U.S. patent application number 10/594689 was filed with the patent office on 2007-11-01 for amylose starch products as sizing agents for textile yarns.
This patent application is currently assigned to BASF Plant Science GmbH. Invention is credited to Henk Jaap Meijer, Holger Schopke, Thomas Servay, Dominik Winter, Zhijian Xue.
Application Number | 20070251021 10/594689 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 34924544 |
Filed Date | 2007-11-01 |
United States Patent
Application |
20070251021 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Schopke; Holger ; et
al. |
November 1, 2007 |
Amylose Starch Products as Sizing Agents for Textile Yarns
Abstract
The invention relates to the use of chemically unmodified
amylose-type starch products as sizing agent for sizing natural
and/or synthetic yarns. The invention also relates to a process for
sizing natural and/or synthetic yarns using chemically modified
amylose-type starch products as sizing agent.
Inventors: |
Schopke; Holger;
(Neckargemund, DE) ; Servay; Thomas; (Worms,
DE) ; Meijer; Henk Jaap; (Kiel Windeweer, NL)
; Xue; Zhijian; (Ludwigshafen, DE) ; Winter;
Dominik; (Ludwigshafen, DE) |
Correspondence
Address: |
CONNOLLY BOVE LODGE & HUTZ, LLP
P O BOX 2207
WILMINGTON
DE
19899
US
|
Assignee: |
BASF Plant Science GmbH
Carl-Bosch-Str. 38
Ludwigshafen
DE
67056
|
Family ID: |
34924544 |
Appl. No.: |
10/594689 |
Filed: |
March 30, 2005 |
PCT Filed: |
March 30, 2005 |
PCT NO: |
PCT/EP05/03301 |
371 Date: |
September 28, 2006 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
8/115.6 |
Current CPC
Class: |
D06M 15/11 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
008/115.6 |
International
Class: |
D06M 15/11 20060101
D06M015/11 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Apr 1, 2004 |
EP |
04007877.6 |
Claims
1. A method of using amylose-type starch as a sizing agent for
natural cotton yarn comprising applying to a yarn a sizing agent
comprising an amylose-type starch.
2. The method according to claim 1 wherein the amylose-type starch
has an amylose content of at least 50%.
3. The method according to claim 2 wherein the amylose-type starch
is produced by transgenic potato plants.
4. The method according to claim 1 wherein the amylose-type starch
is used in combination with at least one other sizing agent
selected from the group consisting of polyvinyl alcohol,
carboxymethyl cellulose, and poly(meth)acrylate.
5. A process for sizing natural cotton yarn or blends of cotton and
polyester yarn comprising using chemically unmodified amylose-type
starch as a sizing agent.
6. A process for sizing natural cotton yarn or blends of cotton and
polyester yarn comprising using chemically modified amylose-type
starch as a sizing agent.
7. A The process according to claim 5 wherein the amylose-type
starch is produced by transgenic potato plants.
8. The process according to claim 7 wherein the amylose-type starch
has an amylose content of at least 50%.
9. The process according to claim 6 wherein the amylose-type starch
is produced by transgenic potato plants.
10. The process according to claim 9 wherein the amylose-type
starch has an amylose content of at least 50%.
Description
[0001] The invention relates to the use of native chemically
unmodified amylose-type starch as sizing agent for natural and/or
synthetic textile yarns and textile blended yarns as well as to a
process for sizing textile yarns using these starch products. The
invention furthermore relates to the use of chemically modified
amylose-type starch as sizing agent for natural and/or synthetic
textile yarns and textile blended yarns as well as to a process for
sizing textile yarns using chemically modified amylose-type starch
products.
[0002] Woven fabrics are two-dimensional bodies consisting of
fibers in the form of threads intersecting at right angles (the
warp and weft), produced using the shed-forming method. Whereas
each weft thread is stressed only briefly as it is placed in
position, the warp threads undergo repeated stress during each
insertion of the weft and at each change of shed. The warp threads
undergo stress in the form of yarn--metal abrasion when the weft
thread is pushed by the reed, by yarn--yarn abrasion during the
change of shed, and by cyclic stretching processes. The warp
threads are normally unable to withstand these, extreme stresses,
and must therefore be provided with a protective coating--the,
sizing agent--that adheres to the fiber, forming an
abrasion-resistant, elastic film. With staple fiber yarns, the
sizing agents have the task of making the yarn resistant to the
frictional processes that take place during weaving. Protruding
fibers are caused to adhere to the main body of the yarn, thereby
preventing neighboring warp threads from catching or entangling.
The overall increase in the tensile strength of the thread of about
20% is of minor importance, but the increase in strength at the
weakest points is crucial.
[0003] The sizing agent must adhere strongly to the fiber, and its
film properties should be largely independent of the climatic
conditions, especially atmospheric humidity, and be unaffected by
fiber finishes and sizing additives. The elongation of the warp
thread should not be reduced by presence of the sizing agent.
[0004] After the gray cloth has been woven, the task of the sizing
agent is complete. As it would usually have a deleterious effect on
subsequent finishing processes, it must be completely removed.
Removal is simple in the case of cold-water-soluble sizing agents,
but starch products that are insoluble in cold water require
preliminary enzymatic or oxidative breakdown before the desizing
stage. The removal of the sizing agent may pose special wastewater
treatment problems in finishing plants.
[0005] A large number of classes of chemical substances are used as
sizing agents. They can be divided into two main groups [0006] 1)
Macromolecular natural products and their derivatives: starches and
starch derivatives, carboxymethyl cellulose, galactomannan, and
tamarind flour derivatives [0007] 2) Synthetic polymers: poly(vinyl
alcohol), poly(meth)acrylates, polyester condensates, and polyvinyl
compounds
[0008] The growth of synthetic fibers and the developments in
weaving technology have accelerated the development of synthetic
sizing agents.
[0009] The sizing agent to be used must satisfy different
requirements, such as good penetrativeness, good adhesiveness, good
film-forming properties and the ability to form an elastic sizing
film. A suitable sizing agent imparts to the sized yarn desirable
properties, such as a high wear resistance (abrasion resistance), a
high weaving efficiency and good washing-out properties of the
woven textile product.
[0010] About 70% of the consumption of sizing agents worldwide are
starches and starch derivatives.
[0011] Starch and its derivatives are therefore the most important
class of sizing agents with respect to total consumption. This is
because of their low price, good sizing effect, and worldwide
availability. The raw material basis of this class of sizing
materials is naturally occurring starch, a polysaccharide based on
.alpha.-D-glucopyranose. Starch is not a single chemical substance,
but is composed of two structurally different polymers: amylose and
amylopectin. Amylose consists of chains of glucose units linked by
.alpha.-1,4-glucosidic bonds, whereas amylopectin additionally
contains .alpha.-1,6-glucosidic bonds which cause branching of the
polymer chain, see J. A. Radley: Starch and its Derivatives,
Chapmann & Hall, London 1968; M. W. Rutenberg in R. L. Davidson
(ed.): Handbook of Water-Soluble Gums and Resins, McGraw-Hill, New
York 1980, chap. 22; J. BeMiller in R. L. Whistler, J. N. BeMiller
(eds.): Industrial Gums, Academic Press, San Diego 1993, p. 579; G.
Tegge: Starke und Starkederivate, Behr's Verlag, Hamburg 1984.
[0012] Amylopectin is the main constituent of starch, making up 73
to 86% of the total, depending on the type of starch. The degree of
polymerisation of amylopectin is about 6000 to 10.sup.6 glucose
units, that of amylose about 100 to 1000 glucose units.
[0013] The most important sizing agents are potato, maize, and
tapioca starches. Wheat, rice, and sago starches are also used. The
characteristic properties of these starches are determined by the
amylose/amylopectin ratio, the degree of polymerization of these
two constituents, and the size and fine structure of the starch
grain. These parameters determine the swelling and solution
behavior, and also the properties of the film.
[0014] Natural starch is insoluble in cold water because of the
hydrogen bonds linking parallel polymer chains. The starch is
brought into "solution" by heating. The starch grains first absorb
water until swelling is at its maximum. Above a certain
temperature, characteristic for each type of starch and known as
the gelatinization temperature, the starch grains burst and form a
gel. The viscosity increases to a maximum, and then decreases
asymptotically to a limiting value as the solubilized polymer
molecules disperse. Complete solubilization of the individual
molecules of a starch grain only occurs above 100.degree. C. The
viscosity value is important in size application, as it has a
considerable effect on the amount of liquor pickup.
[0015] On storage and with decreasing temperature, starch pastes
solidify to a pulpy mass. This retrogradation is caused by
stretching of the molecular chains, parallel alignment of the
chains, and formation of hydrogen bonds between neighboring chains,
with loss of water of hydration (Tegge, 1984). This retrogradation
has detrimental effects on the sizing agent, leading to poor
storage properties, skin formation, formation of deposits on the
rollers, and reduced adhesive strength. Therefore, natural starches
are increasingly being replaced by starch derivatives.
[0016] Native potato starch e.g. consists of about 80% amylopectin
(I) and 20% amylose (II). ##STR1## [0017] (I) Representative
structure of amylopectin, including (1,6)-.alpha.-D branch point
##STR2## [0018] (II) Representative structure of linear amylose
[0019] Both polymers are present in granules, which are insoluble
in water at room temperature. Upon heating a starch suspension, the
hydrogen bonds between the amylopectin and amylose chains become
weaker and are finally replaced by interactions (hydrogen bonds)
with water molecules. Starting from about 61.degree. C. the
granules start to swell and water molecules penetrate into the
starch. Once in solution amylopectin is viscosity stable, while
amylose has a high tendency to gel. During this gel formation the
amylose forms double helices, which then aggregate and form
threedimensional networks.
[0020] The use of the various chemically modified starch products
as sizing agents for textile yarns has been extensively described
by K. W. Kirby; Textile Industry, in the book by O. B. Wurzburg
(Ed.): Modified Starches: Properties and Uses CRC Press Inc. Boca
Raton, Fla., 1986, pages 229-252. Mentioned as chemically modified
starches are: acid-modified starch, oxidized starch, crosslinked
starch, starch ethers and starch esters. As starting material for
the modification, the various types of starch may be used, such as
maize starch, potato starch, tapioca starch and wheat starch.
[0021] It is well known that starches are useful in sizing cotton
fibers and for a wide variety of other industrial purposes. In
recent years, many synthetic fibers have become available, and it
has been difficult to find relatively inexpensive sizing
compositions which are suitable for sizing a wide variety of these
fibers, including mixtures of cotton and synthetic fibers. In
particular, it has been difficult to provide suitable low cost
sizing compositions for mixtures of polyester fibers and cotton. In
common practice, the fibers are sized in the form of threads or
yarns prior to weaving. The sized threads or yarns are then woven
into cloth and thereafter the sizing material is removed by washing
with water containing detergent or by treatment with enzymes. A
satisfactory sizing composition is one which will provide suitable
lubrication and resistance during weaving and at the same time can
be readily removed thereafter.
[0022] All modified starches that have lost their original
properties are referred to as starch derivatives. These include
thin-boiling starches, dextrins, starch esters, and starch
ethers.
[0023] Thin-boiling starches are produced by acid hydrolysis or
oxidative degradation in aqueous suspension, and dextrins are
produced by thermal depolymerization, usually in the presence of
acids. They gelatinize at low temperatures, give solutions of low
viscosity, and can be dissolved in high concentrations.
Furthermore, it is easier to produce a liquor with a predetermined
viscosity, and the tendency to retrogradation is considerably
reduced.
[0024] The starch esters mainly used in sizing materials are those
of phosphoric acid (the phosphate starches) and acetic acid (the
acetyl starches). These starch derivatives are usually not only
esterified, but also depolymerized, giving lower liquor viscosities
and decreased retrogradation. In general, they give better sizing
effects than thin-boiling starches.
[0025] The three most important types of starch ethers are the
hydroxyethyl, hydroxypropyl, and carboxymethyl starches, produced
by reaction of starch with ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, and
chloracetic acid or sodium chloroacetate in the presence of caustic
soda, respectively. The degree of substitution of these starch
derivatives is generally about 0.1 or less. Because of its ionic
character, sodium carboxymethyl starch is soluble in cold water and
therefore does not require enzymatic desizing. Also, the starch
ethers have a better sizing effect than starch derivatives that are
simply depolymerized.
[0026] The mechanical properties of films cast from solutions of
starch or starch derivatives depend on the degree of hydration
(which depends on the relative humidity of the atmosphere in the
weaving mill) and on the ratio of amylose to amylopectin and type
of modified starch.
[0027] The main use of starch and starch derivatives is for sizing
yarns of pure cotton and its blends with other fibers. For these
yarns, a large number of sizing formulations are used which consist
either exclusively or principally of starch or starch derivatives.
Starch and its derivatives adhere relatively strongly to cotton,
see J. Trauter, M. Laupichler, Melliand Textilber. 57 (1976) 375,
443, 545, 615, 713, 797, 875, 979; 58 (1977) 23, 111. J. Trauter,
H. Bauer, B. Rue.beta., M. Laupichler, Textilbetrieb (Wurzburg), 96
(1978) 46; J. Trauter, TPI Text. Prax. int 44 (1989) 1297. Cotton
yarns woven on high-speed looms or yarn blends with a high
proportion of synthetic fiber must be sized with sizing
formulations that contain additionally carboxymethyl cellulose,
poly(vinyl alcohol), or poly(meth)-acrylates to improve the sizing
effect. Starches are detected by the blue coloration with iodine,
and this reaction is also used for the semiquantitative
determination of residual size content (P. Wurster, G. Schmidt,
Melliand Textilber. 68 (1987) 581).
[0028] It is an object of the present invention to provide a sizing
agent on the basis of chemically unmodified amylose-type starch
that gives very favorable sizing properties, weaving properties of
the sized yarn and washing-out properties of the woven cloth.
[0029] Furthermore it is an object of this invention to provide a
sizing agent wherein the amylose-type starch is chemically
modified.
[0030] According to the invention this object is achieved by using
amylose-type starch with an amylose content of at least 50% as
sizing agent.
[0031] Amylose type potato starch with an amylose content of about
70% produced by transgenic potato plants as described in example 1
was formulated as described in example 2 and tested as sizing agent
as described in example 3. Furthermore the desizing properties were
analysed, see example 3.
[0032] Compared to the conventional potato starch, the formulations
with amylose-type starch from genetically modified potato plants
produced as described in example 1 and having an amylose content of
about 70% display a significant increase in sizing performance as
reflected from the higher abrasion resistance as well as the better
desizing properties achieved. Compared to the best commercially
available reference sample, which was already chemically modified
and optimised, comparable properties with chemically unmodified
amylose-type starch were obtained.
[0033] The term "high amylose starch" refers to any starch or
starch fraction containing at least about 50% by weight amylose.
Exemplary thereof are "Nepol" amylose (the amylose fraction of corn
starch); "Superlose" (the amylose fraction of potato starch);
"Amylomaize" or Amylon" (high amylosic corn starch with about 54%
amylose); and Amylomaize VII (high amylose corn starch containing
about 73.3% amylose). Amylomaize VIII with an amylose content of
around 85% can also be used. The starch can be of any origin, for
example, corn, wheat, potato, waxy corn, tapioca, sago or rice.
[0034] In the sizing of textile fibers a typical sizing composition
can be prepared by mixing 100 pounds of an amphoteric starch
prepared in accordance with this invention with 100 gallons of
water, preferably with the addition of five pounds of petroleum
wax, and then heating to the gelatinization temperature. The thread
or yarn to be sized, for example, a thread or yarn containing 65%
polyester fiber (polyethylene glycol terephthalate), and 35% cotton
fibers, is then sized by passing it through this composition. In
using this sizing composition, the number of yards of woven
material between changes of loom stops can be increased.
[0035] After weaving, the sizing material can be removed by
treatment with enzymes in the usual manner or by washing with a
detergent water.
[0036] The compositions of the invention can also be employed in
other uses, for example, in the finishing of textiles, in dyeing
textiles and paper, in the sizing of paper, in the application of
pigments or coatings to cloth and paper.
[0037] Sizing of 65% polyethylene glycol terephthalate, 35% combed
cotton yarn, rayons, and yarns of other synthetic fibers or blends
thereof with e.g. but not limited to natural fibers, such as
cotton, wool can be carried out by using amylose-type starch with
an amylose content of at least 50% as sizing agent according to the
invention.
[0038] Due to its linearity, amylose has the potential to form
flexible films, with excellent functionality for sizing of yarns.
Important is to prevent gelling in this process, because this will
lead to insoluble films and shrinking due to crystallisation.
Therefore amylose is substituted with hydroxyethyl-, hydroxypropyl-
or carboxymethyl groups, so that amorphous, highly soluble films
result or amylose is mixed with poly(meth)acrylate sizes to prevent
retrogradation after the usual cooking procedure.
[0039] It has been found that the objective can be achieved
according to the invention preferably by using chemically
unmodified or modified amylose-type potato starch as sizing agent
for natural and/or synthetic textile yarns. Hereinafter follows a
brief characterization about amylose-type potato starch.
[0040] The potato starch granules isolated from potato tubers
usually contain about 20% amylose and 80% amylopectin (wt. %, based
on the dry substance). In the past 10 years, however, successful
efforts have been made to breed, through genetic modification,
potato plants that form starch granules in the potato tubers, which
consist as to more than 50 wt. % (based on the dry substance) of
amylose, preferably more than 70 wt. % of amylose, most preferably
more than 90 wt. % of amylose.
[0041] In the formation of starch granules in the plant, various
enzymes are catalytically active. Of these enzymes, the
granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS) is involved in the formation
of amylose. The synthesis of the GBSS enzyme is dependent on the
activity of a gene that codes for the GBSS enzyme. Elimination or
inhibition of the expression of the specific genes starch branching
enzyme 1 (SBE1) and starch branching enzyme 2 (SBE2) of amylopectin
biosynthesis result in a complete loss or in an inhibtion of
amylopectin biosynthesis in e.g. potato plants. The elimination of
these genes can be realized preferably by genetic modification of
potato plant material.
[0042] Elimination or inhibition of the expression of the SBE1 and
SBE2 genes in potato plants especially in the tubers is also
possible by the use of antisense technology, see example 1. The
method of genetic modification of the potato has been described in
the patent applications WO92/11375, WO 97/20040, WO 92/14827, WO
95/26407 and WO 96/34968 and the patents U.S. Pat. No. 5,856,467
U.S. Pat. No. 6,169,226, U.S. Pat. No. 6,469,231, U.S. Pat. No.
6,215,042, U.S. Pat. No. 6,570,066 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,103,893.
[0043] By application of genetic modification it has been found
possible to breed and grow potatoes the starch granules of which
contain little or substantially no amylopectin.
[0044] The term amylose-type potato starch is herein understood to
mean the potato starch granules isolated from potato tubers, having
an amylose content of at least 50 wt. % based on the dry
substance.
[0045] Chemically modified amylose-type starches are herein
understood to mean amylose-type starch products obtained by
chemically modifying amylose-type starch through acid modification,
oxidation, esterification, etherification, graft polymerization
and/or crosslinking. Before, during or after the chemical
modification a physical modification (for instance, through roller
drying, extrusion or a heat-moisture treatment) or an enzymatic
modification of the amylose-type starch may also be carried out.
Methods for preparing the various chemically modified starches have
been described in the book O.B. Wurzburg (Ed. Modified Starches:
Properties and Uses; CRC Press Inc. Boca Raton, Fla., 1986. These
methods can also be used for preparing chemically modified
amylose-type potato starch used according to the invention as
sizing agent.
[0046] Aqueous solutions of amylose-type starch as sizing agents,
also referred to as sizing bath or sizing paste, may be made in the
conventional manner, for instance in open or closed boiling
apparatus. The treatment of the textile yarns with the aqueous
solutions of chemically modified amylose-type potato starch
products according to the invention can be carried out by the
methods conventional for sizing yarns. The yarns can, for instance,
be passed continuously through a solution of the sizing agent, or a
solution of the sizing agent may be applied to the yarn by spraying
or by means of a roller. After passing the sizing paste, the layer
of yarn is pressed out, for instance between two rollers. Then the
pressed-out yarns are dried on heated cylinders or by means of hot
air.
[0047] It has been found that chemically modified amylose-type
starch is very suitable as sizing agent for textile yarns. The
yarns sized according to the invention are well-resistant to
mechanical influences (high shear resistance) in that they are
coated with a strong, elastic, smooth covering. In the weaving
mill, excellent results are obtained with these yarns (high weaving
efficiency).
[0048] As stated before, the invention relates to a process for
sizing textile yarns. In this connection, the term yarns is herein
understood in the most general sense and is deemed to comprise all
cotton threads or cotton staple yarns occurring in the textile
industry. They may consist of continuous natural cotton threads or
of cotton fibers and/or semisynthetic cotton and polyester blends
and be twisted or not twisted.
[0049] The invention will be further explained in and by the
following examples. According to the examples the sized yarns have
been examined for some characteristic properties.
[0050] In the sizing of textile fibers a typical sizing composition
can be prepared by mixing 100 pounds of an amphoteric starch
prepared in accordance with this invention with 100 gallons of
water, preferably with the addition of five pounds of petroleum
wax, and then heating to the gelatinization temperature. The thread
or yarn to be sized, for example, a thread or yarn containing 65%
polyester fiber (polyethylene glycol terephthalate) and 35% cotton
fibers, is then sized by passing it through this composition.
[0051] An alternative sizing agent can be prepared by adding
neutralized (e.g. with ammonia or sodium hydroxide)
poly(meth)acrylate-based emulsion polymers to the starch containing
sizing formulation. A preferred copolymer composition (weight %) of
the poly(meth)acrylate polymers is in the range of: [0052] 0-10%
acrylic acid [0053] 0-20% methacrylic acid [0054] 10-20%
acrylonitrile [0055] 0-25% ethylacrylate [0056] 0-60% butylacrylate
[0057] 20-70% methylacrylate
[0058] To obtain a good penetration of the sizing agent into the
yarn, the sizing bath is preferably kept at a temperature of from
30 to 90.degree. C. The concentration of the sizing agent in the
sizing bath is preferably between 2 and 20 wt. %. The amount of
sizing agent absorbed by the yarn (absorption; weighting) is
preferably between 2 and 30 wt. % of sizing agent (dry substance)
based on yarn (dry substance). Besides the chemically modified
amylose-type potato starch, the sizing solutions to be used may
further contain slight amounts of auxiliary substances conventional
in the sizing process, such as waxes, fats, antifoaming agents,
antistatic agents and plasticizers. The sizing solutions may
additionally contain other sizing agents, such as polyvinyl
alcohol, poly(meth)acrylates or carboxymethyl cellulose.
[0059] In using this sizing composition, the number of yards of
woven material between changes of loom stops can be increased.
After weaving, the sizing material can be removed by treatment with
enzymes in the usual manner or by washing with a detergent
water.
[0060] The compositions of the invention can also be employed in
other uses, for example, in the finishing of textiles, in dyeing
textiles and paper, in the sizing of paper, in the application of
pigments or coatings to cloth and paper.
EXAMPLE 1
[0061] Transgenic potato plant Solanum tuberosum AM 99-2003
[0062] High amylose potato lines can be produced for example by
using antisense, RNAi or antibody technology that target the two
starch branching enzymes starch branching enzyme 1 (SBE1) and
starch branching enzyme 2 (SBE2).
[0063] The high amylose potato line AM99-2003 is produced by
inhibition of the starch branching enzyme activities in the
parental line Dinamo. Transformation is made with a construct of
SBE1 and SBE2 in antisense orientation driven by the gbss promoter.
The nucleic acid sequence of the gbss promoter is published in EP 0
563 189.
[0064] pBluescript containing a 1620 bp fragment of the 3'end of
Sbe1 between EcoRV and SpeI is cut open with SpeI (blunt) and XbaI
and ligated with a 1243 bp SstI (blunt) and XbaI fragment of the
3'end of Sbe2. The Sbe2 and Sbe1 complex is cut out with EcoRV and
XbaI and ligated to the SmaI and XbaI opened up binary vector
pHo3.1. The final vector is named pHAbe12A, see FIG. 1 and nucleic
acid sequence SEQ ID NO 1. pHo3.1 is based on pGPTVKan (Becker, D.
et al., Plant Molecular Biology 20 (1992), 1195-1197) with the
addition of the 987 bp gbss promoter cloned at the HindIII site of
pGPTVKan and the uidA gene is deleted by SmaI and SstI.
[0065] The parental line Dinamo is transformed with the construct
pHAbe12A and transgenic lines were selected as described in U.S.
Pat. No. 6,169,226. Transgenic lines were grown and analysed for
amylose production according to the method as described by
Morrison, W. R. and Laignelet, B., J. Cereal Sci. 1(1983), 9-20.
Transgenic lines producing amylose-type starch with an amylose
content of 70% and more were selected. Amylose type starch was
isolated and purified from transgenic potato plants according to
common methods known in starch industry.
EXAMPLE 2
[0066] Formulation
[0067] For the sizing experiments, a formulation containing the
above mentioned amylose-type potato starch was produced according
to the following recipe: TABLE-US-00001 recipe 1 2 3 Water (g) 860
860 860 PHAS 2012 (g) 70 Native potato starch (g) 70 Emsize E9 70
BASF Size CE 70 70 70 Sum (g) 1000 1000 1000 Refractometer .degree.
Brix 6.8 8.2 7.8 Viscosity (fordcup, second) 33 25 13 "PHAS 2012"
is genetic modified amylose-type potato starch, solid content 83.5%
(moisture containing 16.5%); the amylose content is 70% measured
according to the method as described by Morrison, W. R. and
Laignelet, B., J. Cereal Sci. 1(1983), 9-20 "Native potato starch"
is normal potato starch (Emsland Starke GmbH, Germany) without any
(chemical or thermal) modification, solid content 84.7% (moisture
containing 15.3%) comprising about 20% amylose and 80% amylopectin;
"BASF Size CE" (BASF Aktiengesellschaft, Germany) is a polyacrylate
based sizing agent, solid content 25%; "Emsize E9" is a sizing
agent based on a chemically modified potato starch (propoxylated,
degree 0.2 to 0.3/per repeating unit). Solid content is around 85%
(moisture containing 15%).
[0068] The amounts of the individual components of the formulation
can hereby vary as follows:
[0069] Depending on the required performance in weaving, the above
recipe of size liquor can principally vary from 100% starch (low
performance required) to 100% poly(meth)acrylate (high performance
required). Normally for compromise between cost and performance,
poly(meth)acrylate based size is added to starch size in a ratio
between 10 (starch):1 (poly(meth)acrylate) to 1:1.
EXAMPLE 3
[0070] Testing
[0071] In a comparative test, the above described amylose-type
starch (recipe 1: PHAS 2012) was tested against native potato
starch (recipe 2) as well as against the best commercially
available starch-sizing-product (recipe 3: Emsize E9), which is
based on a chemically modified starch (propoxylated, degree 0.2 to
0.3/per repeating unit). All starch components were formulated with
"BASF size CE". The abrasion resistance and the desizing properties
were determined.
[0072] The tests were performed according to the following
procedure:
[0073] Abrasion Test
[0074] The sizing effect is of decisive importance for the weaving
properties of a warp yarn. This effect is closely connected with
the abrasion resistance of the sized yarn. We determine the
abrasion resistance of the yarn with the Zweigle abrasion tester
(G552 abrasion tester, Zweigle Textilprufmaschinen GmbH&Co. KG,
Germany).
[0075] A standard, readily exchangeable abrasive paper is tensioned
over a shaft that moves in line with the direction of the threads.
Twenty, weighted threads (cotton staple yarn English count Ne12)
are laid over the shaft and abraded at the same speed and under the
same pressure until they break. To ensure that fibrous deposits in
the abrasive do not affect the abrasive action, the shaft is
advanced after each stroke. The number of abrasive strokes
withstands before breaking is read off from a counter, and the
average figure calculated. The higher the abrasion number obtained,
the higher the abrasion resistance of the yarn.
[0076] The figures obtained on the abrasion tester are only
relative, they must be considered in comparison with unsized warp
yarn or with warp yarn sized with another recipe, in both cases
from the same lot.
[0077] The following results were obtained:
[0078] Abrasion account numbers (cotton yarn, Ne 12) TABLE-US-00002
Recipe unsized 1 2 3 Size loading (solid to solid, %) 7.7 7.6 7.5
Abrasion account number (20) 263 1752 1416 1728 Abrasion account
number (5) 185 1001 868 998
[0079] Desizing Test
[0080] Detection of Starch by TEGEWA Method
[0081] One of the commonest test methods for determining the effect
of pretreatment is to detect the presence of starch sizes by
dabbing the fabric with a solution of iodine/potassium iodide. A
blue coloration indicates that starch size is still present on the
fabric.
[0082] In the application of this test, it is important to know
that even if only 1% of the original starch size is still present,
i.e. if 99% has been removed, a blue coloration will still be
visible. However, this slight amount of residual size will
certainly no longer have any influence on the behaviour of the
pretreated goods during dyeing or printing.
[0083] A remedy is offered by the TEGEWA violet scale, which
embraces nine shades denoted by ratings. A rating of 1 indicates
poorest desizing; and of 9 practically complete desizing.
[0084] Procedure
[0085] Immerse a specimen of the fabric for one minute in a 0.005
mol/l iodine solution. Afterwards wash briefly in water, dab with
filter paper, and compare immediately with the violet scale.
[0086] Preparation of the Iodine Solution
[0087] 1. Dissolve 10 g of potassium iodide in 100 ml of distilled
water
[0088] 2. Add and dissolve 0.635 g of iodine in this solution
[0089] 3. Make up to 800 ml with water
[0090] 4. Make up to 1000 ml with ethanol
[0091] Desizing Properties TABLE-US-00003 Recipe 1 2 3 Size washed
off in 5 min. (%) 64.7 67.5 66.7 Size washed off in 10 min. (%)
76.3 70.3 77.3 Size washed off in 30 min. (%) 96.5 76.8 95.5 TEGEWA
5 min. 1 1 1 TEGEWA 10 min. 2 1 2 TEGEWA 30 min. 3 2 3
[0092] Compared to the conventional potato starch, the formulations
with amylose-type starch from genetically modified potato plants
produced as described in example 1 and having an amylose content of
about 70% display a significant increase in sizing performance as
reflected from the higher abrasion resistance as well as the better
desizing properties achieved. Compared to the best commercially
available reference sample, which was already chemically modified
and optimised, comparable properties with the chemically unmodified
amylose-type starch were obtained.
Sequence CWU 1
1
1 1 15294 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial
Sequence vector pHAbe12A 1 ggccgggagg gttcgagaag ggggggcacc
ccccttcggc gtgcgcggtc acgcgcacag 60 ggcgcagccc tggttaaaaa
caaggtttat aaatattggt ttaaaagcag gttaaaagac 120 aggttagcgg
tggccgaaaa acgggcggaa acccttgcaa atgctggatt ttctgcctgt 180
ggacagcccc tcaaatgtca ataggtgcgc ccctcatctg tcagcactct gcccctcaag
240 tgtcaaggat cgcgcccctc atctgtcagt agtcgcgccc ctcaagtgtc
aataccgcag 300 ggcacttatc cccaggcttg tccacatcat ctgtgggaaa
ctcgcgtaaa atcaggcgtt 360 ttcgccgatt tgcgaggctg gccagctcca
cgtcgccggc cgaaatcgag cctgcccctc 420 atctgtcaac gccgcgccgg
gtgagtcggc ccctcaagtg tcaacgtccg cccctcatct 480 gtcagtgagg
gccaagtttt ccgcgaggta tccacaacgc cggcggccgc ggtgtctcgc 540
acacggcttc gacggcgttt ctggcgcgtt tgcagggcca tagacggccg ccagcccagc
600 ggcgagggca accagcccgg tgagcgtcgc aaaggcgctc ggtcttgcct
tgctcgtcgg 660 tgatgtactt caccagctcc gcgaagtcgc tcttcttgat
ggagcgcatg gggacgtgct 720 tggcaatcac gcgcaccccc cggccgtttt
agcggctaaa aaagtcatgg ctctgccctc 780 gggcggacca cgcccatcat
gaccttgcca agctcgtcct gcttctcttc gatcttcgcc 840 agcagggcga
ggatcgtggc atcaccgaac cgcgccgtgc gcgggtcgtc ggtgagccag 900
agtttcagca ggccgcccag gcggcccagg tcgccattga tgcgggccag ctcgcggacg
960 tgctcatagt ccacgacgcc cgtgattttg tagccctggc cgacggccag
caggtaggcc 1020 gacaggctca tgccggccgc cgccgccttt tcctcaatcg
ctcttcgttc gtctggaagg 1080 cagtacacct tgataggtgg gctgcccttc
ctggttggct tggtttcatc agccatccgc 1140 ttgccctcat ctgttacgcc
ggcggtagcc ggccagcctc gcagagcagg attcccgttg 1200 agcaccgcca
ggtgcgaata agggacagtg aagaaggaac acccgctcgc gggtgggcct 1260
acttcaccta tcctgcccgg ctgacgccgt tggatacacc aaggaaagtc tacacgaacc
1320 ctttggcaaa atcctgtata tcgtgcgaaa aaggatggat ataccgaaaa
aatcgctata 1380 atgaccccga agcagggtta tgcagcggaa aagcgccacg
cttcccgaag ggagaaaggc 1440 ggacaggtat ccggtaagcg gcagggtcgg
aacaggagag cgcacgaggg agcttccagg 1500 gggaaacgcc tggtatcttt
atagtcctgt cgggtttcgc cacctctgac ttgagcgtcg 1560 atttttgtga
tgctcgtcag gggggcggag cctatggaaa aacgccagca acgcggcctt 1620
tttacggttc ctggcctttt gctggccttt tgctcacatg ttctttcctg cgttatcccc
1680 tgattctgtg gataaccgta ttaccgcctt tgagtgagct gataccgctc
gccgcagccg 1740 aacgaccgag cgcagcgagt cagtgagcga ggaagcggaa
gagcgccaga aggccgccag 1800 agaggccgag cgcggccgtg aggcttggac
gctagggcag ggcatgaaaa agcccgtagc 1860 gggctgctac gggcgtctga
cgcggtggaa agggggaggg gatgttgtct acatggctct 1920 gctgtagtga
gtgggttgcg ctccggcagc ggtcctgatc aatcgtcacc ctttctcggt 1980
ccttcaacgt tcctgacaac gagcctcctt ttcgccaatc catcgacaat caccgcgagt
2040 ccctgctcga acgctgcgtc cggaccggct tcgtcgaagg cgtctatcgc
ggcccgcaac 2100 agcggcgaga gcggagcctg ttcaacggtg ccgccgcgct
cgccggcatc gctgtcgccg 2160 gcctgctcct caagcacggc cccaacagtg
aagtagctga ttgtcatcag cgcattgacg 2220 gcgtccccgg ccgaaaaacc
cgcctcgcag aggaagcgaa gctgcgcgtc ggccgtttcc 2280 atctgcggtg
cgcccggtcg cgtgccggca tggatgcgcg cgccatcgcg gtaggcgagc 2340
agcgcctgcc tgaagctgcg ggcattcccg atcagaaatg agcgccagtc gtcgtcggct
2400 ctcggcaccg aatgcgtatg attctccgcc agcatggctt cggccagtgc
gtcgagcagc 2460 gcccgcttgt tcctgaagtg ccagtaaagc gccggctgct
gaacccccaa ccgttccgcc 2520 agtttgcgtg tcgtcagacc gtctacgccg
acctcgttca acaggtccag ggcggcacgg 2580 atcactgtat tcggctgcaa
ctttgtcatg cttgacactt tatcactgat aaacataata 2640 tgtccaccaa
cttatcagtg ataaagaatc cgcgcgttca atcggaccag cggaggctgg 2700
tccggaggcc agacgtgaaa cccaacatac ccctgatcgt aattctgagc actgtcgcgc
2760 tcgacgctgt cggcatcggc ctgattatgc cggtgctgcc gggcctcctg
cgcgatctgg 2820 ttcactcgaa cgacgtcacc gcccactatg gcattctgct
ggcgctgtat gcgttggtgc 2880 aatttgcctg cgcacctgtg ctgggcgcgc
tgtcggatcg tttcgggcgg cggccaatct 2940 tgctcgtctc gctggccggc
gccaagatct ggggaaccct gtggttggca tgcacataca 3000 aatggacgaa
cggataaacc ttttcacgcc cttttaaata tccgattatt ctaataaacg 3060
ctcttttctc ttaggtttac ccgccaatat atcctgtcaa acactgatag tttaaactga
3120 aggcgggaaa cgacaatctg atcatgagcg gagaattaag ggagtcacgt
tatgaccccc 3180 gccgatgacg cgggacaagc cgttttacgt ttggaactga
cagaaccgca acgttgaagg 3240 agccactcag ccgatctgaa ttcccgatct
agtaacatag atgacaccgc gcgcgataat 3300 ttatcctagt ttgcgcgcta
tattttgttt tctatcgcgt attaaatgta taattgcggg 3360 actctaatca
taaaaaccca tctcataaat aacgtcatgc attacatgtt aattattaca 3420
tgcttaacgt aattcaacag aaattatatg ataatcatcg caagaccggc aacaggattc
3480 aatcttaaga aactttattg ccaaatgttt gaacgatcgg ggaaattcga
gctcggtacc 3540 atcatgttac aaactttttt gctgtgagca gtagatatgg
aaacccggag gacctaaagt 3600 atctgataga taaagcacat agcttgggtt
tacaggttct ggtggatgta gttcacagtc 3660 atgcaagcaa taatgccact
gatggcctca atggctttga tattggccaa ggttctcaag 3720 aatcctactt
tcatgctgga gagcaagggt accataagtt gtgggatagc aggctgttca 3780
actatgccaa ttgggaggtt cttcgtttcc ttctttccaa cttgaggtgg tggctagaag
3840 agtataactt tgacggattt cgatttgatg gaataacttc tatgctgtat
gttcatcatg 3900 gaatcaatat gggatttaca ggaaactata atgagtattt
cagcgaggct acagatgttg 3960 atgctgtggt ctatttaatg ttggccaata
atctgattca caagattttc ccagacgcaa 4020 ctgttattgc cgaagatgtt
tctggtatgc cgggccttgg ccggcctgtt tctgagggag 4080 gaattggttt
tgattaccgc ctggcaatgg caatcccaga taagtggata gattatttaa 4140
agaataaaaa tgatgaagat tggtccatga aggaagtaac atcgagtttg acaaatagga
4200 gatatacaga gaagtgtata gcatatgcgg agagccatga tcagtctatt
gtcggtgaca 4260 agaccattgc atttctccta atggacaaag agatgtattc
tggcatgtct tgcttgacag 4320 atgcttctcc tgttattgat cgaggaattg
cgcttcacaa gatgatccat tttttcacaa 4380 tggccttggg aggagagggg
tacctcaatt tcatgggtaa cgagtttggc catcctgagt 4440 ggattgactt
ccctagagag ggcaataatt ggtgttatga caaatgtaga cgccagtgga 4500
accttgcgga tagcgaacac ttgagataca agtttatgaa tgcatttgat agagctatga
4560 attcgctcga tgaaaagttc tcattcctcg catcaggaaa acagatagta
agcagcatgg 4620 atgatgagaa gaaggttgtt gtgtttgaac gtggtgacct
ggtatttgta ttcaacttcc 4680 acccaaataa cacatacgaa gggtataaag
ttggatgtga cttgccaggg aagtacagag 4740 ttgcactgga cagtgatgct
tgggaatttg gtggccatgg aagagctggt catgatgttg 4800 accatttcac
atcaccagaa ggaatacctg gagttccaga aacaaatttc aatggtcgtc 4860
caaattcctt caaagtgctg tctcctgcgc gaacatgtgt ggcttattac agagttgacg
4920 aacgcatgtc agaaactgaa gtttaccaga cagacatttc tagtgagcta
ctaccaacag 4980 ccaatatcga ggagagtgac gagaaactta aagattcgtt
atctacaaat atcagtaacg 5040 ttgacgaact catgtcagaa actgaagttt
accagacaga catttctagt gagctactac 5100 caacagccag tatcgaggag
agtgacgaga aacttaaaga ttcattatct acaaatatca 5160 gtacgtggtt
atcattggat gtgggattcc cgcctcttta attatggaaa ctgggaggta 5220
cttaggtatc ttctctcaaa tgcgagatgg tggttggatg agttcaaatt tgatggattt
5280 agattcgatg gtgtgacatc aataatgtat actcaccacg gattatcggt
gggattcact 5340 gggaactaca aggaatactt tggactcgca actgatgtgg
atgctgttgt gtatctgatg 5400 ctggtcaacg atcttattca tgggcttttc
cagatgcaat taccattggt gaagatgtta 5460 gcggaatgcc gacattttgt
attcccgttc aagatggggg tgttggcttt gactatcggc 5520 tgcatatggc
aattgctgat aaatggattg agttgctcaa gaaacgggat gaggattgga 5580
gagtgggtga tattgttcat acactgacaa atagaagatg gtcggaaaag tgtgtttcat
5640 acgctgaaag tcatgatcaa gctctagtcg gtgataaaac tatagcattc
tggctgatgg 5700 acaaggatat gtatgatttt atggctctgg atagaccatc
aacatcatta atagatcgtg 5760 ggatagcatt gcacaagatg attaggcttg
taactatggg attaggagga gaagggtacc 5820 taaatttcat gggaaatgaa
ttcggccacc ctgagtggat tgatttccct agggctgaac 5880 aacacctctc
tgatggctca gtaattcccg gaaaccaatt cagttatgat aaatgcagac 5940
ggagatttga cctgggagat gcagaatatt taagataccg tgggttgcaa gaatttgacc
6000 gggctatgca gtatcttgaa gataaatatg agtttatgac ttcagaacac
cagttcatat 6060 cacgaaagga tgaaggagat aggatgattg tatttgaaaa
aggaaaccta gtttttgtct 6120 ttaattttca ctggacaaaa agctattcag
actatcgcat aggctgcctg aagcctggaa 6180 aatacaaggt tgccttggac
tcagatgatc cactttttgg tggcttcggg agaattgatc 6240 ataatgccga
atatttcacc tttgaaggat ggtatgatga tcgtcctcgt tcaattatgg 6300
tgtatgcacc tagtagaaca gcagtggtct atgcactagt agacaaagaa gaagaagaag
6360 aagaagaagt agcagtagta gaagaagtag tagtagaaga agaatgaacg
aacttgtgat 6420 cgcgttgaaa gatttgaagg ctacatagct ctagagtcga
cctgcatgaa atcagaaata 6480 attggaggag atgagtaaaa gttaccactt
gttgagctgt gtgagtgagt gagtgagaat 6540 gaggaggtgc ctgccttatt
tgtagcaggt ttcagtgaca cgtgtcaaga gaatagcggg 6600 tggctatccc
ttagcagaag gcaactgtgg acactgtatt atagggaaat gctcatcgac 6660
agtattatgg gccctctctt tgttgattca cggctggact tcaacttggg ccttgcaatg
6720 ggcccgtccg gttctgtctc ctagtatcta aaaaactaaa ccaactccct
cctaccgcta 6780 ccacttgaca ttcctatgtc tcgtgttaat taaattatta
ttatagtaat taaaaataat 6840 atctaggtac tggtactggt ccctccctcc
actagaatat tagttacttc ccccttagct 6900 ttgtattcca aattactgta
aatatatttt ctaatttttt acgacaaaca agatctaatt 6960 atgaatgcac
aattctaaag gttgaataca ttactttact tggtttagcc tatattaagt 7020
tgcattttag tattaagatt gagatgcatg gttctattac aaaattgata cactgctaaa
7080 ggaaggatgg ttaaaaacaa cattcaatgt ttgttacatt tcttcctatt
gtattttttt 7140 tttaacgagc ttcccgtata catcataaca tgtctccgtt
ccacttggca ggaaaaaaaa 7200 atacccaaac aggaagatac tgtcaagtat
atccatagat gaggacttaa tggataggct 7260 tttcgaggat tcataaatca
taatatctgg cggaggagtc aattaaatac ttgtggtttg 7320 tatcctgatt
actccgtcaa cagccaaata gaaaagtttg aaaagagaga aaggatttgg 7380
tacaagatac tgttgcattt gttaagtaat gaacaaaacg gagtaacata attttctatc
7440 tcgttaaagc ttcacgctgc cgcaagcact cagggcgcaa gggctgctaa
ggaagcggaa 7500 cacgtagaaa gccagtccgc agaaacggtg ctgaccccgg
atgaatgtca gctactgggc 7560 tatctggaca agggaaaacg caagcgcaaa
gagaaagcag gtagcttgca gtgggcttac 7620 atggcgatag ctagactggg
cggttttatg gacagcaagc gaaccggaat tgccagctgg 7680 ggcgccctct
ggtaaggttg ggaagccctg caaagtaaac tggatggctt tcttgccgcc 7740
aaggatctga tggcgcaggg gatcaagatc atgagcggag aattaaggga gtcacgttat
7800 gacccccgcc gatgacgcgg gacaagccgt tttacgtttg gaactgacag
aaccgcaacg 7860 ttgaaggagc cactcagccg cgggtttctg gagtttaatg
agctaagcac atacgtcaga 7920 aaccattatt gcgcgttcaa aagtcgccta
aggtcactat cagctagcaa atatttcttg 7980 tcaaaaatgc tccactgacg
ttccataaat tcccctcggt atccaattag agtctcatat 8040 tcactctcaa
tccagatctc gactctagtc gagggcccat gggagcttgg attgaacaag 8100
atggattgca cgcaggttct ccggccgctt gggtggagag gctattcggc tatgactggg
8160 cacaacagac aatcggctgc tctgatgccg ccgtgttccg gctgtcagcg
caggggcgcc 8220 cggttctttt tgtcaagacc gacctgtccg gtgccctgaa
tgaactgcag gacgaggcag 8280 cgcggctatc gtggctggcc acgacgggcg
ttccttgcgc agctgtgctc gacgttgtca 8340 ctgaagcggg aagggactgg
ctgctattgg gcgaagtgcc ggggcaggat ctcctgtcat 8400 ctcaccttgc
tcctgccgag aaagtatcca tcatggctga tgcaatgcgg cggctgcata 8460
cgcttgatcc ggctacctgc ccattcgacc accaagcgaa acatcgcatc gagcgagcac
8520 gtactcggat ggaagccggt cttgtcgatc aggatgatct ggacgaagag
catcaggggc 8580 tcgcgccagc cgaactgttc gccaggctca aggcgcgcat
gcccgacggc gaggatctcg 8640 tcgtgaccca tggcgatgcc tgcttgccga
atatcatggt ggaaaatggc cgcttttctg 8700 gattcatcga ctgtggccgg
ctgggtgtgg cggaccgcta tcaggacata gcgttggcta 8760 cccgtgatat
tgctgaagag cttggcggcg aatgggctga ccgcttcctc gtgctttacg 8820
gtatcgccgc tcccgattcg cagcgcatcg ccttctatcg ccttcttgac gagttcttct
8880 gagcgggacc caagctagct tcgacggatc ccccgatgag ctaagctagc
tatatcatca 8940 atttatgtat tacacataat atcgcactca gtctttcatc
tacggcaatg taccagctga 9000 tataatcagt tattgaaata tttctgaatt
taaacttgca tcaataaatt tatgtttttg 9060 cttggactat aatacctgac
ttgttatttt atcaataaat atttaaacta tatttctttc 9120 aagatgggaa
ttaattcact ggccgtcgtt ttacaacgtc gtgactggga aaaccctggc 9180
gttacccaac ttaatcgcct tgcagcacat ccccctttcg ccagctggcg taatagcgaa
9240 gaggcccgca ccgatcgccc ttcccaacag ttgcgcagcc tgaatggcgc
ccgctccttt 9300 cgctttcttc ccttcctttc tcgccacgtt cgccggcttt
ccccgtcaag ctctaaatcg 9360 ggggctccct ttagggttcc gatttagtgc
tttacggcac ctcgacccca aaaaacttga 9420 tttgggtgat ggttcacgta
gtgggccatc gccctgatag acggtttttc gccctttgac 9480 gttggagtcc
acgttcttta atagtggact cttgttccaa actggaacaa cactcaaccc 9540
tatctcgggc tattcttttg atttataagg gattttgccg atttcggaac caccatcaaa
9600 caggattttc gcctgctggg gcaaaccagc gtggaccgct tgctgcaact
ctctcagggc 9660 caggcggtga agggcaatca gctgttgccc gtctcactgg
tgaaaagaaa aaccacccca 9720 gtacattaaa aacgtccgca atgtgttatt
aagttgtcta agcgtcaatt tgtttacacc 9780 acaatatatc ctgccaccag
ccagccaaca gctccccgac cggcagctcg gcacaaaatc 9840 accactcgat
acaggcagcc catcagtccg ggacggcgtc agcgggagag ccgttgtaag 9900
gcggcagact ttgctcatgt taccgatgct attcggaaga acggcaacta agctgccggg
9960 tttgaaacac ggatgatctc gcggagggta gcatgttgat tgtaacgatg
acagagcgtt 10020 gctgcctgtg atcaaatatc atctccctcg cagagatccg
aattatcagc cttcttattc 10080 atttctcgct taaccgtgac aggctgtcga
tcttgagaac tatgccgaca taataggaaa 10140 tcgctggata aagccgctga
ggaagctgag tggcgctatt tctttagaag tgaacgttga 10200 cgatatcaac
tcccctatcc attgctcacc gaatggtaca ggtcggggac ccgaagttcc 10260
gactgtcggc ctgatgcatc cccggctgat cgaccccaga tctagatctg gggctgagaa
10320 agcccagtaa ggaaacaact gtaggttcga gtcgcgagat cccccggaac
caaaggaagt 10380 aggttaaacc cgctccgatc aggccgagcc acgccaggcc
gagaacattg gttcctgtag 10440 gcatcgggat tggcggatca aacactaaag
ctactggaac gagcagaagt cctccggccg 10500 ccagttgcca ggcggtaaag
gtgagcagag gcacgggagg ttgccacttg cgggtcagca 10560 cggttccgaa
cgccatggaa accgcccccg ccaggcccgc tgcgacgccg acaggatcta 10620
gcgctgcgtt tggtgtcaac accaacagcg ccacgcccgc agttccgcaa atagccccca
10680 ggaccgccat caatcgtatc gggctaccta gcagagcggc agagatgaac
acgaccatca 10740 gcggctgcac agcgcctacc gtcgccgcga ccccgcccgg
caggcggtag accgaaataa 10800 acaacaagct ccagaatagc gaaatattaa
gtgcgccgag gatgaagatg cgcatccacc 10860 agattcccgt tggaatctgt
cggacgatca tcacgagcaa taaacccgcc ggcaacgccc 10920 gcagcagcat
accggcgacc cctcggcctc gctgttcggg ctccacgaaa acgccggaca 10980
gatgcgcctt gtgagcgtcc ttggggccgt cctcctgttt gaagaccgac agcccaatga
11040 tctcgccgtc gatgtaggcg ccgaatgcca cggcatctcg caaccgttca
gcgaacgcct 11100 ccatgggctt tttctcctcg tgctcgtaaa cggacccgaa
catctctgga gctttcttca 11160 gggccgacaa tcggatctcg cggaaatcct
gcacgtcggc cgctccaagc cgtcgaatct 11220 gagccttaat cacaattgtc
aattttaatc ctctgtttat cggcagttcg tagagcgcgc 11280 cgtgcgtccc
gagcgatact gagcgaagca agtgcgtcga gcagtgcccg cttgttcctg 11340
aaatgccagt aaagcgctgg ctgctgaacc cccagccgga actgacccca caaggcccta
11400 gcgtttgcaa tgcaccaggt catcattgac ccaggcgtgt tccaccaggc
cgctgcctcg 11460 caactcttcg caggcttcgc cgacctgctc gcgccacttc
ttcacgcggg tggaatccga 11520 tccgcacatg aggcggaagg tttccagctt
gagcgggtac ggctcccggt gcgagctgaa 11580 atagtcgaac atccgtcggg
ccgtcggcga cagcttgcgg tacttctccc atatgaattt 11640 cgtgtagtgg
tcgccagcaa acagcacgac gatttcctcg tcgatcagga cctggcaacg 11700
ggacgttttc ttgccacggt ccaggacgcg gaagcggtgc agcagcgaca ccgattccag
11760 gtgcccaacg cggtcggacg tgaagcccat cgccgtcgcc tgtaggcgcg
acaggcattc 11820 ctcggccttc gtgtaatacc ggccattgat cgaccagccc
aggtcctggc aaagctcgta 11880 gaacgtgaag gtgatcggct cgccgatagg
ggtgcgcttc gcgtactcca acacctgctg 11940 ccacaccagt tcgtcatcgt
cggcccgcag ctcgacgccg gtgtaggtga tcttcacgtc 12000 cttgttgacg
tggaaaatga ccttgttttg cagcgcctcg cgcgggattt tcttgttgcg 12060
cgtggtgaac agggcagagc gggccgtgtc gtttggcatc gctcgcatcg tgtccggcca
12120 cggcgcaata tcgaacaagg aaagctgcat ttccttgatc tgctgcttcg
tgtgtttcag 12180 caacgcggcc tgcttggcct cgctgacctg ttttgccagg
tcctcgccgg cggtttttcg 12240 cttcttggtc gtcatagttc ctcgcgtgtc
gatggtcatc gacttcgcca aacctgccgc 12300 ctcctgttcg agacgacgcg
aacgctccac ggcggccgat ggcgcgggca gggcaggggg 12360 agccagttgc
acgctgtcgc gctcgatctt ggccgtagct tgctggacca tcgagccgac 12420
ggactggaag gtttcgcggg gcgcacgcat gacggtgcgg cttgcgatgg tttcggcatc
12480 ctcggcggaa aaccccgcgt cgatcagttc ttgcctgtat gccttccggt
caaacgtccg 12540 attcattcac cctccttgcg ggattgcccc gactcacgcc
ggggcaatgt gcccttattc 12600 ctgatttgac ccgcctggtg ccttggtgtc
cagataatcc accttatcgg caatgaagtc 12660 ggtcccgtag accgtctggc
cgtccttctc gtacttggta ttccgaatct tgccctgcac 12720 gaataccagc
gaccccttgc ccaaatactt gccgtgggcc tcggcctgag agccaaaaca 12780
cttgatgcgg aagaagtcgg tgcgctcctg cttgtcgccg gcatcgttgc gccacatcta
12840 ggtactaaaa caattcatcc agtaaaatat aatattttat tttctcccaa
tcaggcttga 12900 tccccagtaa gtcaaaaaat agctcgacat actgttcttc
cccgatatcc tccctgatcg 12960 accggacgca gaaggcaatg tcataccact
tgtccgccct gccgcttctc ccaagatcaa 13020 taaagccact tactttgcca
tctttcacaa agatgttgct gtctcccagg tcgccgtggg 13080 aaaagacaag
ttcctcttcg ggcttttccg tctttaaaaa atcatacagc tcgcgcggat 13140
ctttaaatgg agtgtcttct tcccagtttt cgcaatccac atcggccaga tcgttattca
13200 gtaagtaatc caattcggct aagcggctgt ctaagctatt cgtataggga
caatccgata 13260 tgtcgatgga gtgaaagagc ctgatgcact ccgcatacag
ctcgataatc ttttcagggc 13320 tttgttcatc ttcatactct tccgagcaaa
ggacgccatc ggcctcactc atgagcagat 13380 tgctccagcc atcatgccgt
tcaaagtgca ggacctttgg aacaggcagc tttccttcca 13440 gccatagcat
catgtccttt tcccgttcca catcataggt ggtcccttta taccggctgt 13500
ccgtcatttt taaatatagg ttttcatttt ctcccaccag cttatatacc ttagcaggag
13560 acattccttc cgtatctttt acgcagcggt atttttcgat cagttttttc
aattccggtg 13620 atattctcat tttagccatt tattatttcc ttcctctttt
ctacagtatt taaagatacc 13680 ccaagaagct aattataaca agacgaactc
caattcactg ttccttgcat tctaaaacct 13740 taaataccag aaaacagctt
tttcaaagtt gttttcaaag ttggcgtata acatagtatc 13800 gacggagccg
attttgaaac cacaattatg ggtgatgctg ccaacttact gatttagtgt 13860
atgatggtgt ttttgaggtg ctccagtggc ttctgtgtct atcagctgtc cctcctgttc
13920 agctactgac ggggtggtgc gtaacggcaa aagcaccgcc ggacatcagc
gctatctctg 13980 ctctcactgc cgtaaaacat ggcaactgca gttcacttac
accgcttctc aacccggtac 14040 gcaccagaaa atcattgata tggccatgaa
tggcgttgga tgccgggcaa cagcccgcat 14100 tatgggcgtt ggcctcaaca
cgattttacg tcacttaaaa aactcaggcc gcagtcggta 14160 acctcgcgca
tacagccggg cagtgacgtc atcgtctgcg cggaaatgga cgaacagtgg 14220
ggctatgtcg gggctaaatc gcgccagcgc tggctgtttt acgcgtatga cagtctccgg
14280 aagacggttg ttgcgcacgt attcggtgaa cgcactatgg cgacgctggg
gcgtcttatg 14340 agcctgctgt caccctttga cgtggtgata tggatgacgg
atggctggcc gctgtatgaa 14400 tcccgcctga agggaaagct gcacgtaatc
agcaagcgat atacgcagcg aattgagcgg 14460 cataacctga atctgaggca
gcacctggca cggctgggac ggaagtcgct gtcgttctca 14520 aaatcggtgg
agctgcatga caaagtcatc gggcattatc tgaacataaa acactatcaa 14580
taagttggag tcattaccca attatgatag aatttacaag ctataaggtt attgtcctgg
14640 gtttcaagca ttagtccatg caagttttta tgctttgccc attctataga
tatattgata 14700 agcgcgctgc ctatgccttg ccccctgaaa tccttacata
cggcgatatc ttctatataa 14760 aagatatatt atcttatcag tattgtcaat
atattcaagg caatctgcct cctcatcctc 14820 ttcatcctct tcgtcttggt
agctttttaa atatggcgct tcatagagta attctgtaaa 14880 ggtccaattc
tcgttttcat acctcggtat aatcttacct atcacctcaa atggttcgct 14940
gggtttatcg cacccccgaa cacgagcacg gcacccgcga
ccactatgcc aagaatgccc 15000 aaggtaaaaa ttgccggccc cgccatgaag
tccgtgaatg ccccgacggc cgaagtgaag 15060 ggcaggccgc cacccaggcc
gccgccctca ctgcccggca cctggtcgct gaatgtcgat 15120 gccagcacct
gcggcacgtc aatgcttccg ggcgtcgcgc tcgggctgat cgcccatccc 15180
gttactgccc cgatcccggc aatggcaagg actgccagcg ctgccatttt tggggtgagg
15240 ccgttcgcgg ccgaggggcg cagcccctgg ggggatggga ggcccgcgtt agcg
15294
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