U.S. patent application number 11/569357 was filed with the patent office on 2007-11-29 for method and device for remotely communicating using photoluminescence or thermoluminescence.
Invention is credited to Robert Desbrandes, Daniel Lee Van Gent.
Application Number | 20070272862 11/569357 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 35063385 |
Filed Date | 2007-11-29 |
United States Patent
Application |
20070272862 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Desbrandes; Robert ; et
al. |
November 29, 2007 |
Method and Device for Remotely Communicating Using
Photoluminescence or Thermoluminescence
Abstract
The described method and device serve to remotely communicate or
control by using photoluminescent or thermoluminescent molecules. A
number of samples containing the photoluminescent or
thermoluminescent molecules are irradiated simultaneously and
together by gamma, X, ultraviolet or visible rays emitted in a
cascading manner from an atomic source or from the target of a
linear particle accelerator or of a nonlinear crystal. When the
samples are separated, one of them is stimulated, i.e. the master,
by a conventional method of infrared or white illumination or by
heating, and the partially correlated luminescence of the other(s),
i.e. the slaves, is measured. No method exists for interfering
between the master and slaves. The slave(s) is/are the only one(s)
that can instantaneously receive the signal of the master across
all media and at all distances. The method and devices are
provided, in particular, for use in communications or control
applications.
Inventors: |
Desbrandes; Robert;
(Givarlais, FR) ; Van Gent; Daniel Lee; (Baton
Rouge, LA) |
Correspondence
Address: |
E-QUANTIC COMMUNICATIONS
1, ALLEE DES CHERINIERS
GIVARLAIS
FR-03190
FR
|
Family ID: |
35063385 |
Appl. No.: |
11/569357 |
Filed: |
May 23, 2005 |
PCT Filed: |
May 23, 2005 |
PCT NO: |
PCT/EP05/52348 |
371 Date: |
November 18, 2006 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
250/337 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H04B 10/90 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
250/337 |
International
Class: |
G01T 1/11 20060101
G01T001/11 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
May 26, 2004 |
FR |
0405717 |
Apr 12, 2005 |
FR |
0503659 |
Claims
1) Simple product to communicate characterized in that it is made
of a sample containing at least one kind of excited
thermoluminescent materials having at least one metastable state
that emits photons, called fading, and in that electrons present in
traps of the aforesaid thermoluminescent materials, are entangled
with electrons present in traps of one or more other samples, the
aforementioned sample being called thereafter by convention the
"entangled" sample, the said "entangled" sample having quantum
couplings between some of its trapped electrons and some trapped
electrons from one or more aforesaid other samples.
2) Simple product according to claim 1 characterized in that the
aforementioned kind of thermoluminescent materials is one of the
following materials: artificial materials such as: Aluminum oxide
(Al.sub.2O.sub.3) doped with Carbon, Lithium fluoride (LiF) doped
with Manganese, Coppers and Phosphorus, Calcium fluoride
(CaF.sub.2) doped with Manganese, Calcium sulfate (SO.sub.4Ca)
doped with Dysprosium, or of natural materials such as quartz
(SiO.sub.2), calcite (CO.sub.3Ca), zircon (ZrSiO.sub.4) containing
impurities or dislocations, or counterparts of these natural
materials, or glasses such as borosilicate glass
(SiO.sub.2,B.sub.2O.sub.3,Al.sub.2O.sub.3,Na.sub.2O and
impurities).
3) Manufacturing process of the simple product according to the
claim 1 characterized in that one carries out at least the
following steps: (a) one prepares together samples containing at
least one kind of thermoluminescent materials having at least one
metastable state that emits photons, called fading, (b) one
proceeds to at least one of the following processes, called
thereafter excitation process, either a bombardment, or an
irradiation, or an illumination of the aforesaid samples by means
of suitable particles for exciting said thermoluminescent
materials, some of said particles belonging to groups of entangled
particles transferring their entanglement to the corresponding
valence electrons of the aforesaid thermoluminescent materials, by
ejecting the said valence electrons towards the conduction band
from which they are captured by traps of the aforesaid
thermoluminescent materials, the said traps being distributed in
the aforesaid samples produced together, qualified thereafter by
convention as the set of "entangled" samples.
4) Manufacturing process according to claim 3 characterized in that
the aforementioned entangled particles used for the aforementioned
excitation process are made of at least one kind of the following
photons that are suitable to excite the aforementioned kind of
thermoluminescent materials, for example entangled gamma, entangled
X, entangled ultraviolet or entangled visible photons, for example
emitted either by a natural or artificial radioactive material
composed of atoms emitting several photons in a cascade, or by a
target bombarded by accelerated particles which emit groups of
photons by Bremsstrahlung effect, or by a material made up of atoms
emitting in a cascade by ionization, groups of entangled photons,
or by a generator of groups of entangled photons emitting these
groups of photons distributed in at least two separate beams and
partially or almost completely entangled.
5) Manufacturing process according to claim 3 characterized in that
the aforementioned entangled particles used for the aforementioned
excitation process are made of at least one kind of the following
massive particles that are suitable to excite the aforementioned
kind of thermoluminescent materials, for example entangled
electrons, entangled positrons, or entangled protons.
6) Manufacturing process according to claim 3 characterized in that
the aforementioned excitation process is carried out by means of N
separate beams which are completely, or almost completely,
entangled N to N, a separate beam being applied to sub-assembly of
aforementioned samples, forming by applying the method the a
sub-assembly of "entangled" samples, each of said "entangled"
sample having aforementioned quantum couplings with samples of the
other sub-assemblies while not having quantum couplings with the
other samples of the same sub-assembly, N going from 2 to 999.
7) Manufacturing process according to claim 3 characterized in that
one uses aforementioned "entangled" samples of which one at least
undergoes a physical and/or a chemical transformation after the
aforementioned excitation process.
8) Method to transmit remotely an information or a command by
utilizing the simple product according to claim 1 characterized in
that one exploits aforementioned quantum couplings by causing at
least one stimulation of deexcitation of the trapped electrons,
called thereafter a stimulation, suitable for the aforementioned
kind of thermoluminescent materials, applied on the aforementioned
"entangled" sample, qualified thereafter as the "master"
"entangled" sample, for example by heating it in its totality, or
by heating it in at least a point of its surface, or by optical
stimulation using at least one flash of infrared, visible, or
ultraviolet light on its totality, or by optical stimulation using
at least one flash of infrared, visible or ultraviolet light in at
least one point of its surface, or by a combination of these
methods, the aforesaid stimulation characterizing one information
or one control to be remotely transmitted.
9) Method according to claim 8 characterized in that the
aforementioned stimulation applied to the aforementioned "master"
"entangled" sample is modulated in time and is optimized for at
least one aforementioned thermoluminescent material.
10) Method according to claim 8 characterized in that the
aforementioned stimulation by infrared, visible, or ultraviolet
radiation applied to the aforementioned "master" "entangled" sample
is optimized in energy of the photons for at least one kind of
aforementioned thermoluminescent materials.
11) Method according to claim 8 characterized in that the
aforementioned "master" "entangled" sample is stimulated by at
least one beam, for example produced by a laser, in a point of the
surface of the aforesaid "master" "entangled" sample, this point
representing a surface of 100 square nanometers to one square
centimeters.
12) Method according to claim 8 characterized in that the
aforementioned stimulation applied to the aforementioned "master"
"entangled" sample is modulated either at least in amplitude, or at
least in time.
13) Method to receive a distant information or command by utilizing
the simple product according to claim 1 characterized in that one
exploits aforesaid quantum couplings by determining at least one
detection of a distant information, or at least one detection of a
remote control, by means of at least one measurement made with a
detector of luminescence, for example a photomultiplier or a
photodiode, of at least one variation of luminescence on at least
one kind of aforementioned thermoluminescent materials contained in
the aforementioned "entangled" sample, qualified as "slave"
"entangled" sample.
14) Method according to claim 13 characterized in that the
aforementioned "slave" "entangled" sample contains at least one
kind of aforementioned excited thermoluminescent materials, whose
luminescence contains a plurality of optical lines of which at
least one is measured.
15) Method according to claim 13 characterized in that the
aforementioned "slave" "entangled" sample is exploited at a low
temperature ranging between -273.degree. C. and 20.degree. C. in
order to eliminate the secondary effect of the phonons due to heat,
and thus to obtain an emission spectrum of photons whose
characteristic lines are better defined.
16) Complex product to communicate characterized in that a
plurality of aforementioned "entangled" samples, each said
"entangled" samples constituting a product according to claim 1,
are laid out on a support, for example a disk, called thereafter by
convention the "entangled" support, said "entangled" samples being
positioned on said support according to a definite order, all or
part of said "entangled" samples having each some quantum couplings
with one or more other samples distributed on one or several other
supports.
17) Device of excitation for the implementation of the method
according to claim 3 for the manufacture of "entangled" supports
according to claim 16 characterized in that it includes at least
one apparatus of excitation providing the aforementioned excitation
process to at least one set of aforementioned samples, which is the
set of samples to be entangled, two at least of said "entangled"
samples of said set of "entangled" samples being distributed on at
least two supports, said process being successively repeated on a
plurality of sets of samples to be entangled and distributed
according to at least one definite order on said supports according
to the optimization of the device, in order to produce the
"entangled" supports.
18) Device of implementation of the method according to claim 8
applied to the complex product according to claim 16 characterized
in that it includes at least one apparatus of stimulation made to
apply aforementioned stimulation to at least one of the
aforementioned "entangled" samples of the aforementioned
"entangled" support to remotely transmit at least one information
or one command.
19) Device of implementation of the method according to claim 13
applied to the complex product according to claim 16 characterized
in that it includes at least one apparatus of detection of
luminescence made for applying aforementioned measurement of at
least one aforementioned variation of luminescence on at least one
of the aforementioned "entangled" samples of the aforementioned
"entangled" support to receive at least one distant information or
one distant command.
20) Method of use of the complex product according to the claim 16
to remotely transmit and/or receive complex pieces of information,
in particular emergency signals or control, elements of
cryptographic keys, or codes of activation.
21) Simple product to communicate characterized in that it is made
of a sample containing at least one kind of excited
photoluminescent materials having at least one metastable state
that emits photons, called fading, and in that electrons present in
traps of the aforesaid photoluminescent materials, are entangled
with electrons present in traps of one or more other samples, the
aforementioned sample being called thereafter by convention the
"entangled" sample, the said "entangled" sample having quantum
couplings between some of its trapped electrons and some trapped
electrons from one or more aforesaid other samples.
22) Simple product according to claim 21 characterized in that the
aforementioned kind of photoluminescent materials is having one
said metastable state of a half life of one nanosecond to 4.6
billion years, for example: artificial materials such as: Sulfide
of Zinc doped with Copper (ZnS:Cu), Sulfide of Zinc doped with
Copper and Manganese (ZnS:Cu:Mn), Sulfide of Strontium doped with
Calcium and Bismuth (SrS:Ca:Bi), Aluminate of Strontium
(SrAl.sub.2O.sub.4) doped with Calcium, Bismuth, Copper, Manganese,
Europium, or Dysprosium.
23) Manufacturing process of the simple product according to the
claim 21 characterized in that one carries out at least the
following steps: a) one prepares together samples containing at
least one kind of photoluminescent materials having at least one
metastable state that emits photons, called fading, b) one proceeds
to at least one of the following processes, called thereafter
excitation process, either a bombardment, or an irradiation, or an
illumination of the aforesaid samples by means of suitable
particles for exciting said photoluminescent materials, some of
said particles belonging to groups of entangled particles
transferring their entanglement to the corresponding valence
electrons of the aforesaid photoluminescent materials, by ejecting
the said valence electrons towards the conduction band from which
they are captured by traps by traps of the aforesaid
photoluminescent materials, the said traps being distributed in the
aforesaid samples produced together, qualified thereafter by
convention as the set of "entangled" samples.
24) Manufacturing process according to claim 23 characterized in
that the aforementioned entangled particles used for the
aforementioned excitation process are made of at least one kind of
the following photons that are suitable to excite the
aforementioned kind of photoluminescent materials, for example
entangled gamma, entangled X, entangled ultraviolet or entangled
visible photons, for example emitted either by a natural or
artificial radioactive material composed of atoms emitting several
photons in a cascade, or by a target bombarded by accelerated
particles which emit groups of photons by Bremsstrahlung effect, or
by a material made up of atoms emitting in a cascade by ionization,
groups of entangled photons, or by a generator of groups of
entangled photons emitting these groups of photons distributed in
at least two separate beams and partially or almost completely
entangled.
25) Method to transmit remotely an information or a command by
utilizing the simple product according to claim 21 characterized in
that one exploits aforementioned quantum couplings by causing at
least one stimulation of deexcitation of the trapped electrons,
called thereafter a stimulation, suitable for the aforementioned
kind of photoluminescent materials, applied on the aforementioned
"entangled" sample, qualified thereafter as the "master"
"entangled" sample, for example by heating it in its totality, or
by heating it in at least a point of its surface, or by optical
stimulation using at least one flash of infrared, visible, or
ultraviolet light on its totality, or by optical stimulation using
at least one flash of infrared, visible or ultraviolet light in at
least one point of its surface, or by a combination of these
methods, the aforesaid stimulation characterizing one information
or one control to be remotely transmitted.
26) Method to receive a distant information or command by utilizing
the simple product according to claim 21 characterized in that one
exploits aforesaid quantum couplings by determining at least one
detection of a distant information, or at least one detection of a
remote control, by means of at least one measurement made with a
detector of luminescence, for example a photomultiplier or a
photodiode, of at least one variation of luminescence on at least
one kind of aforementioned photoluminescent materials contained in
the aforementioned "entangled" sample, qualified as "slave"
"entangled" sample.
27) Method according to claim 26 characterized in that the
aforementioned "slave" "entangled" sample is exploited at a low
temperature ranging between -273.degree. C. and 20.degree. C. in
order to eliminate the secondary effect of the phonons due to heat,
and thus to obtain an emission spectrum of photons whose
characteristic lines are better defined.
28) Method according to claim 26 characterized in that the
aforementioned "slave" "entangled" sample is stored at a low
temperature ranging between -273.degree. C. and 20.degree. C. in
order to minimize fading, which prolongs the service time of said
"entangled" sample.
Description
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] Certain crystals become excited when they are illuminated by
a beam of particles, or radiation gamma, x-rays, white or
ultraviolet light. These crystals can be of organic or mineral
nature. Their deexcitation can occur immediately in the case of the
photoluminescence or be delayed in the case of thermoluminescence.
Two kinds of excitation are possible: the molecules can be excited
in form of vibrations in the case of the photochemistry or in the
form of electrons of valence ejected and trapped in impurities or
dislocations of the crystal lattice in the case of the
photoluminescence and thermoluminescence.
[0002] Photochemistry is generally brought forth with samples in
liquid form whereas the photoluminescence and thermoluminescence
generally occur with samples in solid form. In ultraviolet
photochemistry the energy of the ultraviolet photons is transferred
to molecules. According to Einstein law, only one photon excites
only one molecule. Consequently, in the collision, the photon is
completely absorbed by the molecule and the acquired energy is
equal to the energy of the photon. This energy is stored in form of
vibrations. The lifespan of the excited state is relatively short
and varies from a few nanoseconds to a few seconds.
[0003] In photoluminescence, the energy of the photons of white or
ultraviolet light is transferred to the valence electrons of the
molecules, said electrons are captured by the impurities or
dislocations of crystal lattice. The deexcitation due to the return
of the electrons to their orbit of valence is brought forth at
ambient temperature with a visible emission of radiation. The
lifespan of the excited state varies with the type of molecule, the
type of impurities or dislocation, and the temperature. The most
current crystals contain molecules of Zinc sulfide or Strontium
aluminate. They are generally doped with metal traces such as
Calcium, Bismuth, Copper, Manganese, Europium or Dysprosium to
obtain various colors of luminescence. The concentration in doping
atoms generally varies from 10 to 1000 parties per million. Table 1
indicates the main crystals used in photoluminescence. These
crystals are used and marketed in particular in the luminescent
light signals. The photoluminescence thus obtained is different
from the phosphorescence, generally obtained by doping the Zinc
sulfide crystals with traces of a radioactive product such as
Uranium. In this case, luminescence is brought forth without
preliminary excitation by an ultraviolet or visible radiation.
[0004] Thermoluminescence is a physical phenomenon which results in
the property that have certain crystals to emit some light when one
heats them as curves (1) and (2) of FIG. 1 shows it. This
luminescence is taking place only if the heating was preceded by an
irradiation due ionizing radiations, for example with the exposure
to natural radioactivity during thousands of years or to the
exposure to an artificial source of gamma, X, alpha, beta, neutron,
ultraviolet ray or visible radiation, during a few minutes or a few
hours.
[0005] Thermoluminescence is used for dating in geology and
archeology according to the following principle: since its firing,
a ceramics accumulates an archaeological dose due to the natural
irradiation. The annealing in laboratory of a sample of powder
makes it possible to measure the duration of irradiation from the
quantity of emitted light. If the sample is heated a second time it
does not emit any more light unless it has received a new dose of
irradiation meanwhile.
[0006] The fundamental equation of the dating by thermoluminescence
is given by ATL=DARG/DA [0007] ATL is the age in years, [0008] DARG
is the archaeological or geological dose, [0009] DA is the annual
dose.
[0010] The archaeological or geological dose, DARG, are the
quantity of energy of thermoluminescence per unity of mass stored
by the crystal since its last heating. This quantity of energy is
expressed in Gray (1 Gy=1 J/kg). It comes from the disintegration
of the radioactive elements contained in the crystal and its
environment. The archaeological dose is given by comparing the
natural thermoluminescence of the crystals with that induced in
laboratory by a known dose coming from a calibrated radioactive
source.
[0011] Annual dose DA is the quantity of energy of
thermoluminescence per unity of mass accumulated in one year by the
crystal, and is also expressed in Gray. The annual dose is
generally deduced from the concentrations in radio elements of the
sample and the medium of burial.
[0012] The curve (1) of FIG. 1 represents the typical response of a
stalagmitic calcite sample due to the rise in temperature. In the
geological or archaeological applications, thermoluminescence
measures the period elapsed since the last heating, which does not
necessary correspond to the event to be dated (manufacture for the
terra cotta, last use for a furnace, etc). Fires, restoration using
a heating source, can distort the interpretation of the
experimental results. The material must contain thermoluminescent
crystals, which are sufficiently sensitive to irradiation (e.g.:
quartz, feldspars, zircons, etc). The crystals should not be
saturated with energy because their "storage capacity" limits the
use of the technique. The oldest ages obtained until now are about
700,000 years. In archaeological dating, the samples should not
have undergone any artificial irradiation (X, gamma, neutrons and
other ionizing radiations) before the analysis by
thermoluminescence.
[0013] Thermoluminescence is also used to determine the doses of
ionizing radiation that occur in a given place. These doses can be
measured in a laboratory or on an individual to ensure the safety
in the use of the ionizing radiations. The technique is called
"dosimetry by thermoluminescence". Certain crystals, like Lithium
fluoride (LiF), Calcium fluoride (CaF.sub.2), Lithium borate
(Li.sub.2B.sub.4O.sub.7), Calcium sulfate (CaSO.sub.4), and
Aluminum oxide (Al.sub.2O.sub.3), activated by traces of transition
metal, rare earths or Carbon, have the property to be excited under
the influence of ionizing radiations. They become luminescent by
heating and the dose of ionizing radiation can be calculated. At
the time of the rise in temperature of irradiated samples of
Aluminum oxide doped with Carbon (Al.sub.2O.sub.3: C), for example,
the luminescence starts around 125.degree. C. and reaches a maximum
around 200.degree. C. as shown in FIG. 1, curve (2). The rise in
temperature by heating can be replaced by an exposure to the
radiation of a laser, for example infrared.
[0014] Luminescence at ambient temperature is not strictly null and
the excitation disappears slowly (fading, decrease of the obtained
signal with time). In the same way a reverse fading is brought
forth in the samples stored for a long time because they are
slightly irradiated by the cosmic rays, and the ambient nuclear
radiation. There is thus, in this case an increase in excitation.
The decrease of intensity due to fading is, for example, about 3%
in 3 months for the Aluminum oxide crystal doped with Carbon and at
ambient temperature. The half-life of such a sample initially
irradiated is thus approximately 5 years, i.e. the intensity of its
luminescence decreases of one half in 5 years.
[0015] Glass borosilicate can also be used as a thermoluminescent
material. Indeed, this normally transparent glass has the property
of becoming opaque and of chestnut color when irradiated by
ionizing radiations. Heated at 200.degree. C., it loses its
coloring gradually. Its half-life at the ambient temperature is
about 10 years.
[0016] The phenomena of photoluminescence and thermoluminescence
are explained by the imperfect structure of the crystals, which
always contain a high number of the defects, either due to network
defects, such as gaps or dislocations, or due to the presence of
foreign atoms in the basic chemical composition (impurities), or
due to atoms of doping. The energy received by the electrons of the
crystal during the irradiation changes their energy levels.
[0017] In the band theory, valid for the photoluminescence and
thermoluminescence, one explains the phenomenon with the following
sequence: [0018] Ionization by radiation releases the electrons in
the valence band and holes are formed; the electrons are projected
in the energy continuum of the conduction band. [0019] The
electrons are captured by traps consisting of impurities or
dislocations of the network of the crystal in the forbidden band
and the electrons are then in a metastable state. [0020] This
metastable state can last from a few microseconds to billion of
years. [0021] Calorific or optical energy applied to the crystal
makes it possible for the electrons to leave the traps. The
electrons return then in the valence band by emitting photons,
which produce thermoluminescence.
[0022] The same phenomenon is taking place with the
photoluminescence without the contribution of calorific energy
besides the energy due to the temperature. The return towards the
valence band can however occur without radiation, by internal
conversion. The photoluminescent or thermoluminescent materials can
be re-used. Fading is explained by the tunnel effect of the
electrons, which have a low probability, but all the same a
definite probability, to cross the barrier of potential, which
enables them to leave the traps. For example, the photoluminescence
can be interpreted like an important fading.
[0023] Fading is given by the equation: Tau=A exp (E/kT)
[0024] where: [0025] Tau is the average time that the electron
stays in the trap, [0026] A is a constant depending on material,
[0027] E is the difference in energy between that of the trap and
that of the conduction band, [0028] k is the Boltzmann constant,
[0029] T is the absolute temperature of the material.
[0030] In the case of materials used in dosimetry for example, for
a shallow trap, E=0.034 eV, and for a deep trap E=0.042 eV. When T
reaches 120.degree. C. (393 K), kT=0.034 eV and the shallow traps
are emptying. When T reaches 220.degree. C. (493 K), kT=0.042 eV
and the deep traps are emptying.
[0031] The electrons in both cases emit, while regaining their
valence orbit, visible photons with an energy going from 1.8 eV to
3 eV (690 nm with 410 nm), according to which photoluminescent or
thermoluminescent material is used.
[0032] It is known to the expert, in particular for nuclear safety,
that the heating of the irradiated thermoluminescent samples can be
carried out in various manners, for example, with electric
resistance, or using the infra-red or visible radiation of a laser,
which allows a fast heating and a better signal to noise ratio on
small samples or on sample portions of material.
[0033] The difference in temperature of the peak of luminescence
between minerals and materials used in dosimetry comes from the
type of traps. In minerals, the traps are generally deep and in
materials of dosimetry the traps are generally shallow. More
calorific or optical energy is thus necessary to give energy to the
electrons of deep traps. In photoluminescence, the traps are very
shallow and they empty at the ambient temperature under the action
of the network vibrations. This explains the variations of
luminescence with the temperature.
[0034] Table 2 contains a list of the main substances used in
thermoluminescence with their main characteristics: chemical
formula, temperature for which the maximum of the signal is
reached, wavelength of the emitted photons, saturation in energy,
and fading (decrease of the signal obtained with time).
[0035] The natural substances generally have a long lifespan and
consequently a very weak fading, this is the result of deep traps.
The data published vary because these natural materials contain
impurities in variable quantity and nature. Nevertheless, these
materials can be used within the framework of this invention in
their natural state or in an artificial form containing the same
elements.
[0036] The artificial substances generally have a short lifespan
and consequently an important fading which corresponds to shallow
traps from where the electrons can be ejected more easily. The
lifespan of these substances also allows their use in this
invention either in photoluminescence or in thermoluminescence.
[0037] The very sensitive thermoluminescent substances obtained
artificially can also be excited by ultraviolet rays or visible
just like the photoluminescent substances. In this case the traps
are not very deep and a stimulation by infrared rays is
possible.
[0038] Former Technique:
[0039] The properties of photoluminescence are used for the light
signals, which are excited during the day and that become
luminescent at night.
[0040] The properties of thermoluminescence are used primarily for
the geological and archaeological dating. In dosimetry, the
properties of thermoluminescence are used for the protection
against nuclear ionizing radiation and ultraviolet, the
environmental nuclear monitoring, and the determination of
accidental nuclear pollution or past military pollution.
[0041] Disclosed Invention:
[0042] The present invention describes a method and an apparatus to
remotely communicate or control by using the photoluminescence or
thermoluminescence. In this invention, it is made use of the
photoluminescence or thermoluminescence having at least an excited
state obtained by bombardment, irradiation or illumination by means
of at least one source emitting directly or indirectly groups of
entangled elementary particles such as: [0043] entangled photons
gamma, X, or ultraviolet or visible rays, [0044] entangled
electrons, entangled positrons, entangled protons, entangled atoms,
entangled molecules, entangled micelles, [0045] or of the
combinations or the ensembles of these particles,
[0046] For example, in the case where entangled photons are used,
the photoluminescence or thermoluminescence is caused by an
irradiation or an artificial illumination of two or several samples
of one or more photoluminescent or thermoluminescent materials
previously mentioned, using an ionizing radiation composed of
groups of particles such as entangled photons resulting directly or
indirectly from a source.
[0047] Each group of entangled photons is made up of emitted
photons together or at very short intervals by the same particle of
the source, for example: electron, nucleus, atom, molecule. The
sources of ad hoc entangled photons usable for this invention are,
for example: [0048] Natural or artificial radioactive materials
producing a radiation in a cascade. For example, the Cobalt 60 atom
emits almost simultaneously two gamma which are entangled and which
can be used to irradiate a photoluminescent or thermoluminescent
material. [0049] Targets bombarded by particles such as electrons,
protons, etc, which emit entangled photons by Bremsstrahlung
effect. For example, in the accelerators of electrons which bombard
targets, for example of Tungsten or phosphorescent glasses, groups
of entangled photons gamma, X, ultraviolet rays or visible are
produced by the phenomenon of Bremsstrahlung. [0050] Materials
containing atoms excited by the heat, which causes emissions of
photons in a cascade. For example, the Mercury lamps emit groups of
entangled ultraviolet photons and as such can be used to irradiate
or illuminate a photoluminescent or a thermoluminescent material.
[0051] Nonlinear crystals which, when they are excited by an ad hoc
laser beam ("pump"), produce two new divergent beams ("signal" and
"idler") of low power. These new beams are completely or almost
completely entangled, i.e. each photon of one beam is entangled
with a photon of the other beams. For example, BBO crystals made up
of beta Barium borate (beta-BaB.sub.2O.sub.4) can emit two beams of
groups of ultraviolet or visible entangled photons which can be
used to irradiate or illuminate a photoluminescent or a
thermoluminescent material.
[0052] Note: it is necessary to distinguish the bombardment of a
target employed in Bremsstrahlung effect to produce entangled
photons, from bombardment by entangled particles of
photoluminescent or thermoluminescent material.
[0053] In this invention, the photoluminescent or thermoluminescent
material samples are simultaneously bombarded, irradiated, or
illuminated, by entangled particles, in particular, with the
entangled photons coming from one or more of the ad hoc sources
mentioned above, for a length of time depending upon the
optimization of the process, the sources producing groups of two or
several entangled photons. In the bombardment, the irradiation or
the illumination, only the entangled particles distributed on two
or several samples, of which each of them has excited a trap, are
useful for the quantum coupling because the entanglement is
transferred from the particles to said traps. In the specific case
of a beam of particles common to both samples, the quantum
couplings obtained are partial in that some of the entangled traps
are localized on the same sample, and others are distributed on
several samples. In the case where two separate entangled beams are
produced, for example with nonlinear crystals of BBO type, an
optimization of the method consists in directing a beam towards one
of the samples and the other beam on the other sample.
Consequently, the entanglement of the samples is complete or almost
totally complete. Surfaces of the samples on which the process is
implemented can go from 100 square nanometers to one square meter
according to the optimization of the method used and technologies
employed.
[0054] The present invention makes use of a phenomenon provided for
by Quantum Mechanics according to which two or several entangled
particles, in this invention the trapped electrons, preserve a
quantum coupling when they are separated by any distance, quantum
coupling which is practically instantaneous. Consequently, the
deexcitation of one causes the deexcitation of the other or others.
This quantum coupling can be transferred from particle to particle
by interaction. In the case of photoluminescent or
thermoluminescent materials, the quantum coupling is transferred
from the entangled particles such as photons to the electrons of
the valence band and are captured thereafter in the traps. The
deexcitation of the electrons in the traps (called stimulation
thereafter) causes an emission of visible photons (phenomenon of
luminescence). In the case of quantum coupling between two trapped
electrons, the stimulation of one electron also causes the
correlated deexcitation of the other electron, which causes an
emission of visible photons (phenomenon of luminescence). This
luminescence, correlated with stimulation, is measured by a sensor,
for example, photomultipliers, or photodiodes, or other
sensors.
[0055] Many articles and books exist on the subject of the
entanglement. The main ones are listed at the end of the
description.
[0056] The photoluminescent or thermoluminescent material samples,
after bombardment, irradiation, or illumination by groups of
entangled particles, as described above, are then separated in
space. In the case of two entangled samples, one the sample, the
"master" is stimulated and the luminescence of the other, the
"slave", is measured. Several ad hoc techniques can be used to
exploit the quantum couplings between samples. For example in
thermoluminescence two techniques by heating and two optical
techniques are used to stimulate the master sample: [0057] The
master sample can be heated on its totality by means of an external
device or internal action, for example by a resistance, a beam of
infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light, or by the phenomenon of
induction of elements incorporated in the sample, which causes a
variation of its luminescence and also a partially correlated
variation of the luminescence of the slave sample, which is
measured on the aforesaid whole slave sample or part of said slave
sample. In this case, all the traps can be emptied completely. In
particular this technique can be implemented for the deep traps.
[0058] The master sample can be heated in a point of its surface,
for example by the convergent beam of a lens or by a laser beam of
infrared, visible or ultraviolet, light which causes the heating of
this point and a variation of its luminescence and also a partially
correlated variation of the luminescence, due to the deexcitation
of the corresponding entangled electrons of the traps located on
the totality of slave sample, which is measured on of the whole or
part of the aforesaid slave sample. The traps of the point heated
of master sample are in general emptied completely and part of the
traps of slave sample are emptied. Multiple measurements can be
made on one group of entangled samples. In particular this
technique can be implemented with the deep traps. [0059] The master
sample can be very briefly illuminated in its totality, for example
by a flash of infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, which causes
the emptying of some traps with a variation of luminescence, and
also a partially correlated variation of the luminescence of the
slave sample which is measured on the whole or part of the
aforesaid slave sample. A great number of measurements can thus be
made since few traps are emptied with each flash. In particular
this technique can be implemented for the shallow traps. However,
some deep traps can be transferred towards shallow traps by
photonic stimulation. [0060] The master sample can be very briefly
illuminated on a small party of its surface, for example by a flash
of infrared, visible or ultraviolet light of a laser or of a
convergent lens, which causes the emptying of some traps of the
aforesaid small surface of the master sample with a variation of
luminescence, and also a partially correlated variation of the
luminescence of the slave sample which is measured on whole or part
of the aforesaid slave sample. A great number of measurements can
thus be made on each small surface since a few traps are emptied
with each flash. In particular this technique can be implemented
with shallow traps. However, the deep traps can also be transferred
towards shallow traps by photonic stimulation.
[0061] In a specific mode of optimization of the preceding optical
techniques of stimulation, the master sample and/or the slave
sample can be carried out at a controlled temperature, for example
constant, ranging between 0.degree. C. and 200.degree. C. in order
to facilitate the emptying of the traps of the samples during the
measurement of the luminescence of the slave sample.
[0062] For example in photoluminescence, two optical techniques are
usable to stimulate the master sample: [0063] The master sample can
be very briefly illuminated in its totality, for example by a flash
of infrared, or possibly visible or ultraviolet, which causes the
additional emptying of some traps with a variation of luminescence,
and also a partially correlated variation of the luminescence of
slave sample which is measured on whole or part of the aforesaid
slave sample. A great number of measurements can thus be made since
few traps are emptied with each flash. [0064] The master sample can
be very briefly illuminated on a small part of its surface, for
example by the flash of infrared light, or possibly visible or
ultraviolet light, of a laser or of a convergent lens, which causes
the additional emptying of some traps of the aforesaid the small
surface of the master sample with a variation of luminescence, and
also a partially correlated variation of the luminescence of the
slave sample which is measured on whole or part of the aforesaid
slave sample. A great number of measurements can thus be made on
each small surface since few traps are emptied with each flash.
[0065] In thermoluminescence and photoluminescence, the described
techniques above can be used to transmit one or more information
between one or more entangled master samples and one or more slave
samples. In a specific mode of the invention, the entangled samples
can be successively master for at least a sample and slave for at
least another, then conversely, to carry out a communication in
semi-duplex without leaving the framework of the invention. In a
specific mode of the invention, the entangled samples, for example
composed of several thermoluminescent materials exploited by
optical stimulations, can be simultaneously masters and slaves to
carry out a communication in duplex without leaving the framework
of the invention. When the technique allows several measurements on
the same group of entangled samples, it can be used either to
communicate secure information, or to successively communicate
several information without having to implement a device of
synchronization of the reading head of the sensor of luminescence
located on whole or part of slave sample. The single sensor of
luminescence can be replaced by two or several sensors of
luminescence located on whole or part of slave sample. The
combinations of the techniques of stimulation and measurement
described above can be implemented without leaving the framework of
the invention. A sample or a "small surface" of the aforesaid
sample, such as employed above, can contain from a few traps to a
very great number, according to the optimization of the method used
and technologies of stimulation and measurements employed. The
number of traps necessary to the transmission and the reception of
information takes account of the fading, inverse fading, and the
sensitivity and precision of the apparatuses of irradiation or
illumination and of the apparatuses of luminescence detection.
[0066] The traps of certain photoluminescent or thermoluminescent
complex materials can be emptied by internal conversion and not
emit luminescence during stimulation. In this case, the signal
appears by a change of the intensity of fading.
[0067] The samples bombarded, irradiated or illuminated can be
transported to long distances and, in particular in the case of
thermoluminescence, can wait long periods while being always likely
to be stimulated. In a specific mode of the invention, at least an
entangled sample can be preserved at a very low temperature ranging
between -273.degree. C. and 20.degree. C. in order to minimize
fading, which prolongs the time of utilization of the sample. The
traps have a half-life, which can extend from a nanosecond to 4.6
billion years.
[0068] According to the theory of Quantum Mechanics there is no
known method of interference between a master and a slave. The
slaves are the only ones being able to receive the signals of the
masters, which allow implementations of the communication of key
elements of cryptography, or codes of activation.
[0069] The method, purpose of the invention, are described above in
its principle on two photoluminescent or thermoluminescent material
samples, the "master" and the "slave", prepared according to the
methods described for the phase of bombardment, irradiation or
illumination, and exploited according to the described techniques
of stimulation and measurement of luminescence.
[0070] The method, purpose of the invention, can also be
implemented to more than two samples prepared according to the
described methods for the phase of bombardment, irradiation or
illumination, without leaving the framework of the invention:
according to the method employed, the samples present quantum
couplings between them or sub-assemblies of these samples. For
examples: [0071] if samples are placed under a common beam, then
they contain quantum couplings statistically distributed such that
each sample can communicate with all the others, each sample having
the capacity to be master or slave. [0072] if K samples E1.sub.k (K
ranging between 1 and K) are placed under an entangled beam F1, and
M samples E2.sub.m (m ranging between 1 and M) are placed under the
other entangled beam F2, the E1.sub.k samples have each quantum
couplings statistically distributed with the E2.sub.m samples so
that each E1.sub.k sample can communicate with each E2.sub.m sample
and that each E2.sub.m sample can communicate with each E1.sub.k
sample. On the other hand, the E1.sub.k samples cannot communicate
between them and the E2.sub.m samples cannot communicate between
them. These properties can be exploited for ad hoc and secure
"point to multipoint" or "multipoint to multipoint"
communications.
[0073] Generalization with the use of N entangled beams (N being
from 1 to 999), for example obtained by means of successive
splittings of beams by several BBO crystals, does not leave the
framework of the invention. In the same way, the use of a
stimulation modulated in amplitude and/or frequency of one or more
master samples to communicate a luminescence variation partially
correlated with one or more slave samples, does not leave the
framework of the invention. Finally the extension of the method on
two or several groups of entangled samples placed on one or more
supports, exploited simultaneously or successively, by means of one
or several implementations of the apparatuses, purposes of the
invention, neither leave the framework of the invention.
[0074] The groups of master samples or slaves samples are generally
solids made of photoluminescent or thermoluminescent material,
natural or artificial crystals, placed on a support or incorporated
in, or between, other materials. These crystals can also be used in
various chemical or physical forms, for example in a powder
form.
[0075] A group of entangled samples can contain samples in
different physical and/or chemical forms. A group of entangled
samples can also contain samples of which one at least underwent a
physical and/or chemical transformation after bombardment,
irradiation or illumination. The photoluminescent or
thermoluminescent materials are, for example, selected among those
listed in tables 1 and 2. Other photoluminescent or
thermoluminescent, natural or artificial crystals, can be used
without leaving the framework of the invention.
[0076] The samples of the same group can be of different natures,
for example one can be in powder and the other can be in a film. A
mixture of several photoluminescent or thermoluminescent materials
of different nature can also be used.
[0077] The irradiation of the samples can be made with any type of
generator of ad hoc entangled particles and the detection of the
correlated luminescence of the "slave" samples can be measured with
any type of suitable detector. The stimulation of a "master" sample
can be implemented by any type of adapted source of infrared light,
visible light, ultraviolet light or an adapted calorific
source.
[0078] It is also possible that progress of the techniques allows
for the use of instruments more sophisticated than those known at
present and it is also possible that progress will improve the
performances mentioned in this invention without leaving the
framework of the invention. An amplitude modulation of stimulations
can be used to send a message. More complex modulations such as
frequency and/or amplitude modulation of stimulations can also be
used.
[0079] One can stimulate specific materials, if a mixture of
materials is used, by one of the following techniques of
stimulation: [0080] the heating which implements vibrations of the
crystal lattice in the form of phonons of energy (k T), k being the
Boltzmann constant and T the absolute temperature. This technique
is macroscopic. FIG. 1 and tables 1 and 2 show for example that the
listed materials present different responses in temperature with
emission of photons of different wavelengths for each
photoluminescent or thermoluminescent material. Consequently, the
master sample containing a mixture of photoluminescent or
thermoluminescent materials can be stimulated according to a
particular curve of variation of the temperature versus time.
Consequently, one or several slave samples containing the same
mixture of photoluminescent or thermoluminescent materials, or
another mixture in known proportions, present then a spectrum of
emissions of photons in wavelengths and amplitude varying in time,
which makes it possible to improve the signal to noise ratio of the
transmission. [0081] the optimized radiation, for example provided
by a laser of infrared, or possibly visible or ultraviolet light,
which emits photons of energy (hv), h being the Planck's constant
and v being the frequency of the photon. The radiation is optimized
in frequency, intensity and duration for each photoluminescent or
thermoluminescent material. The spectral response of the material
or the mixture of materials used is characteristic. Slave samples
containing the same mixture of photoluminescent or
thermoluminescent materials that the master sample, or another
mixture in known proportions, present then a spectrum of emissions
of photons in wavelengths and amplitudes versus time, which makes
it possible to improve the signal to noise ratio of the
transmission. In a specific mode of the technique of optimized
radiation, at least one sample can be maintained at a low
temperature (ranging between -273.degree. C. and 20.degree. C.) in
order to eliminate the secondary effect from the phonons due to
heat, and thus to obtain a spectrum of emissions of photons whose
characteristic lines are better defined. The technique of optimized
radiation can be exploited up to microscopic level, and in
particular in nanotechnology, either on the level of the entangled
samples, or on the level of the small surfaces illuminated in the
aforementioned entangled samples. The recursion of the phases of
stimulation/measurement can be much higher in these techniques
making it possible to reach a great flow of emitted and received
information.
SUMMARY DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0082] FIG. 1 represents the response of luminescence during the
heating of two thermoluminescent samples.
[0083] FIG. 2 schematically represents the irradiation of two
samples of a photoluminescent or thermoluminescent material with
entangled gamma or X radiation or entangled ultraviolet or visible
light.
[0084] FIG. 3 schematically represents the principle of the quantum
coupling between the stimulated sample, the "master", on the left
and the receiving sample, the "slave", on the right.
[0085] FIG. 4 illustrates a mode of implementation of the invention
in which a plurality of samples is placed on two films that can be
irradiated in a sequence and together by entangled gamma, or X rays
produced by a generator, or with entangled ultraviolet or visible
light.
[0086] FIG. 5 illustrates the use of films to communicate. On the
left of the figure, signals are emitted with phase or amplitude
modulation of the stimulation of the master sample. On the right,
the signal coming from slave sample is detected by a
photomultiplier or a photodiode.
[0087] FIG. 6 represents films unwound such as they are presented
in front of the systems of stimulation and of detection.
[0088] FIG. 7 represents schematically two apparatuses: one, on the
left, is used as a transmitter and the other, on the right, is used
as a receiver. The functionalities can be reversed, allowing
communications in semi-duplex.
[0089] FIG. 8 represents schematically two apparatuses: one, on the
left, is used as a transmitter with one of the samples and the
other, on the right, is used as a receiver on the totality of the
other samples. This functionality allows simple communications
without synchronization of the discs carrying the groups of
entangled samples.
[0090] Table 1 enumerates the main photoluminescent materials
available at present with their characteristics. Very many
artificial materials exist with various atoms of doping or
combinations of atoms of doping or dislocations.
[0091] Table 2 enumerates the main thermoluminescent materials
available at present with their characteristics. Very many
artificial materials exist with various atoms of doping or
combinations of atoms of doping or dislocations. The data of this
table are approximate since they are sometimes different according
to the authors and the nature of the samples.
MANNERS OF IMPLEMENTING THE INVENTION
[0092] Manners of implementing the invention are described below.
However it is specified that the present invention can be
implemented in various ways. Thus, the specific details mentioned
below should not be understood as limiting the implementation, but
rather as a descriptive basis to support the claims and to teach
the expert the use of the present invention, in practically the
totality of the systems, structures or manners, that are detailed
and can be adapted.
[0093] According to a specific mode of the invention, two
thermoluminescent or photoluminescent material samples, for example
samples of oxide Aluminum doped with Carbon, are bombarded,
irradiated or illuminated by entangled particles, for example by
entangled gamma photons of a linear accelerator of type CLINAC
(Compact Linear Accelerator), during a sufficient time to reach a
dose close to saturation, roughly 10 Gray (Jkg.sup.-1), and it
takes generally a few minutes. These samples are then maintained in
the darkness in order not to decrease the "fading".
[0094] FIG. 2 schematically represents the irradiation of the two
samples (6) and (7) by entangled ionizing radiation (4) and (5) in
the obscure chamber (8). The source (3) can be of the CLINAC type,
for example. In the case of photoluminescence, the entangled
radiation (4) and (5) can be ultraviolet rays or visible light.
[0095] FIG. 3 schematically represents the experiment of a remote
communication. A symbolic separation (12) represents any medium and
distances between the transmitter on the left and the receiver on
the right. The entangled sample (6), the "master", is placed in the
obscure chamber (9) of the transmitter. A lamp or a laser of
infra-red, or possibly visible or ultraviolet light (10),
illuminates with the radiation (11) and heats the sample (6). The
heating can also take place with a resistance in particular in the
case of thermoluminescent samples. The receiving system is also
made of an obscure chamber (15). It includes the entangled sample
(7), the "slave", whose luminescence (14) illuminates a detector
(13), for example a photomultiplier or a photodiode. A system, not
represented, records the luminescence according to the temperature
or the time. The implementation of the invention is more complex to
allow the transmission and the reception of a succession of signals
as indicated in the continuation.
[0096] According to another specific mode of the invention, the
bombardment, the irradiation or the illumination are represented on
FIG. 4. The samples are presented, for example, in the form of a
the Teflon film, which contains thermoluminescent or
photoluminescent material. On this figure, a particle accelerator
(16) directs towards on target (18) some accelerated particles
(17), for example of electrons. In the obscure chamber (19), the
entangled gamma rays, X-rays, ultraviolet rays or visible photons
(20) and (21) are sent on thermoluminescent or photoluminescent
films (22) and (23) for the irradiation of surfaces of any form,
square, circles, or rectangles. They are named "frames" in the
continuation. These frames will be presented in a synchronous way,
one by one, and will stop the time necessary for the irradiation
used to send and receive the messages. The films are rolled up in
containers (24) and (25). The unwinding of films for the
irradiation of each frame is ensured by the mechanisms (26) and
(29). Rewinding can be done with the mechanisms (28) and (27).
These mechanisms are controlled by a timer (30). This timer also
controls the particle accelerator (16). A great number of
correlated irradiations can be made in a sequence for each
container. One of the containers contains "master" film, the other
contains "slave" film The aforementioned containers are light tight
like the containers of photography film.
[0097] According to the same mode of implementation of the
invention, FIG. 5 represents the remote stimulation of the slave
film. A symbolic separation (41) represents any medium and
distances between the transmitter on the left and the receiver on
the right. The left part of the figure represents the apparatus
that causes the stimulation of the master samples (34), irradiated
beforehand at the same time as the slave samples, to send messages.
These samples coming from the film contained in the containers (35)
and (36), are exposed in the dark chamber (32) to the radiation of
infra-red, or possibly visible or ultraviolet light (33), coming
from the source of light (31), for example of a laser. Mechanisms
(37) and (38) ensure the unwinding of thermoluminescent or
photoluminescent film. A timer (39) adjusts the operation of the
mechanisms for unwinding the film frame by frame and the lighting
of the source (31). The signals to be transmitted are provided by
the generator (40) which controls the modulation of the intensity
in amplitude and duration of stimulation for each frame.
[0098] The right part of FIG. 5 represents the signal receiver. A
detector of luminescence, for example a photomultiplier or a
photodiode (43), is placed in the wall of a dark chamber (44). It
receives the luminescence radiation of luminescence (45) emitted by
the frame (46) of a thermoluminescent or photoluminescent film.
This film is contained in the containers (47) and (48), themselves
actuated by the mechanisms (49) and (50). The timer (51) controls
the mechanisms and the recorder (42). No communication is necessary
for the synchronization of the emission and the reception because
the receiver is put in watch on the first frame. When a signal
appears, the sequence of presentation of the receiving frames
starts at an agreed rate identical to that of the emitting
system.
[0099] In another mode of implementation, the films can move
simultaneously and continuously for the exposure to the entangled
radiation as illustrated on FIG. 4. To carry out a
telecommunication between a master film and a slave film as
indicated on FIG. 5, the slave remains on watch on the beginning of
the slave film. When a signal appears, the unwinding of the slave
film is done at a speed identical to that of the unwinding speed of
the master film. It is also possible to code the stopping of the
slave film and its restarting. Of course, during all these
measurements, it is taken account of the very weak natural decrease
of the luminescence of the thermoluminescent or photoluminescent
substances used.
[0100] The apparatuses described previously are examples of
implementation. Other means to present the samples or films at the
irradiation and detection can be employed without leaving the
framework of the invention. In particular, the use of two separate
beams of entangled particles, or entangled gamma rays, X rays, or
ultraviolet or visible light, for the bombardment, the irradiation
or the illumination is possible without leaving the framework of
the invention.
[0101] An example of film is illustrated on FIG. 6. On the film
(55), the "master", small surfaces (58), (60, . . . (74) and on the
film (56), the "slave", of small surfaces (57), (59), . . . (75),
are irradiated two by two simultaneously and independently by
separate beams of entangled particles two by two. The master and
the slave can then separated by very long distances, through any
mediums and the films being exploited as follows: each one being in
a darkroom: the generator of photons of infrared, or possibly
visible or ultraviolet light (53) strongly illuminates a small
surface (58), a strong signal is then received by the detector of
luminescence, for example a photomultiplier or a photodiode (54). A
synchronized movement of two films is then started. The surfaces
(60), (62), (64), . . . etc are then illuminated successively with
various intensities and corresponding signals on surfaces (59),
(61), (63), . . . etc are recorded. To stop the movement of films,
for example, two strong illuminations in a sequence are applied on
surfaces (66) and (68) of the master film. These strong signals are
detected by the slave film in (65) and (67) and cause the stopping
of the slave film. The restarting of films is done by a strong
illumination on surface (70) causing a strong signal on surface
(69) and the restarting of the slave film. New signals are
transmitted with surface (72) and following corresponding to
surface (71) and following. A strong signal on surface (74)
received by surface (73) indicates the end of the message. This
mode of very elementary implementation, can be implemented in a
more complex way without leaving the framework of the invention.
The films can be replaced by discs, small surfaces placed on one or
more circumferences without leaving the framework of the invention.
In the case of films as well as in that of discs, surfaces can be
joined to form a long trace and the irradiation like the
stimulation and detection can be done by continuous displacement of
films or continuous rotation of the discs again without leaving the
framework of the invention. The generator of photons of stimulation
(53) and the detector of luminescence (54) on FIG. 6 can be
regrouped in the same instrument as shown in the FIG. 7. The
supports of thermoluminescent or photoluminescent materials
bombarded, irradiated, or illuminated, beforehand made of, for
example of films or discs, can then be used either as transmitters
of signal or as receivers. A semi-duplex communication can thus be
established. On FIG. 7, the enclosure (76) contains the generator
of infra-red photons, or possibly visible or ultraviolet light for
stimulation (77) and the detector of luminescence (78). They are
oriented in way either to illuminate the surface (75) to stimulate
it in emission mode as shown on the left, or to detect the
luminescence of surface (75) in reception mode as shown on the
right. This transmitter-receiver is normally put in watch in a
reception mode (right part of the figure). It is used in emission
mode only when a message must be sent. In emission mode (left part
of the figure), an obturator (79) protects the detector from the
luminescence.
[0102] When a confirmation of a transmitted information is
required, two systems such as that described on FIG. 5 are used.
For example, Alice and Bob have each one two films or entangled
discs two by two, each one fitted with a generator of infra-red
photon, or possibly visible or ultraviolet light, and of a detector
of luminescence, for example a photomultiplier or a photodiode.
Telecommunication between Alice and Bob can then be carried out in
duplex.
[0103] FIG. 8 schematically shows another mode of exploitation of
two supports, for example of the discs, containing entangled
samples two by two. The disc master (84) is placed in the dark
chamber (80). The sample (82), for example, is stimulated, for
example, by the infra-red laser, or possibly visible or ultraviolet
light (86). In the dark chamber (81) the entangled sample
corresponding (83) of the slave support (85) produces a partially
correlated variation of luminescence, which is measured through a
convergent device, for example a lens (88), by the detector of
luminescence (87). Said detector can receive the luminescence of
any sample of support (85). Consequently, no synchronization
between the two supports (84) and (85) is necessary in this
implementation of the invention to transmit and receive a message.
The elements (87) and (88) can be replaced by a numerical camera
with several million pixels, making it possible to exploit
information associated with the localization of the slave
sample.
POSSIBILITIES OF INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS
[0104] Various industrial applications are immediately possible:
emergency signals in the mines, sea-beds, at interplanetary
distances, etc
[0105] Devices according to the invention, including commercial
kits of demonstration of the method, can consist of whole or part
of the following apparatuses: [0106] apparatuses of bombardment,
irradiation or illumination of particles entangled as described
above, [0107] apparatuses of stimulation as described above, [0108]
apparatuses of detection of luminescence as described above.
[0109] Some of these apparatuses, in that they are intended to
implement the method purpose of the invention, can be conceived,
manufactured or assembled by the same company or different
companies, or in the same place or different places, without
leaving the framework of the protection sought by this patent
insofar as the aforementioned apparatus are conceived, manufactured
or assembled on the place of protection of this patent, including
the aircraft, the marine, underwater and space vessels, and the
terrestrial, marine and space probes.
[0110] Some of these apparatuses, in that they are intended to
implement the method purpose of the invention, can be exploited by
the same company or different companies, or in the same place or
different places, without leaving the framework of the protection
sought by this patent, insofar as at least one of these apparatuses
is exploited on the place of protection of this patent, including
the aircraft, the marine, underwater and space vessels, and the
terrestrial, marine and space probes.
[0111] With thermoluminescent or photoluminescent materials of long
lifespan, simple communications, one-way communications,
semi-duplex or duplex communications, can be established. These
communications can be detected only by the receiving samples. They
are thus rigorously secret. They are also practically instantaneous
and can be implemented through all mediums and at all
distances.
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[0133] Tables: TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Peak of Peak of Visible
Duration of Chemical excitation emission luminescence excitation
Substance composition (nm) (nm) during (minutes) SrS: Ca, Bi SrS:
Ca, Bi 360 480 45 days 30 ZnS: Cu ZnS: Cu 360 520 200 min. 4 ZnS:
Cu: Mn ZnS: Cu: Mn 360 640 600 min. 4 SrAl + add. Conf. 360 640 45
days 30 SrAl + add. Conf. 360 650 45 days 30 SrAl + add. Conf. 360
670 45 days 30 SrAl + add. Conf. 360 680 45 days 30 SrAl + add.
Conf. 360 580 45 days 30 SrAl + add. Conf. 360 500 45 days 30 Add.
for additive not revealed; Conf. For confidential.
[0134] TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Temperature of maximum Wavelength
Saturation Fading Substance Molecule (.degree. C.) (nm) Gray (J/kg)
(%/year) Calcite CO.sub.3Ca: Impurities 275 120 0.001 Natural
quartz SiO.sub.2: Impurities 370 370 1000 0.001 460-560 Quartz
second cycle SiO.sub.2: Impurities 110 560 400 5 Doped molten
quartz SiO.sub.2: Cu 130-185 500 400 5 Zircon ZrSiO.sub.4:
Impurities 300 365 100 0.001 Potassic feldspar Si.sub.3AlO.sub.9: K
150-270 380 2000 0.03 Borosilicate glass
SiO.sub.2--B.sub.2O.sub.3--Al.sub.2O.sub.3 220 500 300 0.01
Na.sub.2O: impurities Aluminum oxide Al.sub.2O.sub.3: C 180 325-410
50 12 Lithium fluoride LiF: Mg, Cu, P 155 410 1000 5 Lithium
fluoride LiF: Mg, Cu, Na, Si 230 410 1000 5 Calcium fluoride
CaF.sub.2: Mn 285-390 340 1000 5 Calcium sulfate CaSO.sub.4: Dy 220
340-360 100 4
* * * * *
References