U.S. patent application number 11/446062 was filed with the patent office on 2008-01-10 for avalanche protection system.
Invention is credited to William John Brown Hendrie.
Application Number | 20080008543 11/446062 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 29764460 |
Filed Date | 2008-01-10 |
United States Patent
Application |
20080008543 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Hendrie; William John
Brown |
January 10, 2008 |
Avalanche protection system
Abstract
Apparatus is described for arresting or at least retarding an
avalanche. In the described embodiment the apparatus comprises a
plurality of elongate substantially cylindrical bodies (1) which
are positioned on a mountainside in a likely avalanche path, for
deployment into an avalanche. Each body is provided with a
multiplicity of bristles (10) for engaging with one or more of the
other cylindrical bodies (1) with which it may come into contact
when the bodies are deployed. The bristles may be provided with
locking mechanisms such as hook and loop mechanisms (14,16) for
locking one cylindrical body to another when the bristles (10) of
each come into contact. Each body may further be provided with
anchor cables (26) to brake and arrest the body when deployed into
an avalanche. The apparatus includes one or more stands (2) for
deploying the cylindrical bodies into an avalanche. In use the
stand(s) are fixed to the mountainside in strategic positions in
the predicted avalanche path.
Inventors: |
Hendrie; William John Brown;
(Armadale, GB) |
Correspondence
Address: |
YOUNG & BASILE, P.C.
3001 WEST BIG BEAVER ROAD
SUITE 624
TROY
MI
48084
US
|
Family ID: |
29764460 |
Appl. No.: |
11/446062 |
Filed: |
June 2, 2006 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
405/302.4 |
Current CPC
Class: |
E01F 7/04 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
405/302.4 |
International
Class: |
E02D 3/00 20060101
E02D003/00 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Dec 3, 2004 |
GB |
PCT/GB04/05143 |
Dec 3, 2003 |
GB |
0327965.0 |
Claims
1. Avalanche impeding apparatus comprising a plurality of elongate
bodies (1) and deployment means (2) for deploying said bodies into
an avalanche, each body being provided with engaging means (10) for
engaging with at least one other said body with which it may come
into contact when the bodies are deployed.
2. Avalanche impeding apparatus according to claim 1, wherein each
said elongate body (1) is substantially cylindrical.
3. Avalanche impeding apparatus according to claim 1, wherein each
said elongate body (1) comprises a central tubular portion and a
multiplicity of bristles (10) extending outwardly from the central
tubular portion.
4. Avalanche impeding apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the
bristles (10) are mounted in spaced apart relationship along
substantially the whole length and circumference of the central
tubular portion.
5. Avalanche impeding apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the
engagement means further includes automatic locking means for
locking automatically each body to any other said body with which
it comes into contact.
6. Avalanche impeding apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the
locking means comprises at least one hook and loop mechanism
(14,16) provided on at least some of the bristles (10).
7. Avalanche impeding apparatus according to claim 1, wherein each
bristle (10) is provided with a plurality of hooks (14) and a
series of loops (16) configured for engaging with the hooks on
other ones of said bristles.
8. Avalanche impeding apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the
hooks (14) are arranged in spaced apart relationship in lines
extending generally parallel to the axis of the bristle (10) with
each hook extending substantially perpendicularly to the axis of
the bristle.
9. Avalanche impeding apparatus according to claim 1, wherein at
least one of said elongate bodies (1) further comprises at least
one anchor cable (26) attached at one end to the said elongate
body, said anchor cable, in use, being secured to the ground by
fixing means at or near the other end of said anchor cable.
10. Avalanche impeding apparatus according to claim 1, when more
than one anchor cable (26) is used, wherein the said anchor cables
are attached to said elongate body (1) in a spaced apart
relationship along the length of said body.
11. Avalanche impeding apparatus according to claim 1, wherein at
least one of said elongate bodies (1) further comprises a plurality
of anchor cables (26) each attached at one end to said elongate
body, said anchor cables being interconnected by at least one
bracing element (28,30) and said anchor cables, in use, being
secured to the ground by fixing means at or near the other end of
said anchor cable.
12. Avalanche impeding apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said
plurality of anchor cables (26) are interconnected by a plurality
of bracing elements (28,30) formed and arranged, in use, to form a
lattice structure of said anchor cables and bracing elements.
13. Avalanche impeding apparatus according to claim 1 wherein at
least one panel of cloth or sheet metal is fitted between anchor
cables (26) or between anchor cables and bracing elements (28,30)
to act as a braking device in use of the apparatus.
14. Avalanche impeding apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the
deployment means comprises at least one stand (2) for holding one
or more of said elongate bodies (1) prior to deployment.
15. Avalanche impeding apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the
stand (2) is formed and arranged to hold several of said elongate
bodies (1).
16. Avalanche impeding apparatus according to claim 1, wherein all
of the elongate bodies held in a stand have a plurality of anchor
cables (26) attached.
17. Avalanche impeding apparatus according to claim 1, wherein each
elongate body (1) held in a stand (2) has a plurality of anchor
cables (26) attached which are interconnected with bracing elements
(28,30) formed and arranged to form a lattice structure of said
anchor cables and bracing elements.
18. Avalanche impeding apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the
bodies (1) are held generally horizontally and one above another
between two generally vertical end supports (4,6) of the stand.
19. Avalanche impeding apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the
end supports (4,6) are formed and arranged so that the bodies (1)
rest on the stand but are free to move out of the stand under the
force of an avalanche hitting the stand.
20. Avalanche impeding apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the
deployment means further includes at least one sensor for sensing
an avalanche, and activation means in communication with the sensor
and configured to deploy said elongate bodies upon receiving a
signal from the sensor that an avalanche has been detected.
21. Avalanche impeding apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the
sensor is a motion and/or acoustic sensor capable of detecting an
avalanche approaching the stand.
22. Avalanche impeding apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the
deployment means comprises several stands (2) holding said elongate
bodies (1).
23. Avalanche impeding apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the
length of each elongate body (1) is in the range of ten to fifteen
metres.
24. Avalanche impeding apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the
length of the bristles (10) is between one and two metres.
25. A method of impeding an avalanche, comprising placing the
avalanche impeding apparatus of claim 1 on a mountainside in the
predicted path of an avalanche and fixing the stand (2) of said
apparatus to the mountainside in said predicted path.
26. A method of impeding an avalanche, comprising positioning the
avalanche impeding apparatus of claim 1 on a mountainside in the
predicted path of avalanche and so that the plurality of stands (2)
are strategically positioned at different positions on the
mountainside.
27. The method according to claim 26, wherein the stands (2) are
positioned and fixed to the mountainside such that the cylinders
(1) in all the stands are substantially parallel.
Description
RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application claims priority to PCT Application No.
PCT/GB2004/005143, dated Dec. 3, 2004, the content of which is
incorporated herein by reference. That application claims priority
to UK Application No. 0327965.0 filed Dec. 3, 2003.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The invention relates to an avalanche protection system in
particular, though not exclusively, for deployment near ski resorts
or residential areas where an avalanche can occur.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] It is well known that almost two hundred people a year are
killed by avalanches around the world. As skiing and other winter
sports are becoming more popular this number will unfortunately
increase. Ski resorts and residential areas normally have no
warning of an impending avalanche. This is a particular problem at
night time when most people resident in the areas are sleeping.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0004] An object of the present invention is to provide front line
protection to the residents of a winter sports resort or a town
where avalanches can occur. Another object of the invention is to
provide a device which will arrest or at least retard the flow of
ice and snow in an avalanche in order to save life and
property.
[0005] According to a first aspect of the invention there is
provided avalanche impeding apparatus comprising a plurality of
elongate bodies and deployment means for deploying said bodies into
an avalanche, each body being provided with engaging means for
engaging with at least one other said body with which it may come
into contact when the bodies are deployed.
[0006] Preferably the elongate bodies are each substantially
cylindrical. Preferably, the engagement means comprises a
multiplicity of bristles extending outwardly from a central tubular
portion of each body. Preferably, the bristles are mounted in a
spaced apart relationship along substantially the whole length and
circumference of the central tubular portion.
[0007] The engagement means may further include automatic locking
means for locking automatically each body to any other said body
with which it comes in to contact. The locking means may, for
example, comprise at least one hook and loop locking mechanism
provided on at least some of the bristles. Preferably, each bristle
is provided with a plurality of hooks, and a series of loops
configured for engaging with the hooks on other ones of said
bristles. The hooks may be arranged in a spaced apart relationship
in lines extending generally parallel to the axis of the bristle
with each hook preferably extending generally perpendicularly to
the axis of the bristle.
[0008] Preferably at least one of the elongate bodies further
comprises at least one anchor cable attached at one end to the
elongate body and secured, in use, to the ground by fixing means at
or near the other end of said cable. Conveniently if more than one
anchor cable is used, the cables are attached to the elongate body
in a spaced apart relationship along the length of the elongate
body.
[0009] Preferably the at least one of the elongate bodies further
comprises a plurality of anchor cables, each attached at one end to
said elongate body, said anchor cables being interconnected by at
least one bracing element and, in use, being secured to the ground
by fixing means at or near the other end of the cable.
[0010] Most preferably a plurality of bracing elements are used and
interconnect the anchor cables to form a lattice or net like
structure, of cables and bracing elements, when the cables are
deployed on a slope. Desirably the bracing elements may
interconnect the anchor cables at more or less regular intervals
along the length of the cables.
[0011] When being deployed ready for use each anchor cable is laid
out along the ground, at a time when snow is generally absent, in a
direction generally away from the elongate body, generally downhill
on a slope where an avalanche may be expected. If a plurality of
anchor cables is employed, the cables are laid out in a spaced
apart relationship running generally downhill. Where bracing
elements are used the lattice or net like structure is laid out on
the hillside, downhill of the location of the elongate body. The
bracing elements may be cables, rods or bars for example.
[0012] In use, the anchor cables are secured to the ground by
fixing means at one or more attachment points near the end of the
cables distant from the elongate bodies. The attachment points may
be on the anchor cables, the bracing elements or at the connections
between cables and bracing elements. When an avalanche occurs the
anchor cables act to brake and arrest the elongate bodies as
described hereafter.
[0013] The deployment means may comprise at least one stand for
holding one or more of said bodies prior to deployment. The stand
is preferably configured to be mounted on a mountainside.
Preferably, the stand is formed and arranged to hold several of
said bodies. The bodies are preferably held generally horizontally
and one above another, between two generally vertical end supports
of the stand. This has the advantage that each body is deployed
from a different height, into the avalanche. The stand may be
formed and arranged so that the bodies simply rest on the stand
with any attached anchor cables laid out generally downhill from
the stand, but are free to move out of the stand under the force of
an avalanche hitting the stand. Desirably at least one of the
elongate bodies held in a stand has a said at least one anchor
cable attached. Preferably all the elongate bodies have a plurality
of anchor cables attached. Most preferably all of the elongate
bodies have attached a plurality of anchor cables, interconnected
with bracing elements, forming a lattice structure of cables and
bracing elements.
[0014] Alternatively the deployment means may conveniently further
include at least one sensor for sensing an avalanche and activation
means in communication with the sensor(s) and configured to deploy
said elongate bodies upon receiving a signal from the sensor(s)
that an avalanche has been detected. The activation means may be
designed to deploy the bodies by forcing them out of the stand into
the path of the avalanche or, alternatively, may be designed to
simply release the bodies (for example by releasing a retaining
means which may be holding the bodies in the stand) so that they
are free to move whereby they will be pulled out of the stand by
the force of the avalanche when the avalanche hits the stand. The
sensors may be motion and/or acoustic sensors, or any other type of
sensor capable of detecting an avalanche approaching the stand.
[0015] In practice, the deployment means preferably comprises
several stands each preferably holding several of said bodies, the
various stands being placed strategically at different positions on
a mountainside where an avalanche is likely to take place. The
anchor cables or lattice of braced anchor cables from each elongate
body (where fitted) are laid out in a spaced apart relationship
downhill from each stand and fixed to the ground by appropriate
fixing means at their attachment points.
[0016] The invention then works in the following manner. When an
approaching avalanche is detected by the deployment sensors in the
uppermost stand(s)the elongate bodies on those stands are released
into the avalanche. Alternatively where sensors are not used the
elongate bodies are dislodged from the stands by the force of the
avalanche. As the avalanche tumbles down the mountainside the
energy from the avalanche causes the bodies to lock together as
they touch one another (by means of the bristles and hook and loop
mechanisms on the bristles) so that they become one or more larger
units. This absorbs the energy of the avalanche and reduces the
airflow in the avalanche. At the same time as the elongate bodies
descend the mountainside with the avalanche their attached anchor
cables are pulled out from under the original snow cover on the
ground causing a braking action. The elongate bodies are brought to
stop, or at least slowed substantially, by virtue of the fixing
means holding the anchor cables to the ground at their attachment
points.
[0017] Where a plurality of anchor cables are used on a given
elongate body this braking action can be further enhanced by the
provision of panels constructed of, for example cloth or sheet
metal, attached between cables or between cables and bracing
elements. As the elongate bodies travel downhill during an
avalanche the panels provide enhanced braking action by virtue of
the energy they expend in lifting the original snow cover from the
slope, or by their interaction with the snow and air mass of the
avalanche.
[0018] By arranging several sets of cylinders at different
intervals down the avalanche slope this will ensure that if the
avalanche snow and ice takes a path past or over the first set of
cylinders then the next set of cylinders positioned further down
the slope will be deployed to further retard the avalanche.
[0019] The bodies may be made from carbon fibre and/or plastics
material. Preferably the central tubular portion of each body is
made of stainless steel or carbon fibre. The bristles are
preferably made from glass fibre or a plastics material. The length
of each body may be in the range of ten to fifteen metres, the
diameter of the central tubular portion may be approximately one
metre and the length of the bristles may be between one and two
metres. The cables may be made from steel and are preferably about
50 metres in length. Longer or shorter cables may be employed
depending on the requirements of the location in which the
avalanche protection system is being deployed. The bracing elements
are also preferably made of steel or steel cable. The fixing means,
used to attach the cables to the ground at their attachment points
may comprise any suitably strong means, for example bolts screwed
directly into the ground or into a concrete structure such as a
block buried in the ground.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0020] Preferred embodiments of the invention will now be described
by way of example only and with reference to the accompanying
drawings in which:
[0021] FIG. 1 is a front view of an avalanche impeding apparatus
according to one embodiment of the invention;
[0022] FIG. 2 is a detailed view of a portion of the apparatus of
FIG. 1;
[0023] FIG. 3 is an end view of a cylinder provided with
bristles;
[0024] FIG. 4 is a detailed side view of a bristle provided with a
hook and loop locking mechanism;
[0025] FIG. 5 is a schematic view of an elongate body (cylinder)
with a lattice of anchor cables and bracing elements attached
according to one embodiment of the invention;
[0026] FIG. 6 is a schematic side view of a mountainside showing
avalanche protection apparatus deployed thereon;
[0027] FIG. 7 is a perspective view of four substantially
cylindrical bodies of an avalanche impeding apparatus according to
another embodiment of the invention;
[0028] FIGS. 8(a) and (b) illustrate schematically a portion of a
mountainside provided with avalanche impeding apparatus according
to the invention, FIG. 8(a) showing the mountainside before the
avalanche and FIG. 8(b) illustrating the mountainside after an
avalanche has fallen; and
[0029] FIG. 9 is a detailed end view of a stand forming part of the
apparatus of FIG. 1.
[0030] For clarity the anchor cable or cables that may be attached
to the elongate bodies (cylinders) are omitted from FIGS. 1-3 and
6-8.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENT
[0031] FIG. 1 shows avalanche impeding apparatus for arresting or
at least retarding an avalanche. The apparatus comprises a number
of cylinders 1 (five shown) mounted on a stand 2 in which the
cylinders are arranged in parallel one above the other. In use of
the apparatus, the stand 2 is positioned on a mountainside in a
likely avalanche path. The stand is fixed to the ground such that
the cylinders 1 are held horizontally relative to two generally
vertically extending end supports 4, 6 of the stand 2. The stand
may be fixed to the ground by means of bolts or piles screwed
through a base plate 8 (shown in FIG. 9) of the stand, or by any
other suitable means. Attached to each cylinder 1 are long bristles
10 which are arranged in spaced apart relationship along the full
length of the cylinders 1 and around the full circumference of each
cylinder 1. The bristles 10 extend outwardly from an outer
cylindrical surface 12 of the cylinders 1, in the preferred
embodiment extending perpendicularly to this cylindrical surface,
as shown in FIG. 3. In this embodiment the cylinders 1 are made
from stainless steel or a carbon fibre material and the bristles
are made from glass fibre or a plastics material, the bristles
being permanently attached to the cylinders 1 by means of adhesive
and/or mechanical mounting means e.g. screws. In this embodiment
the length of each cylinder is 10 metres and the diameter of the
cylinder (not including the bristles) is 1 metre and the length of
each bristle is 1.5 metres. However, other dimensions are also
possible.
[0032] Half way along the length of each bristle 10, from the
mid-point to the free end of the bristle 10, locking mechanisms are
provided in the form of hooks 14 and loops 16. The hooks are
mounted in lines extending parallel to the axis of the bristle and
the loops are provided in the form of a mesh 17 also extending in a
direction generally parallel to the axis on the bristle, as shown
in FIG. 4. In this embodiment there are two lines of hooks 14
provided on each bristle, and two lines of loops 16 arranged
between the lines of hooks. The hook and loop mechanisms lock one
cylinder 1 to another when the bristles of any two cylinders engage
after the cylinders have been deployed into an avalanche.
[0033] The cylinders 1 are held in place in the stand 2 by means of
a central shaft 18 provided in each cylinder 1 which shaft
protrudes from the end surfaces 20, 22 of each cylinder 1 and which
slides into and rests in a complimentary recess 24 (see FIG. 9)
provided therefor in the end supports 4,6 of the stand 2. In this
embodiment the shafts 18 are simply sitting in the recesses
provided therefore on the stand 2 (see FIG. 9), these recesses 24
being configured as slots angled such that when an avalanche hits
the stand 2 the cylinders are simply pulled out of the stand by the
force of the snow and ice in the avalanche. However, in an
alternative embodiment the stand may be provided with sensors for
detecting the approach of an avalanche and activating an actuation
means which deploys the cylinders into the avalanche. In this case,
for example, the cylinder shafts 18 may be held in the stand by a
locking means (not shown) which is actuated by the sensor to
release the cylinders upon detection of an approaching avalanche.
Alternatively, the actuation means may be configured to physically
eject the cylinders from the stand upon detection of an approaching
avalanche by the sensors. In any of these embodiments once the
cylinders 1 have been deployed the cylinders will lock together as
the avalanche tumbles down the mountainside and this will arrest
the snow and ice and reduce the airflow and energy of the
avalanche. This has the effect of reducing friction between the
falling snow and ice. It is this friction in the snow and ice which
causes it to melt, initiating and/or continuing the avalanche. When
the friction is stopped or reduced the snow and ice tends to freeze
up again thereby stopping or reducing the avalanche.
[0034] The cylinders lock together by means of the hook and loop
mechanisms provided on the bristles 10. It will be appreciated that
the cylinders are moved down the avalanche path by the energy of
the avalanche and also partly by gravity. The extent to which the
cylinders proceed down the slope is limited by the braking and
anchoring effect of attached anchor cables where fitted, (not shown
but see FIG. 5) together with the effect of their locking
together.
[0035] In practice, several stands 2 each containing several of the
cylinders 1 will be positioned on an avalanche slope at different
intervals down the slope, such that if avalanche snow and ice takes
a path past or over a first set of cylinders arranged in one or
more stands positioned uppermost on the hillside, then one or more
further sets of cylinders positioned further down the slope will be
released. If there are no avalanche sensors provided, and the
cylinders therefore simply rest in recesses provided in their
respective stands, the lower cylinders will simply be pulled out of
the lower stands when snow or ice, or a higher and earlier released
cylinder, hits the lower cylinder(s). Alternatively, if a sensor
system is provided, it may for example be configured to release the
lower cylinders at predetermined sequential time intervals after
release of the first released cylinders, or upon detection of the
impact of another cylinder. The stands should be arranged so that
all the cylinders are substantially parallel to one another (this
tends to encourage the cylinders to lock together when they are
deployed into the avalanche). This is illustrated schematically in
FIGS. 8(a) and (b) in which each horizontal straight line
represents one cylinder 1.
[0036] FIG. 5 shows schematically a typical arrangement for the
attachment of anchor cables and bracing elements to an elongate
element of the invention. The cylinder 1 (elongate element) has
attached at intervals along its length a number of anchor cables
26, typically made of steel. Bracing elements 28 and 30 connect the
anchor cables 26 to form a lattice structure. In this example the
bracing element 28 is a steel bar which assists in keeping cables
26 spaced apart near their attachment points to the cylinder,
helping to prevent snagging of the cables with the cylinder and
aiding the evenly spaced deployment of the cables downhill of the
cylinder. Additional cables 32 have been provided in this example
at each extremity of the bracing element (bar) 28. The other
bracing elements 30 are steel cables. The spaces 34 between the
cables and the bracing elements can be fitted with panels of cloth
or sheet metal to provide additional braking in use if needed. In
use, the cable and bracing element lattice is deployed generally
downhill from the stand in which the cylinder 1 is located. It is
attached to the ground by fixing means at attachment points 36,
distant from the cylinder 1. When a cylinder 1 is deployed into an
avalanche this arrangement allows maximum opportunity for
interaction between the avalanche and the cylinder and with other
deployed cylinders before the cylinder 1 is stopped by the anchor
cables 26 at the limit of possible downhill travel.
[0037] FIG. 6 shows schematically a multiplicity of deployed
cylinders 1 tumbling down a mountainside 38 in an avalanche 40.
FIG. 7 shows four slightly modified versions of the cylinders 1 of
FIG. 3, showing how the bodies engage via the bristles 10. In the
FIG. 7 embodiment each body is in the form of a substantially
cylindrical central portion having rounded ends 40, rather than
flat ends as in the embodiment of FIGS. 1 to 3.
[0038] The cylinders are placed onto the stand at heights which
should avoid the apparatus simply being buried by snow. For
example, the lowermost cylinder may be placed at a height of about
6 to 8 metres above the surface of the hillside. If desired each
cylinder may be wrapped in a thin bag, for example a thin PVC bag,
to prevent snow or ice build up on the cylinders. However if there
is a heavy fall of new snow it may be necessary to place an
additional cylinder in each stand, on top of the existing
cylinders.
[0039] It will be appreciated that as the cylinders 1 lock together
after deployment they form one or more larger units which in turn
may lock together to form a single body which comes to rest on the
hillside. This may also have the advantage of forming a wall to any
snow and ice continuing to fall down the hillside on to them. The
resulting effect is that the avalanche is significantly retarded
and/or prevented from progressing any further down the hillside and
therefore people and properties located further down the slope are
safe.
[0040] It will be appreciated that various modifications to the
above described embodiments are possible without departing from the
scope of the invention as claimed.
* * * * *