U.S. patent application number 11/682311 was filed with the patent office on 2007-12-06 for constrained layer damper.
Invention is credited to Patricia Heidtman, Frank Hoefflin, Thomas Pillars, Philip E. Weber.
Application Number | 20070281095 11/682311 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 33510679 |
Filed Date | 2007-12-06 |
United States Patent
Application |
20070281095 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Hoefflin; Frank ; et
al. |
December 6, 2007 |
CONSTRAINED LAYER DAMPER
Abstract
A system includes a first layer of a first polymeric material
being visco-elastic when solidified. The first polymeric material
covers a first portion of a substrate. A second layer of a second
polymeric material (being stiff when solidified) covers at least a
portion of the first layer and at least a second portion of the
substrate. Additionally, a method includes applying a layer of
first polymeric material to a first portion of a substrate. The
first polymeric material is visco-elastic when solidified.
Additionally, a layer of a second polymeric material (being stiff
when solidified) is applied to the first polymeric material and a
second portion of the substrate. The first polymeric material is
constrained between the second polymeric material and the
substrate. Both of the first polymeric material and the second
polymeric material are dispensed in fluid form from a bulk source
of fluid material.
Inventors: |
Hoefflin; Frank; (Royal Oak,
MI) ; Pillars; Thomas; (St. Clair Shores, MI)
; Heidtman; Patricia; (Livonia, MI) ; Weber;
Philip E.; (Novi, MI) |
Correspondence
Address: |
RADER, FISHMAN & GRAUER PLLC
39533 WOODWARD AVENUE
SUITE 140
BLOOMFIELD HILLS
MI
48304-0610
US
|
Family ID: |
33510679 |
Appl. No.: |
11/682311 |
Filed: |
March 5, 2007 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
10458889 |
Jun 11, 2003 |
7186442 |
|
|
11682311 |
Mar 5, 2007 |
|
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|
Current U.S.
Class: |
427/372.2 ;
118/300; 118/313; 427/402; 427/407.1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
Y10T 428/31855 20150401;
Y10T 428/31815 20150401; B60R 13/0815 20130101; Y10T 428/31547
20150401; B60R 13/08 20130101; F16F 2226/02 20130101; B60R 13/083
20130101; F16F 9/306 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
427/372.2 ;
118/300; 118/313; 427/402; 427/407.1 |
International
Class: |
B05D 1/36 20060101
B05D001/36; B05B 7/00 20060101 B05B007/00; B05D 3/02 20060101
B05D003/02; B05C 5/00 20060101 B05C005/00 |
Claims
1. A system comprising: a first layer of a first polymeric material
being visco-elastic when solidified, said first polymeric material
covering a first portion of a substrate; and a second layer of a
second polymeric material covering at least a portion of said first
layer and covering at least a second portion of said substrate,
said second polymeric material being stiff when solidified.
2. The system of claim 1, wherein at least one of said first and
said second polymeric materials dispensed in fluid form solidifies
at room temperature without the addition of an external,
non-chemical catalyst.
3. The system of claim 1, wherein at least one of said first and
said second polymeric materials dispensed in fluid form solidifies
when heated above room temperature.
4. The system of claim 1, wherein at least one of said first
polymeric material and said second polymeric material is dispensed
from an applicator head disposed on an articulated robot arm.
5. The system of claim 1, wherein said first polymeric material and
said second polymeric material are dispensed from separate sources
of fluid material.
6. The system of claim 5, wherein said first polymeric material and
said second polymeric material are both dispensed from a common
applicator head disposed on an articulated robot arm.
7. The system of claim 5, wherein a first version of said first
polymeric material is applied to a first product and a second
version of said first polymeric material is applied to a second
product, and said first version and said second version have
relatively different vibration damping characteristics.
8. The system of claim 5, wherein said substrate is a panel of an
automotive vehicle.
9. The system of claim 1, wherein a first version of said first
polymeric material is applied to a first product and a second
version of said first polymeric material is applied to a second
product, and said first version and said second version have
relatively different vibration damping characteristics.
10. The system of claim 1, wherein said first polymeric material is
a first thickness and said second polymeric material is a second
thickness when said substrate forms part of a first product of
manufacture; and said first polymeric material is a third thickness
and said second polymeric material is a fourth thickness when said
substrate forms part of a second product of manufacture.
11. The system of claim 1, wherein said substrate is a panel of an
automotive vehicle.
12. The system of claim 1, wherein said first polymeric material is
selected from the group consisting of synthetic water based resins,
synthetic solvent based resins, natural water based resins, natural
solvent based resins, bituminous based materials, cement based
materials, polyurethanes, styrene block co-polymers, acrylic
polymers, polyureas, silane terminated polyurethanes, modified
silane polymers, polyisobutylenes, EPDM, natural rubber, Poly vinyl
chloride, epoxy resins, and waterbased resins.
13. The system of claim 1, wherein said second polymeric material
is selected from the group consisting of epoxy resins, polyureas,
acrylic polymers, polyurethanes, epoxy polyurethane hybrids,
polyesters, modified polyesters, and waterbased resins.
14. A method comprising: Applying a layer of first polymeric
material to a first portion of a substrate, said first polymeric
material being visco-elastic when solidified; applying a layer of
second polymeric material to said first polymeric material and a
second portion of said substrate such that said first polymeric
material is constrained between said second polymeric material and
said substrate, said second polymeric material being stiff when
solidified; and wherein both said first polymeric material and said
second polymeric material are dispensed in fluid form from a bulk
source of fluid material.
15. The method of claim 14, wherein at least one of said first and
said second polymeric materials dispensed in fluid form solidifies
at room temperature without the addition of an external,
non-chemical catalyst.
16. The method of claim 14, wherein at least one of said first and
said second polymeric materials dispensed in fluid form solidifies
when heated above room temperature.
17. The method of claim 14, wherein at least one of said first
polymeric material and said second polymeric material is dispensed
from an applicator head disposed on an articulated robot arm.
18. The method of claim 14, wherein said first polymeric material
and said second polymeric material are dispensed from separate
sources of fluid material.
19. The method of claim 18, wherein said first polymeric material
is dispensed from a first applicator head disposed on a first
articulated robot arm; and said second polymeric material is
dispensed from a second applicator head disposed on a second
articulated robot arm.
20. The method of claim 18, wherein said first polymeric material
and said second polymeric material are both dispensed from a common
applicator head disposed on an articulated robot arm.
21. The method of claim 18, wherein said applying a layer of first
polymeric material to said substrate comprises applying a first
version of said first polymeric material to a first product and
applying a second version of said first polymeric material to a
second product, and said first version and said second version of
said first polymeric material have relatively different vibration
damping characteristics.
22. The method of claim 18, wherein said substrate is a panel
member of an automotive vehicle.
23. The method of claim 14, wherein said applying a layer of first
polymeric material to said substrate comprises applying a first
version of said first polymeric material to a first product and
applying a second version of said first polymeric material to a
second product, and said first version and said second version of
said first polymeric material have relatively different vibration
damping characteristics.
24. The method of claim 14, further comprising: applying a first
thickness of at least one selected from said fluidic first
polymeric material and said fluidic second polymeric material when
said substrate forms part of a first product of manufacture; and
applying a second thickness of the at least one selected from said
fluidic first polymeric material and said fluidic second polymeric
material when said substrate forms part of a second product of
manufacture.
25. The method of claim 14, wherein said substrate is a panel
member of an automotive vehicle.
26. The method of claim 14, wherein said first layer material is
selected from the group consisting of synthetic water based resins,
synthetic solvent based resins, natural water based resins, natural
solvent based resins, bituminous based materials, cement based
materials, polyurethanes, styrene block co-polymers, acrylic
polymers, polyureas, silane terminated polyurethanes, modified
silane polymers, polyisobutylenes, EPDM, natural rubber, Poly vinyl
chloride, epoxy resins, and waterbased resins.
27. The method of claim 14, wherein said second layer material is
selected from the group consisting of epoxy resins, polyureas,
acrylic polymers, polyurethanes, epoxy polyurethane hybrids,
polyesters, modified polyesters, and waterbased resins.
28. A method for installing a constrained layer damper on a product
of manufacture, comprising: applying a first layer of a first
polymeric material to a first portion of a substrate of the
product, said first polymeric material being visco-elastic;
applying a second layer of a second polymeric material to at least
a portion of said first polymeric material and a second portion of
said substrate, such that said first polymeric material is
constrained between said second polymeric material and the
substrate of the product, said second polymeric material being
stiff when solidified; and wherein at least one of said first
polymeric material and said second polymeric material is dispensed
in fluid form during the manufacture of the product from a bulk
source of fluid material.
29. The method of claim 28, wherein at least one of said first and
second polymeric materials solidify without the application of heat
above room temperature, and the first polymeric material is
selected from the group consisting of a bituminous based material,
a silane terminated polyurethane, a polyurea, and an epoxy
polyurethane hybrid.
30. The method of claim 28, wherein at least one of said first and
second polymeric materials solidify when heated above room
temperature.
31. The method of claim 28, wherein the first polymeric material is
selected from the group consisting of synthetic water based resins,
synthetic solvent based resins, natural water based resins, natural
solvent based resins, bituminous based materials, cement based
materials, polyurethanes, styrene block co-polymers, acrylic
polymers, polyureas, silane terminated polyurethanes, modified
silane polymers, polyisobutylenes, EPDM, natural rubber, Poly vinyl
chloride, epoxy resins, and waterbased resins.
32. The method of claim 28, wherein said second polymeric material
is selected from the group consisting of epoxy resins, polyureas,
acrylic polymers, polyurethanes, epoxy polyurethane hybrids,
polyesters, modified polyesters, and waterbased resins.
Description
RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] The present application is a continuation in part of U.S.
patent application Ser. No. 10/458,889 filed on Jun. 11, 2003, to
Robert D. Myers et al., entitled "Constrained Layer Damper," the
contents of which are included herein by reference in their
entirety.
BACKGROUND
[0002] The present invention generally relates to constrained layer
dampers that are used to dissipate vibration energy.
[0003] Undesirable vibration energy occurs in a variety of products
and devices. For example, in automotive vehicles, the engine and
other automotive systems can cause vibration energy to permeate
through the vehicle body and into the vehicle's passenger
compartment. Similar undesirable vibration energy results in a
variety of other situations, such as in household appliances and
other types of transportation vehicles, to name a few.
[0004] To reduce undesirable vibration energy, it is known to
adhere single-layer vibration-damping panels and apply single-layer
vibration-damping materials to the surfaces of automobile panels,
floors, and the like (and to appliances and other devices) to
reduce vibration effects inside of the passenger compartment.
Single-layer vibration-damping panels and coatings are relatively
cost-effective, and they do reduce undesirable vibrations. It is
also known to use constrained layer dampers to minimize undesirable
vibrations in certain circumstances. Constrained layer dampers
generally consist of a layer of polymeric damping material adhered
to a surface of a panel of the product (e.g., automobile,
appliance, etc.) and a stiff outer top layer that constrains the
polymeric damping material, effectively "sandwiching" the polymeric
damping material between the stiff outer top layer and the product
panel (the "substrate"). It has been determined that constrained
layer dampers are generally more effective at reducing undesirable
vibration than single layer dampers. However, constrained layer
dampers are generally more expensive to manufacture and
install.
[0005] The inventors hereof have recognized the need for an
improved constrained layer damper and for an improved modular
method of installing constrained layer dampers in automated
manufacturing settings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0006] FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary automated manufacturing
setting, including a system for applying a constrained layer
damper, showing the fluidic application of a first polymeric
material.
[0007] FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary automated manufacturing
setting, including a system for applying a constrained layer
damper, showing the fluidic application of a second polymeric
material.
[0008] FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the constrained layer
damper, showing a substrate, a first layer of polymeric material,
and a second layer of polymeric material.
[0009] FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary automated manufacturing
setting, including a system for applying a selective constrained
layer damper, showing the fluidic application of a first polymeric
material.
[0010] FIG. 5 illustrates an exemplary automated manufacturing
setting, including a system for applying a selective constrained
layer damper, showing the fluidic application of a second polymeric
material.
[0011] FIG. 6 is a perspective view of a completed selective
constrained layer damper, with the constrained layer areas placed a
more than one hot spot location.
[0012] FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of the selective
constrained layer damper.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0013] An exemplary embodiment of an improved constrained layer
damper and a method of applying a constrained layer damper in an
automated manufacturing setting is hereinafter disclosed.
[0014] The improved constrained layer damper comprises at least two
layers of materials. The "base" layer of material is a
visco-elastic polymeric material, which is applied or adhered
directly to a panel (substrate) of a product for which the
vibration-reducing effect is desired. For example, in the case of
an automotive vehicle, the first layer could be applied/adhered to
a metal floor panel. The first layer of polymeric material is
chosen so as to adhere well to the substrate in question. This
material is designed to maximize damping performance defined by the
material loss factor in the range of the intended operating
temperatures. This loss factor is calculated from the phase angle
by which the stress leads the strain in the deformable solid
material. This loss factor will be a maximum over the glass
transition region of the material, and may achieve values in excess
of 1.0 in this region. The corresponding stiffness of the first
layer will be low relative to the stiffness of the top or
constraining layer, as described hereinafter. Examples of
acceptable materials that can be used as the first layer in the
improved constrained layer damper include, without limitation,
acrylic polymers, synthetic resins, emulsions, and bituminous based
materials. Examples of suitable materials would include
polyurethanes, styrene block co-polymers, polyureas, silane
terminated polyurethanes, modified silane polymers,
polyisobutylenes, ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM), natural
rubber, epoxy resins and other polymer materials that can be
modified to achieve the desired physical properties. More specific,
commercially-available, materials that can be employed as the base
layer in the constrained layer damper include: (1) Sikafloor Pronto
18, a two component peroxide-cured modified PMMA; (2)
SikaTransfloor 352 VP, a two component polyurethane; (3) Sikafloor
325, a two component polyurethane; (4) PU Read, a two component
polyurethane; and (5) FM 100, a styrene butadiene block copolymer,
all of which are commercially available from the assignee
hereof.
[0015] The improved constrained layer damper further includes an
"outer" or "top" layer of material that is applied to the base
visco-elastic polymeric material. The outer layer of material is
also a polymeric material, but the outer polymeric material layer
has a high degree of stiffness when in its solid state. The
stiffness of the outer layer will generally be a factor of ten
times higher in stiffness than the base layer, and will have
Young's Modulus (E') in excess of 1.0.times.(10).sup.9 MPa over the
glassy region of the material. The outer layer of material is
formulated to ensure that the glass transition region of the
material and corresponding roll-off in modulus are above the
operating temperature range in the application. This material may
be homogeneous in nature or may incorporate reinforcing fibers or
fillers to enhance stiffness. The outer layer of material may be
applied as a single or multiple component system. Examples of
acceptable materials that can be used as the second layer in the
improved constrained layer damper include, without limitation,
epoxy resins, polyureas, acrylic polymers, polyurethanes, epoxy
polyurethane hybrids, polyesters, modified polyesters, and other
polymers that can be modified to achieve the desired physical
properties. More specific, commercially-available, materials that
can be employed as the top layer in the constrained layer damper
include: (1) Sikadur 32, a two component toughened epoxy; (2)
Sikafloor 381, a two component chemically-resistant epoxy; and
SikaGard 62, a two component epoxy.
[0016] The respective polymeric materials are chosen so that they
adhere well to each other. Preferably, the respective polymeric
materials are chosen such that they solidify without the
application of heat. Specifically, it is preferable that the
polymeric materials are chosen such that they solidify by cooling
to room temperature, by drying, by chemical reaction at room
temperature, or by other known means of solidifying or curing that
do not require the application of heat above room temperature. In
this way, the inventive constrained layer damper can be installed
onto vehicles (and other manufactured products) in a more flexible
way. That is, the two layers of the constrained layer damper can be
applied after the vehicle (or other manufactured product) passes
through the paint shop, which is normally the location on the
assembly line where high temperatures are applied to the vehicle.
If the constrained layer damper were to employ materials that
required high temperatures to solidify, then the constrained layer
damper would have to be applied to the vehicle (or other product)
before it reached the paint shop. If the preferred polymeric
materials are used--which do not require heat to solidify--then the
constrained layer damper may be applied after the vehicle passes
through the paint shop, which is sometimes desirable to maintain
the integrity of the paint shop process. Furthermore, if the
polymeric materials used for the constrained layer damper do not
require heat to solidify, the different layers can be applied at
different locations on the assembly line without regard to where
the location(s) of application are relative to the paint shop.
[0017] In other embodiments of the invention, the improved
constrained layer damper may include more than two layers of
material, where the layers of material alternate between the
visco-elastic polymeric material of the first layer and the stiff
polymeric material of the second outer layer.
[0018] The improved constrained layer damper is adapted to be
applied dynamically during the manufacture of a product, such as an
automotive vehicle, in an automated manufacturing setting.
Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, an exemplary automated manufacturing
setting is illustrated, which, in this particular example, is a
setting for automated manufacturing of automotive vehicles. FIGS. 1
and 2 illustrate a partially-manufactured automotive vehicle on an
assembly line. At the illustrated point in the manufacturing
process, the automotive vehicle still has an exposed floor panel 10
(substrate). It is desirable to include a vibration damper on floor
panel 10 of the automotive vehicle. FIG. 1 illustrates a first
articulated robot arm 12a, having an applicator head 14a with a
nozzle for dispensing fluid materials. The exemplary automated
manufacturing setting also includes a second articulated robot arm
12b, having an applicator head 14b with a nozzle for dispensing
fluid material. The articulated robot arms 12a and 12b are
electronically controlled by a control device (not shown), such as,
for example, a computer workstation. The articulated robot arms 12a
and 12b are controlled so that the robot arms are selectively
positioned relative to the floor 10 of the automotive vehicle to
dispense fluid material thereon.
[0019] The first applicator head 14a disposed on the articulated
arm robot 12a is fluidly-connected to at least one source of fluid
material (not shown). The second applicator head 14b disposed on
the articulated arm robot 14b is also fluidly-connected to at least
one source of fluid material (not shown), which is different from
the fluid source connected to applicator head 14a. In some
embodiments, the respective sources of fluid materials are drums or
bulk containers of fluid materials. Various known metering and
fluid delivery components and systems can be used to deliver
desired amounts of the fluid materials from the respective sources
to the corresponding applicator heads on the articulated robot
arms.
[0020] The above-described system can be used to implement the
improved constrained layer damper on the floor (or other substrate)
of an automotive vehicle (or other manufactured product). For
example, in one embodiment, a first layer of visco-elastic
polymeric material 16a is dispensed, in fluid form, from the
applicator head 14a of the robot arm 12a onto the substrate 10. The
first layer of material is allowed to solidify and adhere to the
substrate 10. Then, as shown in FIG. 2, the second layer of
material 16b is dispensed, in fluid form, from the applicator head
14b of the robot arm 12b onto the first layer of visco-elastic
polymeric material 16a. The second layer of material 16b is allowed
to solidify into a stiff layer, which "sandwiches" the middle
visco-elastic polymeric material 16a against the substrate 10,
thereby creating the constrained layer damper. FIG. 3 illustrates a
cross-section of the constrained layer damper, wherein a
visco-elastic polymeric material 16a is "sandwiched" between the
substrate 10 of the vehicle and a stiff polymeric material 16b.
[0021] As described above, if polymeric materials that do not
require heat to solidify are chosen for the base and outer layers
of the constrained layer damper, then the application of the base
and outer layers may occur anywhere in the assembly/manufacturing
process without regard to where in the process heat may be applied.
For example, in the situation of an automotive vehicle, the layers
of the constrained layer damper may be applied subsequent to the
paint shop, which, in certain situations, is preferable to maintain
the integrity of the paint process.
[0022] In another embodiment of the invention, each of the
applicator heads 14a and 14b are configured to dispense a plurality
of different versions of the two different layers of materials that
comprise the constrained layer damper. For example, a variety of
visco-elastic polymeric materials may be acceptable for use in the
disclosed improved constrained layer damper, though certain
visco-elastic polymeric materials may have better qualities than
others. Many times, those materials that have superior qualities
are more costly. Therefore, this embodiment includes a first
applicator head 14a that can dispense, for example, a plurality of
visco-elastic polymeric materials to be used as the first material
layer in the constrained layer damper, applied to the substrate 10.
Further, applicator head 14b may be configured to dispense one or
more different stiff polymeric materials to be used as the outer
layer in the constrained layer damper. In this way, the particular
configuration of the constrained layer damper can be customized
from one automotive vehicle to the next. For example, for Vehicle
A, a first visco-elastic polymeric material can be dispensed from
the applicator head onto the substrate and a first stiff polymeric
material can then be dispensed onto the visco-elastic polymeric
material to form the constrained layer damper. Then, for Vehicle B,
which can be the next vehicle on the same assembly line, second
visco-elastic polymeric material can be dispensed from the
applicator head onto the substrate of vehicle B. Then, a second
stiff polymeric material can be dispensed onto the second
visco-elastic polymeric material to form the constrained layer
damper. In this way, it is possible to customize the particular
materials used to form the constrained layer damper from one
vehicle to the next. For example, where a relatively inexpensive
vehicle and a relatively expensive vehicle are assembled on the
same automated assembly line, higher quality/cost materials can be
used to form the constrained layer damper for the relatively
expensive vehicle, and lower quality/cost materials can be used to
form the constrained layer damper for the relatively inexpensive
vehicle. A control device, such as a computer workstation could be
used to control the application of the different materials for
different vehicles.
[0023] In another embodiment of the invention, the functions of the
two articulated robot arms 12a and 12b could be combined into a
single articulated robot arm having one or more nozzles configured
to dispense a first layer of visco-elastic polymeric material to a
substrate 10, as well as one or more nozzles configured to dispense
a second layer of stiff polymeric material onto the visco-elastic
polymeric material. As in previous embodiments, the articulated
robot arm, including the various dispensing nozzles thereon, would
be electronically controlled by a controller device, such as a
computer workstation.
[0024] In yet another embodiment, either the visco-elastic
polymeric material or the stiff polymeric material can be applied
in a solid piece form, and the other material can be dispensed from
an articulated robot arm in fluid form. For example, a solid piece
of visco-elastic polymeric material can be applied directly to the
substrate of the automotive vehicle. The solid piece of
visco-elastic polymeric material can be adhered to the substrate in
a variety of known ways, such as by using heat, ultraviolet
radiation, etc. Then, after the solid piece of visco-elastic
polymeric material is adhered to the substrate, the outer layer of
stiff polymeric material can be dispensed, in fluid form, from an
applicator head on a robot arm over the visco-elastic polymeric
material. The outer polymeric material is solidified, at which time
it becomes stiff and, in combination with the substrate,
"sandwiches" the middle visco-elastic polymeric material. As
indicated above, additional alternating layers of the two polymeric
materials can be added to the constrained layer damper.
Alternatively, the first visco-elastic polymeric material can be
dispensed onto the substrate of the automotive vehicle from the
applicator head on the articulated robot arm, and the second stiff
polymeric material can be applied over the visco-elastic polymeric
material in a solid piece. More specifically, the first layer of
visco-elastic polymeric material can be dispensed, in fluid form,
from the applicator head of the robot arm to the substrate. The
fluid material is solidified and adhered to the substrate. Then, a
solid piece of stiff polymeric material can be adhered to the first
layer of visco-elastic polymeric material. This solid piece of
stiff polymeric material may be a dedicated constraining layer for
the damping system, or this functionality may be incorporated into
carpet backing, headliners, or other interior trim components added
at a later stage in the assembly process. Similarly to above,
additional alternating layers of the respective materials can be
applied to create a multi-layer constrained layer damper.
[0025] In addition to the benefits described above, the application
of the improved constrained layer damper in the manner described
allows the constrained layer damper to be customized even further,
depending on the particular vehicle (or product) upon which it is
applied. For instance, the number of alternating layers can be
customized, and the thickness of the visco-elastic polymeric
material and the stiff polymeric material can be customized.
Moreover, it is possible to apply single-layer dampers to some
vehicles on the assembly line and to apply constrained layer
dampers on other vehicles on the same assembly line.
[0026] In another embodiment, an improved damping system having a
selective constrained layer damper includes an outer layer over the
substrate and a constrained layer placed between the outer layer
and the substrate at selected predetermined locations. With a thin
additional layer at selective locations the damping system achieves
superior damping properties at the selective locations. Stated
another way, the improved damping system includes a single layer
damper and a two layer constrained damper at certain locations
considered "hot spots." By using a single layer system for the
overall damper and a constrained damper system at areas identified
as hot spots, the cost of manufacture, time of manufacture, weight,
overall thickness of the damping system, as well as other factors,
are improved.
[0027] A hot spot is an area where it is desirable to have
additional damping. That is to say, it is desirable to have more
damping than the single layer can provide. The hot spot is
generally an arbitrary location identified on the substrate by a
customer, supplier, etc. The additional damping at the hot spot
reduces vibration or noise when the substrate (or the associated
article of manufacture using the substrate) is in use.
[0028] As described below, a constrained layer damper is
selectively placed at locations where additional damping is desired
as a treatment to reduce structure-borne sound and/or vibration.
Generally, the selective constrained layer damper converts Kinetic
energy of a vibrating surface into thermal energy in a polymeric
layer, thereby dissipating the vibrational energy. At locations
other than the hot spots, an extensional single layer of material
is applied to the substrate. In this way, the outer layer of the
constrained layer damper behaves as a single dissipative layer for
the areas not considered hot spots. The single layer damper
converts vibrational energy to heat through extension and
compression of the dissipative layer.
[0029] The constrained layer, placed at the identified hot spots,
is a visco-elastic polymeric material which is applied or adhered
directly to a panel (substrate) of a product for which the
vibration-reducing effect is desired. This is similar to the base
layer described above. The constrained layer portions are not
placed as a full layer on the substrate, but rather are
concentrated at the hot spots. For example, in the case of an
automotive vehicle, the selective constrained layer damper could be
applied/adhered to a metal floor panel. The constrained layer of
polymeric material is chosen so as to adhere well to the substrate
in question. This material is designed to maximize damping
performance defined by the material loss factor in the range of the
intended operating temperatures. This loss factor is calculated
from the phase angle by which the stress leads the strain in the
deformable solid material. This loss factor will be a maximum over
the glass transition region of the material.
[0030] The corresponding stiffness of the constrained layer will be
low relative to the stiffness of the outer or constraining layer,
as described hereinafter. Examples of acceptable materials that can
be used as the constrained layer in the selective constrained layer
damper include, without limitation, synthetic resin, natural
resins, water based or solvent type, bituminous or cement based
materials, and other polymer materials that can be modified to
achieve the desired physical properties. Other examples include,
but are not limited to, polyurethanes, styrene block co-polymers,
acrylic polymers, polyureas, silane terminated polyurethanes,
modified silane polymers, polyisobutylenes, EPDM, natural rubber,
Poly vinyl chloride, epoxy resins, waterbased resins, and
bituminous based materials, and other materials having
visco-elastic properties. Other examples of resins include, but are
not limited to, Acrylics, Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS),
Epoxies, Fluoropolymers, Polyamide-Imides, Polyethylene,
Polyimides, Polypropylene, Polystyrene, Polyvinyl Acetate, and
Polyesters.
[0031] Specific commercially-available materials that can be
employed as the base layer in the selective constrained layer
damper include, but are not limited to: (1) Sikafloor Pronto 18, a
two component peroxide-cured modified PMMA; (2) SikaTransfloor 352
VP, a two component polyurethane; (3) Sikafloor 325, a two
component polyurethane; (4) PU Read, a two component polyurethane;
and (5) FM 100, a styrene butadiene block copolymer, (6) Sikamelt
9283, a thermal plastic rubber based hotmelt adhesive. All of which
are commercially available from the assignee hereof.
[0032] The selective constrained layer damper further includes an
"outer" or "top" layer of material that is applied to the base
visco-elastic polymeric material. The outer layer of material is
also a polymeric material, but the outer polymeric material layer
has a high degree of stiffness when in its solid state. The
stiffness of the outer layer will generally be a factor of ten
times higher in stiffness than the constrained layer, and will have
Young's Modulus (E') in excess of 1.0.times.(10).sup.9 MPa over the
glassy region of the material. The outer layer of material is
formulated to ensure that the glass transition region of the
material and corresponding roll-off in modulus are above the
operating temperature range in the application. This material may
be homogeneous in nature or may incorporate reinforcing fibers or
fillers to enhance stiffness.
[0033] The outer layer of material may be applied as a single or
multiple component system. Examples of acceptable materials that
can be used as the outer layer in the selective constrained layer
damper include, without limitation, synthetic or natural resins,
water based or solvent type, bituminous or cement based materials,
and other polymer materials modified to achieve the desired
physical properties. Examples of suitable materials would include,
but are not limited to, epoxy resins, polyureas, acrylic polymers,
polyurethanes, epoxy polyurethane hybrids, polyesters, modified
polyesters, waterbased resins, and other polymers that can be
modified to achieve the desired physical properties. Specific
commercially-available materials that can be employed as the outer
layer in the selective constrained layer damper include, but are
not limited to: (1) Sikadur 32, a two component toughened epoxy;
(2) Sikafloor 381, a two component chemically-resistant epoxy; (3)
SikaGard 62, a two component epoxy; and (4) Sika Damp 1202, a
waterbased spray-on damper material.
[0034] The respective polymeric materials that comprise the outer
layer and constrained layer are chosen so that they adhere well to
each other. Moreover, because the selective constrained layer
damper also includes outer layer 30 as adhering to substrate 10,
the material for outer layer 30 is chosen for adherence to the
constrained layer (e.g., at hot spots 20, 22, 24) as well as
adherence to the material substrate 10. Additionally, the material
chosen for outer layer 30 also takes into account the constraining
function, at hot spots 20, 22, 24, as well as the single layer
damping elsewhere.
[0035] The respective polymeric materials, in an embodiment, are
chosen such that they solidify without the application of heat. In
this case, the polymeric materials are chosen such that they
solidify by cooling to room temperature, by drying, by chemical
reaction at room temperature, or by other known means of
solidifying or curing that do not require the application of heat
above room temperature. In this way, the selective constrained
layer damper can be installed onto vehicles (and other manufactured
products) in a more flexible way. That is, the two layers of the
selective constrained layer damper can be applied after the vehicle
(or other manufactured product) passes through the paint shop,
which is normally the location on the assembly line where high
temperatures are applied to the vehicle. Where polymeric materials
are used which do not require heat to solidify, the selective
constrained layer damper may be applied after the vehicle passes
through the paint shop, which is sometimes desirable to maintain
the integrity of the paint shop process. Furthermore, where
polymeric materials used for the selective constrained layer damper
do not require heat to solidify, the different layers can be
applied at different locations on the assembly line without regard
to where the location(s) of application are relative to the paint
shop.
[0036] In an alternative embodiment, one or more of the layers
(e.g., outer layer 30 and/or the constrained layer(s) at hot spots
20, 22, 24) may be dried by the application of heat (e.g., in an
oven or by direct forced hot air). That is to say, the outer layer
30 may be air-dried while the constrained layers may be heat dried.
Alternatively, the constrained layers may be air-dried while the
outer layer is heat dried. Also, the constrained layers and the
outer layer may both be heat dried. By adding the flexibility to
the drying process, outer layer 30 or the constrained layer at hot
spots 20, 22, 24 may be applied before or after the vehicle passes
through the paint shop.
[0037] In other embodiments, the selective constrained layer damper
may include more than two layers of material, where the layers of
material alternate between the visco-elastic polymeric material of
the constrained layer and the stiff polymeric material of the outer
layer.
[0038] The selective constrained layer damper is adapted to be
applied dynamically during the manufacture of a product, such as an
automotive vehicle, in an automated manufacturing setting.
Referring to FIGS. 4 and 5, an exemplary automated manufacturing
setting is illustrated, which in this particular example is a
setting for automated manufacturing of automotive vehicles. FIGS. 4
and 5 (similar to FIGS. 1 and 2) illustrate a
partially-manufactured automotive vehicle on an assembly line. At
the illustrated point in the manufacturing process, the automotive
vehicle still has an exposed floor panel 10 (substrate). It is
desirable to include a vibration damper on floor panel 10 of the
automotive vehicle. FIG. 4 illustrates first articulated robot arm
12a, having applicator head 14a with a nozzle for dispensing fluid
materials. The exemplary automated manufacturing setting also
includes second articulated robot arm 12b, having applicator head
14b with a nozzle for dispensing fluid material. The articulated
robot arms 12a and 12b are electronically controlled by a control
device (not shown), such as, for example, a computer workstation.
The articulated robot arms 12a and 12b are controlled so that the
robot arms are selectively positioned relative to the floor 10 of
the automotive vehicle to dispense fluid material thereon.
[0039] The first applicator head 14a disposed on the articulated
arm robot 12a is fluidly-connected to at least one source of fluid
material (not shown). The second applicator head 14b disposed on
the articulated arm robot 14b is also fluidly-connected to at least
one source of fluid material (not shown), which is different from
the fluid source connected to applicator head 14a. In some
embodiments, the respective sources of fluid materials are drums or
bulk containers of fluid materials. Various known metering and
fluid delivery components and systems can be used to deliver
desired amounts of the fluid materials from the respective sources
to the corresponding applicator heads on the articulated robot
arms.
[0040] The above-described system can be used to implement the
selective constrained layer damper on the floor (or other
substrate) of an automotive vehicle (or other manufactured
product). For example, in one embodiment, areas of visco-elastic
polymeric material 16a are dispensed, in fluid form, from the
applicator head 14a of the robot arm 12a onto the substrate 10 in
selective areas. In the embodiment shown, for example,
visco-elastic polymeric material 16a is dispensed at a first hot
spot 20, a second hot spot 22, and a third hot spot 24. The hot
spots 20, 22, 24 are areas that are desired to have the constrained
layer damper. The other areas of substrate 10 are not desired to
have a constrained layer damper and thus, will be coated with a
single layer damper as described in FIG. 5.
[0041] The first layer of material deposited at hot spots 20, 22,
24 is allowed to solidify and adhere to the hot spots identified on
substrate 10. Then, as shown in FIG. 5, an outer layer 30 of
material 16b is dispensed, in fluid form, from the applicator head
14b of the robot arm 12b onto the constrained layer of
visco-elastic polymeric material 16a. Outer layer 30 of material
16b is allowed to solidify into a stiff layer, which "sandwiches"
the middle visco-elastic polymeric material 16a against the
substrate 10, thereby creating the selective constrained layer
damper at each hot spot. Moreover, outer layer 30 is applied
directly to substrate 10 at locations other than hot spots 20, 22,
24 and becomes a single layer damper.
[0042] FIG. 6 is a perspective view of a completed selective
constrained layer damper, with the constrained layer placed at more
than one location. Shown in phantom lines, hot spots 20, 22, 24 are
constrained layer dampers at the hot spots and outer layer 30 is a
single layer damper elsewhere. As shown, outer layer 30
substantially covers the entirety of substrate 10. However, it is
also foreseen that outer layer 30 will cover only portions of
substrate 10. Such a selective application allows for attachment
points for other assemblies to have direct contact with substrate
10. Alternatively, outer layer 30 may only be desired to be applied
to portions of substrate 10 that realize vibration. Other portions
of substrate 10 may not require damping and thus, would not be
covered by outer layer 30.
[0043] FIG. 7 illustrates a cross-section of the selective
constrained layer damper at hot spot 22, wherein a visco-elastic
polymeric material 16a is "sandwiched" between the substrate 10 of
the vehicle and a stiff polymeric material 16b. The single layer
portion of the selective constrained layer damper comprises outer
layer 30 that adheres to substrate 10 at interface 40. A portion of
hot spot 22 is shown that forms a constrained layer damper
comprising the constrained layer 22 that adheres to outer layer 30
at interface 42 and also adheres to substrate 10 at interface 44.
In the embodiment shown, the constrained layer (e.g., hot spot
layers 20, 22, 24) comprises a layer of visco-elastic material that
is approximately zero point four millimeters (0.4 mm) thick. Outer
layer 30 is approximately three millimeters (3 mm) thick, and the
substrate (as a metal) is zero point eight millimeters (0.8 mm)
thick.
[0044] If polymeric materials that do not require heat to solidify
are chosen for the constrained layer and outer layer of the
selective constrained layer damper, then the application of the
constrained layer and outer layer may occur anywhere in the
assembly/manufacturing process without regard to where in the
process heat may be applied. For example, in the situation of an
automotive vehicle, the layers of the selective constrained layer
damper may be applied subsequent to the paint shop, which, in
certain situations, is preferable to maintain the integrity of the
paint process.
[0045] As discussed above, alternative embodiments provide that
outer layer 30 and/or the constrained layer at hot spots 20, 22, 24
are dried by the application of heat (e.g., in an oven or by direct
forced hot air). In this way outer layer 30 may be air-dried while
the constrained layers may be heat dried. Alternatively, the
constrained layers may be air-dried while the outer layer is heat
dried. Also, the constrained layers and the outer layer may both be
heat dried. Therefore, outer layer 30 or the constrained layer at
hot spots 20, 22, 24 may be applied before or after the vehicle
passes through the paint shop.
[0046] In another embodiment, each of the applicator heads 14a and
14b are configured to dispense a plurality of different versions of
the two different layers of materials that comprise the selective
constrained layer damper. For example, a variety of visco-elastic
polymeric materials may be acceptable for use in the disclosed
selective constrained layer damper, though certain visco-elastic
polymeric materials may have better qualities than others. Many
times, those materials that have superior qualities are more
costly. Therefore, this embodiment includes a first applicator head
14a that can dispense, for example, a plurality of visco-elastic
polymeric materials to be used as the first material layer in the
selective constrained layer damper, applied to the substrate 10.
Further, applicator head 14b may be configured to dispense one or
more different stiff polymeric materials to be used as the outer
layer in the selective constrained layer damper. In this way, the
particular configuration of the selective constrained layer damper
can be customized from one automotive vehicle to the next.
[0047] For example, for Vehicle A, a first visco-elastic polymeric
material can be dispensed from the applicator head onto the
substrate and a first stiff polymeric material can then be
dispensed onto the visco-elastic polymeric material to form the
selective constrained layer damper. Then, for Vehicle B, which can
be the next vehicle on the same assembly line, second visco-elastic
polymeric material can be dispensed from the applicator head onto
the substrate of vehicle B. Then, a second stiff polymeric material
can be dispensed onto the second visco-elastic polymeric material
to form the selective constrained layer damper. In this way, it is
possible to customize the particular materials used to form the
selective constrained layer damper from one vehicle to the next.
For example, where a relatively inexpensive vehicle and a
relatively expensive vehicle are assembled on the same automated
assembly line, higher quality/cost materials can be used to form
the selective constrained layer damper for the relatively expensive
vehicle, and lower quality/cost materials can be used to form the
selective constrained layer damper for the relatively inexpensive
vehicle. A control device, such as a computer workstation could be
used to control the application of the different materials for
different vehicles.
[0048] In another embodiment, the functions of the two articulated
robot arms 12a and 12b could be combined into a single articulated
robot arm having one or more nozzles configured to dispense a first
layer of visco-elastic polymeric material to a substrate 10, as
well as one or more nozzles configured to dispense a second layer
of stiff polymeric material onto the visco-elastic polymeric
material. As in previous embodiments, the articulated robot arm,
including the various dispensing nozzles thereon, would be
electronically controlled by a controller device, such as a
computer workstation.
[0049] In yet another embodiment, either the visco-elastic
polymeric material (e.g., the constrained layer for the hot spots)
or the stiff polymeric material (the outer layer) can be applied in
a solid piece form, and the other material can be dispensed from an
articulated robot arm in fluid form. For example, a solid piece or
pieces of visco-elastic polymeric material can be applied directly
to the substrate of the automotive vehicle at locations identified
as hot spots. The solid piece(s) of visco-elastic polymeric
material can be adhered to the substrate in a variety of known
ways, such as by using heat, ultraviolet radiation, etc. Then,
after the solid piece of visco-elastic polymeric material is
adhered to the substrate, the outer layer of stiff polymeric
material can be dispensed, in fluid form, from an applicator head
on a robot arm over the visco-elastic polymeric material. The outer
polymeric material is solidified, at which time it becomes stiff
and, in combination with the substrate, "sandwiches" the middle
visco-elastic polymeric material to form a constrained layer
damping system at the hot spots, as well as providing a single
layer damper where the outer layer directly adheres to substrate
10.
[0050] As indicated above, additional alternating layers of the two
polymeric materials can be added to the selective constrained layer
damper. Alternatively, the first visco-elastic polymeric material
can be dispensed onto the substrate of the automotive vehicle from
the applicator head on the articulated robot arm, and the second
stiff polymeric material can be applied over the visco-elastic
polymeric material in a solid piece. More specifically, the first
layer of visco-elastic polymeric material can be dispensed, in
fluid form, from the applicator head of the robot arm to the
substrate. The fluid material is solidified and adhered to the
substrate. Then, a solid piece of stiff polymeric material can be
adhered to the first layer of visco-elastic polymeric material.
This solid piece of stiff polymeric material may be a dedicated
constraining layer for the damping system, or this functionality
may be incorporated into carpet backing, headliners, or other
interior trim components added at a later stage in the assembly
process. Similarly to the examples above, additional alternating
layers of the respective materials can be applied to create a
multi-layer selective constrained layer damper.
[0051] In addition to the benefits described above, the application
of the selective constrained layer damper in the manner described
allows the selective constrained layer damper to be customized even
further, depending on the particular vehicle (or product) upon
which it is applied. For instance, the number of alternating layers
can be customized and the thickness of the visco-elastic polymeric
material and the stiff polymeric material can be customized.
Moreover, it is possible to apply single-layer dampers to some
vehicles on the assembly line and to apply selective constrained
layer dampers on other vehicles on the same assembly line.
Additionally, the placement of the constrained layer dampers at hot
spots 20, 22, 24 may change with each vehicle, or may not be
desired for some vehicles. In this way, the customized application
methods may apply full constrained layer dampers, selective
constrained layer dampers, or single layer dampers, and may switch
therebetween, depending upon the vehicle under assembly.
[0052] Preferred embodiments have been disclosed. A person of
ordinary skill in the art would realize, however, that certain
modifications would come within the teachings of this Invention,
and the following claims should be studied to determine the true
scope and content of the invention. In addition, the methods and
structures of representative embodiments can be incorporated in the
form of a variety of embodiments, only a few of which are described
herein. It will be apparent to the artisan that other embodiments
exist that does not depart from the spirit of the invention. Thus,
the described embodiments are illustrative and should not be
construed as restrictive.
* * * * *