U.S. patent application number 11/570601 was filed with the patent office on 2007-11-01 for use of a two finger input on touch screens.
This patent application is currently assigned to Koninklijke Philips Electronics, N.V.. Invention is credited to Vincentius P. Buil, Gerrit G. Hollemans, Heneriette C. M. Hoonhout, Huib V. Kleinhout, Sander B. F. van ee Wijdeven.
Application Number | 20070252821 11/570601 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 34970585 |
Filed Date | 2007-11-01 |
United States Patent
Application |
20070252821 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Hollemans; Gerrit G. ; et
al. |
November 1, 2007 |
Use of a Two Finger Input on Touch Screens
Abstract
A system and method for detecting at least two-finger input on a
touch screen of a display such as computer, etc. includes a display
screen; a sensing grid arranged for sensing touch on said display
screen; a plurality of electrodes connected electrically to the
sensing grid. A controller receives an output from the sensing
grid, and a module identifies at least two points on the grid
indicating locations of the display screen that have been touched
by a user and identifies a geographic portion of the display screen
to be identified based on said at least two points. As the position
of the fingers are relative to the position of the screen via
change in a direction of a Z-coordinate, a variable zoom can be
provided by the sensing grid commensurate with different distances
that the multiple fingers are sensed from the display screen.
Inventors: |
Hollemans; Gerrit G.;
(Eindhoven, NL) ; Kleinhout; Huib V.; (Waarle,
NL) ; Hoonhout; Heneriette C. M.; (Maastricht,
NL) ; van ee Wijdeven; Sander B. F.; (Eindhoven,
NL) ; Buil; Vincentius P.; (Eindhoven, NL) |
Correspondence
Address: |
PHILIPS INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY & STANDARDS
P.O. BOX 3001
BRIARCLIFF MANOR
NY
10510
US
|
Assignee: |
Koninklijke Philips Electronics,
N.V.
Groenewoudseweg 1
Eindhoven
NL
5621 BA
|
Family ID: |
34970585 |
Appl. No.: |
11/570601 |
Filed: |
June 17, 2005 |
PCT Filed: |
June 17, 2005 |
PCT NO: |
PCT/IB05/52005 |
371 Date: |
December 14, 2006 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
60580655 |
Jun 17, 2004 |
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
345/173 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G06F 2203/04808
20130101; G06F 3/0488 20130101; G06F 3/04883 20130101; G06F
2203/04104 20130101; G06F 3/0444 20190501 |
Class at
Publication: |
345/173 |
International
Class: |
G06F 3/041 20060101
G06F003/041 |
Claims
1. A system for detecting two-finger input on a touch screen,
comprising: a display screen; a sensing grid arranged for sensing
touch on said display screen; a plurality of electrodes arranged at
corners of the sensing grid and being electrically connected to the
sensing grid; a controller that receives an output from the sensing
grid; and a module that identifies at least two points on the grid
indicating locations of the display screen that have been touched
by a user and identifies a geographic portion of the display screen
to be identified based on said at least two points.
2. The system according to claim 1, wherein the at least two points
have different X and Y coordinates, and the geographic portion
comprises a rectangle.
3. The system according to claim 1, wherein the rectangle comprises
two active lines in the sensing grid in a horizontal direction and
two active lines in a vertical direction.
4. The system according to claim 1, wherein at least one sensed
line is connected between said at least two points.
5. The system according to claim 4, wherein a shape of the
geographic portion of the display screen to be identified comprises
a rectangle.
6. The system according to claim 4, wherein if only one vertical or
one horizontal sense line is active on the sensing grid, a size of
the rectangle is calculated by the control module sensing a length
of said at least one sensed line, and at a midpoint of said at
least one sensed line calculating a second line that is
perpendicular to said at least one sensed line and having a same
length as said at least one sensed line, and based on a length
defined by a location of said at least two points, and a width
defined by two end points of the second line, providing coordinates
of a rectangle to be identified on the display screen. The system
according to claim 5, wherein the control module provides the
coordinates of a rectangle to display logic, that controls an image
shown on said display screen.
7. The system according to claim 1, wherein said display screen is
adapted for capacitive sensing.
8. The system according to claim 1, wherein said display screen is
adapted for resistive sensing.
9. The system according to claim 1, wherein said display screen is
adapted for optical sensing.
10. The system according to claim 1, wherein said display screen is
adapted for acoustic wave sensing.
11. The system according to claim 1, wherein said display screen is
adapted for optical sensing.
12. The system according to claim 1, wherein said display screen is
adapted for near field imaging (NFI).
13. The system according to claim 1, wherein the identified
geographic portion of said display screen is adapted for selection
of an area displayed on the display screen determined by a position
of the two finger input sensed by the sensing grid and determined
by the controller.
14. The system according to claim 1, wherein the identified
geographic portion of said display screen is adapted for at least
one of rotation and deletion by a change in a position of the two
finger input sensed by the sensing grid and determined by the
controller.
15. The system according to claim 1, wherein the identified
geographic portion of said display screen is adapted for at least
one of highlighting and changing color of items on the display
screen by a change in a position of the two finger input sensed by
the sensing grid and determined by the controller.
16. The system according to claim 1, wherein the identified
geographic portion of said display screen is adapted for moving an
item displayed on said display screen by a change in a position of
the two finger input sensed by the sensing grid and determined by
the controller.
17. The system according to claim 1, wherein the identified
geographic portion of said display screen is adapted for variable
zooming based on a change in a position of the two finger input
sensed by the sensing grid and determined by the controller.
18. The system according to claim 17, wherein the change in
position of the two finger input is based on a sensed distance from
the screen determined by the controller.
19. The system according to claim 17, wherein a sensed distance is
determined by an amount of current drop sensed by the sensing grid
and determined by the controller.
20. A system for three-dimensional touch sensing but at least two
fingers on a touch screen, comprising: a display screen; a sensing
grid arranged for sensing touch on said display screen; a plurality
of electrodes arranged at edges of the sensing grid and being
electrically connected to the sensing grid; a controller that
receives an output of at least two fingers in close proximity to
the sensing grid; and a module that identifies at least two points
on the grid indicating locations of the display screen that have
been touched by a user and identifies a geographic portion of the
display screen to be identified based on said at least two points
to determine an X and a Y coordinate for each point, wherein said
module provides a variable zoom factor based on a Z coordinate
comprising a distance of said at least two fingers from the display
screen.
21. The system according to claim 20, wherein said module
calculates an amount of a drop in current detected at said at least
two points to determine a height h of the at least two fingers from
the display screen.
22. The system according to claim 21, wherein a view of the
identified geographic portion of the display screen is variably
magnified as a height h of the two fingers from the screen
increases up to a predetermined maximum.
23. The system according to claim 22, wherein the amount of
variable magnification is approximately relative to the height h of
two fingers from the display screen
24. The system according to claim 20, wherein the identified
geographical portion of an image identified on said display screen
is adapted for at least one of rotation, selection or deletion
according to a change in a position of the two finger input sensed
by the sensing grid 410 and determined by the controller.
25. The system according to claim 20, wherein the identified
geographical portion of an image on said display screen is adapted
to change color according to a change in position of the two finger
input sensed by the sensing grid and determined by the
controller.
26. The system according to claim 20, wherein the identified
geographical portion of an image on said display screen is adapted
to change shape according to a change in position of the two finger
input sensed by the sensing grid and determined by the
controller.
27. The system according to claim 20, wherein the identified
geographical portion of an image on said display screen is adapted
to change an amount of illumination of the image according to a
change in position of the two finger input sensed by the sensing
grid and determined by the controller.
28. A method of detecting a two-finger input on a touch screen,
comprising: (a) providing a display screen; (b) arranging a sensing
grid in communication with said display screen for sensing touch on
said display screen; (c) electrically connecting a plurality of
electrodes to the sensing grid; (d) providing a controller that
receives an output from the sensing grid; and (e) identifying at
least two points on the grid indicating locations of the display
screen that have been touched by a user to select a geographic
portion comprising a rectangular portion of the display screen to
be identified based on said at least two points touched by at least
two fingers.
29. The method according to claim 28, wherein a size of the
geographic portion is calculated by the control module sensing a
length of at least one sensed line activated by said at least two
points touch by said at least two fingers, and at a midpoint of
said at least one sensed line calculating a second line that is
perpendicular to said at least one sensed line and having a same
length as said at least one sensed line, and based on a length
defined by a location of said at least two points, and a width
defined by two end points of the second line, providing coordinates
of a geographic portion to be identified on the display screen.
30. The method according to claim 28, wherein the geographical
portion of an image on said display screen is adapted to change
color according to a change in position of the two finger input
sensed by the sensing grid and determined by the controller.
31. The system according to claim 28, wherein the geographical
portion of an image on said display screen is adapted to change
shape according to a change in position of the two finger input
sensed by the sensing grid and determined by the controller.
32. The system according to claim 28, wherein the identified
geographical portion of an image on said display screen is adapted
to change an amount of illumination of the image according to a
change in position of the two finger input sensed by the sensing
grid and determined by the controller.
33. A method for detecting for three-dimensional touch sensing by
at least two fingers on a touch screen, comprising: (a) providing a
display screen; (b) arranging a sensing grid in communication with
said display screen for sensing touch on said display screen; (c)
electrically connecting a plurality of electrodes arranged at
corners of the sensing grid; (d) providing a controller that
receives an output from the sensing grid; a sensing grid 410
arranged for sensing touch on said display screen; (e) identifying
at least two points on the grid indicating at least two locations
of the display screen that have been touched by a user and
identifying a geographic portion of the display screen to be based
on a position of said at least two points to determine an X and a Y
coordinate for each point; and (f) providing a variable zoom factor
based on a Z coordinate comprising a distance of said at least two
fingers from the display screen.
34. The method according to claim 33, wherein a view of the
identified geographic portion of the display screen is variably
magnified as the height h from the screen increases up to a
predetermined maximum.
Description
[0001] The present invention relates to touch screen displays used
in computer terminals, kiosks, PDAs, etc. More particularly, the
present invention relates to multiple finger input on touch
screens.
[0002] Touch screens have had enormous growth in many areas of
modern life. Touch screens are now common in places such as kiosks
at airports, automatic teller machines (ATMs), vending machines,
computers of all kinds. The elimination of the need for a pointing
device and/or a light pen in many applications has been widely
successful.
[0003] There are several different touch technologies, many of
which differ in the way that touch is detected. For example,
capacitive technologies that utilize the finger as a shunt for a
small alternating current that is run to ground through the
operator's body. With scanning infrared systems, a user's touch is
registered when a finger (or a stylus) encounters an array of
infrared beams. There is also a surface acoustic-wave touch screen,
wherein the screen absorbs the acoustic waves propagating on the
touch surface, and the touch is identified by the drop in acoustic
signal from the touch location. Resistive touch technologies are
based on two layers of conductive material held apart by small,
barely visible spacers. When the screen is touched, the two layers
come into contact, and two-dimensional coordinate information is
generated by the voltages produced at the touch location.
[0004] One of the problems with typical touch mechanisms is that
they cannot determine the exact position of the fingers pressed up
against a screen if more than one finger is used. One reason that
such detection mechanisms have a problem with multi-finger pointing
is that a sensing grid is used instead of a large number of point
sensors.
[0005] FIG. 1 illustrates a sensing grid. This figures shows of
series of grids having a predetermined shape. Thus, if two fingers
touch the screen at the same time, it cannot be determined whether
the grid A', A, B', B is caused by the fingers touching A and B, or
A' and B.
[0006] There is a problem in what occurs when two fingers touch
different vertical lines (points A and B are on different vertical
lines and different horizontal lines) so that both two vertical
lines and two horizontal lines are activated (i.e. each point
having both a different Y and a different Y coordinate). Thus,
there is still a need in the art to identify two finger input using
a sensing grid.
[0007] The presently claimed invention provides a method and
apparatus for a touch mechanism to detect a two-finger input on
touch screens. Although in the typical sensing grid system, it is
difficult to determine the placement of the fingers on the grid, in
a first aspect of the invention a square formed by the activation
of the lines on the sensing grid caused by two finger touch can be
used to make a selection of items that are displayed within this
square in order to select, zoom, copy, move, delete, etc., or
select a dial to rotate the contents of the grid. In the present
invention, a combinatorial matrix touch screen is used to indicate
a square with two fingers.
[0008] In another aspect of the invention, a 3D virtual touch
screen, using the two-finger input of the present invention,
permits a Z-coordinate that can be used to rotate the selected
item(s) around the Z-axis. In addition, the Z-coordinate can be
used to as a "zoom" by changing the size of the selection as a
function of the distance to the screen.
[0009] FIG. 1 is an illustration of a grid array used by a touch
screen detection mechanism.
[0010] FIG. 2A illustrates a first aspect of the present invention
showing a single line of a sensing grid being activated.
[0011] FIG. 2B illustrates a second aspect of the present invention
utilizing a center of the squares to form a more accurate area
sensed by touch.
[0012] FIG. 3 illustrates a third aspect of the present invention
that can be used with three dimensional viewing systems.
[0013] It is to be understood by persons of ordinary skill in the
art that the following descriptions are provided for purposes of
illustration and not for limitation. An artisan understands that
there are many variations that lie within the spirit of the
invention and the scope of the appended claims. Unnecessary detail
of known functions and operations may be omitted from the current
description so as not to obscure the finer points of the present
invention.
[0014] According to an aspect of the present invention, the square
shown in FIG. 1 that is formed by A, B, A' and B' can be used by
the system without identifying exactly which two of the four points
are being touched by the user. In other words, rather than
discriminate between points A and B or A' and B' (or A' and B or A
and B'), the bounded rectangle A'B B'A is taken as an input which
is then used for the functions such as selection, zoom, color
change, highlight, delete, etc. The movement of the fingers along
the screen may change the selected portion of the screen. However,
for example, once an item is selected, moving the fingers across
the screen can perform a drag function for which one normally uses
a pointing device, such as a mouse.
[0015] In addition, the distance that the fingers are located from
the screen can then be used, for example, to select an item, change
the degree of zoom, change the colors within the area of the
bounded box, or even to highlight the items within the bounded
box.
[0016] According to another aspect of the present invention, if the
same line is touched on multiple locations, this multi-finger touch
is detected by comparing which lines are touched in the horizontal
direction. FIG. 2A illustrates a single line touched at two points,
activating a single line of the sensing grid AB. This particular
case would be less likely to occur than the first example, and has
particular value, for example, if the difference between the lines
activated in a certain direction is too small, e.g. given the
granularity of the displayed items that could be selected.
[0017] In the particular case shown in FIG. 2A, the vertical line
is assumed to be activated by two finger touch; one of the fingers
touching point A 205 and another finger touching point B 215. While
there is a measurable vertical distance (in the Y direction)
between point A 215 and point B 205, the horizontal distance is
essentially zero between the two points. If only the AB sense line
210 is active, according to the invention a square can highlighted
on screen using a line orthogonal to AB and passing through its
midpoint. It should be noted that the exact same concept holds true
for horizontally activated sense lines where more than one finger
is touching along a same horizontal line activating one horizontal
line and two vertical lines, or possibly other angles such as
diagonal, as these terms are relative to the position of the user
viewing the touch screen.
[0018] In other words, if one measures the distance between AB 210,
half of that distance is the center, or midpoint of the line.
Another line, the exact length of the distance of AB 210, but
perpendicular to the line AB 210, is activated through the
midpoint, to form a horizontal line A'B' 230, as shown in FIG. 2b.
Thus, assuming, for example that one of the finger is touching the
point 205 and the other finger is touching the point 221, a single
square/rectangle on the sensing grid can be illuminated on the
display screen that is comprised of the two finger input.
[0019] Therefore, unlike the first aspect of the invention, wherein
the bounded box results from two points, both having different X
and Y coordinates, in this example, a size of the rectangle shown
on the display is calculated by the sensing of a length of at least
one sensed line, and at a midpoint of the at least one sensed line
calculating a second line 221 that is perpendicular to the at least
one sensed line and having a same length as said at least one
sensed line 210. Accordingly, based on a length defined by a
location of said at least two points 205, 220 of the display screen
touched by at least two fingers, and a width defined by two end
points 225, 230 of the second line 220, coordinates are provided to
show a rectangle being identified on the display screen.
[0020] FIG. 3 illustrates yet another aspect of the invention,
wherein a screen comprises a 3D virtual touch screen. Typically, in
this aspect of the invention, the screen would preferably comprise
a capacitance sensing screen. However, it is within the spirit and
scope of the invention that there can be an application in other
types of touch screens.
[0021] The screen 305 is touched by a user with two fingers at
respective points 310, 312. Thus the capacitance sensing field
senses multiple "blips", as two fingers are acting as shunts for a
small alternating current that is run to ground (through the user's
body). In addition to horizontal and vertical coordinates shown in
FIGS. 1 and 2 (i.e. X and Y) a "Z" coordinate, which is a height
from the surface of the touch screen can also be implemented with
the two-finger input previous described.
[0022] The distance of each of the fingers from the surface of the
touch screen can affect the amount of current that is shunted
through the user. There can be a determination made on the distance
of the fingers based on the drop of, for example, current relative
to a table of values. Of course, if the finger exceeds a distance
from the screen that permits the user to act as a shunt, then that
particular finger would no longer be sensed as "touching the
screen". In fact, the term "touch" is relative in this instance, as
the fingers can cause actuation of the screen display without
necessarily pressing on the screen.
[0023] The Z-coordinate can be used, for example to rotate the
selected items on the screen around the Z-axis. Additionally,
according to the present invention, the Z-coordinate can also be
used as a zoom, particularly when the size of the intended
selection on the screen is larger than the span of the fingers on
the hand. This zoom would be particularly useful in large computer
monitors, televisions, bathroom mirrors, etc. The distance of the
fingers from the screen can be scaled to provide a variable
zoom.
[0024] The Z coordinate can then be used to zoom the size of the
selection as a function of the distance to the screen. If the angle
{acute over (.alpha.)} (shown in FIG. 3) is kept constant over all
distances, the size of the surface of the selection grows with the
square of the change in distance from screen. If the user changes
the angle {acute over (.alpha.)} by moving his fingers closer
together or further apart, this would cause what constitutes the
selected area, meaning that either more or less than what is
between points 310 and 312 shown in FIG. 3 would be selected due to
the change in the angle {acute over (.alpha.)}.
[0025] For example, FIG. 3 first shows a user's fingers in
approximate contact with the screen 305. If the user pulled his/her
fingers back so as to have them a distance 2h from the screen, then
the visible are between the fingers at points 310 and 312 would now
be enlarged so as to be displayed between the points 320 and 322.
If the fingers are moved somewhat closer to the screen than a
distance 2h, but still further away from the screen than points
310, 312, the area of the screen between points 310 and 312 would
be enlarged to cover the space between points 330 and 332. Thus,
the user can vary the zoom as needed by moving his/her fingers
closer or further from the screen.
[0026] It should be noted that "h" shown in FIG. 3 is taken roughly
equal to the distance of the hand to the screen or the length of
finger to make the proportional change intuitive. The function of
taking the zoom factor of the surface as the square of the distance
from the screen can be varied according to need. With regard to
zooming, the relationship between the distance "d" (shown in FIG.
3) and the height "h" when there is a change in position can be
defined by: d = ( h + .DELTA. .times. .times. h ) .DELTA. .times.
.times. h * d .times. ( wherein .times. .times. .DELTA. .times.
.times. h > 0 ) . ##EQU1##
[0027] For example, if h doubles, then .DELTA.h is equal to h and d
would be: ( 1 + 1 ) 1 * d = 2 .times. d . ##EQU2##
[0028] The above relationship holds true so long as the angle
{acute over (.alpha.)} (alpha, shown in FIG. 3) is constant and
.DELTA.h>0. However, it is possible that for a given alpha that
a user cannot span the entire screen and the angle {acute over
(.alpha.)} must be altered. In such a case, the relationship
between d and h can be defined by: [0029]
d=e*((h+.DELTA.h)/.DELTA.h)*d , wherein epsilon (e) is an extra
multiplier. For example if epsilon is equal to 2, then a doubling
of the distance causes a quadrupling of d (height and width of the
area).
[0030] It should also be noted that when varying the zoom according
to the distance of the fingers from the touch screen, for example,
based on an amount of sensed current shunted along a sensing grid,
the accuracy of determining the distance of the fingers from the
screen is not constant for all distances from the screen. For
example, the further away the fingers are from the screen, the less
accurate the distance detection tends to become, until eventually
it cannot even detect a shunting effect caused by the fingers. To
reiterate, the present invention is applicable even if the distance
from the screen in which the fingers can be detected changes from
what is currently detectable. In addition, although FIG. 3 gives
one the impression that the zoom factor is strictly linear, it is
understood that in actuality it may not be linear at all. Slight
differences in distance closer to the screen may result in a
varying in the amount of zoom that is not the same as compared to
slight difference in distance of the fingers when relatively
further away from the screen.
[0031] It is also possible that there can also be individual
differences in the shunting due to the size of the fingers, for
example, a child's finger may not shunt current when approximating
contact with the screen in the exact amount as an adult man with
large fingers. However, the individual shunting could result in
people with different sized fingers having to position their
fingers at a somewhat different distance h to obtain the same
degree of zoom as other users. The principle, of course, does not
change in that the zoom is varied according to the distance of the
finger from the screen.
[0032] With regard to the variable zoom based on two finger input,
the presently claimed invention could also be adapted for use with
resistive screens that vary the amount of resistance based on
finger pressure. In such a case, touching the screen at two points
with a certain degree of pressure could be used to initially select
an area for viewing, and then pressing harder into the screen with
both fingers (or lighter, for that matter) can be used to variable
zoom in and out of the selected area.
[0033] FIG. 4 illustrates an example of hardware that can be used
according to the present invention. This particular example
illustrates a capacitive technology, but it should be noted that it
is within the spirit and scope of the presently claimed invention
that it can be adapted to other types of touch screens.
[0034] A voltage source 401 will provide a predetermined voltage to
contacts 405,406,407,408. It is possible that the voltage could be
deliver to only some of the contacts and then alternate to other
contacts after a predetermined amount of time, or delivered to all
the contacts. Typically the screen would have an overlay that is
coated with a transparent metal oxide. When the voltage is applied
to the contacts, there can be a small current running through the
grid 408. When two fingers either touch the screen (represented by
the dots 409) or come within a predetermined distance so as to
create a voltage drop at the points X1, Y1, X2, Y2, which are
represented in the drawing by the dots 409. The finger acts like a
shunt to drain some current/voltage from the grid. The exact
location of the points are calculated by the controller 415 and
transmitted to the display logic 420 that provides the screen
output.
[0035] The controller 415 has a module 417 that is used to detect
an area of the screen, typically a rectangle, whose initial area is
determined by the points on the screen contacted. The module 417
contains hardware and/or software to construct a rectangle by
finding a midpoint of sense lines activated by the touch at points
409 and provide a perpendicular sense line of the same length
through the midpoint In addition, the module 417 also is adapted to
permit 3D-capability, wherein the selected area can be rotated
around the Z coordinate, or the proximity of the fingers from the
screen at a common angle there between to provide a variable zoom.
As the fingers are backed away from the points 409, the zoom
becomes larger and the close to the actual points 409 are the two
fingers, the zoom can be decreased. It is also possible to reverse
the zoom so the zoom becomes smaller as you move your fingers away
from the screen an d larger as you move closer to the screen.
[0036] It should also be understood by persons of ordinary skill in
the art that the distance of the fingers from the screen can also
be used for functions other than a zoom function. For example, such
as distance can be used for increasing/decreasing a selection size
of the area that can be controlled.
[0037] Various modifications can be made to the present invention
by a person of ordinary skill in the art that do not depart from
the spirit of the invention or the scope of the appended claims.
For example, the touch screen may use resistive, capacitive, SAW,
Infrared or NFI (near field imaging). While Applicants disclose
that a rectangle is highlighted by two finger touch, it is possible
to express other shapes that would still be within the spirit of
the invention and the scope of the appended claims. When the
rectangle is highlighted, a series of options may appear on the
screen, such as move, delete, rotate, that can be activated by
touching that particular area of the grid where the words (such as
deletion, rotation of 90 degrees, 45 degrees, move, change color,
change shape, etc.), can be highlighted. It should be noted that
rotation and translation are best done by rotating or moving a
hand, rather than just the fingers. In addition, other items, such
as changing color and changing shape can be performed by touch.
[0038] The screen can be coated with any known film used for touch
display, and can be used on any type of display, including mirrors,
windows, televisions, windshields of vehicles (wherein a map could
be displayed on a small area thereof, and the fingers could zoom in
and out) computers, PDAs, wireless communication devices, standard
wireless telephones, video cell phones, etc. Furthermore, while the
geographic portion identified by the touch is exemplified in the
illustrations as a rectangle or square, it could be a circle, oval,
triangle, diamond shape (two opposed triangles) polygonal,
parallel-piqued, etc.
* * * * *