U.S. patent application number 11/647311 was filed with the patent office on 2007-11-22 for deflectable variable radius catheters.
Invention is credited to Elizabeth Nee, Sheldon Nelson, Duy Nguyen, Guy P. Vanney.
Application Number | 20070270679 11/647311 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 38712827 |
Filed Date | 2007-11-22 |
United States Patent
Application |
20070270679 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Nguyen; Duy ; et
al. |
November 22, 2007 |
Deflectable variable radius catheters
Abstract
The invention provides a deflectable catheter capable of forming
many variable radius spiral forms from a single, flexible, distal
end section. In one aspect, the catheter employs a variable radius
control wire to extend or deform a pre-formed loop structure into a
three dimensional spiral-like form or geometry. The ability of a
single catheter to create the multitude of shapes and sizes
possible allows users to access a greater number of anatomical
areas without changing the catheter during a procedure or
treatment. In another aspect, the invention encompasses methods of
producing deflectable variable radius catheters, where two or more
regions of the catheter having common control wires are fused or
formed onto one another.
Inventors: |
Nguyen; Duy; (Corona,
CA) ; Nelson; Sheldon; (Plymouth, MN) ; Nee;
Elizabeth; (Minneapolis, MN) ; Vanney; Guy P.;
(Blaine, MN) |
Correspondence
Address: |
SJM/AFD-WILEY
14901 DEVEAU PLACE
MINNETONKA
MN
55345-2126
US
|
Family ID: |
38712827 |
Appl. No.: |
11/647311 |
Filed: |
December 29, 2006 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
60800851 |
May 17, 2006 |
|
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|
Current U.S.
Class: |
600/373 ;
600/585; 604/523 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61M 25/0141 20130101;
A61M 25/0152 20130101; A61M 2025/0161 20130101; A61M 2025/015
20130101; A61M 25/0043 20130101; A61M 25/0136 20130101; A61M
25/0147 20130101; A61M 2025/105 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
600/373 ;
600/585; 604/523 |
International
Class: |
A61M 25/00 20060101
A61M025/00 |
Claims
1. A catheter comprising a proximal section comprising a shaft and
a control section at a proximal end, the control section operably
connected to two or more bidirectional control wires and a variable
radius control wire; and a distal section comprising at desired
points along its length at least one electrode, a connection point
for the variable radius control wire, and a connection point for
the at least two bidirectional control wires, wherein engaging one
or more of the bidirectional control causes a left to right motion
in the distal section, and wherein engaging the variable radius
control wire modifies the radius of the loop.
2. The catheter of claim 1, wherein there are two or more
connection points in the distal section for the at least two
bidirectional control wires.
3. The catheter of claim 2, wherein the two or more connection
points are pull rings around the circumference of the catheter.
4. The catheter of claim 1, further comprising a shape wire at the
distal section.
5. The catheter of claim 4, wherein the shape wire is a Nitinol
composition.
6. The catheter of claim 4, wherein the radius control wire is
connected to a distal end and the distal end comprises a tip
electrode.
7. The catheter of claim 1, wherein the distal section comprises an
exterior polymer cover.
8. The catheter of claim 7, wherein the polymer is a flexible
polyether block amide.
9. The catheter of claim 8, wherein more than one polymer
composition is used along the length of the distal section and at
least two polymer compositions have different hardness
properties.
10. The catheter of claim 1, wherein there are two bidirectional
control wires contained in at least a first compression coil and
the variable radius control wire is contained within at least a
second compression coil.
11. The catheter of claim 10, wherein the second compression coil
is inside the lumen of the first compression coil.
12. The catheter of claim 10, wherein a portion of the
bidirectional control wires are flattened wires.
13. The catheter of claim 11, wherein a portion of the control
wires are flattened, and wherein the flattened sections are
connected at one end to a first pull ring.
14. The catheter of claim 13, wherein a second pull ring is
positioned at a different point along the length of the distal
section than the first pull ring.
15. The catheter of claim 7, wherein the external surface of the
distal section comprises at least one sensing electrode.
16. The catheter of claim 8, wherein the external surface of the
distal section comprises at least one sensing electrode.
17. The catheter of claim 15, wherein the external surface
comprises at least 5 sensing electrodes and a tip electrode.
18. The catheter of claim 16, wherein the external surface
comprises at least 5 sensing electrodes and a tip electrode.
19. A method of forming a desired three dimensional loop form in a
catheter distal section, for positioning the catheter in an
intracardial or epicardial area, comprising providing a catheter
having at least one control wire and at least one variable radius
control wire; inserting the catheter into a patient and advancing
the catheter end to an epicardial or intracardial position;
engaging at least one control wire; and engaging the variable
radius control wire to modify the radius of a loop form.
20. The method of claim 19, wherein the catheter comprises two
bidirectional control wires and a variable radius control wire.
21. The method of claim 19, wherein the control wire is housed in a
first compression coil along the length of the catheter, and the
variable radius control wire is housed in a second compression coil
along the length of the catheter.
22. A deflectable catheter comprising a flexible distal end section
having a tip or tip electrode and a proximal end having two or more
actuators for controlling the shape of the distal end section; a
first control wire connected to a desired point in a central
catheter shaft; a variable radius control wire connected at or near
the tip or tip electrode of the distal end section; a central
catheter shaft connecting the distal end section to the proximal
end; an actuator at the proximal end that engages the first control
wire to produce a desired deflection in the distal end section; and
an actuator at the proximal end that engages the variable radius
control wire to modify a loop form at the distal end.
23. The deflectable catheter of claim 22, wherein the distal end
section is covered by one or more flexible polymer compositions
24. The deflectable catheter of claim 23, wherein the polymer
composition is selected from polyether block amide (PEBA);
polyethylene; polyetherimide; polypropylene; polyetheretherketone
(PEEK); polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE); Ultra High Molecular Weight
(UHMW) polyethylene; high density polyethylene (HDPE); polyimide;
polyaryletherketones; polyetheretherketones; polyurethane;
polypropylene; oriented polypropylene; polyethylene; crystallized
polyethylene terephthalate; polyethylene terephthalate; polyester;
polyoxymethylene; polyamide-imide (PAI); polyoxymethylene (POM),
acetal resin; and polyvinylidene fluoride.
25. The deflectable catheter of claim 24, wherein two or more
polymer compositions having different hardness properties on a
durometer scale are selected.
26. The deflectable catheter of claim 22, wherein the first control
wire is housed in the first compression coil and the variable
radius control wire is housed in the second compression coil.
27. The deflectable catheter of claim 22, wherein the distal end
section further comprises a shape wire.
28. The deflectable catheter of claim 27, wherein the shape wire
and first control wire are connected or bonded to each other.
29. The deflectable catheter of claim 27, wherein the first control
wire is the shape wire.
30. The deflectable catheter of claim 22, wherein the first control
wire has a distal section with a flattened shape.
31. The deflectable catheter of claim 30, wherein the first control
wire has a transition point from a flattened shape to a round
shape.
32. The deflectable catheter of claim 30, wherein the flattened
shape is connected to a pull ring.
33. The deflectable catheter of claim 32, wherein the pull ring
comprises two separated circumferential sections.
34. The deflectable catheter of claim 22, further comprising a
second control wire.
35. The deflectable catheter of claim 34, the first and second
control wires are housed in a first compression coil.
36. The deflectable catheter of claim 35, wherein the variable
radius control wire is housed in a second compression coil.
37. The deflectable catheter of claim 36, further comprising a
braided reinforcing member along a desired length of the catheter,
the braided reinforcing and positioned internal to an external
polymer covering.
38. The deflectable catheter of claim 34, further comprising a
shape wire in the distal end section.
39. The deflectable catheter of claim 34, further comprising a
third control wire connected to a desired point at or near the tip
or tip electrode of the distal end section.
40. The deflectable catheter of claim 34, further comprising a
fourth control wire connected to a desired point at or near the tip
or tip electrode of the distal end section.
41. The deflectable catheter of claim 39, wherein at least one of
the first, second or third control wires is covered in PTFE
tubing.
42. The deflectable catheter of claim 40, wherein at least one of
the first, second, third, or fourth control wires has a distal
section with a flattened shape.
43. The deflectable catheter of claim 42, wherein the flattened
shape is connected to a pull ring.
44. The deflectable catheter of claim 42, wherein the at least two
control wires has a distal section with a flattened shape and both
flattened control wires are connected to at least one pull
ring.
45. The deflectable catheter of claim 27, where the two compression
coils extend from the proximal end and terminate at different
points along the length of the catheter.
46. The deflectable catheter of claim 27, where the two compression
coils extend from the proximal end and terminate at the same point
along the length of the catheter.
Description
RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application claims full priority benefit of prior U.S.
Provisional application 60/800,851, filed May 17, 2006, the entire
contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The invention relates to catheters with improved deflectable
and/or control characteristics, methods of using the catheters, and
methods of producing them. In one aspect, for example, the
invention encompasses a catheter design that allows a desired loop
or partial loop to be formed at a distal end and the loop to be
further controlled, for example, by contracting or extending into a
spiral form or into a variable size and length, and also to be
controlled in bilateral movement left to right without the
bilateral movement affecting the contracting or extending, or vice
versa. Thus, the invention provides improved control over the
motion of the catheter. The catheter can also replace the use of
multiple catheters having different distal end loop sizes with a
single, flexible catheter capable of forming variable loop sizes
along its length.
RELATED ART AND BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION
[0003] Deflectable or steerable catheters are used in various
medical and surgical procedures, including ablation, such as
arrhythmia ablation, mapping, such as cardiac mapping, and drug
delivery, such as intracardial drug delivery. The steerable
function can be accomplished by three modes of actions: straight
translational movement along the direction of the catheter length;
deflection of an end or distal section in one direction or in one
plane; and turning of the catheter shaft to direct the deflected
end toward the desired point. A control wire or pull wire
positioned inside the catheter, usually connecting to the distal
end, is used to direct the degree of deflection of the distal
section. As known in the art, a catheter typically comprises a
distal end that enters the body, and a proximal end that controls
the movement or function at the distal end, the proximal end
remaining outside the body. Deflection is generally within one
plane, having only a curl or sweep profile. The control wire is
operably connected to some type of a pulling mechanism, which is
connected to a control device at the proximal end of the catheter
shaft. The degree of pulling on the mechanism directs the movement
of the control wire and thus the degree of deflection of the distal
end of the catheter shaft.
[0004] In many cases, the control wire is located off of center
relative to the catheter shaft. This allows a curve toward an
intended deflection side. When the control wire is pulled, the
catheter deflects toward the side of the catheter in which the wire
is located. A bidirectional deflection is also possible, where two
control wires are located on opposite sides of the catheter and the
pulling on one control wire causes a deflection in one direction in
a plane, and pulling on the other causes the opposite deflection in
the same plane.
[0005] There are several known deficiencies with the use of
existing steerable catheters. For example, the control in the
direction of deflection is limited, and both the surface of the
catheter and the interior space used for the control wire can
operate inefficiently to cause unintended movement, or lack of
movement, of the catheter tip. Furthermore, for those catheters
designed to form a loop at the distal end, the size and shape of
the loop is generally fixed by the length of the pull wire and/or
the loop form is fixed within a single plane. Thus, catheters
capable of improved control of the distal tip and those capable of
forming a loop of variable sizes are desired in the art.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0006] It is desirable to be able to direct catheter tips or distal
sections of catheters in a variety of directions to accommodate
numerous surgical procedures and anatomical features. In one
aspect, the invention provides a deflectable catheter capable of
forming one of many variable radius, spiral forms from a flexible
distal end section. In one embodiment, the catheter employs a
variable radius control wire to extend, contract, or deform a
pre-formed loop structure, as a loop structure is typically
produced from conventional, bidirectional deflectable catheter. The
extended loop can essentially create a three dimensional,
spiral-like form or geometry. The loop can also form a partial or
complete circle. The ability of a single catheter to create the
multitude of shapes and sizes possible allows a user to access a
greater number of anatomical areas without changing the catheter or
the size of the distal end during a procedure or treatment.
[0007] In a general aspect, the invention provides a catheter
comprising a proximal section with a shaft and a control actuator
at a proximal end, where the control actuator is connected to two
or more bidirectional control wires. These wires can be engaged at
the proximal end to produce a left to right motion in the distal
end. The proximal section also comprises a second control actuator
for separate control of a variable radius control wire. A distal
section of the catheter comprises, at desired points along its
length, at least one electrode, such as a sensing electrode or
ablation electrode, and the distal section also comprises a
connection point for the variable radius control wire, and a
connection point for the at least two bidirectional control wires.
The connection point for the variable radius control wire is
typically in the loop section, while the connection point for the
bidirectional control wires is proximal to the connection point for
the variable radius control wire. Of course, the engagement of the
control wire or wires and the engagement of the variable radius
control wire can occur simultaneously to produce two independent
planes of motion. The two independent planes of motion are allowed
by use of two separate compression coils, one for each plane of
motion, the motion in each plane is accomplished independently of
motion in the other plane, and is done without affecting the
position of the distal tip in the other plane.
[0008] The first compression coil can be in the inside diameter of
the polymer shaft of the catheter, and extend from the proximal end
of the shaft to the distal end of the straight portion of the
shaft. The two bidirectional control wires are housed inside this
first compression coil. Also housed inside the first compression
coil is the second compression coil. While there can be a
connection of the two compression coils at the proximal end of the
second compression coil, the first and second compression coils are
generally not connected, and may move independently of each other
in the lateral direction. The variable radius control wire is
housed in the lumen of the second compression coil. The second
compression coil can run from the proximal end of the catheter to
the tip electrode, or can run from a point on the first compression
coil to a point inside the loop.
[0009] Various alternatives and specific embodiments of this
general catheter are possible. For example, the catheter can
further comprise a shape wire at the distal section, where the
shape wire is preferably a Nitinol composition. The radius control
wire can be connected to the distal end and the distal end can
comprise a tip electrode. The catheter distal section can be
composed of a variety of external, biocompatible coatings or
coverings as known in the art, including a flexible polyether block
amide, such as one of the many Pebax polymers available. More than
one polymer composition can be used along the length of the distal
section and at least two polymer compositions can have different
hardness properties on the durometer A scale. When two
bidirectional control wires and one variable radius control wire
are used, the bidirectional control wires and the variable radius
control wire can be housed separately within separate compression
coils. The variable radius control wire is in a separate
compression coil to avoid unintended left to right movement of the
distal tip section of the kind preferably controlled by the
bidirectional control wires when engaging the variable radius
control wire to adjust the loop at the distal end. In a preferred
embodiment, additional control of the desired loop form or spiral
form can be achieved by using a flattened wire portion of the
variable radius control wire, such that, for example, the most
distal end and the end connecting to the tip or near the tip is a
flattened wire. The use of flattened wire sections enables
increased control over the loop.
[0010] In another general aspect, the invention provides a method
of using the catheters and distal end sections of catheters. For
example, the methods can be used to form a desired
three-dimensional spiral form in a catheter distal section, and for
positioning the catheter in an intracardial, epicardial, or
pulmonary vein area. These methods can comprise inserting the
catheter into a patient and advancing the catheter end to desired
position. By engaging at least one control wire, one produces a
desired loop form from a desired distal end structure, comprising
the control wire and pull ring features noted above or throughout
this disclosure. Engaging the variable radius control wire can
extend the desired loop form into spiral form. Preferably, two
bidirectional control wires are used that are together capable of
causing a desired loop to form in the distal section of the
catheter. A preferred method of using the catheters of the
invention includes use in mapping or ablating the pulmonary vein
ostium and surrounding areas of the heart, as in atrial
fibrillation diagnosis and treatment procedures known in the
art.
[0011] In another general aspect, the invention provides a
deflectable catheter comprising a flexible distal end section,
having a distal tip and optionally a tip electrode, and having a
proximal end with two or more actuators for controlling the shape
of the distal end section. A first control wire, and optionally
more than one control wire, is connected to a desired deflection
point at or near the end of a straight portion of the central shaft
region, and a variable radius control wire is connected at or near
the distal tip or tip electrode. As commonly known, the catheter
can include a central shaft region that connects the distal end
section to a handle and actuator at the proximal end. The shaft
includes connections or continuing wire lengths so that a first,
and optional additional control wire and the variable radius
control wire can be operably attached to the actuators at the
proximal end for the user to engage the wires. One of the actuators
at the proximal end can engage a first control wire to produce a
left to right motion at the end of the straight portion of the
central shaft region. Then, another actuator at the proximal end
that engages the variable radius control wire can reduce or extend
the radius of the loop.
[0012] In another aspect, the invention provides a deflectable
shaft and deflectable loop. The deflectable loop can be composed of
an outer polymeric member with attached sensing electrodes, shape
wire, control wire, tubing, and tip electrode. In a preferred
embodiment, the polymers used at different points or sections of
the catheter can differ, so that sections at the proximal end are
made of a harder composition than the sections at the distal end.
More particularly, a pattern of polymers having desired hardness,
such as with the Shore D or durometer D hardness scale, can be
selected for a particular section of the catheter to accommodate an
expected or desired curvature during the use of the catheter.
[0013] Examples and preferred methods to produce the catheters of
the invention and the final selection of internal tubing,
sheathing, reinforcing braids or tubes, and heat-shrinking polymers
to produce a desired inside and outside diameter are noted
below.
[0014] A variety of catheters can be produced or used in accordance
with the disclosure of this invention, including, without
limitation, steerable catheters, introducers, RF or ultrasound
ablation catheters, urologic catheters, drainage catheters,
coronary sinus catheters, angiography catheters, catheters for
locating pulmonary veins, intra-cardiac echo catheters, aortic
bypass catheters, stent delivery or balloon catheters, imaging
agent or contrast agent or drug or biological agent delivery
catheters, EP or cardiac mapping catheters, sizing catheters, all
in a wide variety of lengths and diameters. One of skill in the art
is familiar with adapting the use of a deflectable or steerable
catheter in a variety medical and surgical procedures.
[0015] The foregoing and other aspects, features, details,
utilities, and advantages of the present invention will be apparent
from reading the following description and claims, and from
reviewing the accompanying drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0016] FIG. 1A depicts a distal loop assembly or distal loop
section of a catheter, comprising a control wire section and tip
electrode consistent with the invention. In this design, the
electrode tip has a recessed distal section to allow a multiple
sensor or electrode ring assembly (FIG. 1B) to fit over the length
and terminate at the recessed section of the tip to produce a
smooth end.
[0017] FIG. 1B depicts a multiple electrode or sensor ring assembly
for use over the design of FIG. 1A.
[0018] FIG. 2 depicts a cross sectional view of an exemplary
combination of the inner control wire assembly of a catheter of the
invention.
[0019] FIG. 3 is a view of the pull ring section as shown in FIG.
2.
[0020] FIG. 4 depicts exemplary bidirectional deflects possible
with opposing bidirectional control wires.
[0021] FIG. 5 depicts the various deflection forms possible using
bidirectional control wires and, for example, varying the hardness
of the catheter and/or varying the position of the pull rings. On
the left, the control wire is attached near the distal end and the
hardness is essentially uniform. On the right, the pull ring is
positioned away from the most distal end, causing the curve to form
at the point of the pull ring.
[0022] FIG. 6 depicts a multiple curve form possible by engaging
two bidirectional control wires, each with a different pull ring
point along the length.
[0023] FIG. 7A depicts a catheter design during its preparation by
an exemplary method. An interior mandrel is used to maintain
desired diameters.
[0024] FIG. 7B depicts a similar cross sectional view as in FIG.
7A, with the top showing the sections of the shaft length and the
differing polymers with differing hardness properties.
[0025] FIG. 8A is a radial cross section view of the distal area of
an exemplary embodiment. FIG. 8B is a radial cross section view of
the distal area of a different exemplary embodiment.
[0026] FIG. 9 shows a different radial section view at a point
where the control wires are round rather than flattened.
[0027] FIG. 10 shows a close-up of half of the distal section of
the assembly shown in the lower part of FIG. 7B.
[0028] FIG. 11 shows an exemplary desired curve-shaped form at a
particular deflection point.
[0029] FIGS. 12A-12F show exemplary one or two pull ring
designs.
[0030] FIG. 13A depicts a loop form as in FIG. 1A. FIG. 13B depicts
the effect of the variable radius control wire on a pre-formed loop
structure as in FIG. 13A.
[0031] FIGS. 14A and B depict an exemplary embodiment of the distal
end section with multiple electrodes on the surface and a tip
electrode. In FIG. 14B, the variable radius control wire is used to
cause the loop to tighten or form a spiral with additional rotation
of the tip and a smaller radius compared to the loop in FIG.
14A.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION
[0032] Throughout this disclosure, applicants refer to texts,
patent documents, and other sources of information. Each and every
cited source of information is specifically incorporated herein by
reference in its entirety. Portions of these sources may be
included in this document as allowed or required. However, the
meaning of any term or phrase specifically defined or explained in
this disclosure shall not be modified by the content of any of the
sources.
[0033] The headings (such as "Brief Summary") used are intended
only for general organization of topics within the disclosure of
the invention and are not intended to limit the disclosure of the
invention or any aspect of it. In particular, subject matter
disclosed in the "Related Art" includes aspects of technology
within the scope of the invention and thus may not constitute
solely background art. Subject matter disclosed in the "Brief
Summary" is not an exhaustive or complete disclosure of the entire
scope of the invention or any particular embodiment.
[0034] As used herein, the words "preferred," "preferentially," and
"preferably" refer to embodiments of the invention that afford
certain benefits, under certain circumstances. However, other
embodiments may also be preferred, under the same or other
circumstances. Furthermore, the recitation of one or more preferred
embodiments does not imply that other embodiments are not useful
and is not intended to exclude other embodiments from the scope of
the invention and no disclaimer of other embodiments should be
inferred from the discussion of a preferred embodiment or a figure
showing a preferred embodiment. In fact, the nature of the devices
and methods of the invention allow one of skill in the art to make
and use the invention on many medical or surgical devices available
or contemplated.
[0035] In one preferred embodiment, the invention comprises a
catheter and the use of a catheter that in addition to
bidirectional control wires to control movement, in one direction
or another at a distal end or section, also comprises a control
wire or wires for varying the radius of a formed loop or over a
portion of a formed loop (variable radius control wire(s)). In
practice, the invention advantageously allows the user to form
desired three dimensional structures, such as a spiral structure,
with a distal section of a catheter. This spiral structure can be
used to access a number of tissue areas and anatomical features
with improved control and accuracy compared to earlier devices and
methods. In one preferred aspect, the spiral structure can be used
to access the interior form of one or more pulmonary veins, such as
during a pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) procedure. Thus, the
invention specifically allows the formation of a three-dimensional
spiral structure with a section of a medical device, particularly a
catheter and even more particularly a catheter used in PVI mapping
or ablation procedures.
[0036] With respect to intracardial, pulmonary vein and PVI
procedures in general, the invention allows a single distal loop to
form variable sizes in order to avoid the problem of using two or
more catheters to reach desired anatomical features or
electrophysiological elements in a patient because the loop can be
moved left or right without changing the shape of the loop, and the
size of the loop can also be changed without moving the loop left
to right. The operator has increased control over the location of
the loop. Thus, in one aspect, two independent types of motion are
allowed by the use of a separate the left/right movement from
movement controlling the shape or size of the loop movement, and
the mechanisms controlling these two types of movement can be
separated into two separate compression coils. For example, a first
compression coil can be in the inside diameter of the polymer shaft
of the catheter, and extend from the proximal end of the shaft to
the distal end of the straight portion of the shaft. The two
bidirectional control wires can be housed inside this first
compression coil. Also housed inside the first compression coil is
a second compression coil. The first and second compression coils
need not be connected at any point of the shaft and allow
independent movement of the control wires housed in them. Thus, the
variable radius control wire can be housed in the lumen of the
second compression coil. The second compression coil can run from
the proximal end of the catheter to the tip electrode, or can run
from a point on the first compression coil to a point inside the
loop. In the past, multiple loops or distal structures may have
been required during certain procedures because of individual
variations in anatomy or size.
[0037] In another general aspect, the catheter comprises a
compression coil, a pull ring assembly, a reinforced member of
metallic, composite, or polymeric filament, and a flexible outer
layer, preferably of one or more biocompatible polymers.
[0038] A number of polymers have been suggested for use in medical
device and catheter applications, including: polyethylene;
polyetherimide; polypropylene; polyetheretherketone (PEEK);
polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) or Teflon (DuPont, Wilmington,
Del.); Ultra High Molecular Weight (UHMW) polyethylene; high
density polyethylene (HDPE); polyimide; polyaryletherketones;
polyetheretherketones; polyurethane; polypropylene; oriented
polypropylene; polyethylene; crystallized polyethylene
terephthalate; polyethylene terephthalate; polyester;
polyoxymethylene or Delrin (DuPont, Wilmington, Del.);
polyamide-imide (PAI) or TORLON (Solvay Advance Polymers,
Alpharetta, Ga.); polyoxymethylene (POM), acetal resin, or Delrin
(DuPont, Wilmington, Del.); and polyvinylidene fluoride or Kynar
(Atochem Corporation). One of skill in the art is familiar with
selecting the appropriate polymer or polymer combinations to
achieve the flexibility and lubricity properties desired. In some
examples, flexible elostomers, such as polyether block amide--PEBA,
such as Pebax.RTM., a registered trademark of Atofina Chemicals,
are a preferred polymer for use in the invention and methods
especially for the external coating of the catheters, and
especially in varying hardness according to the Durometer D or
Shore D scale, known in the art.
[0039] In one embodiment, the invention comprises a deflectable
shaft and a deflectable loop-forming distal section. The
deflectable loop can comprise, consist, or consist essentially of
an outer polymeric layer made of a 72 Durometer Pebax segment
proximally and 40 Durometer Pebax segment distally. Any of the
biocompatible Pebax polymers can be selected for use, but those
with a hardness of 72 D, 55 D, and 40 D, are preferred. The loop
section can also comprise polymers of varying hardness along its
length, as depicted in the drawings. By varying the hardness along
the lengths of the distal end or distal loop section, both the
force required to manipulate through the actuators and the
geometric structures the distal end section can eventually form can
be controlled. The distal loop section can also comprise one or
more electrodes or sensing electrodes along its length at desired
points or intervals. The distal loop section can also comprise a
shape wire composed of a shaped memory alloy, preferably NITINOL
(an acronym for NIckel TItanium Naval Ordnance Laboratory). Other
alloys or shaped memory alloys can be selected. In a preferred
embodiment where a shaped wire is used, the shaped wire can be
joined to a control wire or operably linked to a control wire,
especially a flattened control wire or a flattened section of a
control wire. The shaped wire, flattened control wire, and
especially the combination of the flattened control wire and shaped
wire enhance the control of the loop or curved form produced at the
distal section. In another preferred embodiment, a PTFE or high
lubricity polymer tubing or layer can surround the control wires,
and/or the control wires and shaped wires. In another preferred
embodiment, an FEP polymer tubing or layer can be used, and/or a
polyimide polymer tubing or layer can be used. One of more layers
of the polymers of tubing used can have desired imaging
characteristics, so that the position, orientation, and the form of
the distal loop section can be more easily visualized by one or
more imaging techniques known or available in the art.
[0040] In a preferred aspect of any of the various embodiments
disclosed, a distal end tip electrode is used. One of skill in the
art is familiar with the selection of various electrodes for use in
catheters, including, without limitation, sensing electrodes,
ablation electrodes, RF delivery electrodes, ultrasound energy
delivery probes, and others.
[0041] In another preferred aspect, at least one and preferably
multiple sensing electrodes are mounted on the external polymer
coating or tubing of the distal loop section. Each of the
electrodes can be separately connected to a control and/or
monitoring device, or multiple electrodes can be connected in
series. The electrodes can be attached to the external surface by
piercing holes, adhesive bonding, and subsequent stringing lead
wires through the interior of the catheter shaft.
[0042] In any embodiment, including those where sensing electrodes
are mounted on the external surface of the distal loop section, the
invention optionally comprises a distal loop section having a
pre-made form within the assembly, in order to direct the loop
structure of form into a desired curve, loop, multiple loop, or
curvilinear shape. As referred to herein, the term "loop" can be a
simple curve, a multiple curve form, a compound curve form, a
curvilinear form, an entire circle, a substantial part of an entire
circle, or more than an entire circle. The drawings depict
exemplary "loop" forms that can be produced during different
aspects of the use of the catheters of the invention, but the
drawings should not be taken as a limitation on the forms possible
under this invention.
[0043] The tip electrode pull wire assembly is then inserted into
the polymeric member from the distal end and inserted until the
proximal end of the tip electrode is butted up to the polymer
member.
[0044] Referring now briefly to the drawings, FIG. 1A depicts a
distal loop assembly or distal loop section of a catheter,
comprising a section (2) where a coil (5) and rounded control wire
are positioned within the catheter, and a distal tip electrode (1)
section consistent with the invention. As shown, a tip electrode is
controlled by at least one control wire with a flattened distal end
(3) connected to the tip electrode, the same control wire
transitioning to a round section at a desired point (4). A shape
wire (6), preferably made of Nitinol, can be used in conjunction
with the flattened control wire section, and the flattened control
wire (3) and shape wire (6) can be connected throughout the length
of the shape wire for better control of the loop structure desired
during use. A compression coil (5) can be used to cover the control
wire and shape wire to allow better movement during use. Polymer
tubes or sheaths (8), preferably FEP (polymer of
tetrafluoroethylene and hexafloropropylene) and polyimide polymers,
can surround the control wire and the outer covering of the
assembly. In this design, a distal end of the compression coil
surrounding the control wire ends at a desired point (10) in the
loop of FIG. 1B and is bonded to the shaft of Pebax at about 72
durometer. In this design, the electrode tip has a recessed distal
section to allow a multiple sensor or electrode ring assembly (FIG.
1B) to fit over the length and terminate at the recessed section of
the tip to produce a smooth end.
[0045] FIG. 1B depicts a multiple electrode or sensor ring assembly
for use over the design of FIG. 1A. Differing polymer compositions
can be used over the length of the assembly can be used, for
example to control the deflection or loop characteristics over
particular sections of the catheter. The design shown in FIG. 1B
includes nine ring electrodes (7) or sensors over its length, and
combined with the tip electrode there is a total of ten electrodes.
Other numbers of ring electrodes or sensors can also be selected,
for example nineteen ring electrodes with one tip electrode.
[0046] FIG. 2 depicts a cross sectional view of an exemplary
combination of the inner control wire assembly of FIG. 1A and the
ring electrode assembly of FIG. 1B. The differing hardness in the
ring electrode assembly is indicated by the regions (72) of 72
durometer hardness, regions (40) of 40 durometer hardness, and
regions (55) of 55 durometer hardness. In this view, two control
wires (20) (pull wire) are shown at 180 degrees around the radius
from each other. The control wires need not be at 180 degrees or at
equivalent distances from the center. A braided wire (21) area for
maintaining the shape of the catheter is shown (braid) and a
compression coil (22) area (coil) over a second area of the length.
In this cross section, the two control wires (20) (pull wires) of
the distal section are separated at a distance from the center of
the shaft and are both directed to the center of the shaft at a
more proximal region (14).
[0047] FIG. 3 is a view of the pull ring section as shown in FIG.
2. Each of two pull rings (23) are connected to control wires (20)
(pull wires) by weld joints (24), such as laser weld joints. The
area shown here is about 1.5 inches in length (L) and the area of
flattened control wires encompasses this section, and can
transition to a round control wire (25) after 1.5 inches.
[0048] FIG. 4 depicts exemplary bidirectional deflects possible
with opposing bidirectional control wires.
[0049] FIG. 5 depicts the various deflection forms possible using
bidirectional control wires and, for example, varying the hardness
of the catheter and/or varying the position of the pull rings. On
the left, the control wire is attached near the distal end and the
hardness is essentially uniform. On the right, the pull ring is
positioned away from the most distal end, causing the curve to form
at the point of the pull ring.
[0050] FIG. 6 depicts a multiple curve form possible by engaging
two bidirectional control wires, each with a different pull ring
point along the length.
[0051] FIG. 7A depicts a catheter design during its preparation by
an exemplary method. An interior mandrel (30) is used to maintain
desired diameters. An exterior braid (21) maintains the structure
of the exterior. A PTFE inner lining (31) can surround each control
wire (20). Pebax polymers or compositions of varying hardness are
shown at various sections of the exterior length (72) (40) (55)
(72). A thermosetting polymer or heat shrink polymer composition
(not shown) can be placed over this design with mandrel interior to
compress the combined assembly into a desired diameter, then the
heat shrink polymer and mandrel removed to produce the final
catheter.
[0052] FIG. 7B depicts a similar cross sectional view as in FIG.
7A, showing the sections of the shaft length and the differing
polymers with differing hardness properties.
[0053] FIGS. 8A and 8B depict alternative embodiments and layers of
the cross sectional views where the flattened pull wires (50) and
an optional shape wire can be located. FIG. 8A is a radial cross
section view of the distal area of an exemplary embodiment showing
the section where two flattened bidirectional control wires (50)
are positioned 180 degrees from each other around the radius and
surrounded by PTFE tubing (31) within the layers of the catheter.
The different layers are shown, including braid wire (26) or
reinforcing or support layer, and optional polymer layer (21), such
as a shrink tube or PTFE. FIG. 8B depicts an alternative
embodiment, as shown in FIG. 2, where pull wires (50) are
positioned in the interior of the catheter, and inside support or
braid wire (26) layer and interior polymer layer (27), such as
PTFE. In FIG. 8B, polymer layer (31) surrounding pull wires (50)
can also be linked or bonded to the interior layer (27) to fix the
position of the pull wires, here at 180 degrees apart, but other
positions are possible.
[0054] FIG. 9 shows a different radial section view at a point
where the control wires (51) are round rather than flattened. The
differing thickness of the braid (52) and compression coil (53) can
be selected over the length of the catheter or regions of the
catheter. As depicted in these figures, different layers, including
braids, compression coils, polymers, shrink tubes, and other
layers, can be used at different levels within the catheter and at
different combinations within the length of the catheter depending
on the desired characteristics of the loop, for example.
Furthermore, as noted above and shown, the position of the pull
wire(s) and shape wire(s) used can be changed according to design
options or manufacturing considerations.
[0055] FIG. 10 shows a close-up of half of the distal section of
the assembly shown in FIG. 7A.
[0056] FIG. 11 shows an exemplary desired loop formed at a
particular deflection point, here a curved form.
[0057] FIGS. 12A-12F show exemplary one or two pull ring (23)
designs. Control or pull wires (20) can be welded (24) to the
interior surface of a pull ring (23), or other surfaces including
outside surface and edges of the rings. In FIG. 12C, multiple pull
rings are connected to multiple control or pull wires.
[0058] FIG. 13A depicts a loop form as in FIG. 1A. By engaging one
or more bidirectional control wires or control wires, the shaft can
be deflected without changing the radius or shape of the loop form.
FIG. 13B depicts the effect of the variable radius control wire on
a pre-formed loop structure as in FIG. 13A. The pre-formed loop
essentially extends outward into a spiral form.
[0059] FIGS. 14A and B depict an exemplary embodiment of the distal
end section with multiple electrodes (7) on the surface and a tip
electrode (1). In FIG. 14B, the variable radius control wire is
used to cause the loop to tighten or form a spiral with additional
rotation of the tip and a smaller radius compared to the loop in
FIG. 14A.
[0060] The embodiments exemplified in the drawings will now be
discussed in detail as some of the many examples possible under the
invention. As shown in part of the invention detailed in FIG. 1A, a
distal loop assembly with a preferred flattened control wire (3),
or wires, is used. A flattened control wire (3) along with a shape
wire (6) can attach to the tip electrode (1), for example using a
crimping method or other suitable method known in the art, such as
adhesive bonding, friction fitting, chemical bonding, thermal
bonding, welding (e.g., resistance, Rf, or laser welding),
soldering, brazing, or any combination of these methods. In one
design, a control wire can also attach to a portion of the distal
loop assembly that is proximal to the tip. The control wire has a
rectangular (flat) profile feature for a length of approximately
1.5 inches from the distal end. The control wire can transition to
a round feature after 1.5 inches, as exemplified in FIG. 1A. The
selection of the point at which a flattened control wire
transitions to a round control wire can depend on the final form of
a loop desired, its size, and the size, geometry, or length of a
three-dimensional "loop" form desired. The use of a flattened
control wire section can enhance the loop formation characteristics
of the distal loop section by preventing unintended torsion
build-up or release effects, such as imprecise curving, resistance
to curving, or whipping of the curve or loop form during actuation
of the control wires from the handle at the proximal end of the
catheter. In the embodiments shown in FIGS. 1A, 1B, 7A, 8A, 8B, and
9, various polymer layers or polymer tubing can be selected for use
in covering control wires and shape wires. Preferred polymers
include PTFE, FEP or a polyimide. For the particular design of FIG.
1A, a bilayer FEP and polyimide tube is used to cover all of part
of the shape wire and control wire. A compression coil is then slid
from the proximal end of the control wire to the FEP/Polyimide
tube. The compression coil and control wire are held together by
either a heat shrink tube (PET or PTFE) or appropriate bond
adhesive, or reflow of a polymeric tubing, e.g., Pebax. The
compression coil is ideally positioned just proximal to the area in
which loop or curve or compound curves are formed.
[0061] The inner or interior layer at the distal end can be
constructed of polymeric material such as Polytetrafluoroethylene
(PTFE), polyester, polyethylene, and similar biocompatible,
flexible polymers and blends of the same. The preferred polymer
material is PTFE, which provides a low coefficient of friction and
high lubricity. Thermal or mechanical bonding can be used to attach
the deflectable loop of FIG. 1A inside the string electrode
assembly of FIG. 1B.
[0062] In methods to produce the catheters and catheter assemblies
of the invention, the PTFE inner layer can be mounted on a mandrel
with rectangular grooves running along the length of the mandrel
and about 180 degrees apart, when the pull wires are desired at 180
degree separation. However, other configurations of the pull wires
can be used. FIG. 7A shows an example of a mandrel (30) positioned
inside the assembly during manufacture. Proximal to the PTFE inner
layer is a compression coil, or at least one compression coil. The
compression coil can be covered with heat shrink tube, preferably
Polyester (PET), for structural integrity. A braided reinforcing
coil or member can be positioned near the external radius of the
assembly and can be constructed of a metallic material, such as
stainless steel, or a polymeric or composite fiber or strand.
Exemplary polymeric fibers or strands known in the art include
polyester, Kevlar, Vectran, and each or a combination of them can
be used as either monofilament or multifilament. One of skill in
the art can select any available material for producing an
appropriate braided or reinforcing member or coil to add radial
stability to the assembly, and/or to prevent crimping or socking of
the external layers of the catheter during use. The reinforcing
member, braid or coil, can be round or flat and/or braided at
different pitches and patterns, and generally extends from the
proximal end to the distal end of the catheter. The particular
design in FIGS. 7A, 8A, 8B, 9, and 10 can use a stainless steel
wire about 0.0025 inches in diameter, but other sizes can be
selected and used.
[0063] As noted above, the outer layer is constructed of polymeric
material, and can be similar to the inner layer or any combination
of biocompatible polymeric compositions. Polymeric material used
for this external or outer layer can preferably be one or more of
the Pebax polymers available, but polyethylene, polyurethane,
polyester, and blends can also be selected. Pebax is used for the
particular design shown in FIG. 7A, for example, and different
hardness Pebax polymers can be used at desired lengths along the
catheter, as shown. In one aspect of making the catheters of the
invention, the final assembly is covered with a FEP shrink tube and
reflowed (melt) at a predetermined temperature and time. The FEP
shrink tube is then removed after reflow.
[0064] As shown in, for example, FIGS. 12A-F, the control of the
deflection and loop forms possible in the distal section or
assembly of the catheter during use is accomplished in part by one
or more control wires. As noted above, a preferred control wire
will have both a flattened or rectangular profile section and a
round section, however, control wires of a variety of shapes and
sizes can be selected for use. The preferred size of the control
wire or wires ranges from about 0.005 to about 0.020 inches in
diameter. In FIGS. 12A-F control wire attachment to one or more
pull rings is detailed in various embodiments. Methods of attaching
the wires to the pull rings are known in the art and include
adhesives, brazing, and welding. A preferred attachment method is
laser welding at the interior surface of the pull ring, and
flattened section of control wires can preferably be laser welded
to a pull ring. In use, the deflectable distal section or distal
loop section can be articulated by pulling one or more control
wires usually at an actuator in the handle section of the most
proximal end of the catheter. Pulling the control wire or engaging
the control wire by the actuator will cause the distal loop to
deflect in a curve, as shown, for example, in FIG. 4, 5, or 11.
Engaging or pulling each of two bidirectional control wires with
different connection points along the distal loop section can cause
the entire distal loop section to deflect in a left to right
motion. With the teachings of this disclosure and the knowledge
available, one of skill in the art can produce a large variety of
loop or curve forms for the distal section of a catheter, and the
invention is not limited to any particular loop or curve form.
[0065] For example, to accomplish various curve forms or geometries
and multiple deflections, a system of pull wires and pull ring
combinations can be devised. As shown in FIG. 3, the control wires
can be attached to two rings one-half of an inch apart by means of
laser welding, brazing, or other suitable methods known in the art.
As shown in FIGS. 8A and 8B and 9, an embodiment with two control
wires has a preferred configuration with the control wires
positioned 180 degrees apart. The following are a few combinations
of control wire and pull ring options available, but should not be
taken as a limitation to the scope of forms possible.
[0066] To achieve unidirectional or bidirectional loop actuation,
one ring can be attached to the pull wires. This will articulate in
one or both directions with symmetrical curve profile (FIG. 4).
[0067] To achieve bidirectionality and asymmetry, two pull wires
can be attached to two pull rings that are welded at different
predetermined positions. Actuating one pull wire will achieve one
curve profile while articulating the opposite pull wire will
achieve a different curve profile (FIG. 5).
[0068] To achieve bidirectionality in different plane and curve
profiles, four (4) pull wires are attached to two pull rings at a
predetermined location (FIG. 6).
[0069] In another aspect of the invention, the use of multiple
compression coils to isolate the movement or displacement of the
various control wires can be incorporated into the design of the
catheters of the invention. For example, in a preferred embodiment,
a compression coil housing the variable radius control wire is
separate from another compression coil housing the bidirectional
control wire or wires. In a more particular embodiment, the
proximal ends of both of these compression coils ends at the
handle, at the proximal end, and can be joined by conventional
techniques to the handle or its housing, such as adhesive bonding
or UV bonding, either separately or together. The distal ends of
the compression coils can end at different points along the
catheter. A first compression coil can overlap a second, for
example. The second compression coil can reside, to the extent it
overlaps with the first, in the lumen of the first compression
coil. The second compression coil can extend into the distal loop
section, while the first compression coil ends proximal to that
point.
[0070] In another preferred embodiment, the proximal end of the
second compression coil bonds to the first compression coil, but
thereafter proceed independently to the distal loop section.
[0071] A first compression coil can extend from the handle to a
point in FIG. 7A (X). A second compression coil can extend from the
handle to the point (A) labeled in FIG. 1A, where it is bonded to
72 D hardness polymer. When the distal tip section is prepared as a
6F size catheter, and the shaft section represented in FIG. 7A or B
is prepared as a 7F size, the distal end section can be fitted
inside the shaft section. Then, the two sections can be bonded
together to form an effective connection where the action of the
variable radius control wire, which traverses the length of the
catheter and can optionally be used as the tip electrode lead,
causes contraction or expansion only distal to end of the second
compression coil. In other embodiments, the placement of the ends
of the compression coils used to house the different wires can
advantageously provide design options for producing geometric forms
in the distal end section. As noted above, tubing, such as high
lubricity or PTFE tubing, can be used to encase the control wires,
or any combination of control wires, to improve the displacement or
engagement of the wires. The PTFE tubing can also be used as the
inner most layer of the catheter, over the length or in specific
regions.
[0072] The use of the catheter to form a three dimensional,
variable radius and/or three dimensional or spiral form from any of
the curve or loops forms noted here or possible with one or more
control wires can be achieved, in one aspect, by providing a
variable radius control wire. The variable radius control wire in
essence exerts a force, such as pushing or pulling force, on one or
more desired points on the distal section. In one alternative, the
variable radius control wire exerts a pushing force from one
proximal connection point on the distal section to a second distal
connection point. Alternatively, the variable radius control wire
exerts a pushing force simply at the distal end or one connection
point at or near the distal end of the catheter and/or at the
distal tip. Since the distal end has been locked into a curve or
loop form by engaging the one or more control wires (such as
engaging one or both of two bidirectional control wires), the
pushing force causes the curve or loop to extend in another plane
or dimension to essentially form a spiral or a form with spiral
attributes. As used herein, the three dimensional spiral form or
more generally "spiral form" refers to the result of the pushing
force on a distal section of a pre-formed loop form of the distal
section of a catheter. While a spiral generated from exerting a
distal end section (or distal end) pushing force is preferably
formed from a loop form as shown in FIG. 1A, for example, other
starting curve or loop forms can be used. Where a loop as in FIG.
1A is the pre-formed loop, one of skill in the art can see the
advantages of extending the loop into a third dimension, wherein
the effective radius of the external surface of the distal section
is smallest at the distal tip and larger as one moves proximal
along the length.
[0073] The images of FIG. 14 depict alternative embodiments where
the variable radius control wire can be used to tighten or modify a
pre-formed curl, curve, or loop. As shown in FIG. 14A, an initial
loop of approximately 360 degrees can be formed at the distal end
of the catheter. Engaging the variable radius control wire through
the proximal end handle or actuator essentially reduces the radius
of the form and produces a spiral having an overlap for an
additional 300 degrees rotation (FIG. 14B). In this embodiment, the
variable radius control wire can exert a pulling force on the
distal end to produce a tighter spiral form capable of entering or
contacting additional anatomical areas. In an exemplary use, the
catheter is inserted into the patient in a manner known in the art.
An operator manipulates one or more actuators on a handle, which
causes one or both of the bidirectional control wires to be
displaced and the distal end deflects toward a desired anatomical
area. The operator can deflect the distal end in a variety of
manners depending on how the actuators are designed and the shapes
desired. The displacement or engagement of one or more
bidirectional control wires can then cause the distal end to form
essentially any curvilinear shape, such as a loop, a spiral, or an
`s` shape. As noted above, the distal end may be designed to form a
desired shape using shape wires and/or variable hardness polymer
compositions along its length. During engagement or after
engagement to form any curvilinear shape, including a curve, loop,
spiral, or an `s` shape, the engagement or displacement of one or
more variable radius control wires can bring about an expansion or
contraction of the curvilinear shape.
[0074] In FIG. 14B the loop is contracted into a smaller radius or
a tighter spiral. Thus, in one aspect, first and second
bidirectional control wires can cause a deflection in a first
plane, and the one or more variable radius control wires can cause
a deflection in a second plane, such as a plane perpendicular to
the first plane. Of course, the use of shape wires, the connection
points of pull rings, variable polymer compositions, and
combinations of these and other techniques known in the art can
cause the second plane to be essentially any orientation with
respect to the first plane.
[0075] As shown in FIG. 13A, a pre-formed loop can be generated by
one control wire, or be shape-dictated by the shape wire, and more
complex or compound loops or forms are obviously possible using two
control wires, or more than two control wires.
[0076] The following are some examples of the preferred aspects of
the invention.
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
[0077] In a pulmonary vein isolation procedure (PVI), a common step
is mapping the electrophysiological characteristics using one or
more sensing electrodes. The mapping procedure, as known in the
art, combines positioning information through an imaging technique
and electrical response information from electrodes. By providing a
variable radius catheter, the mapping procedure can employ a single
catheter that can vary its size and access points at or near the
pulmonary veins, and at and through the pulmonary ostium, to
produce a more precise map of the electrophysiology. For catheter
ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF), a proper catheter positioning
can be crucial to a successful treatment, and such success depends
on knowledge of pulmonary vein (PV) anatomy and electrophysiology.
By efficiently providing a single catheter to assess PV spatial
orientation, ostial shape, and electrophysiology, the AF procedure
is simplified and shortened.
[0078] The catheter of the invention with two bidirectional control
wires for controlling movement of a distal loop section and with
one variable radius control wire for further controlling,
tightening, or extending a pre-formed structure in a third
direction, for example, is used. The catheter is fed up the femoral
vein, into the right atrium, introduced transseptally into the left
atrium, and at least one bidirectional control wire is engaged to
deflect the distal section in a desired direction. Mapping from the
electrodes on the external surface of the catheter can begin at
this point. To contact or record electrophysiology characteristics
at points inside the pulmonary vein ostium, the loop can be
adjusted to the desired size by engaging the variable radius
control wire to a desired extent. A smaller radius and most distal
end of the spiral, formed by engaging the variable radius control
wire, can then be inserted into one or more pulmonary ostium to
record electrical activity within the vein, which then can be used
for mapping ostial ablation points. An ablation catheter having
similar spiral form-generating mechanisms as discussed here can
then be used to access and ablate the same ostial tissue, or a
combined mapping and ablation catheter can be designed and
used.
[0079] Although various embodiments of this invention have been
described above with a certain degree of particularity, or with
reference to one or more individual embodiments, those skilled in
the art could make numerous alterations to the disclosed
embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of this
invention. It is intended that all matter contained in the above
description and shown in the accompanying drawings shall be
interpreted as illustrative only of particular embodiments and not
limiting. All directional references (e.g., proximal, distal,
upper, lower, upward, downward, left, right, lateral, front, back,
top, bottom, above, below, vertical, horizontal, clockwise, and
counterclockwise) are only used for identification purposes to aid
the reader's understanding of the present invention, and do not
create limitations, particularly as to the position, orientation,
or use of the invention. Connection references (e.g., attached,
coupled, connected, and joined) are to be construed broadly and may
include intermediate members between a collection of elements and
relative movement between elements unless otherwise indicated. As
such, connection references do not necessarily infer that two
elements are directly connected and in fixed relation to each
other. It is intended that all matter contained in the above
description or shown in the accompanying drawings shall be
interpreted as illustrative only and not limiting. Changes in
detail or structure may be made without departing from the basic
elements of the invention as defined in the following claims. The
invention is not limited to any particular embodiment or example
given here. Instead, one of skill in the art can use the
information and concepts described to devise many other embodiments
beyond those given specifically here.
* * * * *