Dusts
are admixtures of the compositions with finely divided solids such
as talc, attapulgite clay, kieselguhr, pyrophyllite, chalk,
diatomaceous earth, vermiculite, calcium phosphates, calcium and
magnesium carbonates, sulfur, flours, and other organic and
inorganic solids which act as carriers for the pesticide. These
finely divided solids preferably have an average particle size of
less than about 5 microns. A typical dust formulation useful for
controlling insects contains 5 parts of pesticidal composition and
95 parts of diatomaceous earth or vermiculite. Granules may
comprise porous or nonporous particles. The granule particles are
relatively large, a diameter of about 400-2500 microns typically.
The particles are either impregnated or coated with the inventive
pesticidal compositions from solution. Granules generally contain
0.05-25%, preferably 0.5-15%, active ingredient as the
pesticidally-effective amount. Thus, the contemplated are
formulations with solid carriers or diluents such as bentonite,
fullers earth, ground natural minerals, such as kaolins, clays,
talc, chalk, quartz, attapulgite, montmorillonite or diatomaceous
earth, vermiculite, and ground synthetic minerals, such as
highly-dispersed silicic acid, alumina and silicates, crushed and
fractionated natural rocks such as calcite, marble, pumice,
sepiolite and dolomite, as well as synthetic granules of inorganic
and organic meals, and granules of organic materials such as
sawdust, peanuts, apple pomace, recycled paper, coconut shells,
corn cobs and tobacco stalks. Adhesives, such as carboxymethyl
cellulose, natural and synthetic polymers, (such as gum arabic,
polyvinyl alcohol and polyvinyl acetate), and the like, may also be
used in the formulations in the form of powders, granules or
emulsifiable concentrations.
[0073] Further, the pesticidal compositions of the instant
invention may additionally contain a coloring agent, a formulation
auxiliary, or a combination thereof. As such, examples of such
coloring agents that may be utilized in the pesticidal compositions
of the instant invention include inorganic pigments such as metal
oxides, titanium oxides and Prussian blue, organic dyes such as
alizarine dyes, azo dyes and metallic phthalocyanine dyes, iron,
manganese, boron, copper, cobalt, molybdenum, zinc and salts
thereof, and the like, or a mixture thereof; and examples of such
formulation auxiliaries that may be utilized in the pesticidal
compositions of the instant invention include attaching and/or
dispersing agents, surfactants, stabilizers, and the like, or a
mixture thereof.
[0074] If desired, colorants such as inorganic pigments, for
example, iron oxide, titanium oxide and Prussian Blue, and organic
dyestuffs, such as alizarin dyestuffs, azo dyestuffs or metal
phthalocyanine dyestuffs, and trace elements, such as salts of
iron, manganese, boron, copper, cobalt, molybdenum and zinc may be
used.
[0075] In commercial applications, the present invention
encompasses carrier composition mixtures in which the pesticidal
compositions are present in an amount substantially between about
0.01-100% by weight, and preferably 0.5-90% by weight, of the
mixture, whereas carrier composition mixtures suitable for direct
application or field application generally contemplate those in
which the active compound is present in an amount substantially
between about 0.0001-10%, preferably 0.01-2%, by weight of the
mixture. Thus, the present invention contemplates over-all
formulations that comprise mixtures of a conventional dispersible
carrier vehicle such as (1) a dispersible inert finely divided
carrier solid, and/or (2) a dispersible carrier liquid such as an
inert organic solvent and/or water, preferably including a
surface-active effective amount of a carrier vehicle assistant,
e.g. a surface-active agent, such as an emulsifying agent and/or a
dispersing agent, and an amount of the active compound which is
effective for the purpose in question and which is generally
between about 0.0001-100%, and preferably 0.01-95%, by weight of
the mixture.
[0076] The pesticidal compositions can also be used in accordance
with so-called ultra-low-volume process, i.e. by applying such
compounds or by applying a liquid composition containing the same,
via very effective atomizing equipment, in finely divided form,
e.g. average particle diameter of from 50-100 microns, or even
less, i.e. mist form, for example by airplane crop spraying
techniques. In this process it is possible to use highly
concentrated liquid compositions with said liquid carrier vehicles
containing from about 20 to 95% by weight of the pesticidal
compositions or even the 100% active substances alone, e.g. about
20-100% by weight of the pesticidal compositions. The concentration
in the liquid concentrate will usually vary from about 10 to 95
percent by weight Furthermore, the present invention encompasses
methods for killing, combating or controlling invertebrate pests,
which comprises applying to at least one of correspondingly (a)
such invertebrate pests and (b) the corresponding habitat thereof,
i.e. the locus to be protected, e.g. to the household, a
correspondingly combative, a pesticidally effective amount, or
toxic amount of the particular pesticidal compositions of the
invention alone or together with a carrier as noted above. The
instant formulations or compositions may be applied in any suitable
usual manner, for instance by spraying, atomizing, vaporizing,
scattering, dusting, watering, squirting, sprinkling, pouring,
fumigating, and the like. The method for controlling invertebrate
pests such as cockroaches and ants comprises applying the inventive
composition, ordinarily in a formulation of one of the
aforementioned types, to a locus or area to be protected from the
cockroaches and/or ants, such as the household. The compound, of
course, is applied in an amount sufficient to effect the desired
action. This dosage is dependent upon many factors, including the
targeted pest, the carrier employed, the method and conditions of
the application, whether the formulation is present at the locus in
the form of an aerosol, or as a film, or as discrete particles, the
thickness of film or size of particles, and the like. Proper
consideration and resolution of these factors to provide the
necessary dosage of the active compound at the locus to be
protected are within the skill of those versed in the art. In
general, however, the effective dosage of the compound of this
invention at the locus to be protected, i.e., the dosage with which
the pest comes in contact-is of the order of about 0.001 to about
5.0% based on the total weight of the formulation, though under
some circumstances the effective concentration will be as little as
0.0001% or as much as 20%, on the same basis.
[0077] The pesticidal compositions and methods of the present
invention are effective in the control of different species of
invertebrate pests and it will be understood that the pests
exemplified and evaluated in the working Examples herein is
representative of such a wider variety. By way of example, but not
limitation, the pesticidal compositions of the present invention
are also useful for control of pests such as fleas, mosquitoes,
bees such as yellow jackets and wasps, cockroaches including the
American and German cockroach, termites, houseflies and silverleaf
whiteflies (Besimsai argentifolii), leaf hoppers such as the grape
or potato leafhoppers (Cicidellidae), cabbage looper (Lepidoptera),
ants such as the pharaoh ant, argentine ant, carpenter ant and fire
ant, stink or lygus bugs, leafminers (Liriomyza trifollii), western
flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) and sucking or chewing
insects such as thrips and aphids such as melon aphids (Aphis
gossypii), black bean aphids (Aphis fabae); arachnids such as
spiders, ticks and plant mites, including two-spotted spider mites
(Tetronmychua urticae), McDaniel mites, Pacific mites and European
mites; gastropods such as slugs and snails; fungi such as powdery
mildew including cladosporium, strawberry powdery mildew, rusts,
botrytis, ergots, blight, downy mildew, eutypa, leaf spot, smut,
Chytridimycota, Zygomycota, Asomycota, ringworm, rhizopus,
rhizoctonia, pythium and erwinia; nematodes; and bacteria. Further
targeted pests controlled by the pesticidal composition of the
present invention are, for example, the pillbugs and Isopoda
(sowbugs) such as Oniscus asellus, Armadillidium vulgare (Latreille
pillbug) and Porcellio scarber, Pieris rapae crucivora (common
cabbageworm), Spodoptera litura (tobaccocutworm), Thrips palmi
(melon thrips), Empoasca onukii (tea green leafhopper),
Phyllonorycter ringoniella (appleleafminer), Lissorhoptrus
oryzophilus (rice water weevil), Popillia japonica (Japanese
beetle), Phyllotreta (striped flea beetle), Tetranychus kanzawai
(Kanzawa spidermite), Polyphagotarsonemus latus (broad mite);
Diplopoda such as Blanilus guttulatus (millepede); Chilopoda such
as Geophilus carpophagus, Scutigera spp., Scolopendra subspini and
Thereunema spp.; Symphyla such as Scutigerella immaculata;
Thysanura (bristletails) such as Ctenolepisma villosa (oriental
silverfish) and Lepisma saccharina (silverfish); Psocoptera such as
Trogium pulsatorium (larger pale booklice); Collembola (snowfleas)
such as Onichiurus armatus; Isoptera (termites) such as
Mastotermitidae, Termopsidae (e.g. Zootermopsis, Archotermopsis,
Hodotermopsis, Porotemes), Kalotermitidae (e.g. Kalotermes,
Neotermes, Cryptotermes, Incisitermes, Glyptotermes),
Hodotermitidae (e.g. Hodotermes, Microhodotermes, Anacanthotermes),
Rhinotermitidae (e.g. Reticulitermes, Heterotermes, Coptotermes,
Schedolinotermes), Serritermitidae and Termitidae (e.g. Anitermes,
Drepanotermes, Hopitalitermes, Trinervitermes, Macrotermes,
Odontotermes, Microtermes, Nasutitermes, Pericapritermes,
Anoplotermes); Dictyoptera (cockroaches) such as Blatta orientalis
(oriental cockroach), Periplaneta americana (American cockroach),
Periplaneta fuliginosa (smokybrown cockroach), Leucophaea maderae
and Blattella germanica (German cockroach); Orthoptera such as
Gryllotapa spp. (mole cricket), Acheta domesticus, Teleogryllus
emma (field cricket), Locusta migratoria (asiatic locust/oriental
migratory locust), Melanoplus differentialis and Schistocera
gregaria; Dermaptera (earwigs) such as Labidura riparia and
Forficula auricularia; Anoplura such as Phthirus pubis, Pediculus
humanus, Haematopinus sulus, Linognathus spp. and Solenopotes spp.;
Mallophaga such as Trichodectes spp., Tromenopon spp., Bovicola
spp. and Felicola spp.; Thysanoptera (thrips) such as Frankiniella
intonsa (flower thrips), onion thrips, Thrips tabaci (cotton
seedling thrips) and Thrips palmi; Heteroptera such as Nezara spp.,
Eurygaster spp., Dysdercus intermedius, Cimex lectularis, Triatoma
spp., Rhodnius prolixus, Nezara antennata (green stink bug) and
Cletus puncttiger; Homoptera such as Aleurocanthus spiniferus
(citrus spiny whitefly), Bemisia tabaci (sweetpotato whitefly),
Trialeurodes vaporariorum (greenhouse whitefly), cotton asphid,
Aphis gossypii (melon aphid), Brtevicoryne brassicae (cabbage
asphid), Cryptomyzus ribis, Aphis fabae, Macrosiphum euphorbiae
(potato aphid), Myzus persicae (green peach aphid), Phorodon
humuli, Empoasca spp., Nephootettix cincticeps (green rice
leafhopper), Lecanium corni (brown scale), Saissetia oleae (black
scale), Laodelphax striatellus (small brown plant hopper),
Nilaparvata lugens (brown rice planthopper), Aonidiella aurantii
(red scale), Aspidiotus hederae (ivy scale), Pseudococcus spp.,
Psylla spp. and Phylloxera vastrix; Lepidoptera such as
Pectinophora gossypiella (pink bollworm), Lithocolletis
blancardella, Plutella xyloste (diamondback moth), Malacosoma
neustria (tent catapillar), Euproctis subflava (oriental tussock
moth), Lymantria dispar (gypsy moth), Bucculatrix pyrivorella (pear
leafminer), Phyllocnistis citrella (citrus leafminer), Agrotis
spp., Euxoa spp., Earias insulana, Heliothis spp., Spodoptera
exigua (beet armyworm), Spodoptera litura (common cutworm),
Spodoptera spp., Mamestra brassicae (cabbage armyworm),
Trichoplusia ni, Carpocapsa pomonella, Pieris spp., Chilo spp.,
Pyrausta nubilalis, Ephestia kuehniella (Mediterranean flour moth),
Galleria mellonella (greater wax moth), Tineola bisselliella
(webbing clothes moth), Tenea translucens, oriental tea tortrix
(Homona magnanima) and Totrix viridana; Coleoptera (beetles) such
as Anobium punctatum, Rhizopertha dominica (lesser grain borer),
Acanthoscelides obectus (bean weevil), Agelastica alni,
Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Phaedon cochleariae, Diabrotica spp.,
Psylliodes angusticollis (solanum flea beetle), Phyllotreta
striolata (striped flea beetle), Epilachna spp., Atomaria spp.,
Oryzaephilus surinamensis (sawtoothed grain beetle), Anthonomus
spp., sitophilus spp., Otriorhynchus sulcatus (black vine weevil),
Cosmopolites sordidus (banana weevil borer), Ceuthorhyncidius
albosuturalis, Hypera postica (alfalfa weevil), Dermestes spp.,
Trogoderma spp., Attagenus unicolor (black carpet beetle), Lyctus
spp., Meligethes aeneus, Ptinus spp., Gibbium psylloides, Tribolium
spp., Tenebrio molitor (yellow mealworm), Agriotes spp., Melolontha
mololontha, Scolytidae (e.g. Xyleborus and Scolytoplatypus),
Cerambycidae (e.g. Monochamus, Hylotrupes, Hesperophanus,
Chlorophorus, Palaeocallidium, Semanotus, Purpuricenus,
Stromatium), Platypodidae (e.g. Crossotarsus, Platypus),
Bostrychidae (e.g. Dinoderus, Bostrychus, Sinoderus), Anobiidae
(e.g. Ernobius, Anobium, Xyletinus, Xestobium, Ptilinus, Nicobium,
Ptilneurus) and Buprestidae; Hymenoptera such as Diprion spp.,
Hoplocampa spp., Lasius spp., Formica japonica, Vespa spp., and
Siricidae (e.g. Urocerus, Sirex); Diptera such as Aedes spp.,
Anopheles spp., Culex spp., Drosophila melanogaster, Musca
domestica (housefly), Fannia spp., Calliphora spp., Lucilia spp.,
Chrysomya spp., Cuterebra spp., Gastrophilus spp., Stomoxys spp.,
Oestrus spp., Hypoderma spp., Tabanus spp., Bibio hortulanus,
Pegomyia hyoscyami, Ceratitus capitata, Dacus dorsalis (oriental
fruit fly), Tipula paludosa, Simulium spp., Eusimulium spp.,
Phlebotomus spp., Culicoides spp., Chrysops spp., Haematopota spp.,
Braula spp., Morellia spp., Glossina spp., Wohlfahrtia spp.,
Sarcophaga spp., Lipoptena spp., Melophagus spp. and Muscina spp.;
Siphonaptera such as Xenopsylla cheopis, Ceratophyllus spp., Pulex
spp. (human flea) and Ctenocephalides spp. (cat flea/dog flea);
Arachnida such as Scorpio maurus, Latrodectus mactans and
Chiracanthium spp.; mites such as Otodectus spp., Acarus siro
(grain mite), Argas spp., Ornithodoros spp., Ornithonyssus spp.,
Dermanyssus spp., Eriophyes spp., Chelacaropsis moorei,
Dermatophagoides spp., Psoroptes equi, Chorioptes spp., Saracoptes
spp., Tarsonemus spp., clover mite (Bryobia praetiosa), Panonychus
spp., Tetranychus spp. (spider mites), Raillietas spp.,
Pneumonyssus spp., Sternostorma spp., Acarapis spp., Cheyletiella
spp., Myobia spp., Psorergates spp., Demodex spp., Trombicula spp.,
Listrophorus spp., Tyrophagus spp., Sarcoptes spp., Notoedres spp.,
Cytodides spp., Laminosioptes spp.; and the like.
[0078] While the composition of the present invention has the
excellent pesticidal activities against various species of pests,
it shows particularly favorable efficacy for control of vector or
nuisance pests including cockroaches such as German cockroach
(Blattella germanica), smokybrown cockroach (Periplaneta
fuliqinosa), American cockroach (Periplaneta americana), brown
cockroach (Periplaneta brunnea) and oriental cockroach (Blatta
orientalis), house mites such as mold mite (Tyrophagus
putrescentiae), American house dust mite (Dermatophagoides farinae)
and Cheyletid mites (Chelacaropsis), fleas such as cat flea
(Ctenocephalides felis), mosquitos such as brown house mosquito
(Culex pipiens pallens) and Asian tiger mosquito (Aedes
albopictus), and flies such as housefly (Musca domestica), and wood
pests including termites such as Formosan substerranean termite
(Copptotermes formosanus), Japanese subterranean termite
(Reticulitermes speratus), American common dry-wood termite
(Incistermes minor), Daikoku dry-wood termite (Cryptotermes
domesticus), Odontotermes formosanus, Coptotermes formosanus,
Reticulitermes speratus, R. flavipes, R. hesperus, R. virqinicus,
R. tibialis, Incisitermes minor, Cryptotermes domesticus,
Odontotermes formosanus, and Heterotermes aureus, termite species
of the families (and pest genera) Mastotermitidae (Mastotermes
species), Hodotermididae (Anacanthotermes, Zootermopsis species),
Rhinotermitidae (Coptotermes, Heterotermes, Reticulitermes,
Psammotermes, Prorhinotermes, Schedorhinotermes species),
Kalotermitidae (Glyoptotermes, Neotermes, Cryptotermes,
Incisitermes, Kalotermes, Marqinitermes species), Serritermitidae,
and Termitidae (Pericapritermes, Allodontermes, Microtermes,
Odontotermes, Nasutitermes, Termes, Amitermes, Globitermes,
Microcerotermes species), Termopsidae (Hodotermopsis, Zootermopsis
species), and other pest species of termites, raw logvermin such as
bark beetles (Scolytidae), longicorn beetles (Cerambycidae),
weevils (Curculionidae), pinhole borers (Platypodidae) and
horntails (Siricidae), and dry wood vermin such as powderpost
beetle (Lyctus brunneus), false powderpost beetles (Bostrychidae),
deathwatch and drugstore beetles (Anobiidae) and dry-wooden
longicorn bettle (Stromatium longicorne).
[0079] An exemplary method for controlling pests comprises applying
(such as by spraying) to a pest or site of pest infestation, a
pesticidally effective amount of a pesticidal composition of the
present invention in an amount sufficient to prevent infestation of
the host and the composition does not damage the host's tissue. Of
particular interest is use of the pesticide compositions of the
invention in treating fungal infestations of fruit bearing plants
such as strawberry plants. By treatment of a diseased plant with
the composition of the invention in an amount sufficient to treat
such a fungal infestation, pests such as powdery mildew can be
controlled or eliminated, thus restoring the plant to a healthy
state. Also of particular interest is use of the pesticide
compositions of the invention in controlling arthropod infestations
of ornamental plants such as roses. By treatment of a diseased
plant with the composition of the invention in an amount sufficient
to treat such a arthropod infestation, pests such as aphids and
spider mites can be controlled or eliminated, thus restoring the
plant to a healthy state.
[0080] Use of pesticides is regulated in the United States by the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under authority of the
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA).
Tolerance for residues of pesticides in agricultural commodities
are established by the (EPA) and enforced by the Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) under authority of the Federal Food, Drug and
Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act). This regulatory environment leads to
another aspect of this invention, which is an article of
manufacture. In this aspect a pesticidally active composition of
the present invention is sold in a container that will be suitable
for storing the composition for its shelf life. Associated with the
container is printed instructions and/or a printed label indicating
that the subject composition can be used to control pests, i.e.,
used as a pesticide and providing instructions for using the
composition for pesticidal purposes in accordance with the
treatment method set forth herein. The container may have
associated with it a delivery device that allows the composition to
be applied to the pest population or to the area to be treated. For
liquid compositions this is generally a hand-operated, motorized or
pressurized pressure-driven sprayer. The container may be made of
any suitable material such as a polymer, glass, metal, or the like.
Usually, the labeling is associated with the container by being
adhered to the container, or accompanying the container in a
package sold to the user. Such label may indicate that the
composition is approved for use as a pesticide. The instructions
will spell out the type of pests for which the pesticidal
composition is to be used, the application method, the rate of
application, dilution requirements, use precautions, and the
like.
[0081] The efficacy of the pesticidal compositions of the present
invention may be monitored by determining the mortality of or
damage to the pest population, i.e., by determining its adverse
effect upon treated pests. This includes damage to the pests,
inhibition or modulation of pest growth, inhibition of pest
reproduction by slowing or arresting its proliferation, or complete
destruction/death of the pest, all of which are encompassed by the
term "controlling". The term "pesticidally effective amount" is an
amount of the compound of the invention, or a composition
containing the compound, that has an adverse affect on at least 25%
of the pests treated, more preferably at least 50%, most preferably
at least 70% or greater. Preferably, an "effective pest-inhibiting
amount" is an amount of the compound of the invention, or a
composition containing the compound, where 25% or greater mortality
against pests is achieved, preferably 50% or greater, more
preferably 70% or greater mortality. Similarly, an "effective
pest-growth modulating amount" is preferably one where 25% or
greater pest-growth modulation is achieved, preferably 50% or
greater, more preferably 70% of greater. The term "amount
sufficient to prevent infestation" is also used herein and is
intended to mean an amount that is sufficient to deter all but an
insignificant sized pest population so that a disease or infected
state is prevented. The actual value of a pesticidally effective
amount for a given compound is preferably determined by routine
screening procedures employed to evaluate pesticidal activity and
efficacy, such as are well known by those skilled in the art and as
are described in the Examples. It is expected that compounds of the
invention having a higher level of pesticidal activity can be used
in smaller amounts and concentrations, while those having a lower
level of activity may require larger amounts or concentrations in
order to achieve the same pesticidal effect. Efficacy is also
monitored by phytotoxicity to the plants that are infested with the
pest population, tissue damage to the host infected with the pest
population and any adverse effects that might be experienced by a
human user who is applying the composition to an infested plant or
animal. Accordingly, the amount of composition or active compound
used in the methods of the invention, meets the mortality,
modulation or prevention criteria above, and preferably has minimal
or no adverse effect on ornamental and agricultural plants (such as
phytotoxicity), wildlife and humans that may come into contact with
such compound.
[0082] The composition and method of the present invention will be
further illustrated in the following, non-limiting Examples. The
Examples are illustrative of various embodiments only and do not
limit the claimed invention regarding the materials, conditions,
weight ratios, process parameters and the like recited herein.
Example 1
Pesticidal Effects of Rosemary Oil and Wintergreen Oil
[0083] Studies were conducted to evaluate the individual toxicity,
in terms of speed of action and mortality, of rosemary oil and
wintergreen oil against American cockroaches, and then a blend of
these two oils to determine if similar toxic effects could be
obtained using a proprietary blend that was less expensive to
produce and easier to employ in different end-use formulations.
Methyl salicylate was used as wintergreen oil. American cockroaches
were confined under a screened cap and then sprayed with
approximately 3.7 grams of each test chemical using a trigger
sprayer. Immediately after spraying, the insects were released into
a large plastic container and observed for signs of toxicity. Three
American cockroaches were used in each experiment. The times for
immobilization (IM), knockdown (KD), and mortality were recorded
for each test insect. An untreated control was provided. No
mortality was observed in the control. TABLE-US-00001 IM KD
Mortality 100% Methyl Salicylate -- 31 sec >2 min -- 1 m 35 sec
>2 min 45 sec -- >2 min 100% Rosemary Oil -- 10 sec 1 m 15
sec -- 10 sec 1 m 46 sec -- 48 sec >2 min 80% Methyl Salicylate
-- 10 sec 1 m 05 sec 20% Rosemary Oil -- 20 sec 1 m 23 sec -- 8 sec
40 sec
[0084] The above data demonstrates the fast action of rosemary oil
in terms of both knockdown and mortality as compared to wintergreen
oil. The study further demonstrates that a proprietary blend of
rosemary oil with wintergreen oil will perform as well or better
than rosemary oil by itself. The ratio of wintergreen oil to
rosemary oil in this blend is 4:1.
Example 2
Pesticidal Effects of Rosemary Oil and Wintegreen Oil with Mineral
Oil Against Plant Pests
[0085] A formulation (DR-A-034) consisting of 5% w/w rosemary oil,
22.5% w/w wintergreen oil, 22.5% w/w mineral oil, 0.5% w/w lecithin
(emulsifier), and 49.5% w/w water was prepared and labeled
Hexacide.TM.. Hexacide.TM. was applied in dilute form at different
rates per acre to the pests itemized below in various greenhouse
and field studies. In all of these studies, positive controls
consisting of conventional pesticides were utilized for comparative
efficacy. In laboratory and greenhouse tests, the following
exemplary pests were successfully controlled with HEXACIDE.TM..
TABLE-US-00002 Common Name Scientific Name Boll Weevil Anthonomus
grandis Colorado Potato Beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata Green
Peach Aphid Myzus persicae Potato Aphid Macrosiphum euphorbiae
Strawberry Aphid Chaetosiphos fragaefolii Western Flower Thrips
Frankinelli occidentalis Two Spotted Spidermite Tetranychus urticae
Beet Armyworm Spodoptera exigua Blackheaded Fireworm Rhopobota
naevana Cabbage Looper Tricholplusea ni Codling Moth Cydia
pomonella Diamondback Moth Plutella xylostella Fall Armyworm
Spodoptera frugipetda Oblique-Banded Leafroller Choristoneura
rosaceana Silverleaf Whitefly Bemisia argentifolii Sweetpotato
Weevil Cylas fromicarius elegantulus Tomato Pinworm Keiferia
lycoperscella Tomato Fruitworm Helicoverpa zea Yellowstriped
Armyworm Spodoptera ornithogalli
Efficacy
[0086] In greenhouse and field studies, HEXACIDE.TM. (DR-A-034)
provided equivalent results to commercially available chemical
pesticide such as Talstar.RTM., Avid.RTM., Agri-Mek.RTM.,
Kelthane.RTM., Capture.RTM., and Conserve.RTM., (see Tables 1-11
and FIGS. 1-11). Table 1 below shows the effectiveness of
HEXACIDE.TM. Against Green Peach Aphid Myzus persicae on Ornamental
Sweet Potato Lpomora batatas. TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 1 Number of Live
Motiles Rate/ 1 2 7 % Treatment 100 gal Pretreatment DAT DAT DAT
Control Untreated Control / 36 a 34 a 61 a 67 a / HEXACIDE .TM. 64
oz 45 a 3 b 0 b 0 c 100 HEXACIDE .TM. 128 oz 66 a 2 b 0 b 1 c 98.5
HEXACIDE .TM. 256 oz 39 a 0 b 0 b 0 c 100 Talstar .RTM. 10 oz 41 a
10 b 9 b 29 b 58.2 LSD (P = 0.05) 52.4 8.3 16.9 18.3 SD 31.4 4.9
10.1 11 Means followed by same letter do not significantly differ
(p = 0.05, Duncan's New MRT) DAT: days after treatment Latron
B-1956 at 0.0625% v/v used as adjuvant Three replicates per
treatment
[0087] Table 2 below shows the effectiveness of HEXACIDE.TM.
against the Green Peach Aphid (Myzus persicae) on Cotton.
TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 2 Means followed by same letter do not
significantly differ (p = 0.05, Duncan's New MRT) DAT = days after
treatment Latron B-956 at 0.0625% v/v used as adjuvant Three
replicates per treatment. 125 GPA Number of Number of Live Nymphs
Live Adults % Control % Control (Pretreatment (Pretreatment 1 DAT 1
DAT Rate 2 DAT) 2 DAT) Untreated Control 0 32.0 a 25.3 a 42.3 a
26.8 a 47.5 a 27.0 a HEXACIDE .TM. 256 oz 37.0 a 31.3 a 0.8 a 3.5 b
3.0 b 7.8 b 93.6 71.1 Talstar .RTM. 10 oz 44.3 a 33.0 a 25.5 a 12.3
ab 6.0 b 10.8 b 87.4 61.8 LSD (p = 0.05) 38.5 23.7 46.3 16.6 33.3
12.2 SD 6.2 14.8 28.9 10.4 20.8 7.6
[0088] Table 3 below exemplifies the effectiveness of HEXACIDE.TM.
against the strawberry aphid Chaetosiphos fragaefoliion on
Strawberries. Means followed by same letter does not significantly
differ (p=0.05 Duncan's New MRT). A randomized complete block
design was used. 35 gallons per acre spray volume (GPA) was
employed. DAT=Days
After Treatment
[0089] Four Replicates per treatment were performed. TABLE-US-00005
TABLE 3 Number of Live Aphids Rate/ Pre- % Treatment Acre treatment
3 DAT 7 DAT 14 DAT Control Untreated / 17.4 a 16.9 a 13.3 a 21.0 a
/ Control HEXACIDE .TM. 1 qt 17.4 a 3.3 b 1.2 b 0.7 b 96.6 HEXACIDE
.TM. 2 qt 18.1 a 2.7 b 1.2 b 0.5 b 97.6 HEXACIDE .TM. 4 qt 15.5 a
2.8 b 1.1 b 0.7 b 96.7 Capture .RTM. 4 oz 16.2 a 2.5 b 0.8 b 0.2 b
99.0
[0090] Table 4 below exemplifies the effectiveness of HEXACIDE.TM.
Against Greenhouse Whitefly Trialurodes vaporariorum on Poinsetta
Euphorbia puicherrima. Means followed by same letter does not
significantly differ (p=0.05 Duncan's New MRT). Results recorded 7
days after the second treatment. Latron B--1956 @ 0.0625% was used
as an adjuvant. Eight replicates per treatment were performed.
TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 4 Rate/ Number of Live Insects (% Control)
Treatment 100 gal Nymphs Pupae Eggs Untreated Control / 230.1 10.3
183.4 HEXACIDE .TM. 32 oz 48.5 (78.9%) 5.1 (50.4%) 71.6 (60.9%)
HEXACIDE .TM. 128 oz 40.3 (82.5%) 2.5 (75.7%) 57.0 (63.5%) Agri-Mek
.RTM. 30 oz 68.8 (70.1%) 5.9 (42.7%) 118.6 (35.3%) LSD (p = 0.05)
42.56 13.91 31.84 SD 41.56 13.58 31.09
[0091] Table 5 below shows the effectiveness of HEXACIDE.TM.
Against Western Flower Thrip Frankliniella occidentalis on Marigold
Tagetes erecta. Means followed by same letter do not significantly
differ (p=0.05, Duncan's New MRT). DAT=days after treatment. Latron
B--1956 at 0.0625% v/v used as an adjuvant. Three replicates per
treatment were performed. TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 5 Rate/ Number of
Live Motiles Treatment 100 gal. Pretreatment 1 DAT 3 DAT Untreated
Control / 8 a 39 a 17 a HEXACIDE .TM. 128 oz 11 a 0 d 8 b Conserve
.RTM. 6 fl oz 12 a 22 b 1 c LSD (p = 0.05) 10.5 11.2 7.8 SD 6.2 6.7
4.7
[0092] Table 6 below shows the effectiveness of HEXACIDE.TM.
Against Two-Spotted Spider Mite Tetranychus urticae on bell
peppers. Means followed by same letter do not significantly differ
(p=0.05, Duncan's New MRT). Four replicates per treatment were
performed. TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 6 Rate/ Number of Live Mites 100
Pre- 15 % Treatment gal treatment 5 DAT 10 DAT DAT Control
Untreated / 62.0 a 36.7 cc 30.7 c 9.8 b / Control HEXACIDE .TM. 120
oz 55.7 a 1.8 a 0.5 a 1.0 a 89.7 HEXACIDE .TM. 60 oz 65.8 a 4.3 a
0.7 a 1.2 a 87.7 Avid .RTM. 4 oz. 62.2 a 7.2 ab 1.3 ab 0.5 a 94.8
Tetrasan SWD 16 oz 59.5 a 14.3 cd 4.3 b 0.3 a 96.9
[0093] Table 7 below shows the effectiveness of HEXACIDE.TM.
Against Two-Spotted Spider Mite Tetranychus urticae on Marigold
Tageies eroota. Means followed by same letter do not significantly
differ (p=0.05, Duncan's New MRT). DAT=days after treatment. Latron
B--1956 at 0.065% v/v used as an adjuvant. Three replicates per
treatment were performed. TABLE-US-00009 TABLE 7 Rate/ Number of
Live Motiles 100 Pre- % Treatment gal treatment 1 DAT 3 DAT 7 DAT
Control Untreated / 91.7 a 165 a 355 a 370 a / Control HEXACIDE
.TM. 16 oz 144.3 a 55 b 89 b 63 cd 81.6 HEXACIDE .TM. 32 oz 87 a
43.7 b 96.7 b 97 cd 73.6 HEXACIDE .TM. 64 oz 59.3 a 21.3 b 32 b 60
d 83.7 Avid .RTM. 2 oz 110.6 a 52 b 77.7 b 24.3 d 93.4 LSD (P =
0.05) 127.2 53.9 124.6 92.6 SD 75.7 32.1 74.2 55.1
[0094] Table 8 below shows the effectiveness of HEXACIDE.TM.
Against Two-Spotted Spider Mite Tetranychus urticae on
Strawberries. Field Trials. Means followed by same letter does not
significantly differ (p=0.05 Duncan's New MRT). Four replicates per
treatment were performed. TABLE-US-00010 TABLE 8 Number of Live
Mites Rate/ Pre- % Treatment acre treatment 3 DAT 7 DAT 14 DAT
Control Untreated / 24.3 ab 47.3 a 19.8 a 17.5 a / Control HEXACIDE
.TM. 1 qt 17 b 31.3 bc 5.3 b 6.3 b 64 HEXACIDE .TM. 2 qt 31.8 b 28
bc 1.5 b 1.8 c 89.7 HEXACIDE .TM. 4 qt 35.5 ab 28 bc 5.3 b 1.5 c
91.4 Agri-Mek .RTM. 8 oz. 24.3 ab 35 b 2.3 b 5.8 bc 66.8 LSD (p =
0.05) 14.1 11.4 4.6 2.7 SD 9.59 7.7 3.2 1.8
[0095] Table 9 below shows the effectiveness of HEXACIDE.TM.
Against Two-Spotted Spider Mite Tetranychus urticae on Strawberry.
A randomized complete block design was utilized. Four replicates
per treatment (200 gallons spray volume per acre (GPA) were
performed utilizing. TABLE-US-00011 TABLE 9 Number of Live Motiles
Pre- Rate/ treatment Treatment Acre 6/8 6/15 6/22 6/29 7/5 7/12
Untreated / 12.5 25.3 41.5 48.1 68.4 124.5 Control HEXACIDE .TM. 4
qts 3.9 3.6 5.9 7.8 21.6 34.9 Agri-Mek .RTM. 32 oz 17.2 10.1 7.6
11.2 8.6 22.1
[0096] Table 10 below shows the effectiveness of HEXACIDE.TM.
Against Pacific Mite Tetranychus pacificus on grapes. Means
followed by same letter do not significantly differ (p=0.05,
Duncan's New MRT). DAT=days after treatment. Latron B--1956 @ 3
oz/acre used as an adjuvant. Four replicates per treatment were
performed. TABLE-US-00012 TABLE 10 Number of Live Mites Rate/ Pre-
14 % Treatment Acre treatment 2 DAT 7 DAT DAT Control Untreated /
30.0 a 18.0 a 12.8 a 9.0 a / Control HEXACIDE .TM. 3 qt 28.8 a 4.3
b 2.5 b 0.0 b 100.0 HEXACIDE .TM. 6 qt 24.5 a 4.8 b 2.3 b 1.3 b
85.5 Kelthane .RTM. 2.5 lb 23.5 a 5.0 b 3.8 b 0.5 b 94.4
[0097] Table 11 below shows the effectiveness of HEXACIDE.TM.
Against Melon Aphids Aphis gossypii on squash. Means followed by
same letters do not significantly differ (p=0.05). Randomized
complete block design was used. Five replicates per treatment were
performed. 100 gallons spray volume per acre (GPA). Latron CS-7 at
4 ml/gallon was added to all treatments. All foliar applied
pesticidal compositions applied, except Admire and Platinum (soil
insecticides). HEXACIDE.TM., Azadiractin and Pyganic applied three
times at one week interval. Other products applied once.
TABLE-US-00013 TABLE 11 Mean % Aphids per Leaf Treatment Rate/Acre
Pretreatment 6 DAT 12 DAT Untreated Conrol / 5.5 b 7.8 d 20.8 d
HEXACIDE .TM. 2 qt 9.7 c 2.8 b 3.9 ab Azadiractin 1 qt 3.9 b 5.4 c
15.1 c Pyganic 1 qt 0.4 b 3.1 b 4.6 b Fulfill 77 g 5.3 b 0.1 a 0.1
a Admire 170 g 0.7 a 0.4 a 0.8 ab Platinum 78 g 0.3 a 0.3 a 1.7 ab
Actara 86 g 7.0 bc 0 a 0.1 a Lannate 454 g 6.8 b 0 a 0.2 a
[0098] The greenhouse and field studies itemized above demonstrate
the invertebrate control observed at various stages of the
lifecycle of plant pests. This extraordinary control is equivalent
to that of conventional synthetic pesticides and is unexpected.
Example 3
Pesticidal Effects Against Household Pests
[0099] Multiple studies were completed over the course of several
months utilizing rosemary oil and wintergreen oil with and without
various diluents as well as conventional pesticides. Insects were
observed for immobilization (IM), knockdown (KD), and mortality.
Special focus was given to speed of action of the test chemicals
and ratios involved therein. Methyl salicylate (MS) was used as
wintergreen oil.
[0100] Effect on American Cockroaches 24 hrs after arriving from
supplier. Test procedure: Cockroaches are held under screened-cap
for spray and then released in open container. Administered 4
squeezes of trigger spray (approximately 3 grams) of test chemical
to insect unless otherwise noted. Insects are monitored for
knockdown and mortality. Three insects were used per test chemical.
EcoPC.RTM. AC.TM. was utilized as a positive control. Untreated
controls were also utilized. No mortality was observed in the
untreated controls. Results are shown in Table 12. TABLE-US-00014
TABLE 12 KD Mortality EcoPCO AC formulation No KD 58 s No KD 1 m 07
s No KD 6 m 07 s 46 g Mineral oil 2 m 30 s >5 m 40 g MS 2 m 17 s
>5 m no KD 2 m 20 s 40% Mineral oil no KD 45 s 40% MS no KD 30 s
20% Rosemary 14 s 30 s 70% Mineral oil 27 s 1 m 10 s 30% MS no KD
43 s no KD 4 m 05 s 30% Mineral oil no KD >5 m 70% MS no KD
>5 m no KD 1 m 56 s 20% Mineral oil 1 m 32 s >5 m 60% MS 1 m
10 s >5 m 20% Rosemary 1 m 21 s >5 m 50% MS 4 m 30 s >5 m
50% Castor oil no KD >5 m 25% MS no KD 38 s 75% Rosemary 8 s 13
s (*solution ate through glove) no KD 29 s 50% MS no KD 28 s 50%
Rosemary 16 s 36 s 75% MS no KD 24 s 25% Rosemary no KD 42 s 100%
Mineral oil - 4 squeezes and no KD >5 m release 100% Rosemary -
4 squeezes and no KD 26 s release Note below effects when applied
directly to thorax of insect using Pasteur Pipette: 100% MS - 1
drop 3 m 40 s >5 m no KD >5 m no KD >5 m 100% Mineral oil
- 1 drop KD @5 m 46 s Mort > 7 m "gasping" at 1 m 40 s very
lethargic at 3 m 100% Rosemary - 1 drop KD @ 1 m 55 s mort > 5 m
neurotoxic signs at 48 s
[0101] The data outlined above demonstrates the unique and
unexpected efficacy both in terms of knockdown and mortality using
rosemary oil and wintergreen oil. The data clearly indicates that a
certain amount of mineral oil in combination with rosemary oil and
wintergreen oil provides enhanced insecticidal effects using less
active ingredients. Various ratios of the proprietary blend
(rosemary oil, wintergreen oil, mineral oil) will create knockdown
and mortality, but a more preferred blend is 40% wintergreen oil,
40% mineral oil, and 20% rosemary oil. Rosemary is very effective
as a direct spray, and causes neurotoxic excitation upon contact,
but is abrasive on surfaces and is also very expensive. Wintergreen
oil is an effective neurotoxin for mortality and is relatively
inexpensive, but is slow acting and has a strong fragrance. Mineral
oil is odorless and provides excellent spreading properties over
the surface of the insect, but is not neurotoxic to insects and has
poor knockdown properties. Rosemary oil and wintergreen oil
complement each other's beneficial toxic properties while providing
fast acting pesticides that are affordable and aesthetically
acceptable.
[0102] Effects on American Cockroaches. Test procedure: Cockroaches
are held under screened-cap for spray and then released in open
container. Administered 3 squeezes of trigger spray (approximately
2.2 grams) of test chemical (Table 13) to insect unless otherwise
noted. Insects are monitored for knockdown and mortality. Three to
five insects were used per test chemical. Untreated controls were
utilized. No mortality was observed in the untreated controls.
Results are shown in Table 14. TABLE-US-00015 TABLE 13 E51-1 E51-2
E51-3 E51-4 E51-5 E51-6 E51-7 E51-8 E51-9 Mineral oil 40% 40% 0 30%
30% 20% 20% 15% 10% MS 40% 40% 50% 50% 55% 60% 55% 60% 65% PEP 20%
0 20% 15% 10% 15% 15% 15% 15% Cinnamon oil 0 20% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Castor oil (yellow) 0 0 30% 0 0 0 0 0 0 Rosemary 0 0 0 5% 0 5% 5%
5% 5% Sesame oil 0 0 0 0 5% 0 0 0 0 Soybean oil 0 0 0 0 0 0 5% 5%
5% PEP = 2-phenethyl propionate
[0103] TABLE-US-00016 TABLE 14 IM KD Mortality E51-1 29 s no KD 1 m
34 s no KD 38 s no KD 56 s no KD 35 s 33 s no KD 2 m 09 s *2
trigger 1 m 32 s no KD 1 m 47 s sprays no KD >3 m 1 m 16 s >3
m no KD >3 m E51-2 27 s 1 m 26 s no KD 27 s no KD >3 m E51-3
14 s no KD 28 s no KD >3 m 49 s 1 m 27 s 29 s 1 m 05 s E51-4 7 s
47 s no KD 1 m 13 s 2 m 45 s 2 m 50 s 13 s no KD 1 m 02 s *2
trigger 18 s 1 m 15 s sprays 14 s no KD 44 s 47 s no KD 1 m 42 s 1
m 17 s 1 m 35 s >3 m 36 s no KD 1 m 14 s E51-5 3 m 00 s >5 m
57 s >5 m 1 m 07 s >5 m E51-6 16 s no KD 56 s 1 m 15 s >3
m 9 s no KD 46 s 22 s no KD 1 m 02 s *2 trigger 40 s 1 m 32 s
sprays 20 s no KD 57 s 15 s no KD 58 s E51-7 16 s no KD 31 s 15 s
no KD 52 s 32 s no KD 42 s 6 s 43 s *2 trigger 25 s no KD 1 m 10 s
sprays 10 s 56 s 41 s 1 m 07 s >3 m (3 m 24 s) 1 m 27 s >3 m
E51-8 1 m 19 s >3 m 1 m 27 s 2 m 30 s >3 m 10 s 48 s 29 s 1 m
02 s 1 m 09 s 2 m 29 s >3 m *2 trigger no KD >3 m sprays 58 s
no KD 2 m 02 s 1 m 30 s >3 m E51-9 52 s no KD 3 m 26 s 11 s no
KD 46 s 15 s no KD 1 m 14 s no KD 48 s *2 trigger 10 s no KD 2 m 33
s sprays 14 s no KD 1 m 14 s 1 m 18 s no KD >3 m 13 s no KD 1 m
00 s 2 m 20 s >3 m 55 s no KD 2 m 25 s 40% MS *2 trigger 1 m 43
s no KD >3 m sprays 40% Mineral Oil 15 s no KD 54 s 20% Rosemary
17 s no KD 58 s (3-blend) 16 s no KD 33 s 11 s 39 s adl2-4-122a no
KD >3 m (25% 3-blend no KD >3 m in water) no KD >3 m
adl2-4-122b 31 s no KD 52 s (50% 3-blend 27 s no KD 49 s in water)
1 m 23 s 1 m 31 s >3 m 37 s no KD 1 m 12 s
[0104] The data presented above exhibits the necessity of rosemary
oil to offer fast action. Further, the data demonstrates the
ability to add various diluents such as mineral oil, soybean oil
and sesame oil, as well as various conventional pesticides such as
2-phenethyl propionate, to create desirable formulations containing
rosemary oil and wintergreen oil. Several formulations perform
quite well at higher dosage rates, but the proprietary blend of
rosemary oil and wintergreen oil with mineral oil (3-blend) is most
toxic at lower dosage rates. The speed of action in terms of
immobilization and mortality are unexpected and offer distinct
safety advantages over other conventional synthetic pesticides.
[0105] Testing performed on American Cockroaches. Test procedure:
Cockroaches are held under screened-cap for spray and then released
in open container. Administered 2 squeezes of trigger spray
(approximately 1.5 grams) of test chemical (Table 15) to insect
unless otherwise noted. Insects are monitored for knockdown and
mortality. Two insects were used per test chemical. Untreated
controls were utilized. No mortality was observed in the untreated
controls. Results are shown in Table 16. TABLE-US-00017 TABLE 15
001012-1 001012-2 001012-3 PEP 20% 15% 0 Eugenol 0 5% 20% Sesame
oil 5% 0 5% Soybean oil 5% 5% 5% MS 35% 40% 35% Safflower oil 35%
35% 35%
[0106] TABLE-US-00018 TABLE 16 IM KD Mortality 001012-1 40 s -- 51
s -- 2 m 28 s >3 m 001012-2 21 s -- 54 s -- 22 s 44 s 001012-3
15 s -- 39 s 2 m 05 s 2 m 40 s >3 m
[0107] Testing on German Cockroaches sprayed with 1-trigger spray
in large open container. Three insects per test chemical. Test
chemicals identified above. Results are shown in Table 17.
TABLE-US-00019 TABLE 17 IM KD Mortality E51-4 12 s -- 32 s -- 19 s
32 s 28 s -- 42 s E51-6 11 s -- 17 s 13 s -- 18 s 15 s -- 17 s
E51-9 4 s -- 19 s -- 8 s 15 s 9 s -- 17 s 3-blend 6 s -- 15 s -- 9
s 15 s -- 9 s 15 s 001012-1 -- 5 s 15 s 9 s -- 20 s -- 12 s 30 s
001012-2 -- 12 s 37 s 20 s -- 30 s -- 28 s 33 s (fine mist) 48 s --
2 m 10 s (walk-across) -- 22 s 1 m 20 s 001012-3 -- 10 s 32 s -- 1
m 04 s 1 m 14 s -- 42 s 2 m 42 s
[0108] This data shows that German cockroaches are highly sensitive
to pesticidal compositions of the present invention, requiring less
dosage rates, even on walk across exposure trials.
[0109] Testing of houseflies sprayed 1-trigger spray into jar.
E51-9 12/12 instant KD and mortality <30 s
[0110] 17/17 instant KD and mortality <30 s
[0111] D) Testing performed on American Cockroaches. Test
procedure: Cockroaches are held under screened-cap (with
10.times.10 cm plastic matting) for spray and then released in open
container. Administered 2 squeezes of trigger spray (approximately
1.5 grams) of test chemical (Tables 18 and 19) to insect unless
otherwise noted. Insects are monitored for knockdown and mortality.
Two to six insects were used per test chemical. Untreated controls
were utilized. No mortality was observed in the untreated controls.
Results shown in Table 20. TABLE-US-00020 TABLE 18 E51-9B =
001018-4 E51-9C 001012-3A 15% PEP 15% Thyme oil 15% Eugenol 5% RM
5% RM 5% Sesame oil 50% MS 50% MS 5% Soybean oil 25% Mineral oil
25% mineral oil 50% MS 20% Mineral oil
[0112] TABLE-US-00021 TABLE 19 001027-1 001027-2 001027-3 001027-4
001027-5 001027-6 PEP 15% 15% 20% 15% Eugenol 5% -- -- 20% -- --
Rosemary -- 5% -- -- 5% 5% Soybean oil -- -- -- -- -- 5% MS 50% 50%
50% 50% 50% 50% Safflower 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 15% oil Mineral oil
-- 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% Thyme oil -- -- -- -- 15% --
[0113] TABLE-US-00022 TABLE 20 IM KD Mortality E51-9B (=001018-4) 9
s 15 s 33 s -- 38 s 50 s -- 15 s 1 m 07 s 11 s -- 34 s E51-9C -- 7
s 15 s -- 5 s 18 s -- 17 s 42 s 001012-3A -- 10 s 21 s 50 s 1 m 10
s 1 m 40 s 27 s -- 1 m 01 s -- 53 s 1 m 11 s 001027-1 -- -- >2 m
-- 20 s 44 s -- 15 s 33 s -- -- >2 m 13 s 17 s 25 s 10 s -- 26 s
001027-2 19 s 33 s 1 m 18 s -- 16 s 28 s 10 s 18 s 25 s 16 s -- 30
s 001027-3 -- 11 s 37 s -- 12 s 46 s 16 s 21 s 42 s 10 s -- 29 s
001027-4 -- 29 s 44 s -- 6 s 24 s 28 s 47 s 1 m 11 s -- 11 s 28 s
001027-5 11 s -- 23 s 47 s 1 m 07 s 1 m 28 s -- 12 s 29 s -- 6 s 25
s 001027-6 (1-spray) -- -- >2 m 12 s 19 s 45 s 7 s -- 31 s -- 12
s 30 s 12 s -- 25 s
[0114] The data presented above demonstrates the speed at which
pesticidal compositions of the present invention act.
Example 4
[0115] The following formulation (DR-A-041) was tested as an
effective broad foliar fungicide in agriculture, vegetable, fruits,
turf and ornamentals: TABLE-US-00023 Rosemary Oil 16.36% w/w
Wintergreen Oil 73.64% w/w Rhodafac RE 610 10.00% w/w
(Rhodafac RE 610 is sold by Rhodia, Cranbury N.J.). The results are
shown in Tables 21-23 and FIG. 12.
[0116] Table 21 shows the effectiveness of DR-A-041 Experimental
Fungicide Against Powdery Mildew Uncinula necator on Grapes.
Randomized complete block design, 3 replicates, 4-5
applications/treatment @ 14-21 days intervals during pre-bloom to
veraison 125 gallons spray volume/acre (GPA). Means followed by the
same letter are not significantly different according to Fisher LSD
t-test at p=0.05. Results were Log (x+1) transformed prior to
statistical analysis due to heterogeneity of variance.
TABLE-US-00024 TABLE 21 % Average Disease Treatment Rate/Acre
Severity on fruits % Diseased Cluster Untreated Control / 24.9 a
60.0 a DR-A-041 0.5 lb 3.2 ab 28.1 b Elite 4 oz 0.9 bc 11.4 c
Rubigan 6 oz 0.2 c 4.2 d Flint 2 oz 0.03 dc 1.5 dc
[0117] Table 22 shows the effectiveness of DR-A-041 Experimental
Fungicide Against Brown Patch Rhizoctonia solani on Turf. Field
Tests. Means followed by the same letters are not significantly
different at 0.05 level. Randomized complete block design, 4
replicates. TABLE-US-00025 TABLE 22 Plot Diseased Severity: 0 (no
disease)-5 (>50% diseased) Treatment Rate/1000 sq. ft June 27
July 11 July 24 Untreated Control / 1.3 a 3.5 a 3.8 a DR-A-041 2.0
oz 2.3 a 0.3 bc 0.3 bc Eagle G 8.0 oz 2.3 a 1.5 bc 2.5 a Banner
MAXX 2.0 oz 1.0 a 0 c 0 c Daconil 82.5 WDG 3.2 oz 1.0 a 0 c 0.5 bc
Banner MAXX 1.3 MEC 1.0 oz + + 1.3 a 0 c 0.3 bc Primo MAXX 2.0
oz
[0118] Table 23 shows the effectiveness of DR-A-041 Experimental
Fungicide Against Dollar Spot Sclerotinia homoeocarpa on Turf.
Means followed by the same letters are not significantly different
at 0.05 level. Randomized complete block design, 4 replicates
TABLE-US-00026 TABLE 23 % Plot Diseased Severity Treatment
Rate/1000 sq. ft June 27 July 11 July 24 Untreated Control / 3.3 a
10.3 b 9.3 ab DR-A-041 2.0 oz 4.5 a 2.3 d 0.8 c Eagle G 8.0 oz 12.5
a 20.1 a 14.0 a Banner MAXX 2.0 oz 2.5 a 7.5 bd 8.1 ab Daconil 82.5
WDG 3.2 oz 8.9 a 1.2 d 0 c Banner MAXX 1.3 MEC 1.0 oz + + 1.3 a 0 c
0.3 bc Primo MAXX 2.0 oz
[0119] As can be seen from the above discussion, the pesticidal
combinations of active compounds according to the present invention
are markedly superior to known pesticidal agents/active compounds
conventionally used for control of invertebrate pests.
[0120] Although illustrative embodiments of the invention have been
described in detail, it is to be understood that the present
invention is not limited to those precise embodiments, and that
various changes and modifications can be effected therein by one
skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of
the invention as defined by the appended claims.
* * * * *