U.S. patent application number 11/692914 was filed with the patent office on 2007-11-08 for fuel additives.
Invention is credited to Manuel Cevallos, Robert Cinq-Mars.
Application Number | 20070256355 11/692914 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 38659930 |
Filed Date | 2007-11-08 |
United States Patent
Application |
20070256355 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Cevallos; Manuel ; et
al. |
November 8, 2007 |
Fuel Additives
Abstract
This invention relates to novel compositions for use in fuels,
gasoline, diesel, coal, ethanol fuels, and biodiesel, and processes
for making the same.
Inventors: |
Cevallos; Manuel; (Miami,
FL) ; Cinq-Mars; Robert; (Gastonia, NC) |
Correspondence
Address: |
JUNEAU PARTNERS
P.O. BOX 2516
ALEXANDRIA
VA
22301
US
|
Family ID: |
38659930 |
Appl. No.: |
11/692914 |
Filed: |
March 28, 2007 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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60867577 |
Nov 28, 2006 |
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60820736 |
Jul 28, 2006 |
|
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60802780 |
May 24, 2006 |
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60786403 |
Mar 28, 2006 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
44/458 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C10L 1/1616 20130101;
C10L 10/02 20130101; C10L 1/10 20130101; C10L 1/1824 20130101; C10L
1/19 20130101; C10L 1/1266 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
044/458 |
International
Class: |
C10L 1/12 20060101
C10L001/12 |
Claims
1. A fuel additive concentrate comprising: an alkali metal nitrate;
and a organic solvent.
2. The fuel additive concentrate of claim 1, wherein the alkali
nitrate and organic solvent create a about 5% to about 10%
solution.
3. The fuel additive concentrate of claim 1, wherein the alkali
nitrate is lithium nitrate.
4. A fuel additive, comprising: the concentrate of any of claims 2
in a ratio of 1 part concentrate to about 10 to about 11 parts
organic solvent.
5. The fuel additive of claim 4, wherein the organic solvent is
selected from isopropanol, methanol, ethanol, gasoline, diesel,
biodiesel, C1-C12 hydrocarbons, C1-C6 alcohols, and combinations
thereof.
6. The fuel additive of claim 4, wherein the organic solvent is
ethanol or isopropanol.
7. A process of treating fuel, comprising: adding the fuel additive
of claim 4 to fuel in a ratio selected from about 1 unit to a range
of about 3000 to about 20,000 units.
8. A fuel composition which comprises gasoline and a fuel additive
comprising an alkali metal nitrate in a organic solvent.
9. A fuel composition which comprises diesel fuel and a fuel
additive comprising an alkali metal nitrate in a organic
solvent.
10. A fuel composition which comprises biodiesel and a fuel
additive comprising an alkali metal nitrate in a organic
solvent.
11. A fuel composition comprising coal and a fuel additive
comprising an alkali metal nitrate in a organic solvent.
12. A fuel composition comprising jet fuel and a fuel additive
comprising an alkali metal nitrate in a organic solvent.
13. A fuel composition comprising fuel oil and a fuel additive
comprising an alkali metal nitrate in a organic solvent.
14. A fuel composition comprising a gasoline-ethanol mixture and a
fuel additive comprising an alkali metal nitrate in a organic
solvent.
15. A method for improving the operation of a gasoline-powered,
artificial ignition, internal combustion engine, comprising
providing to said engine a fuel composition comprising gasoline and
a fuel additive comprising an alkali metal nitrate in a organic
solvent.
16. A method for improving the operation of a diesel-powered
combustion engine, comprising providing to said engine a fuel
composition comprising diesel or biodiesel fuel and a fuel additive
comprising an alkali metal nitrate in a organic solvent.
17. A method for improving the operation of a coal-powered boiler
or power plant, comprising providing to said engine a fuel
composition comprising coal and a fuel additive comprising an
alkali metal nitrate in a organic solvent.
18. A method for improving the operation of a jet engine,
comprising providing to said engine a fuel composition comprising
jet fuel and a fuel additive comprising an alkali metal nitrate in
a organic solvent.
19. A method for improving the operation of a boiler, comprising
providing to said boiler a fuel composition comprising fuel oil and
a fuel additive comprising an alkali metal nitrate in a organic
solvent.
Description
PRIORITY CLAIM
[0001] This application claims the benefit under 35 USC 119(e) of
the earlier filing date of U.S. 60/867577 filed 26 Nov. 2006, U.S.
60/820736 filed 28 Jul. 2006, U.S. 60/802780 filed 24 May 2006, and
U.S. 60/786403 filed 28 Mar. 2006.
BACKGROUND
[0002] 1. Field of the Invention
[0003] This invention relates to novel compositions for use in
fuels, gasoline, diesel, coal, and biodiesel, and processes for
making the same.
[0004] 2. Description of the Prior Art
[0005] Increasing fuel efficiency and reducing pollution are
activities which have moved over the last decades from being
optional luxuries to non-negotiable requirements critical to
economic and environmental security. Much work has been done in the
field of fuel technology to improve fuel efficiency and to reduce
pollution. However, inefficiency and pollution from the combustion
of diesel fuels, coal, gasoline, ethanol, and even natural gas
remain significant problems.
[0006] As the demand for global fuel supplies increases with the
rapid economic growth of major, newly industrialized countries,
petroleum supply has been squeezed resulting in higher fuel prices.
This has lead to additional research into alternative fuels as a
way of increasing this supply and to reduce pollutants, including
coal gasification, coal to diesel conversion, biodiesel, and mixed
fuels as examples. One simple and immediate solution is to make
better use of the supplies we already have.
SUMMARY
[0007] In light of the foregoing, an object of this invention is to
provide an improved fuel additive for use with gasoline, diesel
fuels, biodiesel, natural gas, coal fuels, and biomass fuels that
provides at least one of the following benefits: an increase in
power; an increase in combustion efficiency; an increase in fuel
mileage; a smoother running engine; reduced fouling of the fuel
system; cleaning the fuel system, including injectors; and
diminishing "diesel rap" in diesel engines.
[0008] Another object of this invention is to improve home heating
systems that use oil by providing at least one of the following
benefits: better fuel atomization; hotter flame temperatures; more
complete combustion; and less soot generation.
[0009] Yet another object of this invention is to improve
coal-fired systems by providing at least one of the following
benefits: better fuel atomization for coal-oil slurries; hotter
flame temperatures; more complete combustion; and less soot
generation.
[0010] In preferred embodiments, the inventive subject matter
comprises a fuel additive concentrate comprising: an alkali metal
nitrate; and a organic solvent.
[0011] The fuel additive concentrate above, wherein the alkali
nitrate and organic solvent create a about 5% to about 10%
solution.
[0012] The fuel additive concentrate above, wherein the alkali
nitrate is lithium nitrate.
[0013] A fuel additive, comprising: the concentrate above in a
ratio of 1 part concentrate to about 10 to about 11 parts organic
solvent.
[0014] The fuel additive above, wherein the organic solvent is
selected from isopropanol, methanol, ethanol, gasoline, diesel,
biodiesel, C1-C12 hydrocarbons, C1-C6 alcohols, and combinations
thereof.
[0015] The fuel additive above, wherein the organic solvent is
ethanol or isopropanol.
[0016] A process of treating fuel, comprising: adding the fuel
additive above to fuel in a ratio selected from about 1 unit to a
range of about 3000 to about 20,000 units.
[0017] A fuel composition which comprises gasoline and a fuel
additive comprising an alkali metal nitrate in a organic
solvent.
[0018] A fuel composition which comprises diesel fuel and a fuel
additive comprising an alkali metal nitrate in a organic
solvent.
[0019] A fuel composition which comprises biodiesel and a fuel
additive comprising an alkali metal nitrate in a organic
solvent.
[0020] A fuel composition comprising coal and a fuel additive
comprising an alkali metal nitrate in a organic solvent.
[0021] A fuel composition comprising jet fuel and a fuel additive
comprising an alkali metal nitrate in a organic solvent.
[0022] A fuel composition comprising fuel oil and a fuel additive
comprising an alkali metal nitrate in a organic solvent.
[0023] A fuel composition comprising a gasoline-ethanol mixture and
a fuel additive comprising an alkali metal nitrate in a organic
solvent.
[0024] A method for improving the operation of a gasoline-powered,
artificial ignition, internal combustion engine, comprising
providing to said engine a fuel composition comprising gasoline and
a fuel additive comprising an alkali metal nitrate in a organic
solvent.
[0025] A method for improving the operation of a diesel-powered
combustion engine, comprising providing to said engine a fuel
composition comprising diesel or biodiesel fuel and a fuel additive
comprising an alkali metal nitrate in a organic solvent.
[0026] A method for improving the operation of a coal-powered
boiler or power plant, comprising providing to said engine a fuel
composition comprising coal and a fuel additive comprising an
alkali metal nitrate in a organic solvent.
[0027] A method for improving the operation of a jet engine,
comprising providing to said engine a fuel composition comprising
jet fuel and a fuel additive comprising an alkali metal nitrate in
a organic solvent.
[0028] A method for improving the operation of a boiler, comprising
providing to said boiler a fuel composition comprising fuel oil and
a fuel additive comprising an alkali metal nitrate in a organic
solvent.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Definitions
[0029] The fuels which are contemplated for use in the fuel
compositions of the present inventive subject matter are normally
liquid hydrocarbon fuels in the gasoline boiling range, including
hydrocarbon base fuels. The term "petroleum distillate fuel" also
is used to describe the fuels which can be utilized in the fuel
compositions of the present inventive subject matter and which have
the above characteristic boiling points. The term, however, is not
intended to be restricted to straight-run distillate fractions. The
distillate fuel can be straight-run distillate fuel, catalytically
or thermally cracked (including hydro cracked) distillate fuel, or
a mixture of straight-run distillate fuel, naphthas and the like
with cracked distillate stocks. Also, the base fuels used in the
formation of the fuel compositions of the present inventive subject
matter can be treated in accordance with well-known commercial
methods, such as acid or caustic treatment, hydrogenation, solvent
refining, clay treatment, etc.
[0030] Gasolines are supplied in a number of different grades
depending on the type of service for which they are intended. The
gasolines utilized in the present inventive subject matter include
those designed as motor and aviation gasolines. Motor gasolines
include those defined by ASTM specification D-439-73 and are
composed of a mixture of various types of hydrocarbons including
aromatics, olefins, paraffins, isoparaffins, napthenes and
occasionally diolefins. Motor gasolines normally have a boiling
range within the limits of about 70.degree. F. to 450.degree. F.
while aviation gasolines have narrower boiling ranges, usually
within the limits of about 100.degree. F. to 330.degree. F.
[0031] The inventive subject matter also contemplates the use of
diesel fuels. Diesel fuel, as defined by the American Society of
Testing and Management (ASTM) Standard Specification for Fuel Oils
(designation D 396-86) or any of grade numbers 1-D, 2-D or 4-D, as
specified in ASTM D 975. More generally, diesel fuel can be a fuel
oil No. 2 or No. 4 petroleum distillates as well as alternative
diesel fuels containing emulsified water or alcohols such as
ethanol or methanol, very low sulfur fuels (less than 0.05%
sulfur), diesel fuel blends with bioderived components (animal and
vegetable fats and oils, fractions and derivatives), and the like,
as long as they exhibit volatility and cetane number
characteristics effective for the purpose. Diesel fuels will
typically have a 90% distillation point within the range of 300
degree to 390 degree C. and a viscosity of from 1 to 25 centistokes
at 40.degree. C.
[0032] Biodiesel includes fuels made from vegetable oils, including
those modified to be microemulsion diesel fuels by addition of low
carbon chain alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, or butanol, as
well as alkali soaps (stearates, oleates, etc.).
[0033] This inventive subject matter also contemplates the use of
the fuel compositions in ethanol with gasoline, fuel alcohol,
natural gas, coal, and biomass.
[0034] The present inventive subject matter concerns lithium salts,
esters, and so forth prepared with solvents to form fuel combustion
and efficiency improvers. For calculation purposes, lithium has a
molar mass of 6.941 g/mol.
[0035] Preferred salts of the present inventive subject matter
comprise nitrates. Nitrates are well known in the field of
explosives and are known oxidizers. Powdered lithium nitrate
anhydrous is reported to be an oxidizing agent and flame colorant
used in the manufacture of fireworks and flares.
[0036] The alkali metal nitrate salts herein can be expressed in
terms of molar ratios. For example, lithium has an atomic mass of
6.939 g/mol. Nitrate, comprising X--NO.sub.3, comprises one
nitrogen and three oxygen atoms. Nitrogen has an atomic mass of
14.0067 g/mol, oxygen has an atomic mass of 15.994 g/mol, or one
mole of NO.sub.3 weighs 62.0049 grams. Thus, one mole of LiNO.sub.3
has a calculated weight of about 68.9439 grams.
[0037] One feature is the selection of the salt. The following
table shows that although lithium chloride is soluble in organic
solvents, it provides for a worse function value of lubricity
compared to lithium nitrate. TABLE-US-00001 Salt Selection -
LUBRICITY (HFRR) nitrate chloride Lithium 0.513 0.576 Control -
commercial low 0.520 sulfur fuel "as is", no additive
[0038] In preferred embodiments, the inventive subject matter
includes fuel additive super concentrate (SC), a fuel additive
(FA), and treated fuel. Importantly, we have found that an unusual
feature is the dissolution of an inorganic salt into an organic
solvent. The terms super concentrate and concentrate are used
interchangeably. These compositions are made using a quantitative
range of LiNO.sub.3 amounts. Preferred ranges of LiNO.sub.3
comprise 0.5 mol-2.5 mol, more preferably 0.8 mol-2.0 mol, more
preferably 0.9 mol-1.5 mol, and more preferably 0.9 mol-1.2 mol.
Preferred ranges also comprise 1.0 mol-1.16 mol, 1.12 mol-1.16 mol,
and 1.12 mol-1.18 mol, as contemplated within the subject matter of
the inventive subject matter. More specifically, per liter of
solvent, concentrate may be made by adding the alkali metal salt,
e.g. LiNO.sub.3, in the molar amounts listed herein, e.g. 2.5, 2.0,
1.5, 1.2, 1.18, 1.16, 1.12, 1.0, 0.9, 0.8, 0.6, 0.58, 0.56, and 0.5
mol.
[0039] It is contemplated to be included within the present
inventive subject matter that one or more of the lithium salts may
be combined in varying percentages.
[0040] Solvents are used to create the super concentrate (SC) as
well as being used as a diluent for the fuel additive (FA). The
solvent and diluent may be the same or different between the SC and
the FA and a single solvent/diluent or a combinations of
solvents/diluents are used in both the SC and the FA. The terms
solvent and diluent refer to the step of the process in which they
are being used, e.g. making the concentrate or making the additive,
but the term solvent may also refer to the liquid portion of the
solution being prepared. Solvents which may be used in the present
inventive subject matter include isopropanol (isopropyl alcohol),
ethanol, C1-C10 alkyl alcohols, gasoline, diesel fuel, biodiesel
fuel, and solvent forms of primary, secondary, and mixed C1-C12
hydrocarbons. Isopropanol, methanol, ethanol, C1-C4 alkyl alcohols
and mixtures thereof are preferred.
[0041] Specific solvent and diluent combinations contemplated for
creating the concentrate, include 50-50 IPA/Ethanol, IPA 0-100%
plus Ethanol 100-0%, IPA in concentrate with alcohol diluent, IPA
for concentrate with gasohol 85 as diluent, and alcohol for
concentrate with IPA as diluent.
[0042] Although fully within the skill of a chemist in this field,
molar masses are provided below to aid in the calculation of molar
solutions. TABLE-US-00002 Specific Gravity Molar Mass Solvent
(Kg/cu.m) (g/mol) Isopropanol 785.4 60.09676 Ethanol 785.06
46.06962 Methanol 791.30 32.3294 Isobutanol 801.6 74.1239 Vehicle
737.22 70-168 (119 average) (C.sub.nH.sub.n, C.sub.nH.sub.2n,
gaseoline C.sub.nH.sub.2n + 2, n = 5-12) Diesel 820-950 .about.170
(C.sub.12H.sub.26 average) Fuel Oil 890.13 .about.196-280
(C.sub.nH.sub.2n + 2, n = 14-20) Soy Bean Oil 930 .about.310 methyl
ester Rapeseed Oil 880 .about.308 methyl ester LPG 500 44.1 E85 Gas
780-800 85% EtOH (70-168), 15% Gas (46.1) Gasohol 780-800 90% Gas
(70-168), 10% EtOH (46.1)
[0043] Although preferred solvents are specifically recited herein,
it is also within the knowledge of any ordinary chemist and
intended to be included herein that other solvents or mixtures of
solvents, besides those listed above, may be used with the metal
nitrate salts herein to prepare the SC, the FA, and the fuel to be
treated. The solvents are used herein to make the concentrate as
well as a diluent to convert the concentrate to the fuel additive
product. However, it is included herein that the solvent for the
concentrate may be the same or different from the diluent.
TABLE-US-00003 Molar Solution-Concentrate % .times. .times. molar
.times. .times. solution = ( mol .times. .times. alkali .times.
.times. metal .times. .times. salt ) ( mol .times. .times. alkali
.times. .times. metal .times. .times. salt ) + ( mol / L .times.
.times. solvent ) .times. ( .times. 100 ) ##EQU1## Solvent % molar
Alkali salt Salt (mol) Solvent mol/1 L solution LiNO.sub.3 1.16
iPrOH 13.07 8.15 EtOH 17.04 6.38 MeOH 24.48 4.53 iBuOH 10.81 9.69
Gasoline 6.20 15-16 Diesel 5.24 18 Fuel Oil 3.7 24 Rapeseed methyl
ester 2.86 29 *note: mol/L calculated as specific gravity/atomic
mass
[0044] Solubility of lithium nitrate for various solvents is
provided below. TABLE-US-00004 Lithium solubility Methanol
<.about.30 Ethanol <.about.25 EtOH/IPA (50/50) <.about.20
Isopropanol <.about.15 n-Butanol <.about.13 2-Ethylhexanol
<.about.2 n-Decanol <.about.1 Acetone <.about.8
[0045] In a preferred embodiment, specific proportions of fuel
additive in fuel will provide specific yields in terms of fuel
efficiency. Parts per million can be calculated according to the
following formula. TABLE-US-00005 Parts per million - Treated Fuel
1 ppm = weight of a chemical added to a volume of solvent to give 1
ppm = 1 .mu. mol alkali metal nitrate/mol solvent = .001 g alkali
metal nitrate/Liter solvent = 0.0038 g/U.S. gallon
[0046] In a preferred embodiment, the present inventive subject
matter provides about 0.1 ppm Li in fuel. In a preferred
embodiment, the ppm of Li in fuel ranges from about 0.025 to about
1.0, and from about 0.05 to about 0.5, and from about 0.075 to
about 0.25, and from about 0.09 to about 0.15, and any numerical
ranges therebetween.
[0047] In other preferred embodiments, the amount of Li in fuel
provides a range of combustion yield increases, including from
about 5%-30% increase in yield, about 10%-25% increase in yield,
about 18%-22% increase in yield, and about 10%-15% increase in
yield, with yield ranges including the numerical values
therebetween as well. Typical yield increases are about 4-10%
depending on the quality of the fuel. Yield is measured by vehicle
fuel economy, by increase in Btu's produced, and by other similar
known methods.
[0048] The following examples are not meant to be limiting and
where, for example, ratios of about 1 liter to about 4000 liters,
are stated, it can also be reasonably interpreted as an of about 1
unit to about 4000 units.
EXAMPLES
Example 1
LiNO.sub.3 Super Concentrate--Isopropanol
A process of preparing a lithium nitrate super concentrate
comprises mixing into solution 1.69 moles of lithium nitrate in
15.23 moles isopropanol. This provides a LiNO.sub.3 super
concentrate.
Example 2
LiNO3 Super Concentrate--Ethanol
A process of preparing a lithium nitrate concentrate comprises
mixing into solution 1.69 moles of lithium nitrate in 19.54 moles
ethanol. This provides a LiNO.sub.3 super concentrate.
Example 3
LiNO3 Super Concentrate--Methanol
A process of preparing a lithium nitrate concentrate comprises
mixing into solution 1.69 moles of lithium nitrate in 32.33 moles
methanol. This provides a LiNO.sub.3 super concentrate.
Example 4
LiNO.sub.3 Super Concentrate--Isopropanol
A process of preparing a lithium nitrate super concentrate
comprises mixing into solution 0.85 moles of lithium nitrate in
15.23 moles isopropanol. This provides a LiNO.sub.3 super
concentrate.
Example 5
LiNO3 Super Concentrate--Ethanol
A process of preparing a lithium nitrate concentrate comprises
mixing into solution 0.85 moles of lithium nitrate in 19.54 moles
ethanol. This provides a LiNO.sub.3 super concentrate.
Example 6
LiNO3 Super Concentrate--Methanol
[0049] A process of preparing a lithium nitrate concentrate
comprises mixing into solution 0.85 moles of lithium nitrate in
32.33 moles methanol. This provides a LiNO.sub.3 super
concentrate.
Example 7
Fuel Additive (FA)
A process of preparing a fuel additive comprises diluting a super
concentrate as described herein in a ratio of about 1 part to about
11 parts solvent/diluent.
Example 8
Fuel Additive (FA)
A process of preparing a fuel additive comprises diluting a super
concentrate as described herein in a ratio of about 1 part to about
10 parts solvent/diluent.
Example 9
Li with Isopropanol Diluent
A process of preparing a lithium nitrate fuel additive (FA) which
comprises diluting a lithium nitrate superconcentrate in a ratio of
about 1 part concentrate to about 10 to 11 parts isopropanol (total
of 11 or 12 parts, respectively).
Example 10
Li with EtOH Diluent
A process of preparing a lithium nitrate fuel additive (FA) which
comprises diluting a lithium nitrate super concentrate in a ratio
of about 1 part concentrate to about 10 to 11 parts ethanol (total
of 11 to 12).
Example 11
Combination of Salts
A process of preparing a super concentrate fuel additive which
comprises combining one or more nitrate salts of an alkali metal
and mixing into a chemically reasonable solvent, creating a 3%-20%
concentrate solution.
Example 12
A process of preparing a fuel additive which comprises diluting a
3%-20% super concentrate solution in a ratio of about 1 part
concentrate to about 5 to about 20 parts solvent.
Example 13
Treatment
A process of treating fuel or enhancing combustion of a fuel source
which comprises mixing about 1 liter of fuel additive (FA) to about
3000 to 4000 liters of fuel.
Example 14
A process of treating fuel or enhancing combustion of a fuel source
which comprises mixing about 1 liter of fuel additive to a range of
about 2000 liters to about 15,000 liters of fuel.
Example 15
A process of treating fuel or enhancing combustion of a fuel source
which comprises mixing about 1 liter of fuel additive to a range of
about 6000 liters to about 15,000 liters of fuel.
Example 16
A process of treating fuel or enhancing combustion of a fuel source
which comprises mixing about 1 liter of fuel additive to a range of
about 10,000 liters to about 20,000 liters of fuel.
Example 17
Biodiesel Plus Diesel as Diluent
A process of preparing a fuel additive which comprises diluting a
3%-20% concentrate solution in a ratio of 1 part concentrate to
from about 5 to about 20 parts biodiesel fuel plus diesel fuel
combination.
Example 18
Biodiesel Diluent
A process of preparing a fuel additive which comprises diluting a
3%-20% concentrate solution in a ratio of 1 part concentrate to
from about 5 to about 20 parts biodiesel fuel.
Example 19
Diesel Diluent
A process of preparing a fuel additive which comprises diluting a
3%-20% concentrate solution in a ratio of 1 part concentrate to
from about 5 to about 20 parts diesel fuel.
Example 20
EtOH with Gasoline
A process of preparing a fuel additive which comprises diluting a
3%-20% concentrate solution in a ratio of 1 part concentrate to
from about 5 to about 20 parts ethanol with gasoline fuel.
Example 21
[0050] A process of treating fuel or enhancing combustion of a fuel
source which comprises mixing about 1 liter of fuel additive to a
range of about 4000 to about 10,000, or about 6000 to about 20,000,
or about 10,000 liters to about 20,000 liters, of ethanol with
gasoline.
Example 22
Fuel Alcohol
A process of preparing a fuel additive which comprises diluting a
3%-20% concentrate solution in a ratio of 1 part concentrate to 1
part fuel alcohol.
Example 23
A process of treating boiler fuel, e.g. DIESEL 2, DIESEL 6 OR
BUNKER OIL, which comprises mixing about 1 unit fuel additive to
about 4,000 units of fuel.
Example 24
A process of treating natural gas where the fuel additive is
atomized according to the equivalent CNG volume.
Example 25
A process of treat coal or biomass fuel for combustion where the
fuel additive is added directly into the burner at equivalent
volumes.
Example 26
A treated fuel wherein concentrate is added in a ratio selected
from the group consisting of 1:3000, 1:4000, 1:1000, 1:3000, and
1:6000 of final mix examples.
Example 27
Superconcentrate with IPA/Ethanol as Diluent
A process of preparing a fuel additive which comprises diluting a
superconcentrate as described herein with a diluent of IPA mixed
with Ethanol in a 50/50 ratio.
Example 28
Superconcentrate with IPA/Ethanol as Diluent
A process of preparing a fuel additive which comprises diluting a
superconcentrate as described herein with a diluent of IPA 0%-100%
mixed with Ethanol 100%-0%.
Example 29
Superconcentrate IPA with Ethanol as Diluent
A process of preparing a fuel additive which comprises diluting a
superconcentrate made with IPA as described herein with a diluent
of ethanol.
Example 30
Superconcentrate IPA with Gasohol as Diluent
A process of preparing a fuel additive which comprises diluting a
superconcentrate made with IPA as described herein with a diluent
of gasohol.
Example 31
Superconcentrate Ethanol with IPA as Diluent
A process of preparing a fuel additive which comprises diluting a
superconcentrate made with ethanol as described herein with a
diluent of IPA.
Example 32
Boat Testing
Fuel additive was added to diesel fuel used in a boat engine. It
was observed that fuel consumption decreased 13.5% and power
increased 12.5% according to the On-Board Engine Computer.
Example 33
[0051] The Mechanical Engineering Department of a Major University
was asked to conduct tests using semi-trailer trucks (lorries).
Test results indicated an 8% milage increase on a large fully
loaded 18-wheeler truck. Further, a 10% efficiency gain was
observed during testing on a diesel powered generator set.
Anecdotally, the driver stated that he was able to climb a steep
grade using a higher gear ratio (3 gears higher) indicating an
increase in horsepower production.
Example 34
Six (6) vehicles from the Santiago, Chile Bus Fleet were tested for
reduction of diesel smoke. Data was collected concerning the
opacity reduction of the diesel smoke.
[0052] Results are below. TABLE-US-00006 Diesel Smoke Reduction -
Santiago Bus Fleet Vehicles Vehicle Identifier Year Manufactured
Opacity Reduction TJ-9265 2000 45% UJ-7537 2001 32% UU-9571 2001
33% UK-7780 2001 36% UF-8932 2001 36% KK-6364 2001 36% (truck)
Example 35
[0053] Four (4) vehicle types belonging to various institutions of
The Dominican Republic were tested for efficiency increases in
their Km per Gal. The data is provided below along with the
percentage increase before and after using the fuel additive. Fuel
was dispensed from a single supply source. TABLE-US-00007 Km/Gal
w/o Km/Gal with Vehicles Additive Additive % Increase DR1 30.17
35.11 16.37 DR2 26.98 29.34 13.15 DR3 6.85 8.59 19.90 (420 buses)
average average DR4 12.4 17.63 29.69 (52 buses) average average
Example 36
BTU Increase
[0054] TABLE-US-00008 ASTM D-240 Sample Value (Btu/lb) % Increase
Diesel 2 18345 .+-. 5% Diesel 2 with 20177 .+-. 5% +10% Fuel
Additive Gasoline 84 19353 .+-. 5% Gasoline 84 with 20715 .+-. 5%
+7% Fuel Additive Kerosene 17802 .+-. 5% Kerosene with 19496 .+-.
5% +9.5% Fuel Additive Ethanol 17039 .+-. 5% Ethanol with 18787
.+-. 5% +10.3% Fuel Additive Gasoline 97 22273 .+-. 5% octane
Gasoline 97 24154 .+-. 5% +8.4% octane with Fuel Additive
Example 37
BTU Increase
[0055] TABLE-US-00009 ASTM D-240 Sample Value (Btu/lb) % Increase
Gasoline Reg. 18104 Gasoline Reg. with 19639 8.4 Fuel Additive
Gasoline Premium 18199 Gasoline Prem. with 19049 4.7 Fuel Additive
Fuel Oil 17865 Fuel Oil with 18449 3.3 Fuel Additive Diesel #2
18352 Diesel #2 with 19639 7.0 Fuel Additive
Example 38
- LUBRICITY
[0056] The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as of the
early 1990s estimated that the average sulfur content of on-highway
diesel fuel is approximately 0.25% by weight and had required this
level be reduced to no more than 0.05% by weight by Oct. 1, 1993.
The EPA also required that this diesel fuel have a minimum cetane
index specification of 40 (or meet a maximum aromatics level of
35%). The objective of this rule was to reduce sulfate particulate
and carbonaceous and organic particulate emissions. See, Federal
Register, Vol. 55, No. 162, Aug. 21, 1990, pp. 34120-34151.
Low-sulfur diesel fuels and technology for meeting these emission
requirements are commercially interesting. One approach to meeting
these requirements was to provide a low-sulfur diesel fuel additive
that could be effectively used in a low-sulfur diesel fuel
environment to reduce the ignition temperatures of soot that is
collected in the particulate traps of diesel engines. However,
reducing sulfur in diesel also reduces the ability of the fuel to
lubricate engine parts, e.g. high pressure pump and injectors are
fuel lubricated. Accordingly, reducing sulfur increases engine
wear.
[0057] One of the tests for lubricity is the HFRR test (High
Frequency Reciprocating Rig) method. According to government
standards, the maximum allowable lubricity value (HFRR) is as
follows: TABLE-US-00010 Europe, India, Australia 460 um (ISO
12156-1) USA 520 um (ASTM D 6079)
For example, lubricity measured at 690 um shows increased wear at
the rotor pin groove, and the washer disc housing.
[0058] Samples of diesel fuel were tested for lubricity. In all
cases, lubricity was improved due to the addition of fuel additive
(FA). TABLE-US-00011 Diesel Fuel Lubricity Lubricity with Source
Country Sulfur "as is" Fuel Additive BP USA 8 0.539 0.465 Texaco
USA 3 0.456 0.434 Citgo USA 56 0.555 0.495 Shell USA 9 0.406 0.373
Exxon USA 9 0.520 0.513 Petrobras BR 487 0.292 0.250 Ipiranga BR
566 0.374 0.340 Texaco BR 549 0.410 0.371 Petrobras BR 181 0.266
0.208 (biodiesel)
[0059] It will be clear to a person of ordinary skill in the art
that the above embodiments may be altered or that insubstantial
changes may be made without departing from the scope of the
inventive subject matter. Accordingly, the scope of the inventive
subject matter is determined by the scope of the following claims
and their equitable Equivalents.
* * * * *