U.S. patent application number 11/705254 was filed with the patent office on 2007-10-18 for biodegradable compositions comprising renewably-based, biodegradable 1,3-propanediol.
Invention is credited to Joseph W. DeSalvo, Gyorgyi Fenyvesi, Melissa Joerger, Robert Miller, Carl F. Muska, Irwin A. Palefsky, Raja Hari Prasad R. Poladi, Ann Wehner.
Application Number | 20070241306 11/705254 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 38372098 |
Filed Date | 2007-10-18 |
United States Patent
Application |
20070241306 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Wehner; Ann ; et
al. |
October 18, 2007 |
Biodegradable compositions comprising renewably-based,
biodegradable 1,3-propanediol
Abstract
Disclosed herein are biodegradable compositions comprising
1,3-propanediol, wherein the 1,3-propanediol in said biodegradable
composition has a bio-based carbon content of about 1% to 100%. In
addition, it is preferred that the 1,3-propanediol be
biologically-derived, and wherein upon biodegradation, the
biologically-derived 1,3-propanediol contributes no anthropogenic
CO2 emissions to the atmosphere.
Inventors: |
Wehner; Ann; (Hockessin,
DE) ; Fenyvesi; Gyorgyi; (Wilmington, DE) ;
Muska; Carl F.; (Northeast, MD) ; DeSalvo; Joseph
W.; (Lafayette Hill, PA) ; Joerger; Melissa;
(Newark, DE) ; Miller; Robert; (Wilmington,
DE) ; Palefsky; Irwin A.; (Weehawken, DE) ;
Poladi; Raja Hari Prasad R.; (Bear, DE) |
Correspondence
Address: |
MCCARTER & ENGLISH, LLP;BASIL S. KRIKELIS
Renaissance Centre
405 N. King Street, 8th Floor
WILMINGTON
DE
19801
US
|
Family ID: |
38372098 |
Appl. No.: |
11/705254 |
Filed: |
February 12, 2007 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
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Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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60772471 |
Feb 10, 2006 |
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60772194 |
Feb 10, 2006 |
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60772193 |
Feb 10, 2006 |
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60772111 |
Feb 10, 2006 |
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60772120 |
Feb 10, 2006 |
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60772110 |
Feb 10, 2006 |
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60772112 |
Feb 10, 2006 |
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60846948 |
Sep 25, 2006 |
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60853920 |
Oct 24, 2006 |
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60859264 |
Nov 15, 2006 |
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60872705 |
Dec 4, 2006 |
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60880824 |
Jan 17, 2007 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
252/67 ;
252/182.12; 252/364; 426/250; 435/161 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61Q 19/04 20130101;
A61Q 15/00 20130101; A23L 33/10 20160801; A61K 8/92 20130101; A61Q
5/10 20130101; A61Q 19/007 20130101; C09D 11/16 20130101; A61Q
5/065 20130101; C11D 3/3418 20130101; C12P 7/62 20130101; A23K
20/105 20160501; A61K 8/0208 20130101; A61Q 9/04 20130101; A61Q
17/04 20130101; C09K 3/185 20130101; C09K 5/20 20130101; A61Q 1/08
20130101; B01D 11/0288 20130101; C10M 2207/283 20130101; C07C 69/44
20130101; C09K 3/18 20130101; C10M 129/08 20130101; C11D 3/2003
20130101; A23L 29/10 20160801; A61K 36/738 20130101; C07C 67/08
20130101; C10M 2215/223 20130101; A21D 2/14 20130101; A23L 2/52
20130101; A61Q 13/00 20130101; C02F 5/10 20130101; C10N 2030/64
20200501; C11D 3/2044 20130101; A61K 36/28 20130101; A61K 47/14
20130101; C07C 69/60 20130101; C10M 2229/0425 20130101; C12P 7/42
20130101; A61Q 19/008 20130101; C10M 2207/04 20130101; C11D 7/5022
20130101; Y02W 10/37 20150501; A61Q 11/00 20130101; A23L 3/3463
20130101; A61Q 1/02 20130101; A61Q 19/10 20130101; C08K 2201/018
20130101; C11D 11/0023 20130101; A01N 25/02 20130101; A61K 36/02
20130101; A61Q 1/14 20130101; A61Q 5/00 20130101; A23L 29/035
20160801; A61K 47/44 20130101; C11D 3/2068 20130101; C11D 3/2093
20130101; A61Q 17/005 20130101; C07C 69/28 20130101; C10N 2040/08
20130101; C11D 3/38663 20130101; C11D 7/266 20130101; A61K 9/06
20130101; C09D 11/03 20130101; C10M 2207/022 20130101; C07C 69/58
20130101; C09D 7/63 20180101; C09G 1/08 20130101; C07C 69/16
20130101; C10M 2209/086 20130101; A61K 8/345 20130101; A61K 9/282
20130101; A61K 36/61 20130101; A61Q 19/002 20130101; C09K 5/10
20130101; C10M 2215/042 20130101; A61Q 9/02 20130101; A61K 36/185
20130101; A61K 36/355 20130101; A61K 47/10 20130101; A61Q 17/00
20130101; C09D 11/38 20130101; C12P 7/18 20130101; A61K 31/22
20130101; A61Q 1/10 20130101; C08K 5/053 20130101; A23L 29/04
20160801; A23V 2002/00 20130101; A61K 2800/75 20130101; A23L 33/12
20160801; C11D 11/0017 20130101; A01N 3/00 20130101; A61K 8/375
20130101; A61K 9/0019 20130101; A61Q 5/02 20130101; A61K 2800/10
20130101; C07C 69/78 20130101; C11C 3/003 20130101; A01N 1/021
20130101; A23B 7/154 20130101; A61Q 19/005 20130101; C08K 5/103
20130101; C11D 1/667 20130101; A61Q 5/12 20130101; A61Q 19/00
20130101; C08K 5/103 20130101; C08L 67/04 20130101; C07C 67/08
20130101; C07C 69/60 20130101; C07C 67/08 20130101; C07C 69/58
20130101; C07C 67/08 20130101; C07C 69/78 20130101; C07C 67/08
20130101; C07C 69/44 20130101; C07C 67/08 20130101; C07C 69/16
20130101; C07C 67/08 20130101; C07C 69/28 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
252/067 ;
252/182.12; 252/364; 426/250; 435/161 |
International
Class: |
C08L 73/02 20060101
C08L073/02 |
Claims
1. A biodegradable composition comprising 1,3-propanediol and an
ingredient, wherein said 1,3-propanediol has a bio-based carbon
content of at least 1%.
2. The biodegradable composition of claim 1 wherein the ingredient
is selected from the group consisting of an acceptable carrier, an
active, water, an aqueous solution, a surfactant, a builder, a pH
control agent, a corrosion inhibitor, a defoamer, a dye and a food
ingredient.
3. The biodegradable composition of claim 1, further comprising a
composition selected from the group consisting of a personal care
product, a cosmetic, a detergent, a heat transfer composition, a
deicing composition, a food, a paint, and an ink.
4. The biodegradable composition of claim 1 wherein the
1,3-propanediol has at least 5% biobased carbon.
5. The biodegradable composition of claim 1 wherein the
1,3-propanediol has at least 10% biobased carbon.
6. The biodegradable composition of claim 1 wherein the
1,3-propanediol has at least 25% biobased carbon.
7. The biodegradable composition of claim 1 wherein the
1,3-propanediol has at least 50% biobased carbon.
8. The biodegradable composition of claim 1 wherein the
1,3-propanediol has at least 75% biobased carbon.
9. The biodegradable composition of claim 1 wherein the
1,3-propanediol has at least 90% biobased carbon.
10. The biodegradable composition of claim 1 wherein the
1,3-propanediol has at least 99% biobased carbon.
11. The biodegradable composition of claim 1 wherein the
1,3-propanediol has 100% biobased carbon.
12. The biodegradable composition of claim 1 wherein the
1,3-propanediol is biologically-derived.
13. The biodegradable composition of claim 12 wherein the
biologically-derived 1,3-propanediol is biologically produced
through a fermentation process.
14. A biodegradable composition comprising 1,3-propanediol wherein
said 1,3-propanediol has an ultraviolet absorption at 220 nm of
less than about 0.200 and at 250 nm of less than about 0.075 and at
275 nm of less than about 0.075.
15. The biodegradable composition of claim 14 wherein said
1,3-propanediol has a "b" color value of less than about 0.15 and
an absorbance at 275 nm of less than about 0.050.
16. The biodegradable composition of claim 14 wherein said
1,3-propanediol has a peroxide concentration of less than about 10
ppm.
17. The biodegradable composition of claim 14 wherein said
1,3-propanediol has a concentration of total organic impurities in
said composition of less than about 400 ppm.
18. The biodegradable composition of claim 14 wherein said
1,3-propanediol has a concentration of total organic impurities of
less than about 300 ppm.
19. The biodegradable composition of claim 14 wherein said
1,3-propanediol has a concentration of total organic impurities of
less than about 150 ppm.
20. A biodegradable composition comprising 1,3-propanediol wherein
said 1,3-propanediol has a concentration of total organic
impurities of less than about 400 ppm.
21. The biodegradable composition claim 20 wherein said
1,3-propanediol has a concentration of total organic impurities of
less than about 300 ppm.
22. The biodegradable composition claim 20 wherein said
1,3-propanediol has a concentration of total organic impurities of
less than about 150 ppm.
23. The biodegradable composition claim 20 wherein said
1,3-propanediol has a concentration of peroxides of less than about
10 ppm.
24. The biodegradable composition claim 20 wherein said
1,3-propanediol has a concentration of carbonyl groups of less than
about 10 ppm.
25. A biodegradable composition comprising 1,3-propanediol, wherein
the 1,3-propanediol in said composition has an anthropogenic
CO.sub.2 emission profile of zero upon biodegradation.
Description
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] The present application claims the benefit of U.S.
Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/772,471, filed Feb. 10, 2006;
U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/772,194, filed Feb. 10, 2006,
U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/772,193, filed Feb. 10, 2006,
U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/772,111, filed Feb. 10, 2006,
U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/772,120, filed Feb. 10, 2006,
U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/772,110, filed Feb. 10, 2006,
U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/772,112, filed Feb. 10, 2006,
U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/846,948, filed Sep. 25, 2006,
U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/853,920, filed Oct. 24, 2006,
U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/859,264, filed Nov. 15, 2006,
U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/872,705, filed Dec. 4, 2006 and
U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/880,824, filed Jan. 17, 2007,
the disclosures of which are expressly incorporated herein by
reference in their entirety.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Disclosed herein are biodegradable compositions comprising
1,3-propanediol wherein the 1,3-propanediol in said biodegradable
composition has a bio-based carbon content of about 1% to 100%. In
addition, it is preferred that the 1,3-propanediol be
biologically-derived, and wherein upon biodegradation, the
biologically-derived 1,3-propanediol contributes no anthropogenic
CO.sub.2 emissions to the atmosphere.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] Consumers of biodegradable products, such as personal care,
cosmetics and detergents, among many others, consider many factors
in selecting products for use. Recently certain factors have been a
focus of and have driven scientific study and product development.
These driving factors include, product safety, environmental
impact, the extent to which the components are natural, and the
aesthetic quality of the overall product. Therefore, manufacturers
have to be concerned with the environmental impact of their
products. In fact, the effort towards environmental impact
awareness is a universal concern, recognized by government
agencies. The Kyoto Protocol amendment to the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) currently signed by
156 nations is one example of a global effort to favor safer
environmental manufacturing over cost and efficiency. When applied
to biodegradable products, consumers are increasingly selective
about the origins of the products they purchase. The 2004
Co-operative Bank's annual Ethical Consumerism Report
(www.cooperativebank.co.uk) disclosed a 30.3% increase in consumer
spending on ethical retail products (a general classification for
environmental safe, organic and fair trade goods) between 2003 and
2004 while total consumer spending during the same period rose only
3.7%.
[0004] Glycols such as ethylene glycol, propylene glycol,
1,3-butylene glycol, and 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol are biodegradable
compounds useful in compositions ranging from cosmetics and
personal care formulations to detergents to heat transfer
compositions. While biodegradability is an important factor in
protecting the environment, biodegradation of glycols derived from
fossil-based sources has the unavoidable consequence of releasing
previously fixed CO.sub.2 into the atmosphere. Thus, while glycols
in general are advantageous for their biodegradability, the
resulting global warming potential of fossil-based glycols during
biodegradation is significant.
[0005] Carbon dioxide is singled out as the largest component of
the collection of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The level of
atmospheric carbon dioxide has increased 50% in the last two
hundred years. Recent reports indicate that the current level of
atmospheric carbon dioxide is higher than the peak level in the
late Pleistocene, the epoch before modern humans (Siegenthaler, U.
et al. Stable Carbon Cycle-Climate Relationship During the Late
Pleistocene, Science, Vol. 310, no. 5752 (Nov. 25, 2005), pp.
1313-1317). Therefore, any further addition of carbon dioxide to
the atmosphere is thought to further shift the effect of greenhouse
gases from stabilization of global temperatures to that of heating.
Consumers and environmental protection groups alike have identified
industrial release of carbon into the atmosphere as the source of
carbon causing the greenhouse effect.
[0006] Greenhouse gas emission can occur at any point during the
lifetime of a product. Consumers and environmental groups consider
the full lifespan of a product when evaluating a product's
environmental impact. Consumers look for products that do not
contribute new carbon to the atmosphere considering the
environmental impact of production, use and degradation. Only
organic products composed of carbon molecules from plant sugars and
starches and ultimately atmospheric carbon are considered to not
further contribute to the greenhouse effect.
[0007] In addition to adding carbon dioxide to the atmosphere,
current methods of industrial production of glycols produce
contaminants and waste products that include among them sulfuric
acid, hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, phosphoric acid, oxalic
acid tartaric acid, acetic acids, Alkali metals, alkaline earth
metals, transitional metals and heavy metals, including Iron,
cobalt, nickel, copper, silver, molybdenum, tungsten, vanadium,
chromium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, rubidium, and
platinum (U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,434,110, 5,034,134, 5,334,778, and
5,10,036).
[0008] Also of concern to consumers of biodegradable products,
especially consumers of personal care, cosmetics and detergent
products, is an individual's reaction to such a product. The rate
of development of hypersensitivity has markedly increased in the US
in the last two decades. Many of these reactions are attributed to
trace amount of substances. Other reactions are of idiopathic
origin. Consumers seek products that are composed of ingredients of
a more purified source and/or of all natural composition.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0009] The present invention is directed to a biodegradable
composition comprising 1,3-propanediol and an ingredient, wherein
said 1,3-propanediol has a bio-based carbon content of at least
1%.
[0010] The present invention is further directed to a biodegradable
composition comprising 1,3-propanediol and an ingredient wherein
the ingredient is selected from the group consisting of an
acceptable carrier, an active, water, an aqueous solution, a
surfactant, a builder, a pH control agent, a corrosion inhibitor, a
defoamer, a dye and a food ingredient, and wherein said
1,3-propanediol has a bio-based carbon content of at least 1%.
[0011] The present invention is even further directed to a
biodegradable composition comprising 1,3-propanediol and an
ingredient, and further comprising a composition selected from the
group consisting of a personal care product, a cosmetic, a
detergent, a heat transfer composition, a deicing composition, a
food, a paint, and an ink, wherein said 1,3-propanediol has a
bio-based carbon content of at least 1%.
[0012] The present invention is also directed to a biodegradable
composition comprising 1,3-propanediol wherein said 1,3-propanediol
has an ultraviolet absorption at 220 nm of less than about 0.200
and at 250 nm of less than about 0.075 and at 275 nm of less than
about 0.075.
[0013] The present invention is additionally directed to a
biodegradable composition comprising 1,3-propanediol wherein said
1,3-propanediol has a concentration of total organic impurities of
less than about 400 ppm.
[0014] The present invention is even further directed to a
biodegradable composition comprising 1,3-propanediol, wherein the
1,3-propanediol in said composition has an anthropogenic CO.sub.2
emission profile of zero upon biodegradation.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0015] FIG. 1 is a graph showing CO.sub.2 emissions for CO.sub.2
fixation from the atmosphere during photosynthesis for renewably
based 1,3-propanediol (Bio-PDO.TM.) (-1.7 kg CO.sub.2/kg product)
and CO.sub.2 release to the atmosphere during biodegradation (kg
CO.sub.2/kg product) for ethylene glycol (EG) (+1.4 kg CO.sub.2/kg
product), propylene glycol (PG) (+1.7 kg CO.sub.2/kg product),
fossil-based 1,3-propanediol (Chem-PDO) (+1.7 kg CO.sub.2/kg
product), and fermentatively-derived 1,3-propanediol (Bio-PDO.TM.)
(+1.7 kg CO.sub.2/kg product).
[0016] FIG. 2 is a graph showing that the net emissions of CO.sub.2
to the atmosphere for renewably based 1,3-propanediol (Bio-PDO) is
zero (0).
[0017] FIG. 3 is a table that shows the calculations for the data
shown in FIGS. 1 and 2.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0018] Applicants specifically incorporate the entire content of
all cited references in this disclosure. Further, when an amount,
concentration, or other value or parameter is given as either a
range, preferred range, or a list of upper preferable values and
lower preferable values, this is to be understood as specifically
disclosing all ranges formed from any pair of any upper range limit
or preferred value and any lower range limit or preferred value,
regardless of whether ranges are separately disclosed. Where a
range of numerical values is recited herein, unless otherwise
stated, the range is intended to include the endpoints thereof, and
all integers and fractions within the range. It is not intended
that the scope of the invention be limited to the specific values
recited when defining a range.
[0019] Compositions disclosed herein comprise 1,3-propanediol,
having at least 1% bio-based carbon content, as greater as up to
100% of the glycol component of the composition. In one embodiment,
the 1,3-propanediol comprises substantially all of the glycol
component of the composition of the invention. In another
embodiment, the 1,3-propanediol comprises all of the glycol
component of the composition.
1,3-propanediol
[0020] The terms "bioPDO", "biologically-derived, biodegradable
1,3-propanediol", "biologically derived 1,3-propanediol",
"renewably-based 1,3-propanediol", "renewably-based, biodegradable
1,3-propanediol," "biosourced, and "biologically-produced
1,3-propanediol" and similar terms as used here in refer to
1,3-propanediol derived from microorganism metabolism of
plant-derived sugars composed of carbon of atmospheric origin, and
not composed of fossil-fuel carbon.
Anthropogenic CO.sub.2 Emission Profile
[0021] Applicants' invention relates to biodegradable compositions,
such as, among many others, personal care products, cosmetics,
detergents, heat transfer fluids, deicing fluids, foods, paints and
inks, comprising renewably-based, biodegradable 1,3-propanediol, in
which said renewably-based, biodegradable 1,3-propanediol has an
anthropogenic CO.sub.2 emission profile of zero (0). An
"anthropogenic emission profile" means anthropogenic CO.sub.2
emissions that are contributed to the atmosphere upon
biodegradation of a compound or composition. p
[0022] "Biodegradable" or "Biodegradability" means the capacity of
a compound to be broken down by living organisms to simple, stable
compounds such as carbon dioxide and water.
[0023] Whereas photosynthesis is the process of creating growing
matter through the conversion of carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) and
water (H.sub.2O) into plant material through the action of the sun,
biodegradation is the process of converting organic material back
into CO.sub.2 and H.sub.2O through the activity of living
organisms.
[0024] There are many published test methods for measuring the
biodegradability of organic chemicals such as glycols. One
internationally recognized method is ASTM E1720-01, Standard Test
Method for Determining Ready, Ultimate Biodegradability of Organic
Chemicals in a Sealed Vessel CO.sub.2 Production Test.
[0025] Chemicals that demonstrate 60% biodegradation or better in
this test method will biodegrade in most aerobic environments and
are classified as ready biodegradable. All of the glycols referred
to in this document meet this criteria.
[0026] Calculations setting forth the finding that the
1,3-propanediol of the present invention provides no anthropogenic
COs emissions upon biodegradation is set forth below. A table in
support of these calculations is provided in FIG. 3.
[0027] When one molecule of 1,3-propanediol degrades, three
molecules of CO.sub.2 are released into the atmosphere. Because all
of these molecules of CO.sub.2 released during degradation from
"fermentatively-derived" 1,3-propanediol have an atmospheric
origin, the net release of CO.sub.2 to the atmosphere is thus zero.
Comparatively, because a fossil fuel-derived propylene glycol and
fossil-derived 1,3-propanediol contains three carbon atoms which
originate from a fixed carbon source (i.e., the fossil fuel),
degradation of one molecule of fossil fuel-derived propylene glycol
or 1,3-propanediol results in a net release of three molecules of
CO.sub.2 into the atmosphere. Similarly, because fossil
fuel-derived ethylene glycol contains two carbon atoms, which
originate from a fixed carbon source, degradation of one molecule
of fossil fuel-derived ethylene glycol results in a net release of
two molecules of CO.sub.2 into the atmosphere.
[0028] In order to quantify the CO.sub.2 released for one kilogram
of each ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, chemical 1,3-propanediol
and "fermentatively-derived" 1,3 propanediol (Bio-PDO.TM.), the
product weight (1 kg) is divided by its molecular weight. For each
carbon atom present in the molecule, one molecule of CO.sub.2 is
released. The molecules of CO.sub.2 are multiplied by the molecular
weight of CO.sub.2 (44 kg/kmole) to quantify the impact of CO.sub.2
release (kg) per one unit (kg) of product.
Fossil-Fuel Based Carbon Feedstock Release 1 kg of fossil fuel
derived ethylene glycol*(1 kmol EG/62.068 kg)*(2 kmol CO.sub.2/1
kmol EG)*(44 kg CO.sub.2/kmol CO.sub.2)=1.4 kg CO.sub.2 1 kg of
fossil fuel derived propylene glycol*(1 kmol PG/76.094 kg)*(3 kmol
CO.sub.2/1 kmol PG)*(44 kg CO.sub.2/kmol CO.sub.2)=1.7 kg CO.sub.2
1 kg of fossil fuel derived 1,3-propanediol*(1 kmol chem-PDO/76.094
kg)*(3 kmol CO.sub.2/1 kmol chem-PDO)*(44 kg CO.sub.2/kmol
CO.sub.2)=1.7 kg CO.sub.2 Bio-Based Carbon Feedstock Balance
[0029] Capture: 1 kg of Bio-PDO.TM.*(1 kmol Bio-PDO.TM./76.094
kg)*(-3 kmol CO.sub.2/1 kmol Bio-PDO.TM.)*(44 kg CO.sub.2/kmol
CO.sub.2)=-1.7 kg CO.sub.2
[0030] Release: 1 kg of Bio-PDO.TM.*(1 kmol Bio-PDO.TM./76.094
kg)*(3 kmol CO.sub.2/1 kmol Bio-PDO.TM.)*(44 kg CO.sub.2/kmol
CO.sub.2)=1.7 kg CO.sub.2
[0031] Net: -1.7 kg+1.7 kg=0 kg
[0032] This Bio-based Carbon Feedstock Balance result demonstrates
that there are no anthropogenic CO.sub.2 emissions from the
biodegradation of the renewably sourced Bio-PDO. The term
"anthropogenic" means man-made or fossil-derived.
Bio-Based Carbon
[0033] "Carbon of atmospheric origin" as used herein refers to
carbon atoms from carbon dioxide molecules that have recently, in
the last few decades, been free in the earth's atmosphere. Such
carbons in mass are identifiable by the present of particular
radioisotopes as described herein. "Green carbon", "atmospheric
carbon", "environmentally friendly carbon", "life-cycle carbon",
"non-fossil fuel based carbon", "non-petroleum based carbon",
"carbon of atmospheric origin", and "biobased carbon" are used
synonymously herein.
[0034] "Carbon of fossil origin" as used herein refers to carbon of
petrochemical origin. Such carbon has not been exposed to UV rays
as atmospheric carbon has, therefore masses of carbon of fossil
origin has few radioisotopes in their population. Carbon of fossil
origin is identifiable by means described herein. "Fossil fuel
carbon", "fossil carbon", "polluting carbon", "petrochemical
carbon", "petro-carbon" and carbon of fossil origin are used
synonymously herein.
[0035] The abbreviation "IRMS" refers to measurements of CO.sub.2
by high precision stable isotope ratio mass spectrometry.
[0036] The term "carbon substrate" means any carbon source capable
of being metabolized by a microorganism wherein the substrate
contains at least one carbon atom.
[0037] "Renewably-based" denotes that the carbon content of the
1,3-propanediol is from a "new carbon" source as measured by ASTM
test method D 6866-05 Determining the Biobased Content of Natural
Range Materials Using Radiocarbon and Isotope Ratio Mass
Spectrometry Analysis, incorporated herein by reference. This test
method measures the C-14/C-12 isotope ratio in a sample and
compares it to the C-14/C-12 isotope ratio in a standard 100%
biobased material to give percent biobased content of the sample.
"Biobased materials" are organic materials in which the carbon
comes from recently (on a human time scale) fixated CO.sub.2
present in the atmosphere using sunlight energy (photosynthesis).
On land, this CO.sub.2 is captured or fixated by plant life (e.g.,
agricultural crops or forestry materials). In the oceans, the
CO.sub.2 is captured or fixated by photosynthesizing bacteria or
phytoplankton. A biobased material has a C-14/C-12 isotope ratio in
range of from 1:0 to greater than 0:1. Contrarily, a fossil-based
material, has a C-14/C-12 isotope ratio of 0:1.
[0038] A small amount of the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is
radioactive. This 14C carbon dioxide is created when nitrogen is
struck by an ultra-violet light produced neutron, causing the
nitrogen to lose a proton and form carbon of molecular weight 14
which is immediately oxidized in carbon dioxide. This radioactive
isotope represents a small but measurable fraction of atmospheric
carbon. Atmospheric carbon dioxide is cycled by green plants to
make organic molecules during the process known as photosynthesis.
The cycle is completed when the green plants or other forms of life
metabolize the organic molecules producing carbon dioxide which is
released back to the atmosphere. Virtually all forms of life on
Earth depend on this green plant production of organic molecule to
produce the chemical energy that facilitates growth and
reproduction. Therefore, the 14C that exists in the atmosphere
becomes part of all life forms, and their biological products.
These renewably based organic molecules that biodegrade to CO2 do
not contribute to global warming as there is no net increase of
carbon emitted to the atmosphere. In contrast, fossil fuel based
carbon does not have the signature radiocarbon ratio of atmospheric
carbon dioxide.
[0039] Atmospheric origin and fixed carbon source as used herein
are relative terms in that the time period of when CO2 is of
atmospheric or fixed origin relates to the life cycle of the
1,3-propanediol. Thus, while it is quite possible that, at one
time, carbon from a fossil fuel was found in the atmosphere (and,
as a corollary, that atmospheric CO2 may one day be incorporated
into a fixed carbon source), for purposes herein carbon is
considered to be from a fixed carbon source until it is released
into the atmosphere by degradation.
[0040] Assessment of the renewably based carbon in a material can
be performed through standard test methods. Using radiocarbon and
isotope ratio mass spectrometry analysis, the biobased content of
materials can be determined. ASTM International, formally known as
the American Society for Testing and Materials, has established a
standard method for assessing the biobased content of materials.
The ASTM method is designated ASTM-D6866.
[0041] The application of ASTM-D6866 to derive a "biobased content"
is built on the same concepts as radiocarbon dating, but without
use of the age equations. The analysis is performed by deriving a
ratio of the amount of radiocarbon (14C) in an unknown sample to
that of a modem reference standard. The ratio is reported as a
percentage with the units "pMC" (percent modern carbon). If the
material being analyzed is a mixture of present day radiocarbon and
fossil carbon (containing no radiocarbon), then the pMC value
obtained correlates directly to the amount of Biomass material
present in the sample.
[0042] The modern reference standard used in radiocarbon dating is
a NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) standard
with a known radiocarbon content equivalent approximately to the
year AD 1950. AD 1950 was chosen since it represented a time prior
to thermo-nuclear weapons testing which introduced large amounts of
excess radiocarbon into the atmosphere with each explosion (termed
"bomb carbon"). The AD 1950 reference represents 100 pMC.
[0043] "Bomb carbon" in the atmosphere reached almost twice normal
levels in 1963 at the peak of testing and prior to the treaty
halting the testing. Its distribution within the atmosphere has
been approximated since its appearance, showing values that are
greater than 100 pMC for plants and animals living since AD 1950.
It's gradually decreased over time with today's value being near
107.5 pMC. This means that a fresh biomass material such as corn
could give a radiocarbon signature near 107.5 pMC.
[0044] Combining fossil carbon with present day carbon into a
material will result in a dilution of the present day pMC content.
By presuming 107.5 pMC represents present day biomass materials and
0 pMC represents petroleum derivatives, the measured pMC value for
that material will reflect the proportions of the two component
types. A material derived 100% from present day soybeans would give
a radiocarbon signature near 107.5 pMC. If that material was
diluted with 50% petroleum derivatives, it would give a radiocarbon
signature near 54 pMC.
[0045] A biomass content result is derived by assigning 100% equal
to 107.5 pMC and 0% equal to 0 pMC. In this regard, a sample
measuring 99 pMC will give an equivalent biobased content result of
93%.
[0046] A sample of "fermentatively-derived" 1,3-propanediol was
submitted by DuPont to Iowa State University for biobased content
analysis using ASTM method D 6866-05. The results received from
Iowa State University demonstrated that the above sample was 100%
bio-based content (ref: Norton, Glenn. Results of Radiocarbon
Analyses on samples from DuPont Bio-Based Materials--reported Jul.
8, 2005).
[0047] Assessment of the materials described herein were done in
accordance with ASTM-D6866. The mean values quoted in this report
encompasses an absolute range of 6% (plus and minus 3% on either
side of the biobased content value) to account for variations in
end-component radiocarbon signatures. It is presumed that all
materials are present day or fossil in origin and that the desired
result is the amount of biobased component "present" in the
material, not the amount of biobased material "used" in the
manufacturing process.
[0048] Results of Radiocarbon Analyses on Samples from DuPont
Bio-Based
[0049] Materials
[0050] Reported Jul. 8, 2005 TABLE-US-00001 PRODUCT BIOBASED
CONTENT (%) 1,3-Propanediol 100
[0051] There may be certain instances wherein a biodegradable
composition of the invention may comprise a combination of a
biologically-derived 1,3-propanediol and one or more non
biologically-derived glycol components, such as, for example,
chemically synthesized 1,3-propanediol. In such occasions, it may
be difficult, if not impossible to determine which percentage of
the glycol composition is biologically-derived, other than by
calculating the bio-based carbon content of the glycol component.
In this regard, in the biodegradable compositions of the invention,
the glycol component, and in particular, the 1,3-propanediol, can
comprise at least about 100% bio-based carbon content up to 100%
bio-based carbon content, and any percentage therebetween.
Purity
[0052] "Substantially purified," as used by applicants to describe
the biologically-produced 1,3-propanediol produced by the process
of the invention, denotes a composition comprising 1,3-propanediol
having at least one of the following characteristics: 1) an
ultraviolet absorption at 220 nm of less than about 0.200 and at
250 nm of less than about 0.075 and at 275 nm of less than about
0.075; or 2) a composition having L*a*b* "b*" color value of less
than about 0.15 and an absorbance at 270 nm of less than about
0.075; or 3) a peroxide composition of less than about 10 ppm; or
4) a concentration of total organic impurities of less than about
400 ppm.
[0053] A "b*" value is the spectrophotometrically determined
"Yellow Blue measurement as defined by the CIE L*a*b* measurement
ASTM D6290.
[0054] The abbreviation "AMS" refers to accelerator mass
spectrometry.
[0055] By the acronym "NMR" is meant nuclear magnetic
resonance.
[0056] By the terms "color" and "color bodies" is meant the
existence of visible color that can be quantified using a
spectrocolorimeter in the range of visible light, using wavelengths
of approximately 400-800 nm, and by comparison with pure water.
Reaction conditions can have an important effect on the nature of
color production. Examples of relevant conditions include the
temperatures used, the catalyst and amount of catalyst. While not
wishing to be bound by theory, we believe color precursors include
trace amounts of impurities comprising olefinic bonds, acetals and
other carbonyl compounds, peroxides, etc. At least some of these
impurities may be detected by such methods as UV spectroscopy, or
peroxide titration.
[0057] "Color index" refers to an analytic measure of the
electromagnetic radiation-absorbing properties of a substance or
compound.
[0058] Biologically-derived 1,3-propanediol useful in personal care
and cosmetic compositions disclosed herein has at least one of the
following characteristics: 1) an ultraviolet absorption at 220 nm
of less than about 0.200 and at 250 nm of less than about 0.075 and
at 275 nm of less than about 0.075; or 2) a composition having
L*a*b* "b*" color value of less than about 0.15 and an absorbance
at 270 nm of less than about 0.075; or 3) a peroxide composition of
less than about 10 ppm; or 4) a concentration of total organic
impurities of less than about 400 ppm. A "b*" value is the
spectrophotometrically determined Yellow Blue measurement as
defined by the CIE L*a*b* measurement ASTM D6290.
[0059] The level of 1,3-propanediol purity can be characterized in
a number of different ways. For example, measuring the remaining
levels of contaminating organic impurities is one useful measure.
Biologically-derived 1,3-propanediol can have a purity level of
less than about 400 ppm total organic contaminants; preferably less
than about 300 ppm; and most preferably less than about 150 ppm.
The term ppm total organic purity refers to parts per million
levels of carbon-containing compounds (other than 1,3-propanediol)
as measured by gas chromatography.
[0060] Biologically-derived 1,3-propanediol can also be
characterized using a number of other parameters, such as
ultraviolet light absorbance at varying wavelengths. The
wavelengths 220 nm, 240 nm and 270 nm have been found to be useful
in determining purity levels of the composition.
Biologically-derived 1,3-propanediol can have a purity level
wherein the UV absorption at 220 nm is less than about 0.200 and at
240 nm is less than about 0.075 and at 270 nm is less than about
0.075.
[0061] Biologically-derived 1,3-propanediol can have a b* color
value (CIE L*a*b*) of less than about 0.15.
[0062] The purity of biologically-derived 1,3-propanediol
compositions can also be assessed in a meaningful way by measuring
levels of peroxide. Biologically-derived 1,3-propanediol can have a
concentration of peroxide of less than about 10 ppm.
[0063] It is believed that the aforementioned purity level
parameters for biologically-derived and purified 1,3-propanediol
(using methods similar or comparable to those disclosed in U.S.
Patent Application No. 2005/0069997) distinguishes such
compositions from 1,3-propanediol compositions prepared from
chemically purified 1,3-propanediol derived from petroleum sources,
as per the prior art.
Fermentation
[0064] "Biologically produced" means organic compounds produced by
one or more species or strains of living organisms, including
particularly strains of bacteria, yeast, fungus and other microbes.
"Bio-produced" and biologically produced are used synonymously
herein. Such organic compounds are composed of carbon from
atmospheric carbon dioxide converted to sugars and starches by
green plants.
[0065] "Biologically-based" means that the organic compound is
synthesized from biologically produced organic components. It is
further contemplated that the synthesis process disclosed herein is
capable of effectively synthesizing other monoesters and diesters
from bio-produced alcohols other than 1,3-propanediol; particularly
including ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol,
1,2-propylene glycol, dipropylene diol, tripropylene diol, 2-methyl
1,3-propanediol, neopentyl glycol and bisphenol A. "Bio-based", and
"bio-sourced"; "biologically derived"; and "bio-derived" are used
synonymously herein.
[0066] "Fermentation" as used refers to the process of metabolizing
simple sugars into other organic compounds. As used herein
fermentation specifically refers to the metabolism of plant derived
sugars, such sugar are composed of carbon of atmospheric
origin.
[0067] Biologically-derived 1,3-propanediol can be obtained based
upon use of the fermentation broth ("fermentatively-derived")
generated by a genetically-engineered Eschericia coli (E. coli)
previously disclosed in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,686,276.
However, other single organisms, or combinations of organisms, may
be used to biologically produce 1,3-propanediol, using organisms
that have been genetically-engineered according to methods known in
the art. "Fermentation" refers to a system that catalyzes a
reaction between substrate(s) and other nutrients to product(s)
through use of a biocatalyst. The biocatalysts can be a whole
organism, an isolated enzyme, or any combination or component
thereof that is enzymatically active. Fermentation systems useful
for producing and purifying biologically-derived 1,3-propanediol
are disclosed in, for example, Published U.S. Patent Application
No. 2005/0069997 incorporated herein by reference.
[0068] The biologically derived 1,3-propanediol for use in the
current invention, produced by the process described herein,
contains carbon from the atmosphere incorporated by plants, which
compose the feedstock for the production of Bio-PDO. In this way,
the Bio-PDO used in the compositions of the invention contains only
renewable carbon, and not fossil fuel based, or petroleum based
carbon. Therefore the compositions of the invention have less
impact on the environment as the propanediol used in the
compositions does not deplete diminishing fossil fuels and, upon
degradation releases carbon back to the atmosphere for use by
plants once again. Thus, the present invention can be characterized
as more natural and having less environmental impact than similar
compositions comprising petroleum based glycols.
[0069] Moreover, as the purity of the Bio-PDO utilized in the
compositions of the invention is higher than chemically synthesized
1,3-propanediol and other glycols, risk of introducing impurities
that may cause irritation is reduced by its use over commonly used
glycols, such as propylene glycol.
[0070] This 1,3-propanediol of the invention can be isolated from
the fermentation broth and is incorporated into personal care and
cosmetic compositions of the invention, by processes as are known
to those of ordinary skill in the applicable art.
Renewably-Based, Biodegradable 1,3-propanediol-Containing
Compositions
[0071] As mentioned above, 1,3-propanediol can be incorporated into
numerous compositions as a glycol component. For example,
1,3-propanediol can be part of or the sole glycol component of
personal care and cosmetic compositions.
[0072] It is contemplated herein that other renewably-based or
biologically-derived glycols, such as ethylene glycol, dietheylene
glycol, triethylene glycol, 1,2 propylene glycol, dipropylene
glycol, tripropylene glycol, neopentyl glycol and bisphenol A,
among others, can be used in the biodegradable compositions of the
present invention.
[0073] Bio-PDO can be combined with one or more of any ingredients
typically used in biodegradable compositions. Set forth below are
typical biodegradable end use products as well as typical
ingredients used therein, general formulations and examples, all of
which can be used in the invention.
Personal Care and Cosmetics
[0074] While in it is a general practice in the art to distinguish
between personal care compositions and cosmetic compositions,
indeed it is often the case certain personal care products will
often be referred to as cosmetic products, and vice versa. As such,
in order to simplify and avoid confusion, it is intended, for
purposes of this application, that the words "personal care" and
"cosmetics", while used separately at times, will be considered
synonymous and will be used interchangeably throughout the
application to describe the compositions of this invention.
[0075] In compositions of the invention that are generally referred
to in the art as cosmetic compositions (also referred to in the art
as endermic liminent compositions), Bio-PDO can serve as a
humectant, solvent, neutralizer, preservative, emulsifier,
emollient, softening agent, handfeel effector, water activity
reducer and/or fragrance enhancer. Similarly, in compositions of
the invention that are generally referred to in the art as personal
care compositions, the Bio-PDO typically serves as a surfactant,
humectant, solvent, neutralizer, emulsifier, preservative and/or
fragrance enhancer.
[0076] Some examples of typical personal care and cosmetic
compositions include, but are not limited to, lipstick, lip gloss,
lip pencil, eye shadows, foundation, blush, liquid rouge, facial
powder, make-up, concealer, gel eye color, mascara, lip gloss, eye
pencil, lip pencil, eye make-up remover, eye liners, eye shadow,
lotion eye color, gel eye color, nail polish, lipstick nail polish,
gel polish removers, liquid rouges, blush, and facial powder, skin
care composition, skin cleansing composition, skin cleansing bar,
skin cleansing liquid, facial lotion, facial cream, cream
moisturizer, body wash, body lotion; foot care products like foot
cream, hand cream; deodorant and antiperspirant sticks, roll-ons,
aerosols, gels, creams, pump sprays, powders, odor-masking,
odor-neutralizing, odor-quenching, odor-inhibiting; cologne sticks,
perfumes, shaving cream, shaving lotion, cream depilatory, lotion
depilatory, wax depilatory, facial mask made with clay materials,
anti-aging product, anti-wrinkle product, anti-cellulite product,
cuticle remover, cuticle cream, acne cream, acne cleansing scrub;
oral products like toothpaste, gargle, mouth wash, mouth rinse,
film, gum; shampoo, hair care products like conditioner, hair
treatment cream, styling gel, styling foam, hair mousse, hair
spray, set lotion, blow-styling lotion, hair color lotion, creams
and dyes, hair bleaching cream, hair relaxer, hair straightener,
curl activator gel, fragrant hair gloss, dressings (styling
products & aids); bleach; sun care products like sun stick and
sun screen, artificial tanning products, skin-whitening products;
soaps, hand wash, body scrub, hand scrub, bubble bath, bath oils,
instant hand sanitizer, hand sanitizer gels, antibacterial hand
cleaner, deodorants, antiperspirants, baby lotion, diaper rash
cream, wet wipe, and baby bath, and vitamin creams, among others.
This list is not intended to be all-inclusive or otherwise limiting
in any way, and those having skill in the art are very familiar
with all types of personal care and cosmetic products that can
function effectively with the Bio-PDO glycol component of the
invention.
[0077] Bio-PDO can be present in the aforementioned personal care
and cosmetics compositions in amounts well known to those of
ordinary skill in the appropriate art, typically up to about 12% by
weight based on the weight of the total composition, though some
compositions, for example, bath preparations may contain as much as
50% glycol, and some specialty formulations like vitamin creams can
contain even higher percentages of glycol up to as much as 65%, and
deodorants up to as much as 85%.
Preferred Bio-PDO Concentration Ranges
[0078] Baby products, such as, for example, baby shampoos, soaps,
wipes, lotions, oils, powders, and creams, wherein preferred
Bio-PDO concentration ranges are from about 0.1% to about 25% by
weight, and more preferably from about 1% to about 10% by weight,
and even more preferably 1 to 5%.
[0079] Bath preparations such as, for example, bath oils, tablets,
and salts; bubble baths and bath capsules, wherein preferred
Bio-PDO concentration ranges are from about 0.001% to about 50%,
and more preferably from about 0.1% to about 10%, and even more
preferably from about 1% to about 5%.
[0080] Eye makeup preparations such as, for example, eyebrow
pencil; eyeliner; eye shadow; eye lotion; eye makeup remover; and
mascara, wherein preferred Bio-PDO concentration ranges are from
about 0.001% to about 75%, more preferably 0.01% to about 25%, and
even more preferably, 0.05% to about 5%.
[0081] Fragrance preparations such as, for example, colognes and
toilet waters; perfumes; powders (dusting and talcum) (excluding
aftershave talc); and sachets, wherein preferred Bio-PDO
concentration ranges are from about 0.001% to about 99%, more
preferably from about 0.01% to about 10%, and even more preferably
from about 0.05% to about 5%.
[0082] Hair preparations (noncoloring) such as, for example, hair
conditioners; hair sprays (aerosol fixatives); hair straighteners;
permanent waves; rinses (noncoloring); shampoos (noncoloring);
tonics, dressings, and other hair grooming aids; and wave sets,
wherein preferred Bio-PDO concentration ranges are from about
0.001% to about 90%, more preferably from about 0.01% to about 50%,
and even more preferably from about 0.05% to about 10%.
[0083] Hair coloring preparations such as, for example, hair dyes
and colors (requiring caution statement & patch test); hair
tints; hair rinses (coloring); hair shampoos (coloring); hair color
sprays (aerosol); hair lighteners with color; and hair bleaches,
wherein preferred Bio-PDO concentration ranges are from about
0.001% to about 50%, more preferably from about 0.1% to about 25%,
and even more preferably, from about 1% to about 10%.
[0084] Makeup preparations (not eye) such as, for example, blushers
(all types); face powders; foundations; leg and body paints;
lipstick; makeup bases; rouges; and makeup fixatives, wherein
preferred Bio-PDO concentration ranges are from about 0.001% to
about 99%, more preferably from about 0.01% to about 25%, and even
more preferably from about 0.05% to about 10%.
[0085] Manicuring preparations such as, for example, basecoats and
undercoats; cuticle softeners; nail creams and lotions; nail
extenders; nail polish and enamel; and Nail polish and enamel
removers, wherein preferred Bio-PDO concentration ranges are from
about 0.001% to about 50%, more preferably from about 0.1% to about
10%, and even more preferably from about 1% to about 5%.
[0086] Oral hygiene products such as, for example, dentifrices
(aerosol, liquid, pastes, and powders); and mouthwashes and breath
fresheners (liquids and sprays), wherein preferred Bio-PDO
concentration ranges are from about 0.001% to about 80%, and more
preferably from about 1% to about 5%.
[0087] Personal cleanliness products, such as, for example, bath
soaps and detergents; deodorants (underarm); antiperspirants;
douches; and feminine hygiene deodorants, wherein preferred Bio-PDO
concentration ranges are from about 0.001% to about 99%, more
preferably from about 0.01% to about 50%, and even more preferably
from about 0.05% to about 10%.
[0088] Shaving preparations such as, for example, shaving lotions,
aftershave lotions; beard softeners; men's talcum; preshave lotions
(all types); shaving cream (aerosol, brushless, and lather); and
shaving soap (cakes, sticks, etc.), wherein preferred Bio-PDO
concentration ranges are from about 0.001% to about 50%, more
preferably from about 0.01% to about 10%, and even more preferably
from about 0.1% to about 5%.
[0089] Skin care preparations (creams, lotions, powder, and
sprays), such as, for example, cleansing (cold creams, cleansing
lotions, liquids, and pads); depilatories; face and neck (excluding
shaving preparations); body and hand (excluding shaving
preparations); foot powders and sprays; hormone products;
moisturizing; night; paste masks (mud packs); skin lighteners; skin
fresheners; and wrinkle-smoothing products (removers), wherein
preferred Bio-PDO concentration ranges are from about 0.001% to
about 50%, more preferably from about 0.01% to about 15%, and even
more preferably from about 0.05% to about 5%.
[0090] Suntan preparations such as, for example, suntan gels,
creams, liquids, powders, sticks and sprays; and indoor tanning
preparations; wherein preferred Bio-PDO concentration ranges are
from about 0.001% to about 25%, and more preferably from about 1%
to about 10%.
[0091] Preservatives (antiseptic/antifungal/antimicrobial agents),
such as, for example, parabens; salicylic acid; sorbic acid; and
phenoxy ethanol, wherein preferred Bio-PDO concentration ranges are
from about 0.001% to about 100%, and more preferably from about 95%
to about 99.99%.
Typical Broad Formulations for Certain End Use Applications
[0092] Set forth in this section are general, broad range
formulations for a handful of personal care and cosmetic end use
applications intended to provide the reader with a general idea of
the variety of applications and uses for Bio-PDO in personal care
and cosmetic products. This section is by no means intended to be
limiting in any way, and those having skill in the art can readily
determine appropriate uses of Bio-PDO as a glycol component in all
other known personal care and cosmetic products.
Skin Products
[0093] Some examples of vehicles for skin product formulations
include oil-in-water emulsion (O/W), water-in-oil emulsion (W/O),
water-in-silicon (W/Si), Oleaginous emulsion, water-soluble
emulsion, aqueous gel emulsion and absorption bases emulsion.
[0094] A typical O/W skin product formulation may include 5%-35%
surfactant, 2%-15% emulsifier, 0.5%-15% Bio-PDO and 5%-60%
water.
[0095] A typical W/O skin product formulation may include 45%-80%
surfactant, 0.5%-5% emulsifier, 0.5%-15% Bio-PDO and 20%-50%
water.
[0096] A typical O/W/O & W/O/W skin product formulation may
include 18%-23% surfactant, 3%-8% emulsifier, 0.5%-15% Bio-PDO and
60%-70% water.
[0097] A typical W/Si & O/Si skin product formulation may
include 5-35% surfactant, 2%-3% emulsifier, 0.5%-15% Bio-PDO; and
60%-80% water.
Hair Products
[0098] Some examples of vehicles for hair product formulations
include oil-in-water emulsion (O/W), water-in-oil emulsion (W/O),
Water-in-silicon (W/Si), oleaginous, water-soluble, aqueous gel,
and absorption bases, among others.
[0099] A typical shampoo & conditioner may include 0.1-40%
surfactant; 0.1-10% Bio-PDO, and 35-55% water.
[0100] A typical liquid & cream color dye may include 70-80%
dye base, 5-25% Bio-PDO, 0.1-5% dye intermediates, and 0.1-10%
developer
[0101] A typical relaxer or straightener formulation may include
30-60% oil/wax, 10-60% water, 1-10% Bio-PDO, and 0.1-5.0%
caustic.
[0102] A typical dressing formulation may include 0.01-7% film
former/plasticizer, 0.01-90% Bio-PDO, 0-30% propellant and 10-90%
water.
Oral Products
[0103] Some examples of vehicles for oral product formulations
include solid forms, such as paste, gel, cream, and ointment; and
liquid forms such as washes, rinses, gargles, and sprays.
[0104] A typical tooth paste/gel/cream/ointment formulation may
include 1-60/15-55/30-50% abrasive, 1-80/1-50/1-30% Bio-PDO;
0.01-30/0.1-15/0.5-5% thickener, 0.01-10/0.1-7.5/0.5-5% surfactant,
and 0.0001-2/0.001-1/0.01-0.5% antiseptic.
[0105] A typical mouth wash/rinse/gargle/spray may include
0.1-55/0.5-40/1-25% Bio-PDO, 0.1-55/0.5-40/1-25% alcohol,
0.01-10/0.1-7.5/0.5-5% thickener, 0.001-2/0.01-1/0.1-0.5%
surfactant, and 0.0001-5/0.001-2.5/0.01-1% antiseptic.
Color Cosmetics
[0106] Some examples of vehicles for color cosmetic formulations
include, for foundation: O/W & W/O emulsions, anhydrous powders
& sticks, and oil & aqueous suspensions; for mascara: O/W
& W/O emulsions and anhydrous solvent; for eyeliner: aqueous
and anhydrous; for eye shadow: creams and powders; for blushers:
powders; and for lip Color: gloss & matte (classical) and
solvent (Volatile).
[0107] A typical formulation for an O/W foundation product may
include 2%-15% emulsifier, 50%-75% Bio-PDO, 6%-12% pigment and
8%-12% pearlizer
[0108] A typical formulation for a W/O foundation product may
include 4%-6% emulsifier, 50%-75% Bio-PDO, 6%-12% pigment and
8%-12% pearlizer.
[0109] A typical formulation for an anhydrous foundation product
may include 30-60% Bio-PDO, 5-10% wax, 0.5-1.0% wetting agents, and
30-60% texturizing agent.
[0110] A typical formulation for a O/W, W/O mascara product may
include 4%-10% emulsifier, 2%-5% thickener, 40%-60% Bio-PDO and
6%-12% pigment.
[0111] A typical formulation for a solvent-based mascara product
may include 40-60% Bio-PDO 10-20% wax, 3-10% resin, 3-7% thickener,
5-15% colorant, and 2-10% filler.
[0112] A typical formulation for an eye shadow product may include
35-55% Bio-PDO, 1.5-3.5% thickener, 7-12% wax, 3-8% emollient,
5-20% colorant, and 5-20% filler.
[0113] A typical formulation for an eye liner product may include
50-70% water, 0.5-1.5% thickener, 4-12% Bio-PDO, 10-20% colorant,
5-10% alcohol, and 3-8% dispersant.
[0114] A typical formulation for a classical lipstick product may
include 40-70% Bio-PDO, 8-15% wax, 2-5% plasticizer, 0.5-8%
colorant, 1-6% pearlizer, 1-15% filler and 0.1-0.5%
preservative.
[0115] A typical formulation for a volatile lipstick product may
include 25-60% solvent, 1-85% Bio-PDO, 10-25% wax, 1-10% fixative,
1-15% filler and 1-15% colorant.
Deodorants
[0116] Some examples of vehicles for deodorant formulations include
sticks, aerosols and pump sprays, among others well known in the
art.
[0117] A typical formulation for a stick deodorant may include 5-9%
emulsifier, 1-30% Bio-PDO, 5-80% clarifying agent, and 0.1-2%
deodorizer.
[0118] A typical formulation for an aerosol deodorant may include
0.1-2% emulsifier, 30-50% Bio-PDO, 5-80% clarifying agent, 0.1-2%
deodorizer, and 40-60% propellant
[0119] A typical formulation for a hydroalcoholic pump spray
deodorant may include 30-40% solvent, 50-70% Bio-PDO, 0.1-5%
solubilizer, and 0.1-5% deodorizer.
[0120] A typical formulation for a Phase Inversion Temperature
Emulsion (PIT) emulsion pump spray deodorant may include 0.1-10%
surfactant, 0.1-15% oil, 65-85% Bio-PDO, and 0.1-5% deodorizer.
Antiperspirants
[0121] Some examples of vehicles for antiperspirant formulations
include sticks (suspension, gel, and emulsion), roll-ons (Emulsion
O/W, W/O, W/Si, Clear Hydroalcoholic and suspension), and aerosols,
among others well known in the art.
[0122] A typical stick antiperspirant formulation may include 1-30%
gel agent, 15-55% Bio-PDO, 1-20% emollient, 0-20% surfactant, and
15-55% antiperspirant.
[0123] A typical roll-on antiperspirant formulation may include
0-5% surfactant, 0.5-15% gel agent, 0-5% emollient, 15-25%
antiperspirant and 60-85% Bio-PDO.
[0124] A typical aerosol antiperspirant formulation may include
0.1-2% gel agent, 5-15% antiperspirant, 5-20% Bio-PDO, and 70-80%
propellant.
Ingredient Listings:
[0125] Cosmetic and personal care compositions of the invention
preferably contain Bio-PDO and one or more conventional cosmetic or
dermatological additives or adjuvants including, but not limited
to, carriers; actives; fillers; surfactants; thixotropic agents;
antioxidants; preserving agents; dyes; pigments; fragrances;
thickeners; vitamins; hormones; moisturizers; UV absorbing
sunscreens; UV scattering inorganic sunscreens; wetting agents;
cationic, anionic, nonionic, or amphoteric polymers; and hair
coloring active substances.
[0126] Conventional optional ingredients are well known to those
skilled in the art. These include, but are not limited to,
emollients, oil absorbents, antimicrobial agents, binders,
buffering agents, denaturants, cosmetic astringents, external
analgesics, film formers, humectants, opacifying agents, perfumes,
pigments, skin soothing and healing agents, preservatives,
propellants, skin penetration enhancers, solvents, suspending
agents, emulsifiers, cleansing agents, thickening agents,
solubilizing agents, waxes, inorganic and organic sunblocks,
sunless tanning agents, antioxidants and/or radical scavengers,
chelating agents, anti-acne agents, anti-inflammatory agents,
desquamation agents/exfoliants, organic hydroxy acids, vitamins,
natural extracts and inorganic particulates such as silica and
boron nitride. Nonexclusive examples of such materials are
described in Harry's Cosmeticology, 7th Ed., Harry & Wilkinson
(Hill Publishers, London 1982); in Pharmaceutical Dosage
Forms--Disperse Systems; Lieberman, Rieger & Banker, Vols. 1
(1988) & 2 (1989); Marcel Decker, Inc.; in The Chemistry and
Manufacture of Cosmetics, 2nd. Ed., deNavarre (Van Nostrand
1962-1965); and in The Handbook of Cosmetic Science and Technology,
1st Ed. Knowlton & Pearce (Elsevier 1993) can also be used in
the present invention.
[0127] However, it is to be understood that the active and other
ingredients useful herein can in some instances provide more than
one cosmetic and/or therapeutic benefit or operate via more than
one mode of action. Such components are particularly preferred
additional ingredients, their use often saving both money and
formulation space. Examples of such components include ethanol,
isopropyl myristate, and the many components that can act as both
structurants and sensory modifiers, for example silica. Therefore,
classifications herein are made for the sake of convenience and are
not intended to limit an ingredient to the particularly stated
application or applications listed.
[0128] The adjuvants are well known in the field of cosmetics and
are described in many publications, for example see Harry's
Cosmeticology, 8.sup.th Edition, Martin Rieger, ed. Chemical
Publishing, New York (2000). Amounts of adjuvants generally present
in the aforementioned cosmetic and personal care compositions are
well known in the art (see, e.g., co-owned, co-filed U.S. patent
application entitled "Personal Care Compositions", Attorney Docket
No. CL3428 US PRV
Carriers
[0129] The compositions of the present invention preferably
comprise a safe and effective amount of an acceptable carrier,
suitable for topical application to the skin within which the
essential materials and optional other materials are incorporated
to enable the essential materials and optional components to be
delivered to the skin at an appropriate concentration. The carrier
can thus act as a diluent, dispersant, solvent, or the like for any
active ingredients which ensures that they can be applied to, and
distributed evenly over, the selected target at an appropriate
concentration.
[0130] The type of carrier utilized in the present invention
depends on the types of product form desired for the composition.
The topical compositions useful in the subject invention may be
made into a wide variety of product forms such as are known in the
art. These include but are not limited to lotions, creams, gels,
sticks, sprays, ointments, pastes and mousses. These product forms
may comprise several types of carriers including, but not limited
to, solutions, aerosols, emulsions, gels, solids and liposomes.
[0131] It is preferred that the carrier(s) of the invention contain
a dermatologically acceptable, hydrophilic diluent, such as,
preferably, renewably-based, biodegradable 1,3-propanediol.
Actives
Actives for Regulating Skin Condition
[0132] The compositions of the invention optionally comprise a safe
and effective amount of an active for regulating skin condition
including prophylactically and therapeutically regulating the skin
condition. Prophylactically regulating skin condition includes
delaying, minimizing, and/or preventing visible and/or tactile
discontinuities in the skin. Therapeutically regulating the skin
condiments includes ameliorating e.g., diminishing, minimising,
and/or effacing such discontinuities. Regulating the skin condition
also involves improving the skin appearance and/or feel. Also
included is regulating the signs of ageing which can involve
prophylactically regulating and/or therapeutically regulating one
or more of such signs e.g., fine lines, wrinkles, pores etc.
[0133] Ingredients that are known to be useful for regulating the
skin condition are selected from Vitamin B3 compounds, retinoids,
and combinations thereof. As described for the humectants, the
aforementioned compounds may, when used by themselves, give rise to
a high level of tack, especially when used at the higher levels. It
has been found, however, that this tacky feel can be offset by
using the particulates of the present invention. The compositions
of the present invention preferably comprise from about 0.1% to
about 15%, more preferably from about 0.3% to about 10%, even more
preferably from about 1 to about 5% of the active.
[0134] As used herein, "vitamin B3 compound" means a compound
having the formula: 1
[0135] wherein R is --CONH.sub.2 (i.e., niacinamide), --COOH (i.e.,
nicotinic acid) or --CH.sub.2OH (i.e., nicotinyl alcohol);
derivatives thereof; and salts of any of the foregoing. One or more
vitamin B.sub.3 compounds, or their salts, or mixtures thereof may
be used herein. In a preferred embodiment, the vitamin B.sub.3
compound typically contains less than about 50% of the compound in
a salt form. As used herein, "retinoid" includes all natural and/or
synthetic analogues of Vitamin A or retinol-like compounds which
possess the biological activity of Vitamin A in the skin as well as
the geometric isomers and stereoisomers of these compounds. Again,
all skin regulating materials discussed in application WO 00/24372
should be considered as suitable for use in the present
invention.
Anti-Bacterial Actives
[0136] Any antibacterial active acceptable for underarm application
can be used in the deodorant compositions. Antibacterial
ingredients, by non-limiting example, include those selected from
the group consisting of triclosan, bacteriostatic quaternary
ammonium compounds such as benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium
chloride, cetyl pyridium chloride, lauryl pyridium chloride and
methyl benzethonium chloride; triclocarbon; zinc phenol sulfonate;
zinc ricinoleate; triethyl citrate; essential oils; and
combinations thereof and the like. The most preferred deodorant
active is triclosan. The fragrance may also have antibacterial
properties.
Anti-Inflammatory Agents
[0137] A safe and effective amount of an anti-inflammatory agent
may be added to the compositions of the subject invention,
preferably from about 0.1% to about 5%, more preferably from about
0.1% to about 2%, of the composition. The anti-inflammatory agent
enhances the skin appearance benefits of the present invention,
e.g., such agents contribute to a more uniform and acceptable skin
tone or colour. The exact amount of anti-inflammatory agent to be
used in the compositions will depend on the particular
anti-inflammatory agent utilised since such agents vary widely in
potency. Anti-inflammatory agents useful herein include steroids
such as hydrocortisone; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
(NSAIDS) such as ibuprofen; panthenol and ether and ester
derivatives thereof e.g. panthenol ethyl ether, panthenyl
triacetate; pantothenic acid and salt and ester derivatives
thereof, especially calcium pantothenate; aloe vera, bisabolol,
allantoin and compounds of the liquorice (the plant genus/species
Glycyrrhiza glabra) family, including glycyrrhetic acid,
glycyrrhizic acid, and derivatives thereof e.g. salts such as
ammonium glycyrrhizinate and esters such as stearyl
glycyrrhetinate. Particularly preferred herein are panthenol,
pantothenic acid and their ether, ester or salt derivatives and
mixtures thereof; suitable levels are from about 0.1 to about 5%,
preferably from about 0.5 to about 3%. Panthenol is especially
preferred.
Antimicrobial Agents
[0138] Conventional organic anti-microbial agents may also be
advantageously employed in the methods and products of the present
invention. Levels of incorporation are preferably from 0.01% to 3%,
more preferably from 0.03% to 0.5% by weight of the composition in
which they are present, excluding any volatile propellant also
present. Most of the classes of agents commonly used in the art can
be utilised. Preferred additional organic anti-microbials are
bactericides, for example quaternary ammonium compounds, like
cetyltrimethylammonium salts; chlorhexidine and salts thereof; and
diglycerol monocaprate, diglycerol monolaurate, glycerol
monolaurate, and similar materials, as described in "Deodorant
Ingredients", S. A. Makin and M. R. Lowry, in "Antiperspirants and
Deodorants", Ed. K. Laden (1999, Marcel Dekker, New York). More
preferred additional anti-microbials for use in the compositions of
the invention are polyhexamethylene biguanide salts;
2,4,4'-trichloro,2'-hydroxy-diphen-yl ether (triclosan); and
3,7,11-trimethyldodeca-2,6,10-trienol (farnesol).
[0139] Inorganic anti-microbial agents may also be used in the
compositions of the invention. Such materials can often function as
anti-perspirant actives when present at a suitable concentration.
Examples are often selected from astringent active salts,
including, in particular, aluminium, zirconium and mixed
aluminium/zirconium salts, including both inorganic salts, salts
with organic anions and complexes. Preferred astringent salts
include aluminium, zirconium and aluminium/zirconium halides and
halohydrate salts, such as chlorohydrates. When included, preferred
levels of incorporation are from 0.5% to 60%, particularly from 5%
to 30% or 40% and especially from 5% or 10% to 30% or 35% by weight
of a composition. Especially preferred aluminium halohydrate salts,
known as activated aluminium chlorohydrates, are described in EP
6,739 (Unilever PLC and NV). Zirconium aluminium chlorohydrate
actives are also preferred materials, as are the so-called ZAG
(zirconium-aluminium-glycine) complexes, for example those
disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,792,068 (Procter and Gamble Co.). Zinc
phenol sulphonate may also be used, preferably at up to 3% by
weight of the composition.
Anti-Oxidants/Radical Scavengers
[0140] Compositions of the subject invention can further include an
anti-oxidant/radical scavenger. The anti-oxidant/radical scavenger
is especially useful for providing protection against UV radiation
which can cause increased scaling or texture changes in the stratum
corneum and against other environmental agents which can cause skin
damage. Suitable amounts are from about 0.1% to about 10%, more
preferably from about 1% to about 5%, of the composition.
[0141] Anti-oxidants/radical scavengers such as ascorbic acid
(vitamin C) and its salts, ascorbyl esters of fatty acids, ascorbic
acid derivatives (e.g., magnesium ascorbyl phosphate),
beta.-carotene, tocopherol (vitamin E), tocopherol sorbate,
tocopherol acetate, other esters of tocopherol, butylated hydroxy
benzoic acids and their salts, gallic acid and its alkyl esters,
especially propyl gallate, uric acid and its salts and alkyl
esters, sorbic acid and its salts, amines (e.g.,
N,N-diethylhydroxylamine, amino-guanidine), sulfhydryl compounds
(e.g., glutathione), dihydroxy fumaric acid and its salts,
bioflavonoids, lysine, methionine, proline, superoxide dismutase,
silymarin, tea extracts, grape skin/seed extracts, melanin, and
rosemary extracts may be used. Preferred anti-oxidants/radical
scavengers are selected from tocopherol acetate, tocopherol sorbate
and other esters of tocopherol, more preferably tocopherol acetate.
As described for the humectants, the aforementioned compounds may,
when used by themselves, give rise to a high level of tack,
especially when used at the higher levels. It has been found,
however, that this tacky feel can be offset by using the
particulates of the present invention.
Chelators
[0142] The inclusion of a chelating agent is especially useful for
providing protection against UV radiation which can contribute to
excessive scaling or skin texture changes and against other
environmental agents which can cause skin damage. A suitable amount
is from about 0.01% to about 1%, more preferably from about 0.05%
to about 0.5%, of the composition. Exemplary chelators that are
useful herein are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,487,884,
incorporated herein by reference. Preferred chelators useful in
compositions of the subject invention are ethylenediamine
tetraacetic acid (EDTA), furildioxime, and derivatives thereof.
Colorants and Preservatives
[0143] Further additional components that may also be included are
colorants and preservatives, for example C1-C3 alkyl parabens.
Desquamation Agents/Exfoliants
[0144] A safe and effective amount of a desquamation agent may be
added to the compositions of the subject invention, more preferably
from about 0.1% to about 10%, even more preferably from about 0.2%
to about 5%, also preferably from about 0.5% to about 4% of the
composition. Desquamation agents enhance the skin appearance
benefits of the present invention. For example, the desquamation
agents tend to improve the texture of the skin (e.g., smoothness).
A variety of desquamation agents are known in the art and are
suitable for use herein, including organic hydroxy acids such as
salicylic acid, glycolic acid, lactic acid, 5-octanoyl salicylic
acid, hydroxyoctanoic acid, hydroxycaprylic acid, and lanolin fatty
acids. One desquamation system that is suitable for use herein
comprises sulphydryl compounds and zwitterionic surfactants and is
described in WO 96/01101, incorporated herein by reference. Another
desquamation system that is suitable for use herein comprises
salicylic acid and zwitterionic surfactants and is described in WO
95/13048, incorporated herein by reference. Salicylic acid is
preferred.
Emollients
[0145] Emollients are a known class of materials in this art,
imparting a soothing effect to the skin. These are ingredients
which help to maintain the soft, smooth, and pliable appearance of
the skin. Emollients are also known to reduce whitening on the skin
and/or improve aesthetics. Examples of chemical classes from which
suitable emollients can be found include:
[0146] (a) fats and oils which are the glyceryl esters of fatty
acids, or triglycerides, normally found in animal and plant
tissues, including those which have been hydrogenated to reduce or
eliminate unsaturation. Also included are synthetically prepared
esters of glycerin and fatty acids. Isolated and purified fatty
acids can be esterified with glycerin to yield mono-, di-, and
triglycerides. These are relatively pure fats which differ only
slightly from the fats and oils found in nature. The general
structure may be represented by Formula III:
[0147] wherein each of R.sub.1, R.sub.2, and R.sub.3 may be the
same or different and have a carbon chain length (saturated or
unsaturated) of 7 to 30. Specific examples include peanut oil,
sesame oil, avocado oil, coconut, cocoa butter, almond oil,
safflower oil, corn oil, cotton seed oil, castor oil, hydrogenated
castor oil, olive oil, jojoba oil, cod liver oil, palm oil, soybean
oil, wheat germ oil, linseed oil, and sunflower seed oil;
[0148] (b) hydrocarbons which are a group of compounds containing
only carbon and hydrogen. These are derived from petrochemicals.
Their structures can vary widely and include aliphatic, alicyclic
and aromatic compounds. Specific examples include paraffin,
petrolatum, hydrogenated polyisobutene, and mineral oil.
[0149] (c) esters which chemically, are the covalent compounds
formed between acids and alcohols. Esters can be formed from
organic carboxylic acids and any alcohol. Esters here are derived
from monocarboxylic acids and alcohols (mono alcohols or polyols as
glycols). The general structure would be R.sub.4COOR.sub.5. The
chain length for R.sub.4 and R.sub.5 can vary from 7 to 30 and can
be saturated or unsaturated, straight chained or branched. Specific
examples include isopropyl myristate, isopropyl palmitate,
isopropyl stearate, isopropyl isostearate, butyl stearate, octyl
stearate, hexyl laurate, cetyl stearate, diisopropyl adipate,
isodecyl oleate, diisopropyl sebacate, isostearyl lactate,
C.sub.12-15 alkyl benzoates, myreth-3 myristate, dioctyl malate,
neopentyl-glycol diheptanoate, neopentyl glycol dioctanoate,
dipropylene glycol dibenzoate, C.sub.12-15 alcohols lactate,
isohexyl decanoate, isohexyl caprate, diethylene glycol
dioctanoate, octyl isononanoate, isodecyl octanoate, diethylene
glycol diisononanoate, isononyl isononanoate, isostearyl
isostearate, behenyl behenate, C.sub.12-15 alkyl fumarate,
laureth-2 benzoate, propylene glycol isoceteth-3 acetate, propylene
glycol ceteth-3 acetate, octyldodecyl myristate, cetyl ricinoleate,
myristyl-myristate.
[0150] Esters, made using compounds such as Bio-PDO or other
biologically derived glycols, can also be used in these
compositions. The esters produced include all the appropriate
conjugate mono and diesters of biologically derived 1,3 propanediol
using organic carboxylic acids. Some esters in particular that are
produced include propanediol distearate and monostearate,
propandiol dilaurate and monolaurate, propanediol dioleate and
monooleate, propanediol divalerate and monovalerate, propanediol
dicaprylate and monocaprylate, propanediol dimyristate and
monomyristate, propanediol dipalmitate and monopalmitate,
propanediol dibehenate and monobehenate, propanediol adipate,
propanediol maleate, propanediol dioxalate, propanediol dibenzoate,
propanediol diacetate, and all mixtures thereof.
[0151] (d) saturated and unsaturated fatty acids which are the
carboxylic acids obtained by hydrolysis of animal or vegetable fats
and oils. These have general structure R.sub.6COOH with the R.sub.6
group having a carbon chain length between 7 and 30, straight chain
or branched. Specific examples include lauric, myristic, palmitic,
stearic, oleic, linoleic and behenic acid.
[0152] (e) saturated and unsaturated fatty alcohols (including
guerbet alcohols) with general structure R.sub.7OH where R.sub.7
can be straight or branched and have carbon length of 7 to 30.
Specific examples include lauryl, myristyl, cetyl, isocetyl,
stearyl, isostearyl, oleyl, ricinoleyl and erucyl alcohol;
[0153] (f) lanolin and its derivatives which are a complex
esterified mixture of high molecular weight esters of
(hydroxylated) fatty acids with aliphatic and alicyclic alcohols
and sterols. General structures would include
R.sup.8CH.sub.2--(OCH.sub.2CH.sub.2).sub.nOH where R.sup.8
represents the fatty groups derived from lanolin and n=5 to 75 or
R.sup.9CO--(OCH.sub.2CH.sub.2).sub.nOH where R.sub.9CO-- represents
the fatty acids derived from lanolin and n=5 to 100. Specific
examples include lanolin, lanolin oil, lanolin wax, lanolin
alcohols, lanolin fatty acids, isopropyl lanolate, ethoxylated
lanolin and acetylated lanolin alcohols.
[0154] (g) alkoxylated alcohols wherein the alcohol portion is
selected from aliphatic alcohols having 2-18 and more particularly
4-18 carbons, and the alkylene portion is selected from the group
consisting of ethylene oxide, and propylene oxide having a number
of alkylene oxide units from 2-53 and, more particularly, from
2-15. Specific examples include PPG-14 butyl ether and PPG-53 butyl
ether.
[0155] (h) silicones and silanes the linear organo-substituted
polysiloxanes which are polymers of silicon/oxygen with general
structure:
[0156] (1) (R.sub.10).sub.3SiO(Si(R.sub.11).sub.20).sub.xSi
(R.sub.12).sub.-3 where R.sub.10, R.sub.11 and R.sub.12 can be the
same or different and are each independently selected from the
group consisting of phenyl and C1-C60 alkyl;
[0157] (2) HO(R.sub.14).sub.2SiO(Si(R.sub.15).sub.20).sub.xSi
(R.sub.16).sub.2OH, where R.sub.14, R.sub.15 and R.sub.16 can be
the same or different and are each independently selected from the
group consisting of phenyl and C1-C60 alkyl; or
[0158] (3) organo substituted silicon compounds of formula
R.sub.17Si(R.sub.18).sub.2OSiR.sub.193 which are not polymeric
where R.sub.17, R.sub.18 and R.sub.19 can be the same or different
and are each independently selected from the group consisting of
phenyl and C1-C60 alkyl optionally with one or both of the terminal
R groups also containing an hydroxyl group. Specific examples
include dimethicone, dimethiconol behenate, C30-45 alkyl methicone,
stearoxytrimethylsilane, phenyl trimethicone and stearyl
dimethicone.
[0159] (i) mixtures and blends of two or more of the foregoing.
[0160] Emollients of special interest include C12-15 alkyl benzoate
(FINSOLV TN from Finetex Inc., Elmwood Park, N.J.), isopropyl
myristate; and neopentyl glycol diheptanoate.
[0161] The emollient or emollient mixture or blend thereof
incorporated in compositions according to the present invention
can, illustratively, be included in amounts of 0.1-20%, preferably
1-15%, more preferably 1-10%, by weight, of the total weight of the
composition.
Emulsifiers/Surfactants
[0162] Compositions herein preferably contain an emulsifier and/or
surfactant, generally to help disperse and suspend the
discontinuous phase within the continuous aqueous phase. A
surfactant may also be useful if the product is intended for skin
cleansing. For convenience hereinafter emulsifiers will be referred
to under the term `surfactants`, thus `surfactant(s)` will be used
to refer to surface active agents whether used as emulsifiers or
for other surfactant purposes such as skin cleansing. Known or
conventional surfactants can be used in the composition, provided
that the selected agent is chemically and physically compatible
with essential components of the composition, and provides the
desired characteristics. Suitable surfactants include non-silicone
derived materials, and mixtures thereof. All surfactants discussed
in application WO 00/24372 should be considered as suitable for use
in the present invention.
[0163] The compositions of the present invention preferably
comprise from about 0.05% to about 15% of a surfactant or mixture
of surfactants. The exact surfactant or surfactant mixture chosen
will depend upon the pH of the composition and the other components
present.
[0164] Preferred surfactants are nonionic. Among the nonionic
surfactants that are useful herein are those that can be broadly
defined as condensation products of long chain alcohols, e.g. C8-30
alcohols, with sugar or starch polymers i.e., glycosides. Other
useful nonionic surfactants include the condensation products of
alkylene oxides with fatty acids (i.e. alkylene oxide esters of
fatty acids). These materials have the general formula RCO(X)nOH
wherein R is a C10-30 alkyl group, X is --OCH2CH2- (i.e. derived
from ethylene glycol or oxide) or --OCH2CHCH3- (i.e. derived from
propylene glycol or oxide), and n is an integer from about 6 to
about 200. Other nonionic surfactants are the condensation products
of alkylene oxides with 2 moles of fatty acids (i.e. alkylene oxide
diesters of fatty acids). These materials have the general formula
RCO(X)nOOCR wherein R is a C10-30 alkyl group, X is --OCH2CH2-
(i.e. derived from ethylene glycol or oxide) or --OCH2CHCH3- (i.e.
derived from propylene glycol or oxide), and n is an integer from
about 6 to about 100. Even further suitable examples include a
mixture of cetearyl alcohols, cetearyl glucosides such as those
available under the trade name Montanov 68 from Seppic and Emulgade
PL68/50 from Cognis UK Ltd. An example of a suitable cetearyl
glucoside material without added fatty alcohols is Tego.TM. Care
CG90 commercially available from Goldschmidt GmbH. Other nonionic
surfactants are fatty alkanolamides with the general formula
R--CO--N--(CH2CH2OH)n where R is a hydrocarbon chain and n is the
integer 1 or 2. The most commonly used are cocoamide DEA
(diethanolamide) and cocoamide MEA (monoethanolamide).
[0165] The hydrophilic surfactants useful herein can alternatively
or additionally include any of a wide variety of cationic, anionic,
zwitterionic, and amphoteric surfactants such as are known in the
art. See, e.g., McCutcheon's, Detergents and Emulsifiers, North
American Edition (1986), published by Allured Publishing
Corporation; U.S. Pat. No. 5,011,681 to Ciotti et al., issued Apr.
30, 1991; U.S. Pat. No. 4,421,769 to Dixon et al., issued Dec. 20,
1983; and U.S. Pat. No. 3,755,560 to Dickert et al., issued Aug.
28, 1973. A wide variety of anionic surfactants are also useful
herein. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 3,929,678, to Laughlin et al.,
issued Dec. 30, 1975.
[0166] A wide variety of anionic surfactants are also useful
herein. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 3,929,678, to Laughlin et al.,
issued Dec. 30, 1975. Exemplary anionic surfactants include the
alkoyl isethionates (e.g., C.12-C30), alkyl and alkyl ether
sulfates and salts thereof, alkyl and alkyl ether phosphates and
salts thereof, alkyl methyl taurates (e.g., C12-C30), and soaps
(e.g., alkali metal salts, e.g., sodium or potassium salts) of
fatty acids.
[0167] Amphoteric and zwitterionic surfactants are also useful
herein. Examples of amphoteric and zwitterionic surfactants which
can be used in the compositions of the present invention are those
which are broadly described as derivatives of aliphatic secondary
and tertiary amines in which the aliphatic radical can be straight
or branched chain and wherein one of the aliphatic substituents
contains from about 8 to about 22 carbon atoms (preferably C8-C18)
and one contains an anionic water solubilising group, e.g.,
carboxy, sulfonate, sulfate, phosphate, or phosphonate. Examples
are alkyl imino acetates, and iminodialkanoates and
aminoalkanoates, imidazolinium and ammonium derivatives. Other
suitable amphoteric and zwitterionic surfactants are those selected
from the group consisting of betaines, sultaines, hydroxysultaines,
and branched and unbranched alkanoyl sarcosinates, and mixtures
thereof.
Fragrance
[0168] Fragrance is also a desirable additional component in the
compositions of the invention. Suitable materials include
conventional perfumes, such as perfume oils and also include
so-called deo-perfumes, as described in EP 545,556 and other
publications. These latter materials may also qualify as additional
organic anti-microbial agents. Levels of incorporation are
preferably up to 4% by weight, particularly from 0.1% to 2% by
weight, and especially from 0.7% to 1.7% by weight of a
composition. Synergies can exist between the essential components
of the invention and certain fragrance components--long-lasting
odor control being the result.
[0169] The fragrance may be selected from the group consisting of
any cosmetically acceptable fragrance or fragrances acceptable for
topical application. The fragrance should be suitable for masking
malodor, such as malodor associated with human sweat. By way of
non-limiting examples, these fragrances include those comprising
middle note and/or top note volatile constituents, like those
selected from the group consisting of allyl amyl glycolate,
dihydromyrcenol, aldehyde C-12 MNA, decanol, isobornyl acetate,
LILAL.TM., tricyclo decenyl acetate, benzyl salicylate, and the
like, and combinations thereof.
Humectants
[0170] Humectant is also a desirable additional component which
helps contribute moisturizing properties in the compositions of the
invention. Exemplary humectants can include, but are not limited
to, polyhydric alcohols (i.e. 1,2-propanediol, 1,3 and
1,4-butanediol, 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol, glycerine, and hexylene
glycol) and polyols (i.e. polypropylene glycols, polyethylene
glycols) and mixtures thereof.
Propellants
[0171] When the present invention involves the use of an aerosol
composition, a volatile propellant is an essential component of
such composition. The level of incorporation of the volatile
propellant is typically from 30 to 99 parts by weight and
particularly from 50 to 95 parts by weight. Non-chlorinated
volatile propellant are preferred, in particular liquefied
hydrocarbons or halogenated hydrocarbon gases (particularly
fluorinated hydrocarbons such as 1,1-difluoroethane and/or
1-trifluoro-2-fluoroethane) that have a boiling point of below
10.degree. C. and especially those with a boiling point below
0.degree. C. It is especially preferred to employ liquefied
hydrocarbon gases, and especially C3 to C6 hydrocarbons, including
propane, isopropane, butane, isobutane, pentane and isopentane and
mixtures of two or more thereof. Preferred propellants are
isobutane, isobutane/isopropane, isobutane/propane and mixtures of
isopropane, isobutane and butane.
[0172] Other propellants that can be contemplated include alkyl
ethers, such as dimethyl ether or compressed non-reactive gases
such air, nitrogen or carbon dioxide.
Sensory Modifiers
[0173] Certain sensory modifiers are further desirable components
in the compositions of the invention. Such materials are preferably
used at a level of up to 20% by weight of a composition.
Emollients, humectants, volatile oils, non-volatile oils, and
particulate solids which impart lubricity are all suitable classes
of sensory modifiers. Examples of such materials include
cyclomethicone, dimethicone, dimethiconol, isopropyl myristate,
isopropyl palmitate, talc, finely divided silica (eg. Aerosil 200),
polyethylene (eg. Acumist B18), polysaccharides, corn starch,
C12-C15 alcohol benzoate, PPG-3 myristyl ether, octyl dodecanol,
C7-C14 isoparaffins, di-isopropyl adipate, isosorbide laurate,
PPG-14 butyl ether, glycerol, hydrogenated polyisobutene,
polydecene, titanium dioxide, phenyl trimethicone, dioctyl adipate,
and hexamethyl disiloxane.
Thickening Agent (Including Thickeners and Gelling Agents)
[0174] The compositions of the present invention can also
preferably comprise a thickening agent, more preferably from about
0.1% to about 10%, even more preferably from about 0.1% to about
9%, and most preferably from about 0.25% to about 8%, of a
thickening agent.
[0175] Preferred compositions of the present invention include a
thickening agent selected from carboxylic acid polymers,
crosslinked polyacrylates, polyacrylamides, xanthan gum and
mixtures thereof, more preferably selected polyacrylamide polymers,
xanthan gum and mixtures thereof. Preferred polyacrylamides are
predispersed in a water-immiscible solvent such as mineral oil and
the like, containing a surfactant (HLB from about 7 to about 10)
which helps to facilitate water dispersibility of the
polyacrylamide. Most preferred for use herein is the non-ionic
polymer under the CTFA designation: polyacrylamide and isoparaffin
and laureth-7, available under the trade name Sepigel 305 from
Seppic Corporation. Also useful are acrylic acid/ethyl acrylate
copolymers and the carboxyvinyl polymers sold by the B. F. Goodrich
Company under the trade mark of Carbopol resins. Suitable Carbopol
resins are described in WO98/22085. All thickening agents discussed
in application WO 00/24372 should be considered as suitable for use
in the present invention.
[0176] Also, Any gelling agent used in the art of soaps or
deodorants may be used in the invention. These gelling agents are
generally a metal salt of one or more fatty acids having a chain
length of 12-22 carbon atoms. The fatty acid portion of the gelling
agent is preferably a relatively pure saturated or unsaturated
C12-C22 fatty acid including myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic,
linoleic, linolenic, and combinations thereof. Preferred gelling
agents include sodium stearate, potassium stearate, sodium
palmitate, potassium myristate, sodium myristate, combinations
thereof and the like.
Structurants
[0177] Structurants also may be additional component of the
compositions of the invention that are highly desirable in certain
product forms. Structurants, when employed, are preferably present
at from 1% to 30% by weight of a composition,
[0178] Suitable structurants include cellulosic thickeners such as
hydroxy propyl cellulose and hydroxy ethyl cellulose, and
dibenzylidene sorbitol. Other suitable structurants include sodium
stearate, stearyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, hydrogenated castor oil,
synthetic waxes, paraffin waxes, hydroxystearic acid, dibutyl
lauroyl glutamide, alkyl silicone waxes, quaternium-18 bentonite,
quaternium-18 hectorite, silica, and propylene carbonate.
Silicone Based Ingredients
[0179] The compositions of the present invention preferably also
contain silicone based ingredients. Preferred examples are
discussed below:
[0180] i) Silicone Based Emollients. Organopolysiloxane oils may be
used as ingredients with emollient benefits in the present
compositions. Suitable organopolysiloxane oils include volatile,
non-volatile, or a mixture of volatile and non-volatile silicones.
The term "non-volatile" as used in this context refers to those
silicones that are liquid under ambient conditions and have a flash
point (under one atmospheric of pressure) of or greater than about
100.degree. C. The term "volatile" as used in this context refers
to those silicone oils having a flash point of less than
100.degree. C. Suitable organopolysiloxanes can be selected from a
wide variety of silicones spanning a broad range of volatilities
and viscosities. Non-volatile polysiloxanes are preferred. Suitable
silicones are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,069,897, issued Dec. 3,
1991, which is incorporated by reference herein in its
entirety.
[0181] Preferred for use herein are organopolysiloxanes selected
from the group consisting of polyalkylsiloxanes, alkyl substituted
dimethicones, dimethiconols, polyalkylaryl siloxanes, and mixtures
thereof. More preferred for use herein are polyalkylsiloxanes and
cyclomethicones. Preferred among the polyalkylsiloxanes are
dimethicones for example DC200 available from Dow Corning and SF96
available from GE Silicone.
[0182] ii) Silicone Based Emulsifiers. Preferred emulsions of the
present invention include a silicone containing emulsifier or
surfactant. A wide variety of silicone emulsifiers are useful
herein. These silicone emulsifiers are typically organically
modified organopolysiloxanes, also known to those skilled in the
art as silicone surfactants. Useful silicone emulsifiers include
dimethicone copolyols. These materials are polydimethyl siloxanes
which have been modified to include polyether side chains such as
polyethylene oxide chains, polypropylene oxide chains, mixtures of
these chains, and polyether chains containing moieties derived from
both ethylene oxide and propylene oxide. Other examples include
alkyl-modified dimethicone copolyols, i.e., compounds which contain
C2-C30 pendant side chains. Still other useful dimethicone
copolyols include materials having various cationic, anionic,
amphoteric, and zwitterionic pendant moieties.
Skin Lightening Agents
[0183] The compositions of the present invention can also comprise
a skin lightening agent. When used, the compositions preferably
comprise from about 0.1% to about 10%, more preferably from about
0.2% to about 5%, also preferably from about 0.5% to about 2%, of a
skin lightening agent. Suitable skin lightening agents include
those known in the art, including kojic acid, arbutin, ascorbic
acid and derivatives thereof, e.g., magnesium ascorbyl phosphate.
Further skin lightening agents suitable for use herein also include
those described in WO 95/34280 and WO 95/23780; each incorporated
herein by reference.
Suncreens
Inorganic Sunscreens
[0184] Inorganic sunscreens use titanium dioxide and zinc oxide.
They work primarily by reflecting and scattering UV light. The
organics include widely used ingredients such as octyl
methoxycinnamate (OMC), 4-methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC),
avobenzone, oxybenzone, and homosalate. They work primarily by
absorbing UV light and dissipating it as heat.
[0185] Formulators often combine inorganic and organic sunscreens
for a synergistic effect. In fact, that is how most are capable of
achieving very high SPF--sun protection factor--ratings. SPF is a
measure of how effectively a sunscreen in a formulation limits skin
exposure to the UV-B rays that burn skin. The higher the number,
the more protection a sunscreen formula affords against
sunburn.
[0186] Set forth below is a listing of approved sunscreen drug
products for over-the-counter human use that are applicable for us
in the invention when used in combinations, formulation must follow
FDA guidelines (21 CFR 352 Sec. 352.10). TABLE-US-00002 Active
Limit, wt % a. Aminobenzoic acid (PABA) 15 b. Avobenzone 3 c.
Cinoxate 3 d. Dioxybenzone 3 e. Ensulizole 4 f. Homosalate 15 g.
Menthyl anthranilate 5 h. Meradimate 5 i. Octinoxate 7.5 j.
Octisalate 5 k. Octocrylene 10 l. Octyl methoxycinnamate 7.5 m.
Octyl salicylate 5 n. Oxybenzone 6 o. Padimate O 8 p.
Phenylbenzimidazole sulfonic acid 4 q. Sulisobenzone 10 r. Titanium
dioxide 25 s. Trolamine salicylate 12 t. Zinc oxide 25
[0187] In addition to the organic sunscreens compositions of the
present invention can additionally comprise inorganic physical
sunblocks. Nonlimiting examples of suitable physical sunblocks are
described in CTFA International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary, 6th
Edition, 1995, pp. 1026-28 and 1103, Sayre, R. M. et al., "Physical
Sunscreens", J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem., vol 41, no 2, pp. 103-109
(1990). Preferred inorganic physical sunblocks are zinc oxide and
titanium dioxide, and mixtures thereof.
[0188] When used, the physical sunblocks are present in an amount
such that the present compositions are transparent on the skin
(i.e., non-whitening), preferably less than or equal to about 5%.
When titanium dioxide is used, it can have an anatase, rutile, or
amorphous structure. Physical sunblock particles, e.g., titanium
dioxide and zinc oxide, can be uncoated or coated with a variety of
materials including but not limited to amino acids, aluminium
compounds such as alumina, aluminium stearate, aluminium laurate,
and the like; carboxylic acids and their salts e.g., stearic acid
and its salts; phospholipids such as lecithin; organic silicone
compounds; inorganic silicone compounds such as silica and
silicates; and mixtures thereof. A preferred titanium dioxide is
commercially available from Tayca (Japan) and is distributed by
Tri-K Industries (Emerson, N.J.) under the MT micro-ionised series
(e.g., MT 100SAS).
[0189] The compositions of the present invention preferably
comprise from about 0.1% to about 10%, more preferably from about
0.1% to about 4%, and most preferably from about 0.5% to about
2.5%, by weight, of inorganic sunscreen.
Esters
[0190] Esters can function as many of the above noted ingredients.
While those in those having skill in the art can readily determine
which esters are most appropriate to provide a particularly desired
function, applications specifically note that esters used in this
invention may include the esters produced, including all the
appropriate conjugate mono and diesters, from biologically-derived
1,3 propanediol using organic carboxylic acids. Some esters in
particular that are produced include propanediol distearate and
monostearate, propandiol dilaurate and monolaurate, propanediol
dioleate and monooleate, propanediol divalerate and monovalerate,
propanediol dicaprylate and monocaprylate, propanediol dimyristate
and monomyristate, propanediol dipalmitate and monopalmitate,
propanediol dibehenate and monobehenate, propanediol adipate,
propanediol maleate, propanediol dioxalate, propanediol dibenzoate,
propanediol diacetate, and all mixtures thereof.
Natural Ingredients
[0191] Any natural or nature-derived ingredients similar in
composition or in function to the above ingredients can be used in
these compositions.
Viscosity
[0192] Preferred compositions have an apparent viscosity of from
about water thin to about 1,000,000 mPas (centipoise). For example,
preferred lotions have an apparent viscosity of from about 500 to
about 25,000 mPas; preferred creams have an apparent viscosity of
from about 20,000 to about 250,000 mPas.
[0193] Some personal care compositions containing Bio-PDO, such as
clear shampoos and sulfate-free shampoo, may require approximately
30% less salt to adjust the viscosity than other compositions
containing comparable glycols such as propylene glycol, butylene
glycol, 2-methyl-1,3 propanediol etc. In other compositions such as
body wash--Bio-PDO may help maintain and build viscosity.
pH
[0194] The compositions of the present invention are usually
formulated to have a pH of 9.5 or below and in general have a pH in
the range from about 4.5 to about 9, more preferably from about 5
to about 8.5. Some compositions, particularly those comprising an
additional active such as salicylic acid, require a lower pH in
order for the additional active to be fully efficacious. These
compositions are usually formulated to have a pH of from about 2.5
to about 5, more preferably from about 2.7 to about 4.
Skin Irritation and Sensitization
[0195] In a human skin patch test with approximately 100 subjects,
5, 25, and 50% PDO did not cause any skin reactions indicative of
irritation or sensitization. A second human skin patch test did not
produce any clinically significant dermal irritation or
sensitization reactions with concentrations of 25, 50, and 75% PDO
at pH 7, or 75% PDO at pH 4 and 9. Based on these studies PDO is
not expected to be a skin irritant or sensitizer in humans. In the
second human skin patch test, propylene glycol (1,2-propanediol or
PG) was also tested at 25, 50, and 75% (pH 7) and all three
concentrations of PG were patch test irritants and cumulative
irritants for human skin.
Detergents
[0196] In detergent compositions, the glycol component typically is
an emulsifier and/or phase stabilizer a hydrotrope/solvent or an
enzyme stabilizer.
Forms of the Composition
[0197] The composition of the invention can take a variety of
physical forms including granular, gel, tablet, bar and liquid
forms. These compositions include a so-called concentrated granular
detergent composition adapted to be added to a washing machine by
means of a dispensing device placed in the machine drum with the
soiled fabric load.
[0198] Exemplary detergents include, but are not limited to, hand
dish-washing detergents; machine dish-washing detergents, including
solid block detergents; solid laundry detergents, liquid laundry
including light-duty liquid detergents (LDLD) and heavy-duty liquid
detergents (HDLD); organic or inorganic clothing softeners, laundry
bar soaps and car wash detergent, among others.
[0199] The detergent compositions of the invention can comprise any
form known or used in the art, such as powders, liquids, granules,
gels, pastes, tablets, small bags, bars, and double-partitioned
containers, sprays or foamed detergents and other homogenous or
multi-phase daily detergent product forms. The products can be
manually used or coated, and/or can be used in a constant or freely
variable amount of use, or by automatic charge means, or can be
used in electric products such as washing machines. These products
can have a wide range of pH of, e.g., from 2 to 12 or more, and
several tens gram-equivalent, per 100 g of the formulation, of NaOH
may be added. These products can have a wide range of preliminary
alkalinity. Both high suds and low suds detergents are
included.
[0200] Light-Duty Liquid Detergents (LDLD) compositions include
LDLD compositions containing magnesium ions for improving surface
activity and/or organic diamines and/or various foam stabilizers
and/or suds boosters, such as amine oxides and/or skin feeling
improvers of surfactant and relaxing agents and/or enzyme types
including protease, and/or sterilizers.
[0201] Heavy-Duty Liquid Detergents (HDLD) compositions include all
of so-called "structured" or multi-phase and "non-structured" or
isotropic liquid types, and generally include aqueous or
non-aqueous bleaching agents, and/or enzymes, or do not include
bleaching agents and/or enzymes.
[0202] Heavy-duty granular detergents (HDGD) compositions include
both of a so-called "compact" or coagulated, or non-spray dried
type and a so-called "flocculated" or spray dried type. These
compositions include both of a phosphate addition type and a
phosphate non-addition type. Such detergents can include a type
comprising a more general anionic surfactant as a substrate, or may
be a so-called "highly nonionic surfactant" type comprising a
generally nonionic surfactant held on an absorbent, for example, in
or on the surface of a zeolites or other porous inorganic salt.
[0203] Softener (STW) compositions include various types of
granular or liquid products that are softened by laundry, and can
generally include organic (such as quaternary) or inorganic (such
as clay) softeners.
[0204] Bar Soap (BS & HW) compositions include laundry bars and
include both of a type comprising a synthetic detergent and a soap
as substrates and a type containing a softener. Such compositions
include compositions manufactured by general soap manufacture
techniques, such as pressure molding, or techniques that are no so
general, such as casting and absorption of surfactant into a porous
support. Other hand wash detergents are also included.
[0205] Fabric softeners (FS) include both of the conventional
liquid and concentrated liquid types and kinds to be added by
dryers or supported by a substrate. Other fabric softeners include
those that are solid.
[0206] Special purpose cleaners (SPC) including the following
products are also considered detergents for purposes of this
invention: house-hold dry detergent modes, pre-treatment products
of laundry bleaching agents, pre-treatment products for fabric
protection, liquid higher fabric detergent types, especially high
suds products, liquid bleaching agents including both of chlorine
type and oxygen bleaching agent type, disinfectants, detergent
aids, pre-treatment types including, for example, bleaching
additives and "stain-stick" or special sudsing type cleaners, and
anti-fading treatment by sunlight.
[0207] Specialty household cleanser (SHC) including the following
products are also considered detergents for the purposes of this
invention: all purpose cleansing in the form of creams, gels,
liquids, and floor cleaners; all-purpose sprays such as for
cleaning glass surfaces; wipes including all-purpose wipes, glass
cleaners, floor cleaners and disinfectants; bathroom, shower and
toilet cleaners; mildew cleaners and bleach.
[0208] The renewably-based, biodegradable 1,3-propanediol of the
present invention is present in the aforementioned detergent
compositions in amounts well known to those of ordinary skill in
the appropriate art, typically up to about 25% by weight based on
the weight of the total composition.
[0209] A typical nonspecific detergent formulation may include, but
is not limited to, the following components by weight percent:
0.01-50.0% renewably-based, biodegradable 1,3-propanediol,
5.0-40.0% fatty acid and lower carbon number carboxylic acid
esters, or mono and/or di-esters (a surfactant), and 1.0 to 70.0%
of other surfactants or surfactant blends. Additionally, up to 5.0%
by weight of the following components may be included: suds
stabilizer/booster (preferred 1-10%), pH buffer (preferred 2-8%),
enzymes, chelating agent, perfumes, builders, antioxidants,
adjuvants, detersives.
[0210] A basic formula embodiment for a Light Duty Liquid Detergent
(LDLD) product may include 0.1-70% of a surfactant, 0.1-20% of
Bio-PDO and q.s. to 100% water. LDLDs are commonly used in
dishwashing applications, including automatic, manual, dishwasher
rinses, plastic stain removers, pots & pans cleaners,
pre-treatments and water softeners.
[0211] A basic formula embodiment for a Heavy Duty Liquid Detergent
(HDLD) product may include 0.1-50% of a surfactant, 0.1-20% of
Bio-PDO and q.s. to 100% water. HDLDs are commonly used in laundry
applications, including laundry products containing bleach,
hypo-allergenics, phosphate-free materials, dry cleaning materials,
fabric conditioners, fabric enhancers, fabric finishes, fabric
sizing, fabric softeners, pre-washes, stain removers and
starches.
[0212] A basic formula embodiment for a Liquid Automatic Dishwasher
Detergent (LADD) product may include 0.1-30% of a builder, 0.1-17%
of a caustic/Bleach, 0.1-20% of Bio-PDO and q.s. to 100% of water.
Applications include dishwash, liquid Pre-spotters, rinse aids,
phosphate-free materials, hypochlorite-free materials and
enzymes.
[0213] A basic formula embodiment for a specialty household
cleanser (SHC) may include 0.1-70% of a surfactant, 0.1-50% of
Bio-PDO, and q.s. to 100% water. Specific applications include, all
purpose cleansing in the form of creams, gels, liquids, and floor
cleaners; all-purpose sprays such as for cleaning glass surfaces;
wipes including all-purpose wipes, glass cleaners, floor cleaners
and disinfectants; bathroom, shower and toilet cleaners; mildew
cleaners and bleach.
Detergent Components
[0214] Detergent compositions of the invention can contain from
0.01 to 99% by weight of one or more of any of the following
general auxiliary components: builders, surfactants, enzymes,
polymers, bleaching agents, bleach surfactants, catalyst
components, various active components or special components such as
dispersant polymers, color speckles, silver protecting agents,
anti-fogging agents and/or corrosion inhibitors, dyes, fillers,
sterilizers, alkaline agents, hydrotropic agents, antioxidants,
enzyme stabilizers, pro-perfumes, perfumes, plasticizers, carriers,
processing aids, pigments, and solvents for liquid
formulations.
[0215] In general, detergent components are included for converting
a composition containing only the minimum essential components into
a composition useful for the desired detergent purpose. It is
recognized that those skilled in the art can readily determine
which detergent components are required for desired detergent
applications.
[0216] The precise nature of these additional components, and
levels of incorporation thereof, will vary depending upon the
physical form of the composition and the nature of the cleaning
operation for which it is to be used.
Detergent Surfactants
[0217] The detergent compositions of the invention may contain any
known detergent surfactant, and such surfactants are well known to
those having skill in the art. Specifically, detergent surfactants
of the invention can include anionic, nonionic, zwitter-ionic or
amphoteric, betaine, and diamine are, surfactants that are known to
be useful in detergent applications.
[0218] In all of the detergent surfactants, the chain length of the
hydrophobic moiety is typically in the general range of from C8 to
C20, and especially in the case of laundering with cold water, the
chain length is often preferably in the range of from C8 to
C18.
Detergent Enzymes
[0219] The detergent composition of the invention may use enzymes
for various purposes such as removal of protein-based,
carbohydrate-based, or triglyceride-based soils from substrates,
transfer inhibition of refugee dyes in fabric laundering, and
fabric restoration. "Detergent enzymes" as used herein mean all
enzymes having advantageous effects in washing, soil removal, and
others in laundering.
Builders
[0220] Builder compositions are preferably those that control the
hardness of minerals in washing water, especially Ca and/or Mg,
thus simplifying the removal and/or dispersal of granular soils
from the surface, while also optionally imparting an alkaline agent
and/or buffering action. In granular or powder detergents, the
builder may function as an absorbent for the surfactant.
Alternatively, some compositions can be formulated in a completely
water-soluble form, which may be either organic or inorganic,
depending on the intended utility.
[0221] Suitable silicate builders include water-soluble types and
hydrated solid types, and include other kinds such as those having
a chain, layer or steric structure, amorphous solid silicates, and
those as prepared such that they are used as not particularly
structured liquid detergents.
[0222] Aluminosilicate builders, so-called zeolites, are
particularly useful in granular detergents, but can be incorporated
into pastes or gels. The aluminosilicates may be crystalline or
amorphous, or may be natural or synthetic.
[0223] For the purpose of making it easy to control the hardness of
minerals in the washing water, especially Ca and/or Mg, or of
making it easy to remove granular solids from the surface, the
composition of the invention may optionally contain detergent
builders in place of or in addition to the foregoing silicates and
aluminosilicates. The builders can be made to function in various
mechanisms so as to form soluble or insoluble complexes with
mineral ions by ion exchange or by providing mineral ions with the
surface more adherent than the surface of the material to be
cleaned. The amount of the builder can be varied widely depending
on the final utility and physical form of the composition.
[0224] Here, suitable builders can be selected from the group
consisting of phosphates and polyphosphates, especially sodium
salts, carbonates, bicarbonates, sodium carbonate, organic mono-,
di-, tri-, and tetracarboxylates, especially water-soluble
non-surfactant carboxylates in acid, sodium, potassium or
alkanolammonium forms, and aliphatic and aromatic type-containing
oligomers or water-soluble low-molecular polymer carboxylates. For
example, for the purpose of pH buffer, these builders can be
complemented by all of fillers or carriers that are important in
the techniques of detergent compositions including borates or
sulfates, especially sodium sulfate, and other stabilized
surfactants and/or builders.
[0225] In the invention, builder mixtures can be used. In general,
the builder mixture optionally comprises two or more usual
builders, and is complemented by a chelating agent, a pH buffer, or
a filler.
[0226] Examples of phosphorus-containing builders include
polyphosphates, represented by tripolyphosphates, pyrophosphates,
and glassy polymer metaphosphates, of alkali metals and ammonium
and alkanolammoniums, and phosphonates.
[0227] Suitable carbonate builders include carbonates of an
alkaline earth metal or an alkali metal, inclusive of carbonate
minerals such as sodium bicarbonate and sodium carbonate, complex
salts of sodium carbonate or potassium carbonate, and calcium
carbonate.
[0228] As described herein, the "organic detergent builders"
suitable for the use along with the alkylaryl sulfonate surfactant
include polycarboxylate compounds including water-soluble
non-surfactant dicarboxylates and tricarboxylates. More generally,
the builder polycarboxylate has plural carboxylate groups,
preferably at least three carboxylates. The carboxylate builder can
be incorporated in an acidic or partially neutral, neutral or
excessively basic form. In the case of the salt form, salts of
alkali metals such as sodium, potassium, and lithium, or
alkanolammonium salts are preferred. The polycarboxylate builder
includes ether polycarboxylates.
[0229] Nitrogen containing builders including amino acids such as
lysine, or lower alcohol amines like mono, di-, and
tri-ethanolamine, try(hydroxymethyl)amino methane,
2-amino-2-methylpropanol, and disodium glutamate.
[0230] Citric acid salts such as citric acid and soluble salts
thereof are a polycarboxylate builder important for, for example,
heavy-duty liquid detergents (HDL) because they are available from
resources that can be regenerated and are biodegradable. The citric
acid salts can also be used in granular compositions especially in
combination of zeolites and/or layered silicates. Oxydisuccinic
acid salts are especially useful in such compositions and
combinations.
[0231] In the detergent composition of the invention, any builders
known in this field can be incorporated generally in an amount of
from about 0.1 to about 50% by weight, more preferably 0.5 to 30%
by weight and most preferably 1 to 25% by weight.
Oxygen Bleaching Agents
[0232] In one embodiment, the invention comprises an "oxygen
bleaching agent" as a part or whole of the detergent composition.
Any known oxidizing agents can be used. Alternatively, oxidizing
agent bleaching agents such as systems of generating hydrogen
peroxide by oxygen or an enzyme, or hypohalogenic acid salts, for
example, chlorine bleaching agents such as hyposulfites, can also
be used.
[0233] Examples of peroxide-based general oxygen bleaching agents
include hydrogen peroxide, inorganic peroxohydrates, organic
peroxohydrates, and organic peroxy acids including hydrophilic or
hydrophobic mono- or di-peroxy acids. These components may be
peroxycarboxylic acids, perpoxyimide acids, amidoperoxycarboxylic
acids, or salts thereof including their calcium, magnesium or mixed
cationic salts. Various kinds of peracids can be used in a
liberated form or as precursor materials called "bleach surfactant"
or "bleach promoters", which release peracids corresponding to
hydrolysis in the case of a combination with a supply source of
hydrogen peroxide.
[0234] Inorganic peroxides, suproxides, organic hydroperoxides such
as cumene hydroperoxide and t-butyl hydroperoxide, and inorganic
peroxo acids and salts thereof, such as peroxosulfates, are also
useful as the oxygen bleaching agent.
[0235] Mixed oxygen bleaching agent systems are generally effective
as in mixtures of oxygen bleaching agents with known bleach
surfactant, organic catalysts, enzyme catalysts, or mixtures
thereof. Further, these mixtures can further contain brighteners,
light bleaching agents, and dye transfer inhibitors of types that
are well known in this field.
[0236] Hydroperoxides and peroxohydrates are organic salts, or more
generally, inorganic salts that can readily release hydrogen
peroxide. The peroxohydrates are a general example of a "hydrogen
peroxide source" and include perborates, percarbonates,
perphosphates, and persilicates. Preferred peroxohydrates include
all of sodium carbonate hydroperoxide and equivalent commercially
available "percarbonate" bleaching agents, and so-called sodium
perborate hydrates, and sodium pyrophosphate hydroperoxide can also
be used. Urea hydroperoxides are also useful as the
peroxohydrate.
[0237] There are included inorganic peroxohydrates, organic
peroxohydrates, hydrophilic or hydrophobic mono- or diperacids,
organic peracids including peroxycarboxylic acids, peroxyimide
acids, and amidoperoxycarboxylic acids, salts of calcium,
magnesium, or mixed cationic salts.
[0238] In the detergent composition of the invention, any oxygen
bleaching agents are added in such formulations preferably in
ranges from about 0 to 15%, and most preferably from about 0.2 to
12%
[0239] Bleach Surfactant can be used as well. Examples of useful
bleach surfactants include amides, imides, esters, and acid
anhydrides. Generally, in such bleach surfactants, there is present
at least one substituted or unsubstituted acyl moiety having a
leaving group in the structure, R--C(O)-L. One alternative method
of use comprises a combination of the bleach surfactant with a
hydrogen peroxide supply source such as perborates and
percarbonates. One or more peracid-forming moieties or leaving
groups can be present. Mixtures of bleach surfactants can be also
used.
[0240] The bleach surfactant can be used in an amount of up to 20%
by weight, and preferably from 0.1 to 10% by weight of the
composition. For the form of highly concentrated bleaching agent
additive products or the form in which the bleach surfactant is
used in an automatic charge device, it can be used in an amount of
40% by weight or more.
[0241] Transition Metal Bleaching Agent Catalysts can also be used
in the invention. For example, manganese compounds can be
optionally used as the bleaching compound to have a catalytic
action. As useful cobalt bleaching catalysts, ones that are known
may be used.
[0242] In addition to the above-enumerated bleach surfactant,
Enzyme-Based Supply Sources of Hydrogen Peroxide. For instance,
suitable hydrogen peroxide generating mechanisms include
combinations of C1 to C4 alkanol oxidases and C1 to C4 alkanols,
especially a combination of methanol oxidase (MOX) and ethanol.
Bleaching-related other enzymatic materials such as peroxidases,
haloperoxidases, and oxidases, superoxide molecular displacement
enzymes, catalases, and their reinforcing agents, or more
generally, inhibitors can be optionally used in the
composition.
Oxygen Transfer Agents and Precursors
[0243] All known organic bleaching agent catalysts, oxygen transfer
agents, or precursors thereof are also useful herein. These
materials include their compounds themselves and/or precursors
thereof, such as all of ketones suitable for manufacture of
dioxiranes, and/or dixoirane precursors or all different
atom-containing analogues of dioxiranes. As preferred examples of
such components, are especially included hydrophilic or hydrophobic
ketones that manufacture the dioxiranes on the spot, along with
monoperoxysulfate. Examples of such oxygen bleaching agents that
are preferably used along with the oxygen transfer agent or
precursor include percarboxylic acids and salts, percarbonic acids
and slats, peroxy monosulfuric acid and salts, and mixtures
thereof.
Polymeric Soil Releasing Agents
[0244] The composition of the invention can optionally comprise one
or more soil releasing agents. The polymeric soil releasing agent
is characterized by having hydrophilic segments to hydrophilize the
surface of hydrophobic fibers such as polyester and nylon and
hydrophobic segments to deposit upon hydrophobic fibers and remain
adhered thereto through completion of the laundry cycle to function
as an anchor for the hydrophilic segments. This can enable stains
occurring sequent to treatment with the soil releasing agent to be
more easily cleaned in later washing procedures.
[0245] In the case of the use, the soil releasing agent generally
accounts for from about 0.01 to about 10% by weight of the
composition.
Clay Soil Removal/Anti-Redeposition Agents
[0246] The composition of the invention can also optionally contain
water-soluble ethoxylated amines having clay soil removal and
anti-redeposition properties. Granular detergent compositions
containing these compounds typically contain from about 0.01% to
about 10.0% by weight of the water-soluble ethoxylated amines, and
liquid detergent compositions typically contain about 0.01% to
about 5% by weight of the water-soluble ethoxylated amines.
[0247] Preferred soil release and anti-redeposition agents are
ethoxylated tetraethylenepentamine. Other preferred soil release
removal/anti-redeposition agents are ethoxylated amine polymers,
zwitter-ionic polymers, and amine oxides. Other soil release
removal and/or anti-redeposition agents that are known in this
field can also be used in the composition of the invention. Another
type of the preferred anti-redeposition agent includes carboxy
methyl cellulose (CMC)-based components.
Polymeric Dispersing Agents
[0248] Polymeric dispersing agents can be effectively used in an
amount of from about 0.01 to about 10% by weight of the composition
of the invention especially in the presence of zeolite and/or
layered silicate builders. Suitable polymeric dispersing agents
include polymeric polycarboxylates and polyethylene glycols,
although others known in the art can also be used. It is believed
that polymeric dispersing agents enhance overall detergent builder
performance, when used in combination with other builders
(including lower molecular weight polycarboxylates) by crystal
growth inhibition, particulate soil release, peptization, and
anti-redeposition.
[0249] Polymeric polycarboxylate materials can be prepared by
polymerizing or copolymerizing suitable unsaturated monomers,
preferably in their acid forms. Unsaturated monomeric acids that
can be polymerized to form suitable polymeric polycarobyxlates
include acrylic acid, maleic acid (or maleic anhydride), fumaric
acid, itaconic acid, aconitic acid, mesaconic acid, citraconic
acid, and methylenemalonic acid.
[0250] Particularly suitable polymeric polycarboxylates can be
derived from acrylic acid. Such acrylic acid-based polymers that
are useful herein are the water-soluble salts of polymerized
acrylic acid. The average molecular weight of such polymers in the
acid form preferably ranges from about 1,000 to 500,000, more
preferably from about 2,000 to 250,000, and most preferably from
about 3,000 to 100,000. Water-soluble salts of such acrylic acid
polymers can include, for example, the alkali metal, ammonium and
substituted ammonium salts.
[0251] Acrylic acid/maleic acid-based copolymers may also be used
as a preferred component of the dispersing/anti-redeposition agent.
Such materials include the water-soluble salts of copolymers of
acrylic acid and maleic acid. The average molecular weight of such
copolymers in the acid form preferably ranges from about 2,000 to
100,000, more preferably from about 3,000 to 80,000, and most
preferably from about 4,000 to 70,000. The ratio of acrylate to
maleate segments in such copolymers generally ranges from about 9:1
to about 1:9, and more preferably from about 8:2 to 3:7.
Water-soluble salts of such acrylic acid/maleic acid copolymers can
include, for example, the alkali metal, ammonium and substituted
ammonium salts.
[0252] Copolymers of acrylic acid and/or maleic acid and a
polyalkylene glycol can also be used as a preferred component of
the dispersing/anti-redeposition agent. The copolymers are
preferably graft polymers of acrylic acid and/or maleic acid and a
polyalkylene glycol, copolymers of acrylic acid and/or maleic acid
and an alkylene oxide adduct of allyl alcohol or isoprenol, and
copolymers of acrylic acid and/or maleic acid and a polyalkylene
glycol acrylate or methacrylate, and more preferably graft polymers
of acrylic acid and/or maleic acid and a polyalkylene glycol and
copolymers of acrylic acid and/or maleic acid and an alkylene oxide
adduct of allyl alcohol or isoprenol.
[0253] The average molecular weight of the copolymers preferably
ranges from about 2,000 to 100,000, more preferably from about
3,000 to 80,000, and most preferably from about 4,000 to
70,000.
[0254] Acrylic acid/acrylamide based copolymers may also be used as
a preferred component of the dispersing/anti-redeposition agent.
The average molecular weight of such copolymers in the acid form
preferably ranges from about 3,000 to 100,000, more preferably from
about 4,000 to 20,000, and most preferably from about 4,000 to
10,000. The acrylamide content in such copolymers generally is less
than about 50%, preferably less than about 20%, and most preferably
about 1 to about 15%, by weight of the polymer.
[0255] Another polymeric component that can be incorporated is
polyethylene glycol (PEG). PEG can exhibit dispersing agent
performance as well as act as a clay soil removal/anti-redeposition
agent. Typical molecular weight ranges for these purposes range
from about 500 to about 100,000, preferably from about 1,000 to
about 50,000, and more preferably from about 1,500 to about
10,000.
[0256] Polyasparatate and polyglutamate dispersing agents may also
be used, especially in conjunction with zeolites builders.
Dispersing agents such as polyasparatate preferably have a (weight
average) molecular weight of about 10,000.
[0257] In the detergent composition of the invention, Polymeric
Dispersing Agents known in this field can be incorporated generally
in an amount of from about 0.01 to about 15%, more preferably from
0.05 to 10%, then most preferably 0.1 to 5%.
Brighteners
[0258] In the detergent composition of the invention, any optical
brighteners or other brightening or whitening agents known in this
field can be incorporated generally in an amount of from about 0.01
to about 1.2% by weight. Such optical brighteners are often used in
the case where the detergent is designed for fabric washing or
processing applications.
Polymeric Dye Transfer Inhibiting Agents
[0259] The composition of the invention may also include one or
more materials effective for inhibiting the transfer of dyes from
one fabric to another during the cleaning process. Generally, such
dye transfer inhibiting agents include polyvinylpyrrolidone
polymers, polyamide N-oxide polymers, copolymers of
N-vinylpyrrolidone and N-vinylimidazole, manganese phthalocyanine,
peroxidases, and mixtures thereof. If used, these agents generally
comprise from about 0.01 to about 10% by weight, preferably from
about 0.01 to about 5% by weight, and more preferably from about
0.05 to about 2% by weight of the composition.
[0260] The optical brightener selected for use in the invention
exhibits especially effective dye transfer inhibition performance
benefits when used in combination with the polymeric dye transfer
inhibiting agent. The combination of such selected polymeric
materials with such selected optical brightener provides
significantly better dye transfer inhibition in aqueous wash
solutions than does either of these two detergent composition
components when used alone.
Chelating Agents
[0261] The detergent composition of the invention may also
optionally contain one or more chelating agents, especially
chelating agents for transition metal coming from others. The
transition metals generally seen in washing solutions include
water-soluble, colloidal or granular iron and/or manganese and may
sometimes associate as oxides or hydroxides. Preferred chelating
agents are chelating agents that effectively inhibit such
transition metals, especially inhibit such transition metals or
their compounds to adhere to fabrics, and/or inhibit non-preferred
redox reaction occurred in the washing medium and/or on the
interface of the fabric or hard surface. The general chelating
agents can be selected from the group consisting of amino
carboxylates, amino phosphates, polyfunctionally-substituted
aromatic chelating agents, and mixtures thereof.
[0262] The composition of the invention may also contain
water-soluble methyl glycine diacetic acid salts as a chelating
agent that can effectively be used together with insoluble builders
such as zeolites and layered silicates.
[0263] If utilized, the chelating agent generally accounts for from
about 0.1 to about 15% by weight of the composition. More
preferably, if utilized, the chelating agent accounts for from
about 0.1 to about 3.0% by weight.
Suds Suppressors
[0264] In the case where washing is required in intended utilities,
especially washing by washing machines, compounds for reducing or
suppressing the formation of suds can be incorporated into the
composition of the invention. For other compositions, for example,
compositions as designed for hand washing, high sudsing may be
desired, and such components can be omitted. Suds suppression can
be of particularly importance in the so-called "high concentration
cleaning process" and in front-loading European-style washing
machines (so-called drum type washing machines).
[0265] A very wide variety of materials may be used as suds
suppressors. The composition of the invention generally comprises
from 0% by weight to about 10% by weight of suds suppressors.
Fabric Softeners
[0266] Various through-the-wash fabric softeners can optionally be
used in an amount of from about 0.5 to about 10% by weight to
provide fabric softener benefits concurrently with fabric cleaning.
Clay softeners can be used in combination with amine and cationic
softeners. Further, in the cleaning process of the invention, known
fabric softeners including those of biodegradation type can be used
in modes including the pre-treatment, main cleaning, post-laundry,
and addition into washing machines and dryers.
Perfumes
[0267] Perfumes and perfumery ingredients useful in the
compositions and processes comprise a wide variety of natural and
synthetic chemical ingredients, including, but not limited to,
aldehydes, ketones, and esters. Also, included are various natural
extracts and essences that can comprise complex mixtures of
ingredients such as orange oil, lemon, oil, rose extract, lavender,
musk, patchouli, balsamic essence, sandalwood oil, pine oil, and
cedar. Finished perfumes typically comprise from about 0.01 to
about 2% by weight of the detergent composition, and individual
perfumery ingredients can comprise from about 0.0001 to about 90%
by weight of a finished perfume composition.
Esters
[0268] Esters can function as many of the above noted ingredients.
While those in those having skill in the art can readily determine
which esters are most appropriate to provide a particularly desired
function, applications specifically note that esters used in this
invention may include the esters produced, including all the
appropriate conjugate mono and diesters, from biologically-derived
1,3 propanediol using organic carboxylic acids. Some esters in
particular that are produced include propanediol distearate and
monostearate, propandiol dilaurate and monolaurate, propanediol
dioleate and monooleate, propanediol divalerate and monovalerate,
propanediol dicaprylate and monocaprylate, propanediol dimyristate
and monomyristate, propanediol dipalmitate and monopalmitate,
propanediol dibehenate and monobehenate, propanediol adipate,
propanediol maleate, propanediol dioxalate, propanediol dibenzoate,
propanediol diacetate, and all mixtures thereof.
Other Components
[0269] A wide variety of other ingredients useful in detergent
compositions can be included in the composition, including other
ingredients, carriers, hydrotropes, processing aids, dyes or
pigments, solvents for liquid formulations, and soil fillers for
bar compositions. If high sudsing is desired, suds boosters such as
C10 to C16 alkanolamides can be incorporated into the composition,
typically in an amount of from 1% by weight to 10% by weight. C10
to C14 monoethanl and diethanol amides illustrate a typical class
of such suds boosters. Use of such suds boosters with high sudsing
adjuvant surfactants such as the amine oxides, betaines and
sultanines noted above is also advantageous. If desired,
water-soluble magnesium and/or calcium salts can be added typically
in an amount of from 0.1% by weight to 2% by weight, to provide
additional suds.
[0270] Various detergent ingredients employed in the composition
can optionally be further stabilized by absorbing the ingredients
onto a porous hydrophobic substrate, then coating the substrate
with a hydrophobic coating. Preferably, the detergent ingredient is
admixed with a surfactant before being absorbed into the porous
substrate. In use, the detergent ingredient is released from the
substrate into the aqueous washing liquor, where it performs its
intended detergent function.
[0271] The liquid detergent composition can contain water and other
solvents as diluents. Low-molecular weight primary or secondary
alcohols exemplified by methanol, ethanol, propanol, and
isopropanol are suitable. Monohydric alcohols are preferred for
stabilizing the surfactant, but polyols such as those having from 2
to about 6 carbon atoms and from 2 to about 6 hydroxyl groups (such
as 1,3-propanediol, ethylene glycol, glycerin, and propylene
glycol) can also be used. The composition can contain such diluents
in an amount of from 5% by weight to 90% by weight, and preferably
from 10% by weight to 50% by weight.
[0272] The detergent composition is preferably formulated such
that, during use in aqueous cleaning operations, the wash water has
a pH of from about 6.5 to about 12.5, preferably from 7 to 12, and
more preferably from about 7.0 to about 11. Laundry products are
typically at a pH of from 9 to 11. Techniques for controlling the
pH at recommended usage levels include the use of buffers, alkalis,
acids, etc.
[0273] The detergent compositions of the invention can contain any
natural ingredients where appropriate. Natural ingredients include
any natural or nature-derived ingredients similar in composition or
in function to any of the ingredients listed above.
Liquid Laundry Detergents
[0274] While the following listing of ingredients is particularly
suited for liquid laundry detergents, it is clearly within the
scope of one having skill in the art to determine whether such
ingredients may be useful for other detergent applications.
[0275] Bio-PDO is preferably provided in liquid laundry detergents
at concentration ranges of about 0.1% to about 25%, more preferably
about 0.5% to about 20% and most preferably about 1% to about
15%
Thickeners
[0276] The physical stability of the liquid product may be improved
and the thickness of the liquid product may be altered by the
addition of a cross linking polyacrylate thickener to the liquid
detergent product as a thixotropic thickener.
PH Adjusting Components
[0277] The above liquid detergent product is preferably low
foaming, readily soluble in the washing medium and most effective
at pH values best conducive to improved cleaning performance, such
as in a range of desirably from about pH 6.5 to about pH 12.5, and
preferably from about pH 7.0 to about pH 12.0, more preferably from
about pH 8.0 to about pH 12.0, and most preferably, less than about
9.0 pH The pH adjusting components are desirably selected from
sodium or potassium hydroxide, sodium or potassium carbonate or
sesquicarbonate, sodium or potassium silicate, boric acid, sodium
or potassium bicarbonate, sodium or potassium borate, and mixtures
thereof. NaOH or KOH are the preferred ingredients for increasing
the pH to within the above ranges. Other preferred pH adjusting
ingredients are sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, and mixtures
thereof.
Low Foaming Surfactant
[0278] The liquid nonionic surfactant detergents that can be used
to practice the present invention are preferably are alkyl
ethoxylates in non-chlorine bleach liquid ADW compositions. One
example of a non-chlorine bleach stable surfactant is SLF18.TM.
manufactured by BASF Corporation. Alternatively, in chlorine bleach
containing liquid ADW compositions, chlorine bleach stable low
foaming surfactants are preferred and such surfactants are present
in a range of from about 0.1% to about 10% by weight of the liquid
composition. Such surfactants are generally known to one skilled in
the art and need not be elaborated here, for purposes of brevity.
An example of a chlorine bleach stable surfactant is Dowfax.TM.
anionic surfactant available from the Dow Chemical Company.
[0279] Examples of the nonionic surfactant include polyoxyalkylene
alkyl ethers, polyoxyalkylene fatty acid esters, polyoxyalkylene
sorbitan esters, polyoxyalkylene sorbitan fatty acid esters,
polyoxyalkylene sorbitol fatty acid esters, polyoxyalkylene
glycerin fatty acid esters, monoglycerides, sorbitan fatty acid
esters, fatty acid monoethanolamides, fatty acid diethanolamides
and alkyl polyglucosides.
[0280] Examples of the amphoteric surfactants include acetic acid
betaines, amidoacetic acid betaines, sulfobetaines,
amidosulfobetaines, phosphobetaines, alkylamine oxides, and
amidoamine oxides. Of these, fatty acid amidopropylbetaines such as
cocamidopropyl betaine and lauramidopropyl betaine are preferred.
Include imidazoline derived amphoterics: disodium cocoa
amphodiproprionate.
[0281] Two or more of these surfactants may be used in combination.
The surfactant is preferably contained in an amount of from 5 to 50
wt. %, more preferably from 10 to 30 wt. %, even more preferably
from 10 to 20 wt. % based on the detergent composition of the
present invention, from the viewpoints of foaming property, liquid
properties during use and detergency.
Silicones
[0282] The detergent composition of the present invention may
contain silicones for further improvement in the conditioning
effects. The silicones include dimethylpolysiloxanes (viscosity: 5
mmsup2/s to 20 million mmsup2/s), amino-modified silicones,
polyether-modified silicones, methylphenylpolysiloxanes, fatty
acid-modified silicones, alcohol-modified silicones,
alkoxy-modified silicones, epoxy-modified silicones,
fluorine-modified silicones, cyclic silicones and alkyl-modified
silicones, of which dimethylpolysiloxanes are preferred. The
content of the silicone in the detergent composition of the present
invention is preferably from 0.01 to 10 wt. %. The detergent
composition of the present invention may contain other conditioning
components such as a cationic polymer (cationic cellulose, cationic
guar gum, or the like). Their content in the detergent composition
of the present invention is preferably from 0.1 to 5 wt. %.
General Liquid Components
[0283] The detergent composition of the present invention may
contain, in addition, components employed ordinarily for detergent
compositions according to the intended use. Examples of such
components include humectants such as propylene glycol, glycerin,
diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, sorbitol and panthenol;
colorants such as dyes and pigments; viscosity regulators such as
methyl cellulose, polyethylene glycol and ethanol; plant extracts;
antiseptics; bactericides; chelating agents; vitamin preparations;
anti-inflammatory agents; perfumes; ultraviolet absorbers; and
antioxidants.
Solid and Semi-Solid Laundry Detergents
[0284] While the following listing of ingredients is particularly
suited for solid laundry detergents, it is clearly within the scope
of one having skill in the art to determine whether such
ingredients may be useful for other detergent applications.
[0285] The solid laundry detergent compositions of the invention
comprises a ratio of Bio-PDO to binder portion in the range of 1:20
to 20:1, by weight percentage; preferably in the range of from 1:5
to 5:1, and most preferably from 1:2 to 2:1 therefore 0.1 to 25%,
0.5 to 15%, 1 to 10% from about 0.001 wt % to about 0.5 wt %, more
preferably from about 0.1 wt % to about 0.25 wt %, and most
preferably from about 0.25 wt % to about 0.1 wt % bio-PDO.
[0286] Preferably, the detergent composition has a particle size
distribution such that no more than 10 wt % by weight of the
composition, has a particle size greater than 850 micrometers, and
no more than 10 wt % by weight of the composition, has a particle
size less than 250 micrometers.
[0287] The composition optionally comprises one or more adjunct
components. The adjunct components are typically selected from the
group consisting of other anionic surfactants, cationic
surfactants, non-ionic surfactants, zwitterionic surfactants, other
builders, polymeric co-builders such as polymeric polycarboxylates,
bleach, other hydrotropes, chelants, enzymes, anti-redeposition
polymers, soil-release polymers, polymeric soil-dispersing and/or
soil-suspending agents, dye-transfer inhibitors, fabric-integrity
agents, fluorescent whitening agents, suds suppressors,
fabric-softeners, flocculants, cationic fabric-softening
components, perfumes and combinations thereof.
[0288] A suitable adjunct component may be an anionic surfactant
other than the alkyl alkoxylated sulphate surfactant and the linear
alkyl benzene sulphonate surfactant. Suitable other anionic
surfactants are branched or linear C.sub.8-C.sub.18 alkyl sulphate
surfactants. An especially suitable other anionic surfactants are
methyl branched C.sub.8-C.sub.18 alkyl sulphate surfactants.
[0289] A suitable adjunct component may be an anionic surfactant
other than the alkyl alkoxylated sulphate surfactant and the linear
alkyl benzene sulphonate surfactant. Suitable other anionic
surfactants are branched or linear C.sub.8-C.sub.18 alkyl sulphate
surfactants. An especially suitable other anionic surfactants are
methyl branched C.sub.8-C.sub.18 alkyl sulphate surfactants.
[0290] A suitable adjunct component may be a hydrotrope other than
the alkoxylated alkyl alcohol. Suitable hydrotropes include sodium
cumene sulphate, sodium toluene sulphate and sodium xylene
sulphate.
Gel Detergents
[0291] While the following listing of ingredients is particularly
suited for gel detergents, it is clearly within the scope of one
having skill in the art to determine whether such ingredients may
be useful for other detergent applications. Auto-dish washing
formulations are most commonly used in gel form.
[0292] Bio-PDO is preferably provided in liquid laundry detergents
at concentration ranges of about 0.1% to about 25%, more preferably
about 0.5% to about 20% and most preferably about 1% to about
15%.
[0293] Preferably, the lamellar-phase gel laundry composition of
the invention comprises from 1 to 8%, more preferably from 3 to 6%,
by weight of a gelling agent.
[0294] Such a gelling agent may suitably be a fatty alcohol having
the formula R.sub.1-(CHOH)-R.sub.2, wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2 are
independently selected from hydrogen and saturated or unsaturated,
linear or branched, C.sub.1-C.sub.16 alkyl groups, whereby the
total number of carbon atoms in the fatty alcohol is between 8 and
17.
[0295] Preferably a fatty alcohol gelling agent is used that has
the above formula, wherein R.sub.1 is hydrogen and R.sub.2 is
selected from saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched
C.sub.9-C.sub.13 alkyl groups. Favorable results could generally be
obtained when applying as gelling agent a fatty alcohol in which
the total chain length is similar to the average chain length of
the surfactants present in the formulation. Such a gelling agent is
preferably selected from the group consisting of 1-decanol,
1-dodecanol, 2-decanol, 2-dodecanol, 2-methyl-1-decanol,
2-methyl-1-dodecanol, 2-ethyl-1-decanol, and mixtures thereof.
Commercially available materials that are particularly suitable for
use as gelling agent include Neodol 23 or Neodol 25 produced by
Shell Chemical Co., Exxal 12 or Exxal 13 produced by Exxonmobil
Chemical Co. and Isalchem 123 or Lialchem 123 produced by Sasol
Chemical Co.
[0296] The gelling agent may also suitably be a non-neutralised
fatty acid having the formula R.sub.3--(COOH)--R.sub.4, wherein
R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are independently selected from hydrogen and
saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched C.sub.1-C.sub.22 alkyl
groups, whereby the total number of carbon atoms in the fatty acid
is between 10 and 23. Such a fatty acid gelling agent is preferably
selected from oleic acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic
acid, stearic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid and mixtures
thereof.
[0297] Furthermore, the gelling agent may suitably be a naturally
obtainable fatty acid selected from tallow, coconut, and pal kernel
fatty acids.
Anionic Surfactant
[0298] The anionic surfactant that may be present in the gel
composition of the invention is preferably selected from the group
consisting of linear alkyl benzene sulphonates, alkyl sulphonates,
alkylpolyether sulphates, alkyl sulphates and mixtures thereof.
Nonionic Surfactant
[0299] The surfactant system in the gel composition of the
invention may also contain a nonionic surfactant.
[0300] Nonionic detergent surfactants are well-known in the art.
They normally consist of a water-solubilizing polyalkoxylene or a
mono- or d-alkanolamide group in chemical combination with an
organic hydrophobic group derived, for example, from alkylphenols
in which the alkyl group contains from about 6 to about 12 carbon
atoms, dialkylphenols in which primary, secondary or tertiary
aliphatic alcohols (or alkyl-capped derivatives thereof),
preferably having from 8 to 20 carbon atoms, monocarboxylic acids
having from 10 to about 24 carbon atoms in the alkyl group and
polyoxypropylene. Also common are fatty acid mono- and
dialkanolamides in which the alkyl group of the fatty acidradical
contains from 10 to about 20 carbon atoms and the alkyloyl group
having from 1 to 3 carbon atoms. In any of the mono- and
di-alkanolamide derivatives, optionally, there may be a
polyoxyalkylene moiety joining the latter groups and the
hydrophobic part of the molecule.
Builders
[0301] Builders in this embodiment that may be used according to
the present invention include conventional alkaline detergent
builders, inorganic or organic, which can be used at levels of from
0% to 50% by weight of the gel composition, preferably from 1% to
35% by weight.
[0302] Examples of suitable inorganic detergency builders that may
be used are water soluble alkali metal phosphates, polyphosphates,
borates, silicates, and also carbonates and bicarbonates. Specific
examples of such builders are sodium and potassium triphosphates,
pyrophosphates, orthophosphates, hexametaphosphates, tetraborates,
silicates, and carbonates.
[0303] Examples of suitable organic detergency builders are: (1)
water-soluble amino polycarboxylates, e.g. sodium and potassium
ethylenediaminetetraacetates, nitrilotriacetates and N-(2
hydroxyethyl)-nitrilodiacetates; (2) water-soluble salts of phytic
acid, e.g. sodium and potassium phytates; (3) water-soluble
polyphosphonates, including specifically sodium and potassium salts
of ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonic acid; sodium and potassium
salts of methylene diphosphonic acid; sodium and potassium salts of
ethylene diphosphonic acid; and sodium and potassium salts of
ethane-1,1,2-triphosphonic acid.
[0304] In addition, polycarboxylate builders can be used
satisfactorily, including water-soluble salts of mellitic acid,
citric acid, and carboxymethyloxysuccinic acid, salts of polymers
of itaconic acid and maleic acid, tartrate monosuccinate, and
tartrate disuccinate.
[0305] Desirably, the detergency builder is selected from the group
consisting of carboxylates, polycarboxylates, aminocarboxylates,
carbonates, bicarbonates, phosphates, phosphonates, silicates,
borates and mixtures thereof.
[0306] Alkalimetal (i.e. sodium or potassium) citrate is most
preferred builder material for use in the invention.
[0307] Amorphous and crystalline zeolites or aluminosilicates can
also be suitably used as detergency builder in the gel composition
of the invention.
Enzymes
[0308] Suitable enzymes for use in the present embodiment of the
invention include proteases, amylases, lipases, cellulases,
peroxidases, and mixtures thereof, of any suitable origin, such as
vegetable, animal bacterial, fungal and yeast origin. Preferred
selections are influenced by factors such as pH-activity,
thermostability, and stability to active bleach detergents,
builders and the like. In this respect bacterial and fungal enzymes
are preferred such as bacterial proteases and fungal
cellulases.
[0309] Enzymes are normally incorporated into detergent composition
at levels sufficient to provide a "cleaning-effective amount". The
term "cleaning effective amount" refers to any amount capable of
producing a cleaning, stain removal, soil removal, whitening, or
freshness improving effect on the treated substrate. In practical
terms for normal commercial operations, typical amounts are up to
about 5 mg by weight, more typically 0.01 mg to 3 mg, of active
enzyme per gram of detergent composition. Stated otherwise, the
composition of the invention may typically comprise from 0.001 to
5%, preferably from 0.01 to 1% by weight of a commercial enzyme
preparation.
[0310] Protease enzymes are usually present in such commercial
preparations at levels sufficient to provide from 0.005 to 0.1
Anson units (AU) of activity per gram of composition. Higher active
levels may be desirable in highly concentrated detergent
formulations.
[0311] Suitable examples of proteases are the subtilisins that are
obtained from particular strains of B. subtilis and B.
licheniformis. One suitable protease is obtained from a strain of
Bacillis, having maximum activity throughout the pH-range of 8-12,
developed and sold as ESPERASE.RTM..TM. by Novozymes of Industries
A/S of Denmark.
[0312] Other suitable proteases include ALCALASE.RTM..,
EVERLASE.RTM.., LIQUANASE.RTM.., and SAVINASE.RTM.., and
POLARZYME.RTM.. from Novozymes, from PURAFECT.RTM.., and
PROPERASE.RTM.., from Genencor International and MAXATASE.RTM..
from International Bio-Synthetics, Inc., The Netherlands.
[0313] Suitable lipase enzymes for use in the composition of the
invention include those produced by microorganisms of the
Pseudomonas group, such as Pseudomonas stutzeri ATCC 19.154, as
disclosed in GB-1,372,034. A very suitable lipase enzyme is the
lipase derived from humicola lanuginosa and available from
Novozymes, Denmark Nordisk under the tradename LIPOLASE.RTM.. Other
suitable lipase enzames are LIPEX.RTM.. from Novozymes.
[0314] Suitable cellulose enzymes for use in the composition of the
invention include those produced by microorganism of the
Aspergillus sp. Suitable cellulose enzymes are available under
tradename CAREZYME.RTM.., CELLUZYME.RTM.., from Novozymes,
PURADAX.RTM.., AND PRIMAFAST.RTM.LUNA from Genencor
International.
[0315] Alpha-amylase enzymes can be produced by microorganism of
Bacillus sp. and are available under the tradename as
TERMAMYL.RTM.., STAINZYME.RTM.., DURAMYL.RTM.., from Novozymes,
Denmark. Alpha-amylase enzyme is available as PURASTAR.RTM.. from
Genencor International.
[0316] Mannanase enzymes are available under tradename
MANNAWAY.RTM.., from Novozymes, Denmark and PURABRITE.RTM. from
Genencor International.
[0317] Mixtures or blends of enzymes for use in the compositions of
the invention are available under tradename as T-BLEND
EVERLASE/DURAMYL/LIPEX.RTM.., T-BLEND SAVINASE/CAREZYME.RTM..,
T-BLEND SAVINASE/LIPEX.RTM.., T-BLEND SAVINASE/LIPOLASE.RTM..,
T-BLEND SAVINASE/STAINZYME.RTM.., T-BLEND SAVINASE/TERMAMYL.RTM..,
T-BLEND SAVINASE/TERMAMYL/CELLUZYME.RTM.., from Novozymes,
Denmark.
Other Optional Components
[0318] In addition to the anionic and nonionic surfactants
described above, the surfactant system of the invention may
optionally contain a cationic surfactant.
[0319] Furthermore, alkaline buffers may be added to the
compositions of the invention, including monethanolamine,
triethanolamine, borax, and the like.
[0320] As another optional ingredient, an organic solvent may
suitably be present in the gel composition of the invention,
preferably at a concentration of up to 10% by weight.
[0321] There may also be included in the formulation, minor amounts
of soil suspending or anti-redeposition agents, e.g. polyvinyl
alcohol, fatty amides, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose or
hydroxy-propyl methyl cellulose.
[0322] Optical brighteners for cotton, polyamide and polyester
fabrics, and anti-foam agents such as silicone oils and silicone
oil emulsions may also be used.
[0323] Other optional ingredients which may be added in minor
amounts, are soil release polymers, dye transfer inhibitors,
polymeric dispersing agents, suds suppressors, dyes, perfumes,
colourants, filler salts, antifading agents and mixtures
thereof.
Liquid Hand Dishwashing Detergents
[0324] While the following listing of ingredients is particularly
suited for liquid hand dishwashing detergents, it is clearly within
the scope of one having skill in the art to determine whether such
ingredients may be useful for other detergent applications.
[0325] The concentration of the polyethylene glycol in the instant
composition is 0.5 to 10 wt. %, more preferably 0.75 wt. % to 6 wt.
%.
Anionic Surfactants
[0326] Anionic sulfonate surfactants suitable for use herein
include the salts of C.sub.5-C.sub.20 linear alkylbenzene
sulfonates, alkyl ester sulfonates, C.sub.6-C.sub.22 primary or
secondary alkane sulfonates, C.sub.6-C.sub.24 olefin sulfonates,
sulfonated polycarboxylic acids, alkyl glycerol sulfonates, fatty
acyl glycerol sulfonates, fatty oleyl glycerol sulfonates, and any
mixtures thereof.
[0327] Anionic sulfate surfactants suitable for use in the
compositions of the invention include linear and branched primary
and secondary alkyl sulfates, alkyl ethoxysulfates, fatty oleoyl
glycerol sulfates, and alkyl phenol ethylene oxide ether
sulfates.
[0328] Suitable anionic carboxylate surfactants include alkyl
ethoxy carboxylates, alkyl polyethoxy polycarboxylate surfactants
and soaps ("alkyl carboxyls").
[0329] An example of a preferred anionic surfactant (sulfonates
& sulfates) would be the sodium salt of secondary alkane
sulfonate commercially available under the tradename of
Hostapur.TM. SAS (Clariant Corporation, Charlotte, N.C.).
[0330] Sulfonates: linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS),
alpha-olefin sulfonate (AOS), paraffin sulfonate (PS).
[0331] Sulfates: sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), sodium lauryl ethoxy
sulfate (SLES).
Water
[0332] The final ingredient in the inventive compositions is water.
The proportion of water in the compositions generally is in the
range of 35% to 85%, preferably 50% to 80% by weight of the usual
composition.
Amine Oxide
[0333] Amine oxides useful in the present invention include
long-chain alkyl amine oxides, ie., those compounds having the
formula: R.sup.3(OR.sup.4)--(NO)--(R.sup.5).sub.2
[0334] wherein R.sup.3 is selected from an alkyl, hydroxyalkyl,
acylamidopropyl and alkyl phenyl group, or mixtures thereof,
containing from 8 to 26 carbon atoms, preferably 8 to 16 carbon
atoms; R.sup.4 is an alkylene or hydroxyalkylene group containing
from 2 to 3 carbon atoms, preferably 2 carbon atoms, or mixtures
thereof; x is from 0 to 3, preferably 0; and each R.sup.5 is an
alkyl or hydroxyalkyl group containing from 1 to 3, preferably from
1 to 2 carbon atoms, or a polyethylene oxide group containing from
1 to 3, preferably 1, ethylene oxide groups. The R.sup.5 groups can
be attached to each other, e.g., through an oxygen or nitrogen
atom, to form a ring structure.
[0335] These amine oxide surfactants in particular include
C.sub.10-C.sub.18 alkyl dimethyl amine oxides and C.sub.8-C.sub.12
alkoxy ethyl dihydroxyethyl amine oxides and alkyl amido propyl
amine oxide. Examples of such materials include dimethyloctylamine
oxide, diethyldecylamine oxide, bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)dodecylamine
oxide, dimethyldodecylamine oxide, dodecylamidopropyl dimethylamine
oxide and dimethyl-2-hydroxyoctadecylamine oxide. Preferred are
C.sub.10-C.sub.18 alkyl dimethylamine oxide, and C.sub.10-C.sub.18
acylamido alkyl dimethylamine oxide.
Betaine
[0336] The betaines useful in the present invention are those
compounds having the formula
R(R.sup.1).sub.2N.sup.+R.sup.2COO.sup.- wherein R is a
C.sub.6-C.sub.18 hydrocarbyl group, preferably C.sub.10-C.sub.16
alkyl group, each R.sup.1 is typically C.sub.1-C.sub.3, alkyl,
preferably methyl, and R.sup.2 is a C.sub.1-C.sub.5 hydrocarbyl
group, preferably a C.sub.1-C.sub.8 alkylene group, more preferably
a C.sub.1-C.sub.2 alkylene group. Examples of suitable betaines
include coconut acylamidopropyldimethyl betaine; hexadecyl dimethyl
betaine; C.sub.12-C.sub.14 acylamidopropylbetaine;
C.sub.12-C.sub.18 acylamidohexyldiethyl betaine;
4-[C.sub.14-C.sub.16
acylmethylamidodiethylammonio]-1-carboxybutane; C.sub.16-C.sub.18
acylamidodimethylbetaine; C.sub.12-C.sub.16
acylamidopentanediethyl-betai-ne; C.sub.12-C.sub.16
acylmethyl-amidodimethylbetaine, and coco amidopropyl betaine.
Preferred betaines are C.sub.12-C.sub.18 dimethylamoniohexanoate
and the C.sub.10-C.sub.18 acylamidopropane (or ethane) dimethyl (or
diethyl) betaines. Also included are sulfobetaines (sultaines) of
formula R(R.sub.1).sub.2N+R.sub.2 SO.sub.3--, wherein R is a
C.sub.6-C.sub.18 Hydrocarbyl group, preferably a C.sub.10-C.sub.16
alkyl group, more preferably a C.sub.12-C.sub.13 alkyl group; each
R.sub.1 is typically C.sub.1-C.sub.3 alkyl, preferably methyl and
R.sub.2 is a C.sub.1-C.sub.6 hydrocarbyl group, preferably a
C.sub.1-C.sub.3 alkylene or, preferably, hydroxyalkylene group.
Examples of suitable sultaines are C.sub.12-C.sub.14
dihydroxyethylammonio propane sulfonate, and C.sub.16-C.sub.18
dimethylammonio hexane sulfonate, with C.sub.12-C.sub.14 amido
propyl ammonio-2-hydroxypropyl sultaine being preferred.
Alkanolamide Compounds
[0337] The present formulation can include an alkanolamide compound
such as an alkyl monoalkanol amide, an alkyl dialkanol amide, and
mixtures thereof.
[0338] The formulation of the present invention can include a
hydrotrope selected from the group consisting of ethanol,
isopropanol, sodium xylene sulfonate, propylene glycol, sodium
cumene sulfonate, urea, polyethylene glycol and mixtures
thereof.
Solvents
[0339] The formulation of the present invention can include a
solvent selected from the group consisting of alcohols (ethanol,
isopropanol) glycols (propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol)
polyols and polyethers (dipropylene glycol, dipropylene glycol
methyl ether) and mixtures thereof. A variety of other
water-miscible liquids such as lower alkanols, diols, other
polyols, ethers, amines, and the like may be used in the present
invention. Preferred are the C1-C4 alkanols. When present the
composition will preferably contain at least about 0.01%, more
preferably at least about 0.5%, even more preferably still, at
least about 1% by weight of the composition of solvent. The
composition will also preferably contain no more than about 20%,
more preferably no more than about 10%, even more preferably, no
more than about 8% by weight of the composition of solvent.
Inorganic Salt
[0340] The formulation of the present invention can include an
inorganic or organic salt or oxide of a multivalent cation,
particularly Mg.sup.++ which has phase stabilization properties.
The multivalent cation salt or oxide provides several benefits
including improved cleaning performance in dilute usage,
particularly in soft water areas, and minimized amounts of perfume
required to obtain the microemulsion state. Magnesium sulfate,
either anhydrous or hydrated (e.g., heptahydrate), is preferred as
the magnesium salt. Good results also have been reported with
magnesium oxide, magnesium chloride, magnesium acetate, magnesium
propionate and magnesium hydroxide. These magnesium salts can be
used with formulations at neutral or acidic pH since magnesium
hydroxide will not precipitate at these pH levels.
[0341] Although magnesium is a preferred multivalent cation from
which the salts (inclusive of the oxide and hydroxide) are formed,
other polyvalent metal ions also can be used provided that their
salts are nontoxic and are soluble in the aqueous phase of the
system at the desired pH level.
Other Components
[0342] The liquid cleaning composition of this invention may, if
desired, also contain other optional components either to provide
additional effect or to make the product more attractive to the
consumer. The following are mentioned by way of example: Colorants
or dyes in amounts up to 0.5% by weight; preservatives or
antioxidizing agents, such as formalin, 5-bromo-5-nitro-dioxan-1,3;
5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothaliazolin-3-one,
2,6-di-tert.butyl-p-cresol, etc., in amounts up to 2% by weight;
and pH adjusting agents, such as sulfuric acid or sodium hydroxide,
as needed. Furthermore, if opaque compositions are desired, up to
4% by weight of an opacifier may be added. Preferably, the optional
ingredients are selected from the group consisting of hydrotropes,
perfumes, colorants, pH adjusting agents, preservatives, biocidal
agents, inorganic salts, opacifiers, viscosity modifiers, and
mixtures thereof
Specialty Household Cleansers (SHC)
[0343] Specialty household cleaners of the invention comprise
Bio-PDO and one or more of the typical detergent ingredients set
forth in the above sections. Those having skill in the art can
readily determine appropriate ingredients to combine with the
Bio-PDO in order to obtain a desired specialty household
cleaner.
Viscosity
[0344] Some detergent compositions containing Bio-PDO may require
approximately 30% less salt to adjust the viscosity than other
compositions containing comparable glycols such as propylene
glycol, butylene glycol, 2-methyl-1,3 propanediol etc. In other
compositions, Bio-PDO may help maintain and build viscosity.
Heat Transfer Compositions
[0345] The term "heat transfer fluid" as used herein refers to a
fluid or liquid that is capable of transferring and/or dissipating
a quantity of thermal energy from a first point to second point.
Heat transfer fluids include coolants.
[0346] Heat transfer fluid as used herein may include both
concentrated solutions of Bio-PDO mixtures as well as to diluted
solutions of the same mixed with water, preferably deionized water.
It will be appreciated that although heat transfer fluid may be
purchased, transported or used in concentrated solutions, such
concentrates will often be diluted with water, especially deionized
water, prior to incorporation or use in, for example, a fuel cell.
Exemplary heat transfer composition include, but are not limited
to, heating medium for radiant heating systems and industrial
heating applications, and Heating, Ventilation, and Air
Conditioning applications, and thermal energy storage, heating and
cooling. Heat transfer fluids can also be used in a variety of
markets, including vehicles and equipment (as antifreeze), process
manufacturing industries (e.g., chemicals, pharmaceuticals,
plastics, fiber and food), energy production, asphalt, laundry,
biotechnology, cryogenic preservation, metalworking, mining, ice
rinks, refrigeration systems and heating systems, metalworking,
transportation, mining and others such as ice rinks.
[0347] In heat transfer compositions, the glycol is typically the
major component of the composition, present in a range of from
about 1% to about 100%.
[0348] In antifreeze compositions, the glycol is typically the
major component of the composition, present in a range of from
about 1% to about 100%.
[0349] In the heat transfer and antifreeze compositions of the
invention, the Bio-PDO can be the major component of the
composition, present in amounts up to 100% by weight based on the
weight of the total composition. The amount of Bio-PDO used in the
products is generally the balance after adding the percentages of
typical ingredients such as corrosion inhibitors, foam
suppressants, dyes and water,
[0350] Those of ordinary skill in the art will now understand that,
under appropriate circumstances, considering issues such as
corrosion, toxicity, viscosity, fluid life, equipment
specifications, fluid color, cost, etc., other elements, such as
for example, one or more of a colorant, a wetting agent, an
antifoam agent, a biocide, a bitterant, a nonionic dispersant,
anti-foam agents, anti-icing additives, anti-wear additives,
demulsifiers, detergents, dispersants, emulsifiers, EP additives,
oiliness agents, oxidation inhibitors, pour point depressants, rust
inhibitors, tackiness agents, viscosity improvers, preservatives,
alcohols, or combinations thereof, and any other optional
ingredients, may be added to the heat-transfer or antifreeze
composition of the invention.
[0351] More particularly, in addition to the Bio-PDO or other
biologically-derived glycol component, a typical heat transfer
fluid formulation of the invention may include one or more of water
from 1.0-95.0% by weight, corrosion inhibitors from 0.10% to 50.0%,
foam suppressors from 0.10% to 50.0%, and/or dyes from 0.10% to
50.0%.
[0352] In a typical antifreeze fluid or coolant formulation of the
invention, in addition to the Bio-PDO or other biologically-derived
glycol component, such formulations may also include one or more of
water from 1.0-90.0% by weight, corrosion inhibitors from 0.10% to
50.0%, foam suppressors from 0.10% to 50.0%, and dyes from 0.10% to
50.0%.
Ingredients
[0353] Set forth below is a non-limiting listing of ingredients
that may be used in combination with Bio-PDO in heat transfer and
antifreeze formulations of the present invention. This listing is
not intended to be all-inclusive, and those having skill in the art
are familiar with other known ingredients that may apply to
formulations of the invention.
Corrosion Inhibitors
[0354] Useful corrosion inhibitors can be used in an amount
sufficient to inhibit or reduce corrosion of exposed metal surfaces
in contact with the engine cooling composition of the present
invention, preferably in an amount of from 0.01 to 50% by weight.
Preferable corrosion inhibitors include any conventionally or
commercially used corrosion inhibitor, including, but not limited
to, inorganic nitrates and nitrates, preferably selected from the
Na, K, Mg, Ca, and Li salts; azoles selected from tolyltriazole,
hydrocarbyl triazole, benzotriazole, mercaptobenzothiazole,
pyrazoles, isooxazoles, isothiazoles, thiazoles, thiadiazole salts,
1,2,3-benzotriazole, 1,2,3-tolyltriazole, and Na
2-mercaptobenzothiazole; inorganic molybdates such as Na molybdate,
K molybdate, Li molybdate, ammonium molybdate, ammonium
dimolybdate, MoO3, heteropolymolybdates, disodium molybdate
dihydrate, silicoheteropolymolybdates, and
phosphoheteropolymolybdates; monocarboxylic acids, typically
C3-16-carboxylic (or fatty) acids (or the corresponding alkali
metal salts), esp. hexanoic, heptanoic, isoheptanoic, octanoic,
2-ethylhexanoic, nonanoic, decanoic, undecanoic, dodecanoic, and
neodecanoic acids; inorganic phosphates include K2HPO4, Na2HPO4,
KH2PO4, K3PO4, NaH2PO4, and Na3PO4 and mixtures thereof, for
example. More preferably the corrosion inhibitor is one of the
PENRAY corrosion inhibitors available from The Penray Companies,
such as PENRAY 2792 (an aqueous solution of nitrites, nitrates and
sodium hydroxide).
Defoamers
[0355] Defoamers are used in an amount sufficient to reduce buildup
of foam or reduce foam or trapped air by causing the bubbles to
burst, thus releasing the trapped air. Preferably a defoamer is
used in an amount of from 0.01 to 50% by weight. One or more than
one defoamer may be present. Preferable defoamers include, but are
not limited to, PATCOTE 415 or 462 (an ethylene glycol n-butyl
ether based defoamer made by American Ingredients Company),
PLURONIC L61 (a block copolymer manufactured by BASF Corp.), DOW
AF9020 (a silicone emulsion produced by Dow Chemical), ADVANTAGE
831 (a hydrocarbon oil emulsion produced by Hercules, Inc.),
POLYTERGENT P32A (an EO/PO copolymer made by Olin Corp.), LANDA
5600 (oil soluble, water miscible defoamer produced by Landa Corp.)
and AF-20F (a silicone oil emulsion produced by Performance
Chemicals LLC), for example.
Water
[0356] The water contained in the composition can be any desired
amount, preferably from 1 to 99% by weight. More preferably, the
amount of water is in the range from 30 to 70% by weight, most
preferably from 40 to 60% by weight. The water is preferably
distilled and/or deionized. Preferably, the water is deionized
before contacting with the other components of the composition.
Colorant/Dye
[0357] The present invention composition can contain a colorant/dye
in order to help a user readily distinguish the composition from
colorless liquids, particularly from water. Suitable colorants can
be any conventional colorant, and can be any desired color,
including but not limited to orange, blue, green, red and yellow,
and any combination thereof. If present, the dye can be used in any
amount to provide the color desired, preferably from 0.01 to 50% by
weight. One or more than one dye may be present. More preferably,
any light stable, transparent water soluble organic dye is
suitable, including but not limited to, Acid Red dyes, methylene
blue, uranine dye, wool yellow dye and rhodamine dye, with dyes
such as 15189 EOSINE O (an Acid Red 87 based dye commercially
available from Chemcentral Dyes and Pigments) being particularly
preferred.
Fluorosurfactant
[0358] The composition of the present invention further comprises
at least one fluorosurfactant in an amount of 0.001 to 50% by
weight. The fluorosurfactant desirably causes a reduction in
contact angle (e.g., droplet height) compared to an untreated
water/glycol mixture, modifies the surface properties of liquids or
solids, or reduces surface tension in a fluid or the interfacial
tension between two immiscible fluids, for example oil and water.
The measurement of contact angle and/or surface tension is known in
the art. The terms, fluorosurfactant and fluorinated surfactant are
used interchangeably herein. Preferably, the fluorosurfactant is
soluble in water. Preferable fluorosurfactants include, but are not
limited to, the ZONYL fluorosurfactants (anionic, nonionic and
amphoteric fluorinated surfactants) including, but not limited to,
ZONYL FSA, FSE, FSJ, FSP, TBS, FSO, FSH, FSN, FSD and FSK, more
preferably the non-ionic ZONYL fluorosurfactants, most preferably
ZONYL FSH, FSN or FSP (typically mixtures of a fluoroalkyl alcohol
substituted polyethylene glycol with water and a glycol or glycol
ether such as dipropylene glycol methyl ether) (all commercially
available from DuPont). The fluorosurfactant can be used alone, or
can be combined with other fluorosurfactants or non-fluorine
containing surfactants as desired.
Esters
[0359] Esters can function as many of the above noted ingredients.
While those in those having skill in the art can readily determine
which esters are most appropriate to provide a particularly desired
function, applications specifically note that esters used in this
invention may include the esters produced, including all the
appropriate conjugate mono and diesters, from biologically-derived
1,3 propanediol using organic carboxylic acids. Some esters in
particular that are produced include propanediol distearate and
monostearate, propandiol dilaurate and monolaurate, propanediol
dioleate and monooleate, propanediol divalerate and monovalerate,
propanediol dicaprylate and monocaprylate, propanediol dimyristate
and monomyristate, propanediol dipalmitate and monopalmitate,
propanediol dibehenate and monobehenate, propanediol adipate,
propanediol maleate, propanediol dioxalate, propanediol dibenzoate,
propanediol diacetate, and all mixtures thereof.
Additional Ingredients
[0360] The present composition may optionally include one or more
other additives. These include, but are not limited to, for
example, alkali metal borates as corrosion-inhibitors such as
disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,149,985, 2,566,923, 3,960,740,
2,373,570, and 2,815,328; alkali metal sebacates as corrosion
inhibitors such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 2,726,215, U.K.
Patent 1,004,259, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,382,008, 4,561,990, 4,587,028,
and 4,588,513; alkali metal molybdates as corrosion-inhibitors such
as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,147,409 and 4,561,990; alkali
metal mercaptobenzothiazole such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos.
2,815,328, 4,455,248, 4,414,126, and 4,545,925; alkali metal
nitrates as corrosion-inhibitors such as disclosed in U.S. Pat.
Nos. 2,815,328, 4,508,684, 4,455,248, and 4,587,028; tolyltriazole
such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,242,214, 2,587,028,
4,382,008, and U.K. Patent 1,004,259; alkali metal silicates such
as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,815,328, 4,242,214, 4,382,008,
4,382,870, 4,455,248, and 4,149,985, the relevant portions of each
of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
Natural Ingredients
[0361] The heat transfer or antifreeze compositions of the
invention can contain any natural ingredients where appropriate.
Natural ingredients include any natural or nature-derived
ingredients similar in composition or in function to any of the
ingredients listed above.
Deicing Compositions
[0362] The deicing/anti-icing compositions can be used in any
application requiring deicing and/or anti-icing. In some
embodiments, the compositions are used for the removal of, and/or
time-limited protection against, deposits of frost, ice, and/or
snow on exterior aircraft surfaces prior to take off, or on
roadway/runway surfaces. The compositions can be applied through a
commercial deicing/anti-icing vehicle system to the surfaces at
pressures and flow rates normal for intended use.
[0363] In addition to application to aircraft, the compositions can
also be used for other anti-icing/deicing applications, such as,
surfaces of, for example, airport pavements, roadways, walkways,
sidewalks, bridges, entrances, electrical tower structures and
their components, electricity transmission lines, canals, locks,
vessels, nautical components, railroad switches, and motor
vehicles. In addition, the compositions can be used in applications
such as birdbaths, outdoor fountains, decorative ponds, and other
outdoor areas where water freezing would be aesthetically or
functionally unacceptable. In these applications the fluids can
prevent water from freezing during the winter in cold climates with
reduced biological risk to wildlife or domestic animals.
[0364] It is also envisioned that the compositions of the present
invention can be used in either a liquid or a solid format. For
instance, the compound can be prepared as a liquid and sprayed on
or spread on surfaces. Alternatively, it can be prepared in a solid
form and employed as a powder. Optionally, the solid may be further
processed using methods well known in the art, such as, for
example, pelletizing, prilling, flaking, or macerating to provide
the formulation in a final useable powdered or granular form. Any
of the binders known to those skilled in the art optionally may be
present and may either be inert or may be comprised of components
that actively help lower the freezing point. For example, cinders,
sawdust, sand, gravel, sugars, maltodextrins and mixtures thereof
and the like can be used.
[0365] In the methods of the present invention, the deicing and/or
anti-icing compositions of the present invention are applied, such
as by spraying or injecting for liquid forms.
[0366] In the anti-icing or deicing compositions of the invention,
the Bio-PDO or other bio-derived glycol component can be the major
component of the composition, present in amounts up to 100% by
weight based on the weight of the total composition. The amount of
Bio-PDO used in the products is generally the balance after adding
one or more of surfactant, corrosion inhibitors, water, and any
optional ingredients. Deicing/anti-icing fluids preferably contain
from about 10% to about 95% Bio-PDO by weight, and more preferably
from about 25% to about 92%. A typical formulation for aircraft
deicing/anti-icing may include, but is not limited to, the
following components: 25-95% by weight of Bio-PDO or mixture
thereof; and up to 1% each of the following components: at least
one surfactant or surfactant blend, at least one corrosion
inhibitor, a pH control agent, a thickening agent, and a dye. Water
can make up the balance of this formulation. Further details on
alternative formulations and ingredients is provided below.
[0367] In certain embodiments, such as those containing glycerol in
combination with Bio-PDO, the compositions of the invention
preferably contain from about 10% to about 88% glycerol and as
such, from as little as about 1% to about 30% Bio-PDO.
Functional and Other Ingredients
[0368] The deicing/anti-icing products of the invention can include
one or more functional and other ingredients. Functional and other
ingredients useful herein may be categorized or described herein by
their benefit or their postulated mode of action in the deicing or
anti-icing composition. However, it is to be understood that the
functional and other ingredients useful herein can in some
instances provide more than one benefit or operate via more than
one mode of action. Therefore, classifications herein are made for
the sake of convenience and are not intended to limit an ingredient
to the particularly stated application or applications listed.
Surfactants
[0369] A preferred surfactant is a nonionic surfactant; anionic,
cationic, and amphoteric (zwitterionic) surfactants are less
preferred. Some nonlimiting examples of suitable nonionic
surfactants are: alkylphenol ethoxylates (C.sub.12 or lower,
C.sub.8 or lower preferred); fatty or oxo-alcohol
polyethyleneglycol ethers (C.sub.16 or lower, C.sub.6 or lower
preferred); ethylene oxide-propylene oxide polymers (C.sub.80 or
lower, C.sub.2 or lower preferred); fatty alcohol polyglycol ethers
(C.sub.18 or lower, C.sub.8 or lower preferred); polyethoxylates
such as polyoxyethylene ethers; polypropyloxylates such as
polyoxypropylene ethers; sugar-based surfactants such as alkyl
glycosides (e.g., alkyl benzene and tert-butoxyethanol); ethers of
C.sub.1 to C.sub.8 polyethylene oxide repeat units of 2 to 50
polyethylene oxide units (low carbon alkyl group and somewhat
higher carbon ethoxylate group preferred); polyvinyl alcohols
having MW 1000-10,000; and polyvinyl pyrrolidones.
[0370] The nonionic surfactants can be selected from
polyoxyalkylene ethers. Some preferred polyoxyalkylene ethers are
ethers of C.sub.12 to C.sub.18 alcohols with polyethylene oxide
repeat units of 2 to 100 polyethylene oxide units. Such surfactants
include, for example, the Brij.TM. series of surfactants
manufactured by ICI (e.g., Brij 30, 35, 52, 56, 58, 72, 76, 78, 92,
97, 98 and 700). Brij 35 is polyoxyethylene lauryl ether, 718
average MW, having the chemical formula:
CH.sub.3(CH.sub.2).sub.11(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.xH, where x on
average is 23.
[0371] The fluids can contain any suitable amount of surfactant.
Preferably, the fluids contain from about 0.01% to about 0.9%
surfactant by weight, and more preferably from about 0.05% to about
0.5%.
pH Control Agent
[0372] The deicing/anti-icing compositions of the invention can
optionally include one or more pH control agents to maintain the
fluid at constant pH. The compositions can have any suitable pH.
The pH of the compositions can range anywhere from about 3.5 to
about 12, and preferably from about 6 to about 9. The desired pH
can be obtained using inorganic bases such as sodium hydroxide,
ammonium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide, or amines such as
triethanol amine, diethanol amine or monoethanol amine.
[0373] Some nonlimiting examples of suitable buffers include:
phosphate salts (K.sup.+, NH.sub.4.sup.+); pyrophosphates
(Na.sup.+, K.sup.+, NH.sub.4.sup.+); metaphosphates (Na.sup.+,
K.sup.+, NH.sub.4.sup.+); carbonic acid and its salts (Na.sup.+,
K.sup.+, NH.sub.4.sup.+); hydroxylammonium (Na.sup.+, K.sup.+,
NH.sub.4.sup.+); adidic acid and its salts (Na.sup.+, K.sup.+,
NH.sub.4.sup.+); maleic acid and its salts (Na.sup.+, K.sup.+,
NH.sub.4.sup.+); and ascorbic acid and its salts (Na.sup.+,
K.sup.+, NH.sub.4.sup.+).
Defoamers
[0374] Defoamers may also be employed. Any commercially available
defoamer or antifoamer can be used, but particularly preferred
defoamers are a silicone defoamer of Union Carbide Corporation sold
under the trademark SAG, and FOAMBAN.TM. defoamer available from
Ultra Additives Inc., Patterson, N.J. The amount of defoamer to be
used is preferably in the range of from about 0.05% to about 0.5%
by weight based on the weight of the total composition.
Corrosion Inhibitors
[0375] Suitable corrosion inhibitors are known to the art, and
typically comprise mixtures of various functional materials, e.g.,
buffers, chelating agents, and the like, esters of inorganic acids
such as the phosphorus and boron, aromatic triazoles such as tolyl-
and benzyltriazole, and the like, in one or more solvents. A
preferred anticorrosion mixture is that product sold by Sandoz
under the designation "Sandocorin 8132". Those having skill in the
art understand that selection of appropriate corrosion inhibitor
may be made based upon the type of surfaces which the present
compositions are likely to come in contact with, and how long and
under what conditions they are likely to remain on that
surface.
[0376] Suitable corrosion inhibitors include those belonging to the
group comprising inorganic metal salts, alkali metal salts of fatty
acids, monoalkyl amines and dialkyl amines optionally
alkoxylated--and salts thereof, alkanol amines--optionally
alkoxylated and salts thereof, esters of phosphorus acid or of
phosphoric acid, and triazoles. The amount of corrosion inhibitor
to be used is preferably in the range of from about 0.05% to about
0.8% by weight based on the weight of the total composition.
Thickening Agents
[0377] Thickening agents can be used in the compositions of the
invention, and often comprise polymeric water-activated thickening
agents. Thickening agents will typically comprise between 0.1 and
15.0 weight percent of the total composition. Examples include
polysaccharide thickeners, natural gum thickeners, marine algae
colloids, and cellulose ether thickeners. A preferred thickener is
a polysaccharide known generically as Xanthan Gum.
Oils
[0378] The composition can optionally contain at least one
non-polar oil, such as aliphatic and aromatic oils such as mineral
oil, paraffin oil, silicone oil, and propylene oxide/ethylene oxide
copolymers. The amount of such oils is frequently in the range of
from about 0.01% to about 5% by weight based on the total weight of
the composition. The preferred range is between 0.1% to 1.0% by
weight based on the total weight of the composition.
Thermal Stabilizing Agents
[0379] The deicing/anti-icing products can further include a
material that improves the thermal stability of the material. Any
suitable material having these properties can be used, for example
certain of the phosphate salts. A particular example is a mixture
of mono-basic sodium phosphate and di-basic sodium phosphate, such
as the monohydrate mono-basic and heptahydrate di-basic sodium
phosphates.
[0380] The products can contain any suitable amount of the
buffer/freezing point depressant. The fluids preferably contain
from about 0.02% to about 2% mono-basic sodium phosphate and from
about 0.02% to about 2% di-basic sodium phosphate by weight, more
preferably from about 0.3% to about 1.5% mono-basic sodium
phosphate and from about 0.3% to about 1.5% di-basic sodium
phosphate.
Anti-Microbial Agents
[0381] The deicing/anti-icing products can optionally include one
or more anti-microbial agents. Some nonlimiting examples of
suitable anti-microbial agents include: sodium azide; quaternary
ammonium compounds (e.g.,
2-methyl-4,5-trimethylene-4-isothizoline-3-one; n-alkyl dimethyl
benzyl ammonium X.sup.- [where alkyl carbon number is C.sub.12-18];
n-alkyl trimethyl ammonium X.sup.- [where alkyl carbon number is
C.sub.12-18]; dialkyl dimethyl ammonium X.sup.- [where alkyl carbon
number is C.sub.12-18]; octyl decyl dimethyl ammonium X.sup.-
[where X.sup.- is Cl.sup.-, Br.sup.-, I.sub.3.sup.-,
HCO.sub.3.sup.-, CO.sub.3.sup.2-, phosphates, phosphonates, OH,
carboxylates, polycarboxylates]); M.sup.+ benzoates (where M.sup.+
is Na.sup.+, K.sup.+, NH.sub.4.sup.+; alkyl dimethyl benzyl
ammonium chlorides; and alkyl dimethyl benzyl/ethyl benzyl ammonium
chlorides.
Fire Retardants
[0382] The deicing/anti-icing products can also optionally include
one or more flame and/or corrosion inhibitors. Some common
additives used for both fire and corrosion inhibition include
sodium tolyltriazole and 1H-benzotriazole, methyl.
Vinylpyrrolidone
[0383] In another embodiment of the invention, the
deicing/anti-icing fluids include a biobased freezing point
depressant as described above, in combination with a
vinylpyrrolidone polymer having a molecular weight between about
10,000 and about 700,000, and water. By "vinylpyrrolidone polymer"
is meant a homopolymer or a copolymer of vinylpyrrolidone, or a
derivative thereof. Suitable derivatives of vinylpyrrolidine
polymer may include alkylated polyvinylpyrrolidones, 2-menthyl.
Preferably, the vinylpyrrolidone polymer is
polyvinylpyrrolidone.
[0384] The vinylpyrrolidone polymer preferably has a molecular
weight between about 10,000 and about 700,000, and preferably not
greater than about 360,000. It is believed that higher molecular
weight vinylpyrrolidone polymers may produce deicing/anti-icing
fluids having less desirable properties, particularly for aircraft
and runway deicing.
[0385] The deicing/anti-icing products can contain any suitable
amount of the vinylpyrrolidone polymer. Typically, the products
contain about 5% or less vinylpyrrolidone polymer, and usually
between about 0.1% and about 3%.
[0386] Advantageously, the vinylpyrrolidone polymer often functions
as both a thickener and a surfactant in the fluid. Consequently,
products having desirable properties can be produced using a
minimal number of ingredients. However, optionally the products can
also contain other ingredients such as an antioxidant and/or a
second surfactant.
Aqueous Solvents
[0387] The deicing/anti-icing products can also include an aqueous
solvent (i.e. water) in any suitable amount, usually in an amount
of from about 30% to about 70% by weight. It should be noted that
the percentages of ingredients given herein are based on a
ready-to-use products. The products of the invention can also be
provided in a concentrate formulation, in which case the percentage
of aqueous solvent will decrease (e.g., the concentrate may contain
from about 5% to about 20% water) and the percentages of other
materials will increase accordingly.
Colorants or Dyes
[0388] The deicing/anti-icing products can also include an
colorants or dyes in any suitable amount, usually in an amount up
to 0.25% by volume of the formulation.
Esters
[0389] Esters can function as many of the above noted ingredients.
While those in those having skill in the art can readily determine
which esters are most appropriate to provide a particularly desired
function, applications specifically note that esters used in this
invention may include the esters produced, including all the
appropriate conjugate mono and diesters, from biologically-derived
1,3 propanediol using organic carboxylic acids. Some esters in
particular that are produced include propanediol distearate and
monostearate, propandiol dilaurate and monolaurate, propanediol
dioleate and monooleate, propanediol divalerate and monovalerate,
propanediol dicaprylate and monocaprylate, propanediol dimyristate
and monomyristate, propanediol dipalmitate and monopalmitate,
propanediol dibehenate and monobehenate, propanediol adipate,
propanediol maleate, propanediol dioxalate, propanediol dibenzoate,
propanediol diacetate, and all mixtures thereof.
Miscellaneous Additives
[0390] The composition may also contain various other functional
ingredients such as UV inhibitors, odor-modification agents,
stabilizers and the like. Each of these components will typically
comprise less than 1.0 weight percent of the total composition.
[0391] In specific applications, certain embodiments of the present
invention are especially preferred due to certain regulatory or
industry guidelines. For example, in the deicing and/or anti-icing
of aircraft, it is preferred to use deicing and/or anti-icing
fluids of Bio-PDO, water; a mixture of Bio-PDO and other
bio-derived glycols and water, or a mixture of Bio-PDO,
petrochemically derived glycols, and water. agents of methyl
glucoside; a mixture of sorbitol and Bio-PDO; or a mixture of
methyl glucoside, sorbitol and Bio-PDO with sodium lactate and/or
potassium lactate.
[0392] For the deicing and/or anti-icing of runways, it may be
preferable to use deicing and/or anti-icing agents of sodium
lactate; potassium lactate; a mixture of sodium lactate and
potassium lactate; a hydroxyl-containing organic compound in
combination with sodium lactate, potassium lactate and/or potassium
acetate as well as Bio-PDO; a mixture of sodium lactate and/or
potassium lactate with potassium acetate; or potassium carbonate
and Bio-PDO.
[0393] For de-icing and/or anti-icing of pre-harvest fruits and
vegetables, such as fruit trees or grape vines, it may be
preferable to use de-icing and/or anti-icing agents of a
hydroxyl-containing organic compound in combination with Bio-PDO
and an organic acid salt, particularly a lactate salt.\
[0394] The deicing and anti-icing compositions of the invention can
contain any natural ingredients where appropriate. Natural
ingredients include any natural or nature-derived ingredients
similar in composition or in function to any of the ingredients
listed above.
Food Compositions
[0395] The food compositions of the invention include a food or
food component consisting of one or more food ingredients. Further,
a food composition includes human food, substances migrating to
food from food-contact articles, beverages, pet food, and animal
feed compositions.
[0396] A "food ingredient" includes any ingredient that can be used
in a food composition. It is preferred that an ingredient be of
appropriate food grade; that it be prepared and handled as a food
ingredient; and that the quantity of the ingredient added to food
does not exceed the amount reasonably required to accomplish the
intended physical, nutritional, or other technical effect in
food.
[0397] Food compositions of the invention can comprise from 0.1% to
100% Bio-PDO by weight, and more preferably from about 2% to about
97% Bio-PDO by weight. A typical food composition formulation of
the present invention could include 2% to 97% Bio-PDO and 3% to 98%
of one or more ingredients.
[0398] In the food compositions of the invention, the Bio-PDO can
be an anticaking agent, free-flow agent, antioxidant, dough
strengthener, emulsifier, emulsifier salt, flavoring agent,
flavoring adjuvant, formulation aid, humectant, processing aid,
solvent, vehicle, stabilizer, thickener, surface-active agent,
and/or texturizer.
[0399] As they relate to the function of the Bio-PDO in the food
compositions of the invention, the following definitions are
applicable.
[0400] "Anticaking agents and free-flow agents" are generally
defined as substances added to finely powdered or crystalline food
products to prevent caking, lumping, or agglomeration.
[0401] "Antioxidants" are generally defined as substances used to
preserve food by retarding deterioration, rancidity, or
discoloration due to oxidation.
[0402] "Dough strengtheners" are generally defined as substances
used to modify starch and gluten, thereby producing a more stable
dough, including the applicable effects listed by the National
Academy of Sciences/National Research Council under "dough
conditioner."
[0403] "Emulsifiers and emulsifier salts" are generally defined as
substances which modify surface tension in the component phase of
an emulsion to establish a uniform dispersion or emulsion.
[0404] "Flavoring agents and adjuvants" are generally defined as
substances added to impart or help impart a taste or aroma in
food.
[0405] "Formulation aids" are generally defined as substances used
to promote or produce a desired physical state or texture in food,
including carriers, binders, fillers, plasticizers, film-formers,
and tableting aids, etc.
[0406] "Humectants" are generally defined as hygroscopic substances
incorporated in food to promote retention of moisture, including
moisture-retention agents and antidusting agents.
[0407] "Processing aids" are generally defined as substances used
as manufacturing aids to enhance the appeal or utility of a food or
food component, including clarifying agents, clouding agents,
catalysts, flocculents, filter aids, and crystallization
inhibitors, etc.
[0408] "Solvents and vehicles" are generally defined as substances
used to extract or dissolve another substance.
[0409] "Stabilizers and thickeners" are generally defined as
substances used to produce viscous solutions or dispersions, to
impart body, improve consistency, or stabilize emulsions, including
suspending and bodying agents, setting agents, jellying agents, and
bulking agents, etc.
[0410] "Surface-active agents" are generally defined as substances
used to modify surface properties of liquid food components for a
variety of effects, other than emulsifiers, but including
solubilizing agents, dispersants, detergents, wetting agents,
rehydration enhancers, whipping agents, foaming agents, and
defoaming agents, etc.
[0411] "Texturizers" are generally defined as substances which
affect the appearance or feel of the food.
Food Ingredients
[0412] As described above, in a preferred embodiment, the food
composition of the invention comprises the 1,3-propanediol of the
invention and at least one food ingredient. Below is a non-limiting
description of ingredients that can be used in the food
compositions of the invention.
[0413] The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Center for Food
Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN) maintains a database ("EAFUS:
A Food Additive database";
http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/.about.dms/eafus.html) under an ongoing
program known as the Priority-based Assessment of Food Additives
(PAFA). PAFA contains administrative, chemical and toxicological
information on over 2000 substances directly added to food,
including substances regulated by the U.S. FDA as direct,
"secondary" direct, and color additives, and Generally Recognized
As Safe (GRAS) and prior-sanctioned substances. In addition, the
database contains only administrative and chemical information on
less than 1000 such substances. The more than 3000 total substances
together comprise an inventory often referred to as "Everything"
Added to Food in the United States (EAFUS). It is contemplated that
all ingredients listed in the EAFUS can be used as ingredients in
the food compositions of the invention, and those having skill in
the art can readily determine appropriate ingredients for
particular food products. The EAFUS Food Additive Database
described above is herein incorporated by reference in its
entirety.
[0414] The EAFUS list of substances contains ingredients added
directly to food that FDA has either approved as food additives or
listed or affirmed as GRAS. Nevertheless, it contains only a
partial list of all food ingredients that may in fact be lawfully
added to food, because under federal law some ingredients may be
added to food under a GRAS determination made independently from
the FDA. The list contains many, but not all, of the substances
subject to independent GRAS determinations. For information about
the GRAS notification program please consult the Inventory of GRAS
Notifications. Additional information on the status of Food and
Color Additives can be obtained from the Food Additive Status List
or the Color Additive Status List (formerly called Appendix A of
the Investigations Operations Manual).
[0415] The following summary is copied directly from the EAFUS Food
d Additive Database and lists certain types of common food
ingredients, why they are used, and some examples of the names that
can be found on product labels. Some additives are used for more
than one purpose.
[0416] The ingredient listings below are organized as follows:
Ingredient Category
[0417] Ingredient Function [0418] Food Category [0419] Ingredient
Example
[0420] Preservatives [0421] Prevent food spoilage from bacteria,
molds, fungi, or yeast (antimicrobials); slow or prevent changes in
color, flavor, or texture and delay rancidity (antioxidants);
maintain freshness [0422] Fruit sauces and jellies, beverages,
baked goods, cured meats, oils and margarines, cereals, dressings,
snack foods, fruits and vegetables [0423] Ascorbic acid, citric
acid, sodium benzoate, calcium propionate, sodium erythorbate,
sodium nitrite, calcium sorbate, potassium sorbate, BHA, BHT, EDTA,
tocopherols (Vitamin E)
[0424] Sweeteners [0425] Add sweetness with or without the extra
calories [0426] Beverages, baked goods, confections, table-top
sugar, substitutes, many processed foods [0427] Sucrose (sugar),
glucose, fructose, sorbitol, mannitol, corn syrup, high fructose
corn syrup, saccharin, aspartame, sucralose, acesulfame potassium
(acesulfame-K), neotame
[0428] Color Additives [0429] Offset color loss due to exposure to
light, air, temperature extremes, moisture and storage conditions;
correct natural variations in color; enhance colors that occur
naturally; provide color to colorless and "fun" foods [0430] Many
processed foods, (candies, snack foods margarine, cheese, soft
drinks, jams/jellies, gelatins, pudding and pie fillings) [0431]
FD&C Blue Nos. 1 and 2, FD&C Green No. 3, FD&C Red Nos.
3 and 40, FD&C Yellow Nos. 5 and 6, Orange B, Citrus Red No. 2,
annatto extract, beta-carotene, grape skin extract, cochineal
extract or carmine, paprika oleoresin, caramel color, fruit and
vegetable juices, saffron (Note: Exempt color additives are not
required to be declared by name on labels but may be declared
simply as colorings or color added)
[0432] Flavors and Spices [0433] Add specific flavors (natural and
synthetic) [0434] Pudding and pie fillings, gelatin dessert mixes,
cake mixes, salad dressings, candies, soft drinks, ice cream, BBQ
sauce [0435] Natural flavoring, artificial flavor, and spices
[0436] Flavor Enhancers [0437] Enhance flavors already present in
foods (without providing their own separate flavor) [0438] Many
processed foods [0439] Monosodium glutamate (MSG), hydrolyzed soy
protein, autolyzed yeast extract, disodium guanylate or
inosinate
[0440] Fat Replacers (and Components of Formulations Used to
Replace Fats) [0441] Provide expected texture and a creamy
"mouth-feel" in reduced-fat foods [0442] Baked goods, dressings,
frozen desserts, confections, cake and dessert mixes, dairy
products [0443] Olestra, cellulose gel, carrageenan, polydextrose,
modified food starch, microparticulated egg white protein, guar
gum, xanthan gum, whey protein concentrate
[0444] Nutrients [0445] Replace vitamins and minerals lost in
processing (enrichment), add nutrients that may be lacking in the
diet (fortification) [0446] Flour, breads, cereals, rice, macaroni,
margarine, salt, milk, fruit beverages, energy bars, instant
breakfast drinks [0447] Thiamine hydrochloride, riboflavin (Vitamin
B2), niacin, niacinamide, folate or folic acid, beta carotene,
potassium iodide, iron or ferrous sulfate, alpha tocopherols,
ascorbic acid, Vitamin D, amino acids (L-ryptophan, L-lysine,
L-leucine, L-methionine)
[0448] Emulsifiers [0449] Allow smooth mixing of ingredients,
prevent separation. Keep emulsified products stable, reduce
stickiness, control crystallization, keep ingredients dispersed,
and to help products dissolve more easily [0450] Salad dressings,
peanut butter, chocolate, margarine, frozen desserts [0451] Soy
lecithin, mono- and diglycerides, egg yolks, polysorbates, sorbitan
monostearate
[0452] Stabilizers and Thickeners, Binders, Texturizers [0453]
Produce uniform texture, improve "mouth-feel" [0454] Frozen
desserts, dairy products, cakes, pudding and gelatin mixes,
dressings, jams and jellies, sauces [0455] Gelatin, pectin, guar
gum, carrageenan, xanthan gum, whey
[0456] pH Control Agents and Acidulants [0457] Control acidity and
alkalinity, prevent spoilage [0458] Beverages, frozen desserts,
chocolate, low acid canned foods, baking powder [0459] Lactic acid,
citric acid, ammonium hydroxide, sodium carbonate
[0460] Leavening Agents [0461] Promote rising of baked goods [0462]
Breads and other baked goods [0463] Baking soda, monocalcium
phosphate, calcium carbonate
[0464] Anti-Caking Agents [0465] Keep powdered foods free-flowing,
prevent moisture absorption [0466] Salt, baking powder,
confectioner's sugar [0467] Calcium silicate, iron ammonium
citrate, silicon dioxide
[0468] Humectants [0469] Retain moisture [0470] Shredded coconut,
marshmallows, soft candies, confections [0471] Glycerin, sorbitol,
Propylene Glycol
[0472] Yeast Nutrients [0473] Promote growth of yeast [0474] Breads
and other baked goods [0475] Calcium sulfate, ammonium
phosphate
[0476] Dough Strengtheners and Conditioners [0477] Produce more
stable dough [0478] Breads and other baked goods [0479] Ammonium
sulfate, azodicarbonamide, L-cysteine
[0480] Firming Agents [0481] Maintain crispness and firmness [0482]
Processed fruits and vegetables [0483] Calcium chloride, calcium
lactate
[0484] Enzyme Preparations [0485] Modify proteins, polysaccharides
and fats [0486] Cheese, dairy products, meat [0487] Enzymes,
lactase, papain, rennet, chymosin
[0488] Gases [0489] Serve as propellant, aerate, or create
carbonation [0490] Oil cooking spray, whipped cream, carbonated
beverages [0491] Carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide
[0492] In addition, esters can function as many of the above noted
ingredients. While those in those having skill in the art can
readily determine which esters are most appropriate to provide a
particularly desired function, applications specifically note that
esters used in this invention may include the esters produced,
including all the appropriate conjugate mono and diesters, from
biologically-derived 1,3 propanediol using organic carboxylic
acids. Some esters in particular that are produced include
propanediol distearate and monostearate, propandiol dilaurate and
monolaurate, propanediol dioleate and monooleate, propanediol
divalerate and monovalerate, propanediol dicaprylate and
monocaprylate, propanediol dimyristate and monomyristate,
propanediol dipalmitate and monopalmitate, propanediol dibehenate
and monobehenate, propanediol adipate, propanediol maleate,
propanediol dioxalate, propanediol dibenzoate, propanediol
diacetate, and all mixtures thereof.
[0493] The food compositions of the invention can contain any
natural ingredients where appropriate. Natural ingredients include
any natural or nature-derived ingredients similar in composition or
in function to any of the ingredients listed above.
Food and Beverage Applications
[0494] Below is a non-limiting listing of food compositions of the
invention comprising the 1,3-propanediol of the invention:
[0495] Herbs, seeds, spices, seasonings, blends, extracts, and
flavorings, including all natural and artificial spices, blends,
and flavors, containing up to about 97% by weight Bio-PDO by
weight.
[0496] Confections and frostings, including candy and flavored
frostings, marshmallows, baking chocolate, and brown, lump, rock,
maple, powdered, and raw sugars containing up to about 24% Bio-PDO
by weight.
[0497] Alcoholic beverages, including malt beverages, wines,
distilled liquors, and cocktail mix containing up to about 5%
Bio-PDO by weight.
[0498] Nuts and nut products, including whole or shelled tree nuts,
peanuts, coconut, and nut and peanut spreads, containing up to
about 5% Bio-PDO by weight.
[0499] Frozen dairy desserts and mixes, including ice cream, ice
milks, sherbets, and other frozen dairy desserts and specialties,
containing up to about 2.5% Bio-PDO by weight.
[0500] Baked goods and baking mixes, including all ready-to-eat and
ready-to-bake products, flours, and mixes requiring preparation
before serving, containing up to about 2% bio-PDO by weight.
[0501] Nonalcoholic beverages and beverage bases, including only
special or spiced teas, soft drinks, coffee substitutes, and fruit
and vegetable flavored gelatin drinks, containing up to about 2%
Bio-PDO by weight.
[0502] Breakfast cereals, including ready-to-eat and instant and
regular hot cereals, containing up to about 2% Bio-PDO by
weight.
[0503] Cheeses, including curd and whey cheeses, cream, natural,
grating, processed, spread, dip, and miscellaneous cheeses,
containing up to about 2% Bio-PDO by weight.
[0504] Chewing gum, including all forms, containing up to about 2%
Bio-PDO by weight.
[0505] Coffee and tea, including regular, decaffeinated, and
instant types, containing up to about 2% Bio-PDO by weight.
[0506] Condiments and relishes, including plain seasoning sauces
and spreads, olives, pickles, and relishes, but not spices or
herbs, containing up to about 2% Bio-PDO by weight.
[0507] Dairy product analogs, including nondairy milk, frozen or
liquid creamers, coffee whiteners, toppings, and other nondairy
products, containing up to about 2% Bio-PDO by weight.
[0508] Egg products, including liquid, frozen, or dried eggs, and
egg dishes made therefrom, i.e., egg roll, egg foo young, egg
salad, and frozen multicourse egg meals, but not fresh eggs,
containing up to about 2% Bio-PDO by weight.
[0509] Fats and oils, including margarine, dressings for salads,
butter, salad oils, shortenings and cooking oils, containing up to
about 2% Bio-PDO by weight.
[0510] Fish products, including all prepared main dishes, salads,
appetizers, frozen multicourse meals, and spreads containing fish,
shellfish, and other aquatic animals, but not fresh fish,
containing up to about 2% Bio-PDO by weight.
[0511] Fresh eggs, including cooked eggs and egg dishes made only
from fresh shell eggs, containing up to about 2% Bio-PDO by
weight.
[0512] Fresh fish, including only fresh and frozen fish, shellfish,
and other aquatic animals, containing up to about 2% Bio-PDO by
weight.
[0513] Fresh fruits and fruit juices, including only raw fruits,
citrus, melons, and berries, and home-prepared "ades" and punches
made therefrom, containing up to about 2% Bio-PDO by weight.
[0514] Fresh meats, including only fresh or home-frozen beef or
veal, pork, lamb or mutton and home-prepared fresh meat-containing
dishes, salads, appetizers, or sandwich spreads made therefrom,
containing up to about 2% Bio-PDO by weight.
[0515] Fresh poultry, including only fresh or home-frozen poultry
and game birds and home-prepared fresh poultry-containing dishes,
salads, appetizers, or sandwich spreads made therefrom, containing
up to about 2% Bio-PDO by weight.
[0516] Fresh vegetables, tomatoes, and potatoes, including only
fresh and home-prepared vegetables, containing up to about 2%
Bio-PDO by weight.
[0517] Fruit and water ices, including all frozen fruit and water
ices, containing up to about 2% Bio-PDO by weight.
[0518] Gelatins, puddings, and fillings, including flavored gelatin
desserts, puddings, custards, parfaits, pie fillings, and gelatin
base salads, containing up to about 2% Bio-PDO by weight.
[0519] Grain products and pastas, including macaroni and noodle
products, rice dishes, and frozen multicourse meals, without meat
or vegetables, containing up to about 2% Bio-PDO by weight.
[0520] Gravies and sauces, including all meat sauces and gravies,
and tomato, milk, buttery, and specialty sauces, containing up to
about 2% Bio-PDO by weight.
[0521] Hard candy and cough drops, including all hard type candies,
containing up to about 2% Bio-PDO by weight.
[0522] Jams and jellies, home-prepared, including only
home-prepared jams, jellies, fruit butters, preserves, and sweet
spreads, containing up to about 2% Bio-PDO by weight.
[0523] Jams and jellies, commercial, including only commercially
processed jams, jellies, fruit butters, preserves, and sweet
spreads, containing up to about 2% Bio-PDO by weight.
[0524] Meat products, including all meats and meat containing
dishes, salads, appetizers, frozen multicourse meat meals, and
sandwich ingredients prepared by commercial processing or using
commercially processed meats with home preparation, containing up
to about 2% Bio-PDO by weight.
[0525] Milk, whole and skim, including only whole, lowfat, and skim
fluid milks, containing up to about 2% Bio-PDO by weight.
[0526] Milk products, including flavored milks and milk drinks, dry
milks, toppings, snack dips, spreads, weight control milk
beverages, and other milk origin products, containing up to about
2% Bio-PDO by weight.
[0527] Plant protein products, including the National Academy of
Sciences/National Research Council "reconstituted vegetable
protein" category, and meat, poultry, and fish substitutes,
analogs, and extender products made from plant proteins, containing
up to about 2% Bio-PDO by weight.
[0528] Poultry products, including all poultry and
poultry-containing dishes, salads, appetizers, frozen multicourse
poultry meals, and sandwich ingredients prepared by commercial
processing or using commercially processed poultry with home
preparation, containing up to about 2% Bio-PDO by weight.
[0529] Processed fruits and fruit juices, including all
commercially processed fruits, citrus, berries, and mixtures;
salads, juices and juice punches, concentrates, dilutions, "ades",
and drink substitutes made therefrom, containing up to about 2%
Bio-PDO by weight.
[0530] Processed vegetables and vegetable juices, including all
commercially processed vegetables, vegetable dishes, frozen
multicourse vegetable meals, and vegetable juices and blends,
containing up to about 2% Bio-PDO by weight.
[0531] Snack foods, including chips, pretzels, and other novelty
snacks, containing up to about 2% Bio-PDO by weight.
[0532] Soft candy, including candy bars, chocolates, fudge, mints,
and other chewy or nougat candies, containing up to about 2%
Bio-PDO by weight.
[0533] Soups, home-prepared, including meat, fish, poultry,
vegetable, and combination home-prepared soups, containing up to
about 2% Bio-PDO by weight.
[0534] Soups and soup mixes, including commercially prepared meat,
fish, poultry, vegetable, and combination soups and soup mixes,
containing up to about 2% Bio-PDO by weight.
[0535] Sugar, white, granulated, including only white granulated
sugar, containing up to about 2% Bio-PDO by weight.
[0536] Sugar substitutes, including granulated, liquid, and tablet
sugar substitutes, containing up to about 2% Bio-PDO by weight.
[0537] Sweet sauces, toppings, and syrups, including chocolate,
berry, fruit, corn syrup, and maple sweet sauces and toppings,
containing up to about 2% Bio-PDO by weight.
INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS
[0538] Biologically-derived 1,3-propanediol is also useful in
industrial and other miscellaneous applications wherein
biodegradability is an issue. Examples of industrial applications
include: agriculture, automotive, coatings, paints, inks,
construction and foundry, mining, petroleum, pharmaceutical
plastics, pulp & paper, rubber, synthetic lubricants, textiles
and fibers, water treatment and cryogenic preservation, among
others.
[0539] In agricultural applications, Bio-PDO can function as an
irrigation aid and/or a pesticide (emulsifier, spreader, sticking
agent, and foaming agent) in end uses such as pesticides
(herbicide, insecticide, fungicide), fertilizers, animal feeds, and
soil amendments. The general amount of Bio-PDO in such compositions
can range from about 0.1% to about 80% by weight.
[0540] In automotive application, Bio-PDO can function as a
surfactant, solvent, or thickener in end uses such as vehicle
washes, waxes & polishes. The general amount of Bio-PDO in such
compositions can range from about 0.1% to about 50% by weight.
[0541] In coating and paint, Bio-PDO can function as a solvent,
stabilizer, dispersant, or anti-freeze agent in end uses such as
varnish, antimicrobials, pharmaceuticals, textiles, rubber, etc.
The general amount of Bio-PDO in such compositions can range from
about 1% to about 50% by weight.
[0542] In inks, Bio-PDO can function as an emulsion, polymerizer,
stabilizer, dispersant and/or wetting agent in end uses such as
printing and tattoos. The general amount of Bio-PDO in such
compositions can range from about 1% to about 50% by weight.
[0543] In mining applications, Bio-PDO can function as a lubricant,
solvent, or humectant, in end uses such as drilling and hydraulic
fluid. The general amount of Bio-PDO in such compositions can range
from about 1% to about 75% by weight.
[0544] In petroleum applications, Bio-PDO can function as a
dessicant, emulsifier, demulsifier, corrosion inhibitor, lubricant,
surfactant, biocide and/or defoamer, in end uses such as well
drilling fluid, oil production, cementing and stimulation. The
general amount of Bio-PDO in such compositions can range from about
0.5% to about 50% by weight.
[0545] In pharmaceutical applications, Bio-PDO can function as an
emulsifier, stabilizer, solvent, or antimicrobial in end uses such
as drug carriers (tablets, capsules, liquids, gums). The general
amount of Bio-PDO in such compositions can range from about 0.5% to
about 95% by weight.
[0546] In pulp & paper applications, Bio-PDO can function as an
emulsifier, digestion, deinking, defoaming, biocide, solubilizer,
or dispersant in end uses such as treatment & processing. The
general amount of Bio-PDO in such compositions can range from about
0.1% to about 5% by weight.
[0547] In synthetic lubricants, Bio-PDO can functions as a cleaner,
corrosion inhibitor, or lubricant in end uses such as engine
compressor, hydraulics, oil drilling, metal working fluid, rolling
oils, wire extrusion, plate rolling, and sheet metal processing.
The general amount of Bio-PDO in such compositions can range from
about 0.5% to about 50% by weight.
[0548] In water treatment applications, Bio-PDO can function as an
antimicrobial, biocide, surfactant, or foam control agent in end
uses such as agriculture, pulp & paper, oil production,
personal care, detergents, etc. The general amount of Bio-PDO in
such compositions can range from about 0.1% to about 50% by
weight.
[0549] The Bio-PDO can also function as a humectant or in ester
form in applications such as, for example, agricultural
applications to increase uptake of actives, in tobacco handling to
maintain softness, moisture retention and minimize dust formation,
in ink, and in pharmaceutical transdermal applications; as a
solvent for the spinning of poly(vinyl alcohol); as a low VOC
(volatile organic compound) paint stripper; as a lubricant for
synthetic fiber spinning; and as a stripping solution for
electronic components; as a liquid dessicant in the dehydration of
natural gas during production and transportation.
[0550] In paint compositions, the glycol component typically is a
compatabilizer, a reactive diluent or improves the application
properties because of its slow evaporation rate. Exemplary paint
compositions include, but are not limited to, water-based (latex)
architectural coatings, especially semi-gloss paints. Glycols are
present in the aforementioned paint compositions in amounts well
known to those of ordinary skill in the appropriate art, typically
up to about 20% by weight based on the weight of the total
composition. A typical formulation latex paint formulation may
include, but is not limited to, the following components: 1 to 20%
by weight of glycol, 20 to 60% by weight of latex emulsion, 0 to
30% by weight of fillers and up to 20% of the following additives:
coalescing agents, surfactants, defoamers, stabilizers, biocides
and thickeners.
[0551] Bio-PDO can also be used in certain biodegradable plastic
applications.
[0552] Bio-PDO can further be used as a low toxic, vitrifying,
bio-derived cell/tissue/organ (for human, animal and plant)
cryoprotectant material.
[0553] Esters can function as many of the above noted ingredients.
While those in those having skill in the art can readily determine
which esters are most appropriate to provide a particularly desired
function, applications specifically note that esters used in this
invention may include the esters produced, including all the
appropriate conjugate mono and diesters, from biologically-derived
1,3 propanediol using organic carboxylic acids. Some esters in
particular that are produced include propanediol distearate and
monostearate, propandiol dilaurate and monolaurate, propanediol
dioleate and monooleate, propanediol divalerate and monovalerate,
propanediol dicaprylate and monocaprylate, propanediol dimyristate
and monomyristate, propanediol dipalmitate and monopalmitate,
propanediol dibehenate and monobehenate, propanediol adipate,
propanediol maleate, propanediol dioxalate, propanediol dibenzoate,
propanediol diacetate, and all mixtures thereof.
[0554] The industrial compositions of the invention can contain any
natural ingredients where appropriate. Natural ingredients include
any natural or nature-derived ingredients similar in composition or
in function to any of the ingredients listed above.
[0555] All of the compositions and methods disclosed and claimed
herein can be made and executed without undue experimentation in
light of the present disclosure. While the compositions and methods
of the present disclosure have been described in terms of preferred
embodiments, it will be apparent to those of skill in the art that
variations may be applied to the compositions and methods and in
the steps or in the sequence of steps of the method described
herein without departing from the concept, spirit, and scope of the
invention. More specifically, it will be apparent that certain
agents, which are chemically related, may be substituted for the
agents described herein while the same or similar results would be
achieved. All such similar substitutes and modifications apparent
to those skilled in the art are deemed to be within the spirit,
scope, and concept of the invention as defined by the appended
claims.
EXAMPLES
[0556] The present invention is further defined in the following
Examples. It should be understood that these Examples, while
indicating preferred embodiments of the invention, are given by way
of illustration only. From the above discussion and these Examples,
one skilled in the art can ascertain the preferred features of this
invention, and without departing from the spirit and scope thereof,
can make various changes and modifications of the invention to
adapt it to various uses and conditions.
Example 1
[0557] TABLE-US-00003 Renewably-based, biodegradable
1,3-Propanediol in Cosmetic Emulsion Ingredients: % Wt. Phase A
Water, deionized 61.34 Tetrasodium EDTA 0.10 Bio-PDO 5.00 Carbopol
980 (2% solution) 10.00 Phase B Puresyn .RTM. 2 5.00 Lipomulse
.RTM. 165 2.50 Stearic Acid XXX 2.50 Cetearyl Alcohol 0.50
Dimethicone DC 200-100 1.00 Phase C NaOH (20% solution) qs to Ph
7.0-7.5 1.06 Phase D Germaben II 1.00
[0558] Phase A was combined at 75.degree. C. Phase B was combined
at 75.degree. C. Phase B was added to Phase A. Phase C was then
added to the Phase A/B. Phase A/B/C was cooled to 40.degree. C. and
then Phase D was added. Ph was adjusted to 7.0-7.5 with Phase C.
The formulation produced was a smooth white and apparently stable
emulsion.
[0559] RESULTS--Ph 7.38, viscosity 12000 cps at 20 RPM
[0560] Oven stability was examined. Results were deemed
acceptable.
[0561] Freeze/thaw stability was also examined. Freeze/thaw
stability was deemed acceptable.
[0562] The viscosity of the cosmetic emulsion containing
biologically-derived 1,3-propanediol was on par with that of
propylene glycol (12600 cps) and higher than that of 1,3-butylene
glycol (6000 cps) or 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol (9600 cps).
Example 2
[0563] TABLE-US-00004 Renewably-based, biodegradable
1,3-Propanediol in Clear Face and Hand Lotion Ingredients: % Wt.
Deionized water 66.20 Bio-PDO 16.00 Ritasail 190 (RITA)
(dimethicone copolyol) 2.00 Pationic .RTM. 122A (RITA) (sodium
caproyl lactylate 3.80 21.1% aqueous) Rhodapex .RTM. ESY (Rhodia)
(sodium laureth sulfate 4.00 26% aqueous) Germaben II (ISP/Sutton)
(propylene glycol, 1.00 diazolidinyl urea, methylparaben and
propylparaben) Tetrasodium EDTA 5% aqueous 1.00 Aculyn .RTM. 22
(ISP/Rohm & Haas) (acrylates/steareth-20 5.00 Methacrylate
copolymer 25% aqueous) Triethanolamine 1.00 Fragrance q.s.
[0564] Procedure: Ingredients are combined in order as listed.
[0565] Properties: Ph: 7.0 viscosity: 6,780 cps TABLE-US-00005
Renewably-based, biodegradable 1,3-Propanediol in Hand and Body
Cream Ingredients: % Wt. Deionized water 75.49 Cellosize .RTM. PCG
10 (Amerchol) 0.20 Trisodium EDTA (Universal Preserv-A-Chem) 0.10
Bio-PDO 6.50 Shebu .RTM. Refined (RITA) (shea butter) 2.00 Arlacel
.RTM. 60 (Uniqema) 4.00 MYRJ .RTM. 52S (Uniqema) 0.50 Glycol
stearate (Stepan) 2.00 DC SF 200/350 (Dow Corning) 4.00 Isopropyl
palmitate (Stepan) 3.00 Vitamin A palmitate (Roche) 0.01 Aloe vera
gel (Bio-Botanica) 0.50 Cucumber extract (Bio-Botanica) 0.50 Ginko
biloba extract (Bio-Botanica) 0.50 Red Clover extract
(Bio-Botanica) 0.50 Biopein .RTM. (Bio-Botanica) 0.20
[0566] Procedure: Disperse Cellosize.RTM. PCG 10 into deionized
water with mixing. Add trisodium EDTA and Bio-PDO.TM. with mixing
and heat to 80.degree. C. Add the next seven items and continue
mixing until uniform. Remove heat and allow to cool. At 30.degree.
C., add aloe vera gel, cucumber extract, ginkgo biloba extract and
red clover extract. Add Biopein.RTM. and mix until homogenous.
Example 4
[0567] TABLE-US-00006 Renewably-based, biodegradable
1,3-Propanediol in Moisturizing Body Care Cream Ingredients: % Wt.
Phase A Cremophor .RTM. A6 (BASF) (ceteareth-6) 2.0 Cremophor .RTM.
A25 (BASE) (ceteareth-25) 2.0 Vitis vinifera (grape) seed oil 6.0
Glyceryl Stearate SE 3.0 Cetearyl alcohol 2.0 Dimethicone 0.5
Luvitol EHO (BASF) (cetearyl octanoate) 8.0 Oxynex .RTM. 2004
(Merck KgaA) (1,3-Propanediol, BHT, 0.1 ascorbyl palmitate,
glyceryl stearate and citric acid) Phase B Bio-PDO 5.0 Edeta BD
(BASF) (disodium EDTA) 0.1 D-Panthenol USP (BASF) 1.0 Preservative
q.s. Water q.s. to 100 Phase C Luvigel EM (BASF) (caprylic/capric
triglycerides and 1.0 sodium acrylates copolymer) Phase D Vitamin E
Acetate (BASF) 0.5 Perfume q.s.
[0568] Procedure: Heat phase A and phase B to about 80.degree. C.
Stir phase B into phase A while homogenizing. Add phase C to phase
A/B and homogenize again. Cool to about 40.degree. C., add phase D
and homogenize shortly.
[0569] Properties: Viscosity: approx. 25,000 mPas (Brookfield); Ph
value: 6.5
Example 5
[0570] TABLE-US-00007 Renewably-based, biodegradable
1,3-Propanediol in Moisturizing Body Care Cream Ingredients: % Wt.
Phase A Cremophor .RTM. GC 7 (BASF) (PEG 7-glyceryl-cocoate) 8.0
Cremophor .RTM. A-25 (BASF) (ceteareth-25) 22.0 Cremophor .RTM. WO
7 (BASF) (hydrogenated castor oil) 1.0 Bio-PDO 3.0 Masil .RTM. SF19
(BASF) (PEG 8 methicone) 1.0 Phase B Water 65.0 Phase C
Preservative q.s. Fragrance q.s.
[0571] Procedure: Add ingredients in above order at 80.degree. C.
and mix until uniform. Assure each is dissolved prior to next
addition. Heat phase B to 80.degree. C. and combine with phase A.
Cool to 50.degree. C. Add fragrance and preservative. Pour into
containers while liquid and allow to set at room temperature.
Example 6
[0572] TABLE-US-00008 Renewably-based, biodegradable
1,3-Propanediol in Moisturizing Hand and Body Lotion Ingredients: %
Wt. Phase A Varisoft .RTM. TA-100 (Goldschmidt) (distearyldimonium
4.75 chloride) Crodacol C-70 (Croda) (cetyl alcohol) 2.00 Penreco
Snow White Petrolatum (Penreco) (petrolatum) 4.00 DC Fluid 200,
1,000 cst (Dow Corning) (dimethicone) 0.25 Phase B Deionized water
q.s. Stepan .RTM. IPM (Stepan) (isopropyl myristate) 3.25 Bio-PDO
4.00 Phase C Sensomer .RTM. CI-50 (Ondeo Nalco) 3.00 (starch
hydroxypropyltrimonium chloride) AA040513 Cucumber (Arylessence)
(fragrance) 0.25 Preservative q.s. Sodium hydroxide q.s. to Ph
6
[0573] Procedure: In separate containers, thoroughly mix the
ingredients of phase A and phase B to 75.degree. C. Pour phase A
into phase B; mix well at temperature for 10 minutes. Remove heat
and continue mixing until temperature is under 40.degree. C. Add
phase C ingredients in the order listed, mixing well between
additions. Adjust Ph to 6.
Example 7
[0574] TABLE-US-00009 Renewably-based, biodegradable
1,3-Propanediol in Moisturizing Lotion SPF15 Ingredients: % Wt.
Phase A Stearyl alcohol 2.00 Estol .RTM. 1543 (Uniqema) (ethylhexyl
palmitate) 5.00 Estol .RTM. 3609 (Uniqema) (triethylhexanoin) 5.00
Tween .RTM. 60 (polysorbate 60) 2.00 Isohexadecane 7.50 Solaveil
.RTM. CT100 (Uniqema) (C.sub.12-C.sub.15 alkyl benzoate (and) 15.00
titanium dioxide (and) polyhydroxystearic acid (and) aluminum
stearate (and) alumina) Phase B Distilled water 54.40 Arlatone
.RTM. 2121 (Uniqema) (sorbitan stearate (and) 2.50 sucrose cocoate)
Monomate RMEA-40 (aqua (and) disodium ricinoleamido 0.200
MEA-sulfosuccinate) Phase C Veegum .RTM. Ultra (RT Vanderbilt)
(magnesium 0.80 aluminum silicate) Keltrol .RTM. RD (Nutrosweet
Kelco) (xanthan gum) 0.20 Sodium lactate 50% 0.40 Germaben .RTM. II
(ISP) (propylene glycol (and) diazolidinyl urea 1.00 (and)
methylparaben (and) propylparaben) Bio-PDO 4.00
[0575] Procedure: Heat phase B to 80.degree. C. with moderate
stirring, until Arlatone.RTM. 2121 is fully dispersed. Add
Keltrol.RTM. and Veegum.RTM.; stir until homogeneous. Add remaining
water phase ingredients, maintaining temperature at 80.degree. C.
Heat phase A to 80.degree. C. Add phase A to B/C with vigorous
mixing. Homogenize for two minutes. Cool with moderate stirring to
room temperature.
Example 8
[0576] TABLE-US-00010 Skin Treatment Lotion Ingredients: % Wt.
Phase A Deionized water 61.7 Keltrol .RTM. CG (Kelco) (xanthan gum)
0.2 Bio-PDO 5.0 Multifruit .RTM. BSC (Arch Personal Care) 3.0
Jeescreen Benzophenone-4 (Jeen) (benzophenone-4) 0.1 Jeechem
GMS-165 (Jeen) (glyceryl stearate (and) 3.0 PEG-100 stearate) Phase
B Jeesilc IDD (Jeen) (dimethicone crosspolymer-3 (and) 4.0
isododecane) Jeesilc 245 (Jeen) (cyclomethicone) 8.0 Jeesilc 200 MV
(100 cst) (dimethicone) 2.0 Simulgel .RTM. NS (Seppic) 4.0 Phase C
Jeesilc 6056 (Jeen) (dimethylpolysiloxane gum) 3.0 Jeecide G-II
(Jeen) (propylene glycol (and) diazolidinyl urea 1.0 (and)
methylparaben (and) propylparaben) Arnica Extract (Botanicals Plus)
(arnica .quadrature.rabic.quadrature.) 2.0 Flamingo Super Red 1.0
Phase D Jeesorb L-20 (Jeen) (polysorbate 20) 1.0 Vitamin E Acetate
(Jeen) (tocopheryl acetate) 0.5 Fragrance 0.5
[0577] Procedure: Heat water to 65.degree. C. Pre-mix Keltrol.RTM.
and Bio-PDO and add to the water phase. Mix until dissolved. Add
the other ingredients of phase A one at a time and mix well. Cool
to 50.degree. C. In the oil phase tank, add the Jeesilc IDD,
Jeesilc 245 and Jeesilc 200 MV (100 cst) and mix until uniform. Add
the Simulgel.RTM. and mix to 50.degree. C. Using a homogenizer, add
phase B to phase A and mix for 10 minutes. Cool to 40.degree. C.
Switch to prop agitation. Add the ingredients of phase C one at a
time into the main tank and mix well after each addition. Pre-mix
phase D in a side vessel and add to the main tank. Mix well.
Example 9
[0578] TABLE-US-00011 Broad Spectrum SPF Sunscreen Ingredients: %
Wt. Phase A Deionized water 57.85 Carbopol 980 (Noveon) (carbomer)
0.30 Disodium EDTA (Dow Chemical) 0.10 Bio-PDO 4.00 Phase B Escalol
557 (ISP) (octinoxate) 7.50 Escalol 567 (ISP) (oxybenzone) 6.00
Escalol 517 (ISP) (avobenzone) 2.00 X-Tend 226 (ISP) (2-phenylethyl
benzoate) 10.00 Prolipid .RTM. 141 (ISP) (glyceryl stearate,
behenyl alcohol, 4.00 palmitic acid, stearic acid, lecithin, lauryl
alcohol, myristyl alcohol and cetyl alcohol) Phase C Deionized
water 5.00 Triethanolamine 99% 0.40 Phase D Liquapar Optima (ISP)
(phenoxyethanol, methylparaben, 1.25 isopropylparaben,
isobutylparaben and butylparaben) Liquapar Oil (ISP)
(isopropylparaben, isobutylparaben 0.40 and butylparaben) Lexguard
O (Inolex) (caprylyl glycol) 1.00 Phase E Glycacil .RTM.-L (Lonza)
(iodopropynyl butylcarbamate) 0.20
[0579] Procedure: Combine ingredients in phase A; mix until uniform
and heat to 75.degree. C. Combine ingredients in phase B; heat to
75.degree. C. Combine phase B with phase A with homogenization.
Combine phase C with phase A/B with homogenization. Cool to
45.degree. C. (heat Lexguard 0 and add to LiquaPar Optima) and add
phase D. Add phase E. Cool to room temperature. Qs for water
loss.
[0580] Properties: Viscosity: 17,600 cps, Ph 6.44
Example 10
[0581] TABLE-US-00012 Standard sunscreen Ingredients % Wt. Phase A
Lanolin 5.0 Homosalate 8.0 White petrolatum 2.5 Stearic acid 4.0
Propylparaben 0.1 Phase B Methylparaben 0.1 Edetate disodium 0.1
Bio-PDO 5.0 Triethanolamine 1.0 Purified water USP 74.3
[0582] Procedure: Preparation A and preparation B are heated
separately to 77 to 82 [deg]C, with constant stirring, until the
contents of each part are solubilized. Add preparation A slowly to
preparation B while stirring. Continue stirring until the emulsion
formed is cooled to room temperature (15 to 30 [deg]C). Add
sufficient purified water to obtain 100 grams of standard sunscreen
preparation.
Example 11
[0583] TABLE-US-00013 Water-Resistant Sunscreen Lotion SPF 21
Ingredients: % Wt. Phase A Deionized water 63.10 Versene .RTM. NA
(Dow) (disodium EDTA) 0.05 Carbopol Ultrez 10 Polymer (Noveon)
(carbomer) 0.25 Pemulen .RTM. TR-2 Polymeric Emulsifier (Noveon)
0.15 (acrylates/C10-30 alkyl acrylate crosspolymer) Bio-PDO 3.00
Phase B NeoHeliopan, Type AV (Haarmann & Reimer) 5.00 (octyl
methoxycinnamate) Octyl salicylate 3.00 HallBrite .RTM. BHB (C. P.
Hall) (butyloctyl salicylate) 5.00 Parsol .RTM. 1789 (Roche)
(avobenzone) 3.00 Procol CS-20-D (Protameen) (cetearyl alcohol and
ceteareth-20) 1.50 Crodamol CAP (Croda) (cetearyl octanoate) 2.00
Vitamin E acetate (BASF) 0.50 Phase C Crovol A-70 (Croda) (PEG-60
almond glycerides) 0.50 DC 1401 Fluid (Dow Corning) (dimethiconol
and 1.50 cyclomethicone) Ultrasil Copolyol-1 Silicone
(Noveon)(PEG-8 dimethicone) 1.50 Phenonip .RTM. (Clariant)
(phenoxyethanol, 1.00 methylparaben, ethylparaben, propylparaben,
butylparaben and isobutylparaben) Tapioca Pure (National Starch)
(tapioca starch) 4.00 Sodium hydroxide 18% 1.00 Avalure .RTM. UR
450 Polymer (Noveon) 3.95 (PPG-17/IPDI/DMPA copolymer 38%
solids)
[0584] Procedure: Dissolve disodium EDTA in warm water
(.about.50.degree. C.). Add Carbopol Ultrez 10 polymer and allow to
wet out for approximately five minutes. Disperse Pemulen.RTM.
Polymeric emulsifier and allow to mix in for about 15 minutes. Add
Bio-PDO.TM.. Bring phase A to .about.70.degree. C. Add
approximately 15% of the total neutralizing agent necessary to
phase A. Blend phase B ingredients and bring to .about.80.degree.
C., making sure solid ingredients are dissolved. Add phase B to
phase A with vigorous agitation. Add PEG-60 almond glycerides. Add
dimethiconol and cyclomethicone. Add Ultrasil Copolyol-1 silicone.
Add Phenonip.RTM. after the emulsion cools to <60.degree. C. Add
tapioca starch. Add the remainder of the neutralizing agent. Add
Avalure.RTM. UR 450 polymer.
[0585] Ph: 7.0-7.5
[0586] Viscosity (mPa.TM.s)*: 15,000-21,000
[0587] SPF (waterproof)**: 21 (in-vitro method, 80 min.
immersion)
Example 12
[0588] TABLE-US-00014 Waterproof Protective Suncare SPF 20
Ingredients: % Wt. Phase A Simusol 165 (Seppic) (glyceryl stearate
and PEG-100 stearate) 3.20 Montanov .RTM. S (Seppic)
(coco-glucoside and coconut alcohol) 1.30 Isodecyl neopentanoate
10.00 PVP .quadrature.rabic.quadrature.te.quadrature. copolymer
5.00 Bio-PDO 5.00 Ethyl hexyl methoxycinnamate 7.50 Benzophenone-3
2.50 Ethyl hexyl salicylate 5.00 Zinc oxide 7.10 Phase B Sepicalm
VG (Seppic) (sodium palmitoyl .quadrature.rabic.quadrature. 3.00
and Nymphea alba flower extract) Cyclomethicone 5.00 Phase C
Simulgel .RTM. EG (Seppic) (sodium 1.00
acrylate/acryloyldimethyltaurate copolymer, isohexadecane and
polysorbate 80) Phase D Tromethamine q.s. Tetrasodium EDTA 0.20
Xanthan gum 0.15 Magnesium aluminum silicate 1.00 Water q.s. to 100
Phase E Sepicide HB (Seppic) (phenoxyethanol (and) methylparaben
0.30 (and) ethylparaben (and) propylparaben (and) butylparaben)
Sepicide CI (Seppic) (imidazolidinyl urea) 0.20 DL-alpha tocopherol
0.05 Fragrance 0.30
[0589] Procedure: Melt phase A ingredients at 75-80.degree. C. and
disperse zinc oxide in the warm fatty phase. Disperse silicate and
xanthan gum in water until homogeneous, then introduce EDTA and
tromethamine. Add Simulgel.RTM. EG to this blend with vigorous
stirring to obtain swelling of the polymer, then heat to 80.degree.
C. Add fatty phase A to the water phase and begin homogenizing for
five minutes. Start cooling while continuously homogenizing.
Introduce Sepicalm VG and cyclomethicone at 60.degree. C. and
homogenize for five minutes. Cool with moderate stirring and add
phase E ingredients at 30.degree. C.
Example 13
[0590] TABLE-US-00015 Hand Barrier Cream Ingredients: % Wt. Phase 1
D.I. Water q.s. to 100.0 Bio-PDO 4.00 Ammonyx .RTM. GA-70PG* 2.86
Phase 2 Petrolatum 4.00 Stepan .RTM. IPP 3.00 Stepan .RTM. Cetyl
Alcohol, NF 2.00 TiO2Sperse 40% solution in Octyldodecyl
Neopentanoate 10.00 (Collaborative Labs) Phase 3 KCl 0.40 Citric
Acid q.s. Preservatives q.s. Total 100.00
[0591] Procedure: Prepare water phase by adding water, Bio-PDO.TM.
and Ammonyx.RTM. GA-70PG*. Mix well. Start heating to 160.degree.
F. Prepare oil phase by adding Petrolatum, Stepan.RTM. IPP,
Stepan.RTM. Cetyl Alcohol and TiO2Sperse. Heat to 160-165.degree.
F. Add oil phase to the water phase. Emulsify for 20-25 minutes.
Cool to room temperature. Premix KCl with water and add to batch.
Add preservatives. Adjust Ph to 4.0 if necessary.
[0592] Physical Properties Ph 4.0-5.0; Viscosity 2,000-3,000
cps
Example 14
[0593] TABLE-US-00016 Lotion for Normal-Oily Skin Ingredients: %
Wt. Phase 1 D.I. Water q.s. to 100.0 Carbopol 934 (BF Goodrich)
Carbomer 0.15 Bio-PDO 3.00 Phase 2 Stepan .RTM. Octyl Isononanoate
5.00 Dow Corning 200 Fluid (Dow Corning) Dimethicone 0.10 Wecobee
.RTM. S 0.50 Stepan .RTM. Cetyl Alcohol, NF 0.50 Kartacid 1890
(Akzo Nobel BV) Stearic Acid 3.00 Phase 3 Versene .RTM. 200 (Dow
Corning) Tetrasodium EDTA 0.10 Triethanolamine 1.80 Preservative
q.s. Total 100.0
[0594] Procedure: Prepare Phase 1 by adding D.I. water to a
suitable mixing vessel and begin agitation. Add Carbopol 934 with
good agitation and mix at high speed until the solution is free of
lumps. Add Bio-PDO.TM. and mix. Heat to 165-170.degree. F. In a
separate container prepare Phase 2 and heat to 170-175.degree. F.
Add Phase 2 to Phase 1 with good agitation and mix for 30 minutes.
Start cooling to 90.degree. F. At 110.degree. F. add Phase 3
ingredients. Stop cooling and agitation at 90.degree. F.
[0595] Properties: Viscosity at 25.degree. C.: 2000-5000 cps; Ph
7.8-8.0
Example 15
[0596] TABLE-US-00017 Skin Soothing Lotion Ingredients: % Wt. Phase
1 D.I. Water q.s. to 100.0 Carbopol 940 (B. F. Goodrich) Carbomer
0.20 Glucam .RTM. P-20 (Amerchol) PPG-20 Methyl Glucose Ether 0.14
Bio-PDO 2.25 Phase 2 Neobee .RTM. M-20 4.50 Wecobee .RTM. S 0.75
Stepan .RTM. 653 0.50 Stepan .RTM. Cetyl Alcohol, NF 0.50 Kartacid
1890 (Akzo Nobel BV) Stearic Acid 2.95 Phase 3 Preservative 0.10
Versene .RTM. 220 (Dow) Tetrasodium EDTA 0.10 Triethanolamine 0.25
Total 100.0
[0597] Procedure: Prepare Phase 1. Add Carbopol 940 to D.I. water
with good mixing until solution is free of lumps. Add PPG-20 methyl
glucose ether and Bio-PDO.TM.. Mix until completely dissolved. Heat
to 165.degree. F. In a separate container, prepare Phase 2. Heat to
165-170.degree. F. Add Phase 2 to Phase 1 (both at 165-170.degree.
F.) with good agitation. Emulsify for 20 minutes and then begin to
cool with slow agitation. At 110.degree. F. add ingredients from
Phase 3. At 90.degree. F. stop cooling and agitation.
[0598] Properties: Viscosity: at 25.degree. C.: 2200-3700 cps
Example 16
[0599] TABLE-US-00018 Clear Moisturizer Ingredients: % Wt. Aloe
Vera Gel q.s. to 100.0 Bio-PDO 3.50 Methyl Paraben 0.15 Carbopol
934 0.50 Alcohol 190 Proof 20.00 Stepan .RTM. PEG 600 ML 1.00 Tween
.RTM. 2.00 Fragrance q.s. TEA 88% 0.8 Glydant q.s. Total 100.0
[0600] Procedure: Combine Aloe Vera Gel and Bio-PDO.TM.. Start
mixing. Add methyl paraben. Mix until solution is clear. Add
Carbopol 934. Mix until solution does not have lumps. Add alcohol.
Mix well. Premix PEG 600 Monolaurate, Tween 20 and perfume. Add to
batch. Mix well. Add Glydant. Add TEA. Solution should be
clear.
[0601] Physical Properties: Ph 6.0-6.5
Example 17
[0602] TABLE-US-00019 Therapeutic Hand & Body Lotion
Ingredients: % Wt. Phase 1 D.I. Water q.s. to 100.0 Bio-PDO 4.00
Ammonyx .RTM. GA-70PG 18.4 Phase 2 Petrolatum 4.0 Stepan .RTM. IPP
3.0 Silicone DC-200 (350 cps) 1.0 Stepan .RTM. Cetyl Alcohol, NF
2.0 Phase 3 KCl 0.4 Citric Acid q.s. Glydant q.s. Total 100.0
[0603] Procedure: Prepare water phase by adding water, Bio-PDO.TM.,
and Ammonyx.RTM. GA-70PG. Mix well. Start heating to 160.degree. F.
Prepare oil phase by adding petrolatum, Stepan.RTM. IPP, silicone,
Stepan.RTM. Cetyl Alcohol. Heat to 160-165.degree. F. Add oil phase
to water phase. Emulsify for 20-25 minutes. Start cooling. Premix
KCl with water and add into the batch at 100-110.degree. F. Add
Glydant at 100.degree. F. Adjust Ph if necessary. Homogenize if
necessary.
[0604] Physical Properties: Ph 4.0-4.5; viscosity: 3,000-4,000
cps
Example 18
[0605] TABLE-US-00020 Cream Conditioner for Permanent - Waved Hair
Ingredients: % Wt. Ammonyx .RTM. 4 5.00 Bio-PDO 1.50 Panthenol 0.50
Citric Acid q.s. D.I. Water q.s. to 100 Stepan .RTM. Cetyl Alcohol,
NF 2.50 PPG-Ceteth 20 1.25 Stepan .RTM. Stearyl Alcohol 97 0.75
Fragrance, Dye & Preservative q.s. Total 100.0
[0606] Procedure: Add ingredients and mix while heating to
75.degree. C. Mix until well blended. Cool with mixing to
30.degree. C. and add fragrance, preservative, and dye if desired.
Adjust Ph with citric acid to 3-5.
[0607] Physical Properties: Appearance: Opaque, white liquid;
Viscosity: 2000 cps
Example 19
[0608] TABLE-US-00021 Clear Hair Conditioner Ingredients: % Wt.
Ammonyx .RTM. KP 3.00 Ammonyx .RTM. CETAC 1.50 Bio-PDO 1.50
Hydroxyethylcellulose 0.90 Polyquaternium 10 0.25 Fragrance, Dye
& Preservative q.s. Citric Acid q.s. D.I. Water q.s. to 100
Total 100.0
[0609] Procedure: Disperse hydroxyethylcellulose in D.I. water with
mixing until clear. Add Ammonyx.RTM. KP and mix until homogeneous.
Slowly add Ammonyx.RTM. CETAC and mix until homogeneous. Disperse
Polyquaternium-10 in Bio-PDO and add to above solution with mixing
until clear. Adjust Ph to 5.5, if necessary, with citric acid. Add
fragrance, dye and preservative, if desired.
[0610] Physical Properties: Ph 5.5; viscosity: 750 cps
Example 20
[0611] TABLE-US-00022 Spray-On Detangling Conditioner Ingredients:
% Wt. D.I. Water q.s. to 100.0 Bio-PDO 1.50 Ammonyx .RTM. KP 1.00
Surfactant 193 (Dow Corning) Dimethicone Copolyol 1.00 Tween .RTM.
20 (ICI) Polysorbate-20 0.30 Citric Acid (50%) q.s. Fragrance, Dye
& Preservative q.s. Total 100.0
[0612] Procedure: Into a vessel equipped with agitation, add first
four ingredients. Mix well. Premix fragrance and Tween.RTM. 20 in a
separate container. Add to the batch. Mix well. Adjust Ph with
citric acid, if necessary. Add dye and preservative as desired.
[0613] Physical Properties: Ph 4.0-4.4; Viscosity at 25.degree. C.:
water thin
Example 21
[0614] TABLE-US-00023 Moisturizing Spray Ingredients: % Wt. Water
70.8 Preservative 0.2 Bio-PDO 28.0 Ammonyx .RTM. GA-70PG 0.9
Hydrolyzed Silk 0.1 Fragrance 0.1 Total 100.0
[0615] Procedure: Charge water. Add Bio-PDO.TM.. Heat to 50.degree.
C. and blend in Ammonyx.RTM. GA-70PG. Mix well until homogeneous.
Cool with mixing. At 30.degree. C., add propyl paraben and
hydrolyzed silk. Cool to 25.degree. C., add fragrance. Adjust Ph to
5.5-6.5 with citric acid or sodium hydroxide.
[0616] Physical Properties: Viscosity: 20 cps
Example 22
[0617] TABLE-US-00024 Men's After Shave - Clear Microemulsion
Ingredients: % Wt. Phase 1 Stepan .RTM. PEG 400 MO 12.7 Stepan
.RTM. IPM 11.0 Stepan .RTM. PEG 400 ML 7.0 Bio-PDO 3.5 Stepan .RTM.
GMO 3.0 DC 556 Silicone Fluid (Dow Corning) 1.0 Phase 2 Ethanol
25.0 Triethanolamine q.s. Fragrance, dye, preservative q.s. D.I.
Water q.s. to 100 Total 100.0
[0618] Procedure: Heat D.I. water to 95.degree. C. Mix the
components of Phase (1) and heat to 95.degree. C. Add Phase (1) to
D.I. water with mixing. Cool to 30.degree. C., and add ethanol.
Adjust Ph to 7.0-8.0 with triethanolamine. Add fragrance, dye, and
preservative, if desired. This formula will create a clear
microemulsion.
[0619] Physical Properties: Ph 7.0-8.0; viscosity: 40 cps
Example 23
[0620] TABLE-US-00025 Hand Cleanser Ingredients: Wt. % Ammonium
Lauryl Sulfate (ALS) (28%) 26.0 Cocamide DEA 6.0 Sodium Lauryl
Sulfate (SLS) (25%) 18.0 Bio-PDO Propanediol 1.0 Water 44.5 Bio-PDO
Stearate 0.5 Irgasan 0.2 Tetrasodium EDTA (5 wt %) 2.0 Fragrance
0.2 Citric acid (50 wt %) QS
[0621] Procedure [0622] Blend ALS, Cocamide DEA, SLS and Zemea.TM.
Propanediol [0623] Add Bio-PDO Stearate and Irgsan [0624] Heat to
60.degree. C. [0625] Cool to 30.degree. C., add EDTA [0626] Stir
until a homogeneous solution is formed [0627] Adjust to Ph 6 with
citric acid [0628] Add fragrance
[0629] Benefits [0630] Highly Stable [0631] Higher Viscosity [0632]
Excellent Foaming
Example 24
[0633] TABLE-US-00026 Hand Cleanser Ingredients: Wt. % Carbopol 934
NF 0.50 Germaben II 0.06 Bio-PDO 5.00 Isopropyl alcohol (IPA) 47.70
D.I. Water 43.79 Triethanolamine (20 wt %) 2.50 Fragrance 0.50
[0634] Procedure [0635] Heat water and germaben II solution at
50.degree. C. [0636] Add carbopol [0637] Stir contents to form
uniform gel [0638] Add Bio-PDO, IPA and water [0639] Stir until a
homogeneous solution is formed [0640] Cool below 30.degree. C.
[0641] Adjust to Ph 7 with TEA [0642] Add fragrance
[0643] Benefits [0644] Highly Stable [0645] Higher Viscosity [0646]
Excellent Hydrotrope
Example 25
[0647] TABLE-US-00027 Hair Conditioner Ingredients Wt %
Ammonyx.sup.R4.sup.4 5.00 Bio-PDO.sup.1 1.50 Panthenol 0.50 Cetyl
alcohol.sup.2 3.50 Ceteareth.sup.3 1.25 Germaben II.sup.2 0.50
Fragrance, Dye QS D.I. Water QS to 100 .sup.1DuPont Tate & Lyle
Bio Products .sup.2The Chemistry Store.com, Cayce, SC
.sup.3Somerset Cosmetic Co. LLC, Renton, WA .sup.4Stephan Co.
Northfield, IL
[0648] Procedure: Combine components listed in the table, mix well
and heat to 75.degree. C. Mix until well blended. Cool mixture and
add preservative. Adjust the Ph to 5, if required using citric
acid. Mix the mixture overnight. Opaque white liquid is formed.
[0649] Physical Properties: Ph: 5; Opague white liquid is
formed.
Example 26
[0650] TABLE-US-00028 Hand Cleanser Ingredient Wt. % Carbopol 934
NF.sup.2 0.50 BioPDO.sup.1 5.00 Isopropyl alcohol 57.0 D.I. Water
35.0 Triethanolamine (20 wt %) 2.0 Fragrance QS .sup.1DuPont Tate
& Lyle Bio Products .sup.2Noveon, Cleveland, OH
[0651] Procedure: Heat the 100 g water to 50.degree. C. and add
this hot solution to 4 g Carbopol 940. Stir the gel at 50.degree.
C. for 4 h. Stop heating and continue the agitation for 20 h. A
uniform gel will formed. Add the Bio-PDO, Isopropyl alcohol and
water, agitate until a homogenous mixture is formed and cool the
Adjust the Ph to 7 using dilute triethanolamine solution. Add
fragrance. Mixture should be clear after Ph is adjusted.
Example 27
[0652] TABLE-US-00029 Solid Deodorant Ingredients Wt %
Bio-PDO.sup.1 48.0 Sodium stearate 6.5 Poly(ethylene glycol)
monolaurate.sup.6 2.0 Irgasan.sup.6 0.2 Water QS .sup.1DuPont Tate
& Lyle Bio Products .sup.6Sigma-Aldrich, Milwaukee, WI
[0653] Procedure: To the mixture of Bio-PDO and water add sodium
stearate and heat it to 100.degree. C. until a clear liquid is
formed add PEG monolaurate. Cool the mixture to 50.degree. C. and
pour into containers.
Example 28
[0654] TABLE-US-00030 Clear Tanning Spray Gel Ingredients Wt %
Phase A D.I water 12.5 Carbopol 934.sup.5 0.5 Germaben II.sup.2
0.05 Phase B Bio-PDO.sup.1 5.0 Ethanol 20.0 Poly(ethylene glycol)
monolaurate.sup.6 1.0 Polysorbate 60.sup.3 2.0 Phase C
2-Phenyl-5-benzimidazolesulfonic acid.sup.6 2.0 Triethanol amine
2.0 D.I. water 25.0 Phase D D.I water QS Germaben II.sup.2 0.8
.sup.1DuPont Tate & Lyle Bio Products .sup.2The Chemistry
Store.com, Cayce, SC .sup.3Somerset Cosmetic Co. LLC, Renton, WA
.sup.4Stephan Co. Northfield, IL .sup.5Noveon, Cleveland, OH
.sup.6Sigma-Aldrich, Milwaukee, WI
[0655] Procedure: Mix water and Germaben II of phase and heat the
mixture to 50.degree. C. and add this hot solution to Carbopol.
Stir the gel at 50.degree. C. for 4 h. Stop heating and continue
the agitation for 20 h. In a separate container, take
2-Phenyl-5-benzimidazolesulfonic acid, add water and
triethanolamine. Mix the components until a clear solution is
formed. Add Bio-PDO, ethanol PEG monolaurate and polysorbate 60.
Mix until a uniform gel is formed. Add phase C, mix the gel
thoroughly. Add water and preservative continue agitation until a
clear gel is formed. Ph should be about 7.
Example 29
[0656] TABLE-US-00031 Men's After Shave Ingredients Wt % Phase A
Poly(ethylene glycol) monooleate.sup.6 17.5 Aloe Vera 5.0
Poly(ethylene glycol) monolaurate.sup.6 7.0 Bio-PDO.sup.1 5.0
Sorbitol.sup.3 3.0 Panthenol 0.5 Phase B Ethanol 25.0
GermabenII.sup.2 0.5 Triethanol amine, Fragrance, dye QS Water QS
to 100 Viscosity 21 cps .sup.1DuPont Tate & Lyle Bio Products
.sup.2The Chemistry Store.com, Cayce, SC .sup.3Somerset Cosmetic
Co. LLC, Renton, WA .sup.4Stephan Co. Northfield, IL .sup.5Noveon,
Cleveland, OH .sup.6Sigma-Aldrich, Milwaukee, WI
[0657] Procedure: Combine components of phase A and heat to
80.degree. C. Add water and heat to 80.degree. C. Cool to
30.degree. C. and add ethanol. Adjust the Ph to 7.0-8.0 with
triethanolamine, if required Add fragrance, dye and
preservative.
Example 30
[0658] TABLE-US-00032 Skin Lotion Ingredients Wt % Phase A D.I.
Water 20 Carbopol 934 NF.sup.5 0.15 Bio-PDO.sup.1 3.00 Phase B
Stephan IPM.sup.4 5.00 Dimethicone.sup.3 0.10 Cetyl Alcohol.sup.2
0.50 Stearic acid 3.00 Phase C Triethanolamine 1.80 Tetrasodium
EDTA (5%) 4.00 Preservative Q.S. D.I. Water Q.S. to 100 Physical
Properties: Ph 7.5; Viscosity: #4@ 60 rpm 2240 cps .sup.1DuPont
Tate & Lyle Bio Products .sup.2The Chemistry Store.com, Cayce,
SC .sup.3Somerset Cosmetic Co. LLC, Renton, WA .sup.4Stephan Co.
Northfield, IL .sup.5Noveon, Cleveland, OH
[0659] Procedure: Combine components of phase A, mix well and heat
to 80.degree. C. Combine Stephan IPM, dimethicone and cetyl alcohol
in a different container and heat the mixture to 80.degree. C.
until a clear solution is formed. Add stearic acid to phase B and
heat the mixture again at 80.degree. C. until a clear solution is
formed. Combine the Phase A and Phase B until well blended Cool the
mixture to 50.degree. C. and add triethanol amine and tetrasodium
EDTA solution. Heat the mixture until mixture is well blended. Cool
the mixture and add required amounts of water and preservative.
Example 31
[0660] TABLE-US-00033 Clear Moisturizer Ingredients Wt % Phase A
Aloe Vera Gel QS to 100 Bio-PDO.sup.1 3.5 Carbopol 934.sup.5 0.5
Ethanol 20 PEG 1.0 Triethanol amine 0.8 Fragrance Qs Germaben
II.sup.2 0.2 .sup.1DuPont Tate & Lyle Bio Products .sup.2The
Chemistry Store.com, Cayce, SC .sup.3Noveon, Cleveland, OH
[0661] Procedure: Combine Aloe Vera Gel, Bio-PDO and GermabenII.
Mix until the solution is clear. Add Carbopol. Heat the mixture to
60.degree. C. with stirring until the solution does not have lumps.
Add alcohol. Mix well. Add PEG. Mix well until it forms clear
solution. Add perfume, TEA and preservative.
Example 32
[0662] TABLE-US-00034 Clear Shampoo Ingredients Wt % Blend
213.sup.2 25 Sodium Laureth Sulfate Cocamidopropyl Betaine Cocamide
DEA PEG-150 Distearate Cocamidopropyl Betaine.sup.2 5 Bio-PDO.sup.1
5 DI Water 65 Sodium chloride solution (25 wt %) QS .sup.1DuPont
Tate & Lyle Bio Products .sup.2The Chemistry Store.com, Cayce,
SC
[0663] Procedure: Mix Blend 213 and cocamidopropyl betaine, add
BioPDO, mix well. Add water and stir for 20 h. Adjust the viscosity
with sodium chloride solution, if required.
Example 33
[0664] TABLE-US-00035 Kid's Soap with Antibacterial Agent
Ingredients Wt % Phase A Custom Blend BSC 40.0 Bio-PDO.sup.1 2.0
Chloroxylenol 0.75 Phase B NaCl (25 wt %) solution 1.00 D.I Water,
Fragrance QS .sup.1DuPont Tate & Lyle Bio Products .sup.7Custom
Ingredients, Inc. Chester, SC
[0665] Properties: Ph: 7; Viscosity: 3000 cps
[0666] Procedure: Combine components of phase A and mix well. Apply
heat to completely dissolve and achieve a clear solution. Add warm
water slowly and heat to clarity. Cool very slowly with mixing.
Adjust the viscosity with sodium chloride. Add desired
fragrance.
Example 34
[0667] TABLE-US-00036 Foundation SEQ INGREDIENT % Wt A Deionized
Water 63.00 A CMC 7H3SF 0.30 A Veegum Ultra Granules 0.35 A Alcolec
S (Lecithin) 0.40 A Triethanolamine 99% 1.25 A Bio-PDO (1,3
Propanediol) 6.00 B Titanium Dioxide (water dispersible 8.00 B Red
Iron Oxide 0.40 B Yellow Iron Oxide 0.80 B Black Iron Oxide 0.10 B
Collodial Kaolin 2.00 B Methyl Paraben 0.20 C Permethyl .RTM. 102A
(Isoeicosane) 10.00 C Isostearic Acid 1.00 C Stearic Acid Triple
Pressed 2.50 C LIPO GMS 450 (Glyceryl Monostearate) 1.50 C Liponate
TDTM (Tridecyl Trimelitate) 1.00 C LIPO GMS 470 (Glyceryl
Monostearate) 1.00 C Propyl Paraben 0.20 FORMULA TOTALS: 100.00
[0668] The manufacturing procedure for this emulsion was typical
for all oil-in-water type products. Sequence A was dispersed and
when the gums were completely hydrated and the phase was uniform,
pre-ground Sequence B (pigment phase) was added to it and mixed
until both phases were completely uniform and homogeneous. Sequence
C was weighed in a separate vessel and heated to
75.degree.-80.degree. C. until all the solids were melted and the
phase was uniform. Sequence A was then heated to
75.degree.-80.degree. C. When all the phases were all at the proper
temperatures, Sequence C (oil phase) was slowly added to Sequences
A & B (water phase). The emulsion was allowed to mix at
75.degree. C. for 15 minutes and then cooled to 25.degree. C.
Samples for testing were then poured off and placed at their
respective stability stations in preparation for the 4 week study.
The color and powder fill loading in these formulations was kept
constant at 11.30% dry pigment. Conventional powder fill
ingredients were chosen for these formulations as to eliminate any
potential variability in test results.
[0669] Physical Testing: TABLE-US-00037 Brookfield Model RV -
Spindle 5 at 20 rpm for 1 minute (factor .times. 200) initial 1
week 2 week 2 week 3 week 4 week 4 week initial Ph Viscosity
Viscosity Ph Viscosity Viscosity Ph Viscosity 8.03 2400 2900 7.94
2900 2900 8.02 2900
[0670] Viscosity readings throughout the 4 week test period showed
that there was no unusual build or decrease in viscosity. Oven
stability consisted of R/T, 45.degree. C., and 2 Freeze/Thaw
cycles. After 4 weeks, samples showed no signs of separation,
sweating, severe loss of viscosity, change in consistency, loss of
structure, odor problems, or color change at any temperature.
Aesthetic Properties
[0671] All samples were evaluated for potential differences in
odor, color, appearance, application, texture, feel, wearability,
or any other differences, if any. All foundation samples were
evaluated side-by side. In no cases were there any perceivable
differences in any of the aesthetic properties associated with
these types of cosmetic properties. Any differences noticed were
insignificant and were not a result of the ingredient changes.
These were all fragrance free formulations, and there were no
apparent odor differences in any of the samples.
Example 35
[0672] TABLE-US-00038 Mascara SEQ INGREDIENT % Wt. A Deionized
Water 49.00 A Xanthan Gum 0.15 A Veegum HV Granules 0.55 A Disodium
EDTA 0.05 A Triethanolamine 99% 0.50 A Alcolec S (Lecithin) 0.20 A
Methyl Paraben 0.30 A Bio-PDO 10.00 B Black Iron Oxide 9.00 C DC
345 Fluid (D5 Cyclomethicone) 4.50 C DC5225C Formulation Aid 0.90 C
White Beeswax 7.25 C Carnauba Wax #1 3.50 C Stearic Acid Triple
Pressed 1.80 C Lipomulse 165 (Glyceryl Monostearate) 1.80 C Indopol
H100 (Polybutene) 3.50 C Phenoxyethanol 1.00 C Propyl Paraben 0.20
C PVP/Eicosene Colpolymer 4.00 C Lipocol S (Stearyl Alcohol) 1.80
FORMULA TOTALS: 100.00
[0673] The manufacturing procedure for this formula was similar to
that of the foundation in Example 24. Higher temperatures were
required for the oil phase due to the high level of hard waxes
employed in this product. Sequence A was dispersed and when the
gums were completely hydrated and the phase was uniform, pre-ground
sequence B (pigment phase) was added to it and mixed until both
phases were completely uniform and homogeneous. Sequence C was
weighed in a separate vessel and heated to 80.degree.-85.degree. C.
until all the solids were melted and the phase was uniform.
Sequence A was then heated to 75.degree.-80.degree. C. When all the
phases were all at the proper temperatures, Sequence C (oil phase)
was slowly added to Sequences A & B (water phase). The emulsion
was allowed to mix at 75.degree. C. for 15 minutes. When the batch
began to thicken at around 45.degree. C., a paddle mixer was used
to adequately turn over and mix the batch. The batch was mixed and
cooled to 35.degree. C. Samples for testing were then poured off
and placed at their respective stability stations in preparation
for the 4 week study. The color loading in these formulations was
kept constant at 9.00% dry pigment. No other powder fill, except
for the black iron oxide pigment, was employed in these
formulations. Additional powder fills will lend to a whitening and
ashyness, which, in mascaras, is unacceptable.
[0674] Physical Testing TABLE-US-00039 Brookfield Model RV -
Spindle T at 5 rpm for 1 minute (factor .times. 10,000) initial 1
week 2 week 2 week 3 week 4 week 4 week initial Ph Viscosity
Viscosity Ph Viscosity Viscosity Ph Viscosity 8.58 180,000 320,000
8.55 380,000 430,000 8.55 420,000
[0675] Viscosity readings throughout the 4 week test period showed
that there was no unusual build or decrease in viscosity. The
variations seen are very typical for a product of this type and
fall within an acceptable range for a mascara type product. Oven
stability consisted of R/T, 45.degree. C., and 2 Freeze/Thaw
cycles. After 4 weeks, samples showed no signs of separation,
sweating, severe loss of viscosity, change in consistency, loss of
structure, odor problems, or color change at any temperature.
Aesthetic Properties:
[0676] All samples were evaluated for potential differences in
odor, color, appearance, application, texture, feel, wearability,
or any other differences, if any. All mascara samples were
evaluated side-by side. In no cases were there any perceivable
differences in any of the aesthetic properties associated with
these types of cosmetic properties. Any differences noticed were
insignificant and were not a result of the ingredient changes.
Additionally, the mascara samples showed no differences in water
resistance. Even though the mascara was not specifically designed
to be water resistant, side by side, the products performed
equally. These were all fragrance free formulations, and there were
no apparent odor differences in any of the samples.
Example 36
[0677] TABLE-US-00040 Body Wash Ingredients: % Wt. Water 45.0
Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate, 25% 21.0 Ammonium Laureth Sulfate, 28%
21.0 Cocamidopropyl Betaine, 35% 4.0 Acrylates Copolymer, Structure
3001 (30%) 5.0 Bio-PDO 1.0 Glycerin 1.0 PEG 10 Sunflower Glycerides
0.5 Soybean Oil 0.2 Fragrance (0.2) Cocamide MEA 0.2 PEG 5 Cocamide
0.2 Guar Hydroxypropyl trimonium Chloride 0.2 Diisopropanolamine
0.1 Methylcellulose 0.05 Carbomer 0.05 Tetrasodium EDTA 0.05
Methylchloroisothiazolinone, Methylisothiazolinone 0.05 Etidronic
Acid 0.05 Guanine (CI 75170) 0.05 Mica (CI 77019) 0.05 Titanium
Dioxide (CI 77891) 0.05 TOTAL 100
[0678] Ingredients were combined in the following order, with
propeller mixer agitation, allowing each ingredient to dissolve,
disperse completely before adding the next. Batch was processed at
60.degree. C.: Water, Acrylates polymer, ALS, ALES, GAB, Guar
Hydroxypropyl trimonium Chloride, EDTA, PEG 10 Sunflower
glycerides, soybean oil, cocamide MEA, PEG 5 cocamide,
iisopropanolamine/methylcellulose/carbomer/guanine, mica/titanium
oxide, glycerin.
Example 37
[0679] TABLE-US-00041 Baby Lotion Ingredients: % Wt. Water 85.2
Bio-PDO 3.0 Myristyl Myristate 2.5 Glyceryl Stearate 1.5 Oleic Acid
1.2 Stearic Acid 1.2 Polysorbate 61 0.6 C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate 0.5
Dimethicone 0.5 Isopropyl Palmitate 0.5 Sorbitan Stearate 0.5 Cetyl
Alcohol 0.5 Synthetic Beeswax 0.5 Stearyl Alcohol 0.5 Benzyl
Alcohol 0.4 Carbomer 934 0.4 Fragrance 0.1 Methylparaben 0.2
Propylparaben 0.05 Butylparaben 0.05 BHT 0.05 D&C Red 3 trace
TOTAL 100
[0680] Ingredients were combined in the following order, allowing
each to dissolve/disperse completely before adding the next:
[0681] Phase A: Disperse Carbomer in water with high speed
agitation, allowing particles to wet completely. Add Bio-PDO. Heat
to 70.degree. C.
[0682] Phase B: Combine Myristyl Myristate, glyceryl stearate,
Oleic Acid, Polysorbate 61, C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate, Dimethicone,
Isopropyl Palmitate, Sorbitan Stearate, Cetyl Alcohol, Synthetic
Beeswax, Stearyl; Alcohol, Benzyl Alcohol, Methylparaben,
Propylparaben, Butylparaben, and BHT, heat to 70.degree. C.
[0683] With continuous high speed agitation, slowly add Phase B to
Phase A to form emulsion. Remove from heat and begin cooling with
continued agitation. After several minutes of mixing, add NaOH,
dissolved in a small amount of water. Batch will thicken. When
Batch reaches room temperature, add color, fragrance, and replace
water lost to evaporation. Batch is complete.
Example 38
[0684] TABLE-US-00042 Sulfate-Free Shampoo Phase Ingredients: % Wt.
A Water 33.82 A NA.sub.2EDTA 0.05 A BIOTERGE AS 40 45.00 A
GLUCAMATE DOE 120 1.50 A Bio-PDO 4.75 B MONAMID CMA 3.00 B VELVETEX
BK 35 10.00 C KATHON CG 0.06 C MACKPEARL 140V 1.50 D CITRIC ACID,
20% SOLN TO PH 6.0-6.5 0.32 TOTAL 100.00
Manufacturing Process:
[0685] Phase A: Combine Phase A ingredients into water and heat
with mixing to 75.degree. C. Slowly add remaining Phase A
ingredients. Hold temperature at 75.degree. C. and mix slowly.
[0686] Phase B: Combine phase B ingredients and heat to 75.degree.
C. with slow mixing. Add Phase B to Phase A and mix until
uniform.
[0687] Phase C: Add Phase C one at a time
[0688] Phase D: Use Phase D to adjust the Ph of batch to
6.0-6.5
Example 39
Colored Cosmetic Composition (Liquid Make-Up)
[0689] Preparation: Mix the ingredients of phase B (aqueous phase)
and heat the mixture to 65.degree. C. with thorough stirring to
form a homogeneous aqueous phase.
[0690] Separately mix the contents of phase A until a uniform gel
is formed. Mix phase A and phase B and heat the mixture while
stirring at 65.degree. C. for 1 hour. Cool the composition and
transfer into containers. TABLE-US-00043 Ingredients Wt % Phase A
Titanium Dioxide 6.0 Iron Oxide, red 1.0 Pigment Blend 5 0.5
Bourdaux Mica 0.5 Caster Oil 8.0 Phase B Water 46.9 Bio-PDO 22.0
Emulsifying Vax 9.0 Sodium Stearate 4.5 GelMaker EMU 1.3
Methylbaraben 0.3
[0691] Stable oil in water emulsions were obtained.
Example 40
Colored Cosmetic Composition (Liquid Make-Up)
[0692] Preparation: Mix the ingredients of phase B (aqueous phase)
and heat the mixture to 65.degree. C. with thorough stirring to
form a homogeneous aqueous phase.
[0693] Separately mix the contents of phase A until a uniform gel
is formed. Mix phase A and phase B and heat the mixture while
stirring at 65.degree. C. for 1 hour. Cool the composition and
transfer into containers. TABLE-US-00044 Ingredients Wt % Phase A
Titanium Dioxide 5.0 Iron Oxide, red 1.0 Pigment Blend 5 0.5
Bourdaux Mica 0.5 Caster Oil 9.0 Phase B Water 46.9 Bio-PDO 22.0
Emulsifying Vax 9.0 Sodium Stearate 4.5 GelMaker EMU 1.3
Methylbaraben 0.3
[0694] Stable oil in water emulsions were obtained.
Example 41
[0695] TABLE-US-00045 EYE MAKEUP REMOVER INGREDIENT Weight Percent
C13-15 Alkanes (Gemseal .RTM. 25) 5.00 C15-19 Alkanes (Gemseal
.RTM. 40) 10.00 Oleth-5 13.00 DEA Oleth-3 Phosphate 5.75 Deionized
Water 47.45 Bio-PDO 12.00 Glycerin 99% 6.50 Germaben II-E 0.30
[0696] Manufacturing Procedure:
[0697] Weigh the ingredients in Sequence A in a suitable vessel.
Begin heating to 75-80.degree. C. with good mixing. Weigh
ingredients in Sequence B in a secondary vessel. Begin heating to
75-80.degree. C. with good mixing. When both sequences are at the
proper temperatures, slowly add Sequence B to Sequence A with
continuous propeller mixing. Increase mixer speed as the sequences
are combined. Switch to a side wiping mixer and continue mixing
until the batch is smooth, uniform and homogeneous. Mix for 15
minutes and begin cooling the batch with continuous mixing. Cool
the batch to 25.degree. C. At 25.degree. C., remove the batch and
store in airtight containers. Check the viscosity and Ph of the
batch.
Example 42
[0698] TABLE-US-00046 Eye Shadow Ingredient Weight Percent
Deionized Water 44.15 Keltrol F 0.20 Veegum Regular Granules 2.00
Disodium EDTA 0.10 Triethanolamine 99% 0.50 Bio-PDO 10.00 Lubrajel
Oil 1.00 Isodecyl Neopentanoate 7.35 Lipo GMS 450 2.00 Behenyl
Alcohol 0.50 Myristyl Alcohol 0.50 Cetyl Alcohol 0.50 Stearic Acid
1.50 Alcolec S 0.15 Isostearyl Neopentanoate 5.00 Tocopheryl
Acetate 0.05 Allianz .TM. OPT 1.00 DC 345 Fluid - Cyclomethicone
7.50 Germaben II-E 1.00 Cosmetic Russet C33-5138 0.60 Cosmetic
Yellow C33-1700 0.12 Black Iron Oxide LC989 0.24 Sericite PHN 0.24
Timica Sparkle 110P 13.80
[0699] Manufacturing Procedure:
[0700] Combine ingredients in Phase A and begin mixing until the
Phase is smooth and uniform. Combine Phase B ingredients and begin
heating to 80.degree. C. with continuous mixing. Heat Phase A to
75-80.degree. C. When Phase A and Phase B are at the proper
temperatures slowly add Phase B to Phase A using continuous high
speed homogenizing mixing. Add Phase C to the batch with
homogenizing mixing. When the batch is uniform, begin cooling the
batch to 55.degree. C. with continuous homogenizer mixing. At
55.degree. C. add Phase D to the batch. Mix until uniform. Add
Phase E to the batch and mix until uniform. Weigh Phase F in a
suitable blender. Grind Phase F through a micropulverizer or
equivalent. When Phase F is free of pigment specks, add Phase G to
Phase F and blend until uniform. In the main batch vessel, switch
to a side wiping mixer and begin cooling the batch to 25.degree. C.
At 25.degree. C. add Phase F & G to the batch and mix until all
the powders are dispersed and batch is smooth and uniform. Store
the batch in airtight containers until ready for filling. Check the
viscosity and Ph of the batch.
Example 43
[0701] TABLE-US-00047 Cheek Color Ingredients Weight Percent
Deionized Water 62.00 Bio-PDO 8.00 Stepanquat ML 2.00 Germaben II-E
1.00 SI-TEC .TM. CM-040 Cyclomethicone 20.00 Abil EM-90 1.00
Salcare SC-95 2.00 Phenoxyethanol 1.00 SI-TEC .TM. CM-040
Cyclomethicone 1.80 Titanium Dioxide 328 0.68 D&C Red 30
(Puricolor Red VRE1) 0.52
[0702] Manufacturing Procedure:
[0703] NOTE: This is a cold process emulsion and must be
manufactured at room temperature (25.degree. C.). Combine Phase A
in a suitable mixing vessel. Mix until the Phase is clear and
uniform. Combine Phase B in a suitable mixing vessel. Mix until the
Phase is clear and uniform. Premix Phase C in a separate container
and grind through a 3-roll mill until there are no pigment specks
present. Add Phase C to Phase B and mix until all the color is
dispersed. When Phases A and B & C are uniform, slowly add
Phase A to combined Phases B & C and mix until all the phases
are combined. Switch to a homogenizing mixer and mix for 10-15
minutes. Store the batch in airtight containers until ready for
filling. Check the viscosity and Ph of the batch.
Example 44
[0704] TABLE-US-00048 Liquid Eyeliner Ingredients Weight Percent
Deionized Water 35.00 Keltrol F 0.20 Methyl Paraben 0.25 PVP K-30
(10% Aq Solution) 11.75 Triethanolamine 99% 1.00 Bio-PDO 10.00
Cosmetic Russet C33-5138 5.00 Cosmetic Yellow C33-1700 1.00 Black
Iron Oxide LC989 2.00 Sericite PHN 2.00 Carnauba Wax #1 4.00 White
Beeswax 2.00 Permethyl 104A 6.00 Stearic Acid 2.50 Lipo GMS 450
1.00 Propyl Paraben 0.20 Phenoxyethanol 1.00 Deionized Water 1.00
Germall 115 0.10 Lubrajel Oil 14.00
[0705] Manufacturing Procedure:
[0706] Combine Phase A ingredients in a suitable mixing vessel, Mix
until the Phase is uniform. Grind Phase B in a micropulverizer.
When Phase B is free of pigment specks, add Phase B to Phase A with
continuous mixing. Mix until the phases are uniform and free of
lumps. Homogenize the batch for 10-15 minutes or as necessary to
make Phase A & B smooth and homogeneous. In a separate vessel
combine Phase C ingredients and begin heating to 80-85.degree. C.
with good mixing. Begin heating Phase A to 75-80.degree. C. When
all phases are at the proper temperatures slowly add Phase C to
Phases A & B with continuous mixing. Mix for 15 minutes with
the batch covered to prevent water loss. Begin cooling the batch.
Combine Phase D ingredients in a separate vessel. At 50.degree. C.
slowly add Phase D to the batch with continuous mixing. Continue
cooling the batch to room temperature. At 25.degree. C. remove the
batch and store in airtight containers until ready for filling.
Check the viscosity and Ph of the batch.
Example 45
[0707] TABLE-US-00049 Hair Dye Base and Shade Formulations
Ingredient Dye Base Dk Ash Bn Med Auburn Water 59.78 59.78 59.78
AlkylPolyglucoside 1.75 1.75 1.75 Oleic Acid 10.00 10.00 10.00
Nonoxynol-1 0.70 0.70 0.70 Nonoxynol-4 1.23 1.23 1.23 Ammonium
Hydroxide 4.00 4.00 4.00 EDTA (4Na) 0.05 0.05 0.05 Erythorbic Acid
0.40 0.40 0.40 Sodium Sulfite 0.10 0.10 0.10 Bio-PDO 7.00 7.00 7.00
Heat to 80 C. for 10 min., cooled, q.s., add IPA Isopropanol 99%
5.00 5.00 5.00 Water 10.00 6.06 8.137 100.00 p-Phenylenediamine
0.369 Toluene-2,5-Diamine Sulfate 1.763 0.000 m-Aminophenol 0.146
0.018 Resorcinol 1.685 0.000 1-Naphthol 0.168 0.047
N,N-Bis(2-Hydroxyethyl)-PPD 0.176 0.046 Sulfate
4-Amino-2-Hydroxytoluene 0.922 p-Aminophenol 0.461 Ammonium
Hydroxide q.s. q.s. (q.s. to Ph 10.0) 100.00 100.00 Ph (25 C.)
10.03 Viscosity cps 425 380-440 350-390 (20 C; RVT; #2; 100
RPM)
Example 46
[0708] TABLE-US-00050 Composition for use before shaving Ingredient
Weight Percent EDTA 35% Sodium lauryl sulfate 3.3% Nipagin 20%
Nipazol 0.08% Cetyl alcohol 1.8% Carbopol 940 1.4% White wax 0.15%
Polysorbate 80 4% Bio-PDO 11.5% Triethanolamine 1.7% Water
21.07%
Example 47
[0709] TABLE-US-00051 Aftershave Ingredient Weight Percent
Isopropanol 30-70% SD alcohol-40 10-30% Acetylsalicylic acid 8-22%
Carbomer 0.25-1.75% Propylene glycol 2-15% Glycerin 2-15% PEG 1-8%
Water q.s. to 100%
Example 48
[0710] TABLE-US-00052 Shaving cosmetics containing moisturizers
Ingredients Weight Percent Bio-PDO 50-90% Oils 0.1-30% H2O 0.01-10%
Also: H2O 5.0% Glycerin 31.5% 1,3-butylene glycol 20.0% Bio-PDO
20.0% Polyethylene glycol 15.0% Isostearic acid 7.0%
Dimethylpolysiloxane 1.0% Perfume 0.5%
Example 49
[0711] TABLE-US-00053 Stick delivery system Treatment of razor burn
Ingredient Weight percent Solvent* Bio-PDO 72% Gelling agent**
Sodium stearate 8% Agent*** lidocaine 4% Menthol 1% Water 15%
*polyhydric alcohol **alkali metal stearate and/or palmitate
***anesthetic, an antihistamine, an anti-inflammatory agent, an
antifungal
Example 50
[0712] TABLE-US-00054 Water-in-oil emulsion Brushless nonlathering
shaving cream Ingredient Weight Percent Long-chain fatty alcohol*
4-15% Surfactant** 1-10% Wetting agent*** 1-10% Emollient**** 4-20%
*lauryl, stearyl, cetyl, myristyl **anionic, nonionic, amphoteric,
or quaternary surfactants/emulsifiers ***glycerol, propylene
glycol, sorbitol, or polyethylene glycol
****.quadrature.rabic.quadrature.t or mineral oils
Example 51
[0713] TABLE-US-00055 Shaving cream Ingredient Weight Percent 70%
sorbitol 6.19% Bio-PDO 6.19% Stearic acid 22.80% C10-16 fatty acids
19.00% 40% KOH 20.60% Boric acid 0.70% H2O 23.35-26.37% Perfume
1.00-1.17% Allantoin 0.20% Nipagin 0.20% Vegetable oil 3.00%
Example 52
[0714] TABLE-US-00056 Shaving creams Ingredient Weight Percent A)
Stearin and coconut oil 40.56% 40% KOH 20.68% 70% sorbitol and
Bio-PDO 13.66% H3BO3 2.74% Allantoin 2.74% Anesthesin 2.74% Nipagin
2.74% H2O 22.36% B) Stearin 31% Coconut oil 10% 40% KOH 20.48% 70%
sorbitol 6.0% Bio-PDO 7.65% H3BO3 0.65% Nipagin 1.0% Allantoin 1.0%
Anesthesin 0.74% Perfume 1.0% Dye 0.05% Na alginate 0.07% H2O
20.36%
Example 53
[0715] TABLE-US-00057 Pre-shave sticks Ingredient Weight Percent A)
Glyceryl monooleate 25-70% Sodium stearate 8-25% Bio-PDO 0-50% H2O
1-10% B) Atlas G-3496 61.65% Sodium stearate 15.0% Water 3.0%
Perfume 0.35% Bio-PDO 20.0%
Example 54
[0716] TABLE-US-00058 Liquid shaving compositions Ingredient Weight
Percent A) Nonionic surfactant 60-97% Bio-PDO 2-25% H2O 1-15% B)
Glycerol monooleate 77.8% polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monolaurate
6.6 H2O 6% Bio-PDO 9.6%
Example 55
[0717] TABLE-US-00059 Shaving Solution Ingredient Weight Percent
Bio-PDO 50-80% Deionized water 1-50%
Example 56
[0718] TABLE-US-00060 Shaving Solution Ingredient Weight Percent
Bio-PDO 50-80% Deionized water 1-50%
Example 57
[0719] TABLE-US-00061 Skin Preparation Solution Application to the
surface of the skin prior to shaving Ingredient Weight Percent
Bio-PDO 10-80% Deionized water 10-80% Imidazolidinyl urea 0.02-4%
Methylparaben 0.02-4% Propylparaben 0.01-2%
Example 58
[0720] TABLE-US-00062 Post hair removal skin care lotion Ingredient
Weight Percent Deionized water q.s. to 100% Aloe vera gel 6-7.4%
Soybean oil 6-7.4% Alpha lipoic acid 0.2-1.3% Stearic acid 3.5-4.3%
Glyceryl monostearate 3-3.7% Bio-PDO 2.5-3.1% Lauramide DEA
1.4-1.6% Vitamin E 0.4-0.5% Hydrocortisone acetate 0.2-0.5% Vitamin
C 0.2-0.25% Carbomer 0.2-0.25% Hydroxymethylcellulose 0.2-0.25%
Methylparaben 0.2-0.25% Propylparaben 0.09-0.1% Polyquaternium-15
0.09-0.1%
Example 59
[0721] TABLE-US-00063 Transparent shaving gel Ingredient Weight
Percent Bio-PDO 15-20% Lubricant/skin conditioners 2-5% Thickener
0.5-0.8% Neutralizer 0.5-0.8% Preservative 0.2-0.5%
Example 60
[0722] TABLE-US-00064 Enzyme-containing toothpastes Ingredient
Weight Percent Bio-PDO 20-73 Friction materials 15-50 Thickening
agent 1-1.7 Surfactant 1-6 Essence 0.8-1.2 Water 8-35 Saccharin
0.1-0.3 Pigment 0-0.5 PEG 0-6 Biological enzyme 0.01-2 Menthol
0-0.1 Sodium dihydrogen phosphate 0.1-0.5 Titanium dioxide 0-1
Biological enzyme stabilizer 0.1-4
Example 61
[0723] TABLE-US-00065 Composition for treatment of oral cavity
Anti-inflammatory and antibacterial treatment of the oral cavity
with toothpaste Ingredient Weight Percent Clindamycin 0.01-0.1%
Metronidazole 0.01-0.1% Propylene glycol 5-10% Sorbitol (70%) 1-10%
Sodium dimethyl-p-hydroxybenzoate 0.1-0.5%
Example 62
[0724] TABLE-US-00066 Beautifying toothpaste Ingredient Weight
Percent Beautifying agent 0.5%-5 Sepiolite 0.25-4%
Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) 0.1-2.5% Humectant 15%-25% Bio-PDO
Adhesive 1%-2.5% Xanthan gum Foaming agent 1.5-2.5% Sodium dodecyl
sulfate (SDS) Abrasive/Friction agent 40-50% Calcium carbonate
Essence 1%-1.5% Saccharin 0.1-0.5 Water q.s. to 100
Example 63
[0725] TABLE-US-00067 Ingredient Weight Percent Abrasives 30-55
CaCO3, CaHPO4, Al(OH)3 or SiO2 Wetting agent 15-25 Bio-PDO
Thickening agent 1.0-1.4 xanthan gum Destaining agent (surfactant)
2.0-2.5 Na dodecyl sulfate Polymer 0.1-2.0 Triclosan 0.1-0.3
Chinese medicine ext. 0.1-0.5 Desensitizer 0.2-0.4 Fluoride 0.2-0.8
Saccharine 0.25-0.35 Perfume 0.8-1.2% Water to 100%
Example 64
[0726] TABLE-US-00068 Dentifrice composition Ingredient Weight
Percent Abrasive 5-50% Silica Binder 0.1-30% Xanthan gum Humectant
10-80% Propylene glycol Surfactant 0.1-5% Alkyl polyglycosides as
nonionic
Example 65
[0727] TABLE-US-00069 Toothpaste Ingredient Weight Percent Calcium
carbonate 40-45% Hydroxyethylcellulose 1-1.3% Bio-PDO 22-25% Sodium
laurylsulfate 1.8-2% Nipagin 0.09-0.10% Nipasol 0.025-0.30%
Protease 0.25-0.50% Sodium acetate 0.15-0.25% Saccharin 0.10-0.15%
Flavoring 0.75-1% Water q.s. to 100%
Example 66
[0728] TABLE-US-00070 Mouthwash for infants A mouthwash for infants
contains, for every 100 g or Ml Ingredient Weight Percent Sorbitol
3.00 Glycerol 3.00 Methylparaben 0.20 Propylparaben 0.10 Bio-PDO
4.00 Disodium EDTA 0.10 Sodium lauryl sulfate 0.40 Sodium saccharin
0.06 Petitgraine essential oil 0.02 Tea tree essential oil 0.03
Potassium sorbate 0.20 Sodium citrate 0.05 Potassium phosphate 0.10
Citric acid 0.50 CI19140 0.02 CI47090 0.01 Water q.s. to 100
Example 67
[0729] TABLE-US-00071 Aqueous antiplaque oral compositions Mouth
rinse comprising antibacterial ester, arginine derivative,
surfactant, humectant Ingredient Weight Percent Ethyl
lauroylarginate-HCl 0.1 Sorbitol 10.0 Glycerin 10.0 Bio-PDO 7.0
Polysorbate-20 0.8 Cocoamidopropylbetaine 0.8 Sodium saccharin 0.03
Flavor 0.10 Water q.s. to 100%
Example 68
[0730] TABLE-US-00072 Prophylactic and therapeutic agent for mouth
care Ingredient Weight Percent Binders 0.1-5.0% Na CM-cellulose
Foaming components 0.1-5.0% Na lauryl sulfate Antidesiccants
1.0-15.0% Bio-PDO Preservatives 0.02-0.5% Me or Pr
p-hydroxybenzoate Flavors 0.1-2.0% peppermint oil Abrasives 5.0-25%
colloid silica, silica powder Solvents 0.1-90.0% Water 50.0-90.0%
phosphate buffer Ph 6.5-7.5 0.5-3.0% ethanol 0.1-50.0% Biologically
active components 0.01-8.0% Protamin sulfate 0.1-5.0% Allantoin
0.05-1.0% Sodium fluoride 0.03-3.0% Vitamin PP 0.01-5.0% Provitamin
B5 0.05-8.0%
Example 69
[0731] TABLE-US-00073 Antimicrobial compositions Antimicrobial
cream or ointment Ingredient Weight Percent Glycerol 6% Bio-PDO
5.5% Sodium lauryl sulfate 1% Cetyl alcohol 4.5% Cetyl palmitate 4%
Stearic alcohol 4.5% Stearic acid 4% White petrolatum 5%
Antimicrobial agent 1% Water 64.5%
Example 70
[0732] TABLE-US-00074 Oral compositions containing antimicrobial
Mouthwashes, Gargles, Dentifrices, Anti-plaque compounds, Oral film
dentifrices, General antiseptic, Denture cleansing tablets or
solutions. Mouth rinse: Ingredient Weight Percent Alcohol 15%
Antimicrobial agent 0.05% Flavoring oil 0.1% Bio-PDO 3% Sodium
lauryl Me cocoyl taurate 0.3% Sodium citrate 0.08% Citric acid
0.02% Saccharin sodium 0.1% FD&C Green No 30.0002% Water q.s.
to 100%
Example 71
[0733] TABLE-US-00075 Antiseptic mouthwash Ingredient Weight
Percent Ethyl alcohol 6-7 Bio-PDO 12-13 Propolis 0.001-0.10
Cinnamic aldehyde 0.003-0.35 Alkyl dimethylbenzylammonium chloride
0.003-0.35 Water q.s. to 100%
Example 72
[0734] TABLE-US-00076 Composition containing antibacterial agent
Ingredient Weight Percent Phenolic antibacterial agent 0.05-5
Disinfecting alcohol 1-40 Gelling agent 0.1-5 Hydrotrope 0.1-30%
Bio-PDO 0.1-50% H2O q.s. to 100%
Example 73
[0735] TABLE-US-00077 Mouthwash composition containing bactericide
Manual spray: Ingredient Weight Percent Cineole 2.7 Thymol 1.8
Methyl salicylate 1.5 Menthol 1.5 Ethoxylated hydrogenated castor
oils 10 Shellac 1.0 Bio-PDO 30 Ethanol 51.5
Example 74
[0736] TABLE-US-00078 Liquid Automatic Dishwashing Detergent
Ingredients: Wt. % Water 54.30 Citric Acid 5.93 Bio-PDO 6.92
Carbopol .TM. 934 2.18 NaOH (50%) 5.74 Sodium Borate 0.99 Sodium
Citrate 3.96 Sodium Formate 1.98 CaCl 0.10 Sodium Xylene Sulfanate
(40%) 4.95 EO/PO Block Copolymer 1.98 Sodium Polyacrylate Mn1200
(45%) 9.89 Protease 0.69 Amylase 0.20 Lemon Essential Oil 0.20
Total 100.0
[0737] Procedure: Combine and stir water H.sub.2O, citric acid and
Bio-PDO.TM.. Add Carbopol.TM. to mixture and .quadrature.rab until
dissolved. Slowly add sodium hydroxide, and thereafter add
remaining ingredients.
Example 75
[0738] TABLE-US-00079 Liquid Laundry Detergent Ingredients: Wt. %
Linear Dodecyl Benzene Sulfonate 6.93 Coconut Fatty Acid (C12-C18)
7.52 Tergitol 15-S-7 16.83 Triethanolamine 7.52 Bio-PDO 10.89
Citric Acid (50%) 6.33 KOH (45%) 9.30 Water 33.65 Protease 0.69
Amylase 0.20 Lavendar Essential Oil 0.10 FD&C Blue 1 0.03
FD&C Red 40 0.01 Total 100.0
[0739] Procedure: Combine Linear Dodecyl Benzene Sulfonate,
H.sub.2O, Triethanolamine and Bio-PDO.TM., and stir mixture at
70.degree. C. Add Tergitol. Melt the fatty acids and add to the
mix. Slowly add KOH, then slowly add the citric acid. Cool mixture
below 30.degree. C. Add the enzymes, fragrance and dye.
Example 76
[0740] TABLE-US-00080 Liquid Laundry Detergent Ingredients: Wt. %
C12-C13 Linear Alcohol EO-7 4.0 Linear Dodecyl Benzene Sulfonate
(60%) 14.0 Sodium Laureth Sulfate (60%) 5.0 Sodium Citrate 4.0
Sodium Borate 4.0 Bio-PDO 3.0 Tinopal CBS-X 0.1 Protease 0.7
Amylase 0.2 Monethanolamine 0.5 Coconut Fatty Acid (C12-C18) 2.0
Water 62.5 Total 100.0
[0741] Procedure: Ingredients were combined in the following order,
allowing each to dissolve/disperse completely before adding the
next ingredient: water, Tinopal CBS-X, sodium citrate, sodium
borate, monoethanolamine, coconut fatty acid, C12-C13 linear
alcohol EO-7, linear dodecyl benzene sulfonate (60%), sodium
laureth sulfate (60%), protease, amylase, and Bio-PDO.TM..
Example 77
[0742] TABLE-US-00081 Hand Dishwashing Liquid Ingredients: Wt. %
Bio-PDO 15.35 Linear Dodecyl Benzene Sulfonate 19.95
Triethanolamine 6.14 Cocamide DEA 10.74 Tergitol 15-S-7 4.60 Sodium
Laureth-3EO Sulfate (28%) 4.60 Coco Amido Propyl Betaine 7.67
Polyquaternium-6 (20%) 3.07 NaCl (25%) 1.53 Sodium Xylene Sulfanate
(40%) 6.55 Water 19.19 Lemon Essential Oil 0.58 FD&C Yellow 5
0.03 FD&C Red 40 0.01 Total 100.0
[0743] Procedure: Combine all liquid ingredients and stir mixture
at 70.degree. C. Gradually add Linear Dodecyl Benzene Sulfonate and
stir until dissolved in mixture and mixture is clear. Cool mixture
below 30.degree. C. and add fragrance and coloring.
Example 78
[0744] TABLE-US-00082 Hand Dishwashing Liquid Ingredients: Wt. %
Bio-PDO 15.56 Linear Dodecyl Benzene Sulfonate 20.23
Triethanolamine 6.22 Cocamide DEA 10.89 Tergitol 15-S-7 4.67 Sodium
Lauryl Sulfate 4.67 Coco Amido Propyl Betaine 7.78 Polyquaternium-6
(20%) 3.11 NaCl (25%) 3.11 Sodium Xylene Sulfanate (40%) 3.50 Water
19.45 Lemon Essential Oil 0.78 FD&C Yellow 5 0.04 Total
100.0
Procedure: Combine all liquid ingredients and stir mixture at
70.degree. C. Gradually add Sodium Lauryl Sulfate and stir until
dissolved and liquid mixture is clear. Gradually add Linear Dodecyl
Benzene Sulfonate and stir until dissolved and liquid mixture is
clear. Cool mixture below 30.degree. C. and add fragrance and
coloring.
Example 79
[0745] TABLE-US-00083 Engine Coolant Ingredient Weight Percent
Bio-PDO 30-60 Deionized water 36.5-69 Pyrrole compound 0.05-0.22
Polymer 0.60-1.60 Polyacrylic acid 0.05-0.20 Sodium benzoate
0.15-0.90 AEO9 purging agent 0.05-0.10 Monocarboxylic acid
0.05-0.25 Dicarboxylic salt 0.05-0.25 4-hydroxy Bu benzoate
0.0001-0.0002 Antifoam 0.0001-0.0002 Green dye 0.0001-0.0002
Example 80
[0746] TABLE-US-00084 Heat transfer liquids with glass corrosion
protection Ingredient Weight Percent Bio-PDO 94% Polyacrylic acid
<0.5% KOH (50%) <0.3% Tolutriazole <0.2% Benzotriazole
<0.1% Sodium molybdate dehydrate <0.1 Hydroxyalkylamine
<5% Antifoam 0.004% Sodium metasilicate 0.2% Water q.s. to
100%
Example 81
[0747] TABLE-US-00085 Antifreeze and/or coolant Ingredient Wt, %
Bio-PDO 0.1-99.9% 3-hydroxypropionic acid salts or esters
0.1-99.9%
Example 82
[0748] TABLE-US-00086 Anhydrous phosphate-free antifreeze
Ingredient Wt, % Bio-PDO 92-98% Borate (as B4O7) 0.16-0.81%
Molybdate (as MoO4) 0.13-0.66% Nitrate (as NO3) 0.073-0.36% Nitrite
(as NO2) 0.67-0.33% Tolyltriazole 0.15-0.50% Silicate (as SiO2)
0.014-0.07%
Example 83
[0749] TABLE-US-00087 Antifreeze composition for diesel engines
Ingredient Wt, % Monobasic carboxylic acid 0.1-10% Nitrate salt
0.01-10% Nitrite salt 0.001-10% Azole 0.01-5.0% Molybdate
0.001-5.0% Silicone-silicate copolymer 0.01-10%
Poly(vinylpyrrolidone) 0.001-5.0% Bio-PDO q.s. to 100%
Example 84
[0750] TABLE-US-00088 Aqueous antifreeze coolant Ingredient Wt, %
Sodium polyacrylate/polyacrylic acid 0.001-10% Nitrate salt
0.001-10% Nitrite salt 0.001-10% Azole 0.001-10% Polysilicate
0.001-10% Phosphate 0.001-10% Molybdate 0.001-10% Bio-PDO q.s. to
100
Example 85
[0751] TABLE-US-00089 Antifreeze-type coolant Ingredient Wt, %
Bio-PDO 93% 2-ethylhexanoic acid 3.1% Neodecanoic acid 1.1% Sodium
nitrate 0.2% Sodium nitrite 0.4% Tolyltriazole 0.09%
Example 86
[0752] TABLE-US-00090 Sealing agents containing antifreeze
Ingredient Wt, % Natural rubber latex 55% Tackifier resin emulsion
15% Bio-PDO .TM. 30%
Example 87
[0753] TABLE-US-00091 Water-based coating materials applicable at
freezing point Ingredient Wt, % Acronal YJ 2730D 45%
Solvent-soluble resin 15% Bio-PDO 2% Methanol 3% Butoxyethanol
5%
Example 88
[0754] TABLE-US-00092 Antifreeze foam Ingredient Wt, % Bio-PDO .TM.
45% Isopropanol 40% Polyethylene glycol stearyl ether 5%
Dichlorodifluoromethane 7.5% Propane 2.5%
Example 89
[0755] TABLE-US-00093 Antifreeze for freezing of foods Ingredient
Wt, % Ethanol 49% Water 48.5% Polydimethylsiloxane 0.2% Bio-PDO
1.7% Sodium malate 0.3% Glycerin monocaprylate/caproate 0.2%
Glycine 0.1%
Example 90
[0756] TABLE-US-00094 Antifreeze for solid surfaces Ingredient Wt,
% Bio-PDO 70.0% Ethanol 5.0% EO/PO copolymer 20.0% Water 5.0%
Corrosion inhibitor 0.12% Nonionic surfactant 0.5% Perfume 0.1%
Example 91
[0757] TABLE-US-00095 Liquid antifreeze for agrochemicals
Ingredient Wt, % 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid 43% Sulfonated
lignin 1.5% Bio-PDO 2% Aluminum hydroxide gel (10%) 9.0%
Hydroxypropyl guar 0.2% Antifoam agent 0.1% Water 44.2%
Example 92
[0758] TABLE-US-00096 Antifreeze for fuel tanks Ingredient Wt, %
Isopropanol 69.95% Bio-PDO 29.95% Triethanolamine 0.05% Sodium
nitrate 0.03% Benzotriazoleamine salt 0.02%
Example 93
[0759] TABLE-US-00097 Heat transfer fluid for electrically heated
boilers Ingredient Wt, % Bio-PDO 30-55% Sodium phosphate 0.04-0.10%
Ammonium molybdate 0.03-0.09% Water q.s. to 100%
Example 94
[0760] TABLE-US-00098 Concentrate for preparing antifreezes and
heat-transfer agents Ingredient Wt, % Phosphoric acid (78%)
2.0-20.0% Triethanolamine 10.0-60.0% 2-mercaptobenzothiazole sodium
salt 0.1-1.2% EDTA disodium salt dihydrate 0.5-1.5% Caprolactam
0.1-3.0% 1,4-dihydroxybenzene 0.001-3.0% Phosphite P-24
0.001-0.005% Antifoaming agent 0.02-0.03% Dye 0.05-0.06%
Butoxyethanol 0.2-0.3% Water 10.0-35.0% Bio-PDO q.s. to 100%
Example 95
[0761] TABLE-US-00099 Heat transfer fluid for solar installations
Ingredient Wt, % Triethylene glycol 45-98% Bio-PDO 1-55% Corrosion
inhibitors 1-6%
Example 96
[0762] TABLE-US-00100 Preparation of a non-foaming liquid heat
transfer agent Ingredient Wt, % Bio-PDO 96.42% Sodium salt of
poly(acrylic acid) 0.02% Sodium borate 2% Sodium benzoate 1% Sodium
nitrite 0.15% Sodium nitrate 0.1% Benzotriazole 0.2%
Poly(dimethylsiloxane) 0.01% Sodium silicate 0.1%
Example 97
[0763] TABLE-US-00101 Heat transfer refrigeration fluid Ingredient
Wt, % Bio-PDO 45% Propylene carbonate 5% H2O 50%
Example 98
[0764] TABLE-US-00102 Antifreeze composition Ingredient Wt, % Part
A Cellulose gum 0.5% Alginic acid 0.5% Gelatin 2% Water 47% Bio-PDO
50% Part B Ferric chloride 5% Water 45% Bio-PDO 50%
Example 99
[0765] TABLE-US-00103 Engine Coolant Bio-PDO 49.74% Water 48.76%
Fluoro-surfactant 0.01% Corrosion inhibitor 1.29% Defoamer 0.08%
Dye 0.12%
Example 100
Heat Transfer Composite
[0766] The composite comprises Bio-PDO, and/or glycerin, and water
as major components, and contains 0.5-5.0 wt. % of C8-12 aliphatic
dibasic acids and the alkali metal salts, 0.5-5.0 wt. % of benzoic
acid and the alkali metal salts, 0.05-1.0 wt. % of triazoles, and
0.01-0.5 wt. % of thiazoles.
Example 101
Reusable Thermal Pack and Flow Retardant Gel
[0767] The thermal pack for therapeutic use includes a gel pad in a
1.sup.st flexible sealed bag connected to a pressure chamber from a
2.sup.nd flexible sealed bag which can be inflated. The gel
comprises clay (bentonite) and Bio-PDO, and includes a fibrous
material to prevent flow and increase heat capacity.
Example 102
Non-Aqueous Heat Transfer Fluid
[0768] The invention is directed to a heat transfer system
comprising a heat transfer fluid. The heat transfer fluid
comprising non-buffered Bio-PDO, and at least one Bio-PDO.TM.
soluble additive selected from the group consisting of a molybdate
salt, a nitrate compound and an azole compound.
Example 103
Antifreeze Coolant Composition for High Temperature
Applications
[0769] The present invention comprises an improved antifreeze
coolant composition with certain additives (0.01 wt. % to 5.0 wt.
%) that serve to increase the thermal stability of the Bio-PDO.TM.
component of a Bio-PDO/water (5-95:95-5) coolant composition and to
reduce the tendency of the Bio-PDO component to degrade under
elevated thermal conditions. These additives comprise organic
compounds with a carboxylic acid moiety and a hydroxyl moiety, and
also tricarballylic acid. Another aspect of this invention concerns
a method for improving the stability of the Bio-PDO component of a
Bio-PDO/water coolant composition in engine cooling/heating systems
by formulating a Bio-PDO/water coolant composition with the thermal
stability additive to form an improved coolant composition, and
contacting the engine cooling/heating system with the improved
coolant composition.
Example 104
[0770] TABLE-US-00104 Cryopreservation composition of Bio-PDO and a
vehicle solution Component Concentration Bio-PDO 0.05M to about
6.0M 0.5M to about 4.0M (more preferred) 0.5M to about 3.0M (most
preferred) EuroCollins solution: Sodium (Na+) 10 Mm Potassium (K+)
115 Mm Chloride (Cl-) 15 Mm Phosphate monobasic (H2PO4-) 15 Mm
Phosphate dibasic (HPO42-) 42.5 Mm Bicarbonate (HCO3) 10 Mm Glucose
194 Mm
Example 105
[0771] TABLE-US-00105 Aircraft Deicing Fluid Ingredients: % Wt.
Bio-PDO 92 Water 7.14 Polyethylene glycol ether 0.2 EO/PO
alkoxylate 0.2 KOH (50% solution) .06 Sandocorin 8132C 0.4
Example 106
[0772] TABLE-US-00106 Aircraft Deicing Fluid Ingredients: % Wt.
Bio-PDO 45.5 Water 53.165 Tolytriazole 0.4 Silicon anti-foamer 0.2
Potassium Hydroxide .035 Triethanolamine 0.3 Sodium arylalkyl
sulfonate 0.4
Example 107
[0773] TABLE-US-00107 Aircraft runway deicing composition
Ingredient Wt, % Alkali metal carboxylate 20-25% Alkali earth metal
carboxylate 1-15% Bio-PDO 1-35% Alkali metal phosphate 0.01-1%
Alkali metal silicate 0.01-1% Triazole 0.01-1%
Example 108
[0774] TABLE-US-00108 Aircraft runway deicing composition
Ingredient Wt, % Alkali metal carboxylate 1-40% Alkali earth metal
carboxylate 1-25% Bio-PDO 1-35% Alkali metal phosphate 0.01-1%
Alkali metal silicate 0.01-1% Triazole 0.01-1% Water q.s. to
100
Example 109
[0775] TABLE-US-00109 Deicer/anti-icer for aircraft Ingredient Wt,
% Water 41% Bio-PDO 50% Polysaccharide 3% Corrosion inhibitors
6%
Example 110
[0776] TABLE-US-00110 Deicers for polyurethane foam-lined LPG tanks
Ingredient Wt, % Isopropanol 40% Bio-PDO 60%
Example 111
Liquid Carboxylate Deicer Composition
[0777] The liquid deicer compounds suitable for roadways, runways,
and bridges include: (a) aqueous carboxylate salt of alkali metal,
especially as formate, propionate, and/or lactate; (b) corrosion
inhibitors for protection of galvanized steel; (c) auxiliary
corrosion inhibitors for nonferrous metals, esp. Al alloys; and (d)
optional Bio-PDO. The corrosion inhibitor is preferably a
polyvalent metal compd., esp. La acetate hydrate or a mixed
lanthamide salt sol. In water, or optionally a Mg-ion compd. And/or
a sulfide salt. The deicer optionally includes 50-10,000 ppm of
tolyltriazole as auxiliary inhibitor for nonferrous metal surfaces.
The typical aqueous deicer contains potassium acetate 50%,
tolyltriazole 0.15-0.75%, lanthamide nitrate hexahydrate 1.0-3.0%,
and trimercaptotriazine tri-Na salt 10.10-0.75%, water q.s. to
100%.
Example 112
Water-Activated Exothermic Chemical Deicing Formulation
[0778] Deicing compositions are provided for removing ice from a
surface which include either succinic acid or succinic anhydride,
or both, and a neutralizing base such as sodium hydroxide,
potassium hydroxide, or ammonium hydroxide wherein the deicing
compositions when mixed with water produce succinate salts in a
reaction that rapidly releases sufficient heat to melt the ice on
the surface and the succinate salts act as a deicer and freeze
point depressant. The deicing compositions may further include
Bio-PDO which inhibits reformation of the ice on the deiced
surface. The deicing compositions are suitable and effective for
airport applications in which corrosion of aircraft alloys and
concrete runways are of concern.
Example 113
Anti-Icing Fluid or Deicing Fluid
[0779] The title non-electrolytic, non-toxic, biodegradable
anti-icing or deicing composition comprises: (a) water; (b) a
non-toxic freeze point depressant selected from the group
consisting of C2-6 monohydric alcohols, Bio-PDO, mono-Me or Et
ethers of C3-12 polyhydric alcohols or mixtures thereof, (c) a
nontoxic thickener. The composition is a continuous single phase
liquid that exhibits pseudoplasticity, and is useful on the
surfaces of, for example, aircraft, airport pavements, roadways,
walkways, bridges, entrances, structures, canals, locks,
components, vessels, nautical components, railroad switches, and
motor vehicles. A typical composition contained water, Bio-PDO.TM.
and/or propanol and xanthan.
Example 114
[0780] TABLE-US-00111 Animal feed supplement WO9733488A1 Ingredient
Weight Percent Sodium Propionate 10% Bio-PDO 5% White Grease 40%
Filler 45% (Dairy, fiber, grains, and flavor enhancers)
Example 115
[0781] TABLE-US-00112 Energetic feed additive Ingredient Weight
Percent Bio-PDO 25-48% Glycerol 25-48% Nutritionally suitable acid
1-17% (e.g. C2-C20 aliphatic carboxylic acids) Water 1-32% Vitamins
& Minerals .0001-4%
Example 116
[0782] TABLE-US-00113 Aerosol compositions for animal feeds
US2006034978A1 Ingredient Weight Percent Molasses 25% Propylene
Glycol 23% Soy Lecithin 10% Water 22% Bio-PDO 4.5% Flavoring 0.5%
Isobutane/Propane/Butane 15%
Example 117
[0783] TABLE-US-00114 Flavored Ink Jet Printing Fluid Ingredient
Amount Bio-PDO 94.2% Glycerin 4.0% FD &C Blue 1 1.6% Balls of
fire flavor 0.2%
Example 118
[0784] TABLE-US-00115 Berry Flavor Concentrate Ingredient Amount
Bio-PDO 53% Ethanol 10% Water 30% Berry flavor 3% Citric acid
4%
Example 119
[0785] TABLE-US-00116 Edible Pet Chew Ingredient Amount Proteins
5-50% Carbohydrates 20-80% Bio-PDO 5-50% Water 5-30%
Example 120
[0786] TABLE-US-00117 Low calorie sugar substitute Ingredient
Amount Sorbitol 48.34% Water 48.34% Sodium alginate 0.4% Calcium
sulfate .quadrature.rabic.quadrature.te 0.3% Guar gum 1.0% Wheat
plant fiber 0.5% Bio-PDO 1.0% Neotame 0.02% Potassium sorbate
0.1%
Example 121
[0787] TABLE-US-00118 Ice cream toppings Ingredient Amount
Flavoring agent 0.05-40% Fat 0.01-50% Bio-PDO 0.1-40% Sweetener up
to 80% Emulsifier up to 10% Water 0-20%
Example 122
[0788] TABLE-US-00119 Frozen beverage Ingredient Amount Water 60.6%
Bio-PDO 20.2% Polyethylene 18.3% Propylene glycol alginate 0.7%
Caramel colorant 0.2%
Example 123
[0789] TABLE-US-00120 Flavor delivery system Ingredient Amount
Benzaldehyde 20% Polysorbate 80 40% Bio-PDO 40%
Example 124
[0790] TABLE-US-00121 Soft-frozen cocktail drink Ingredient Amount
Ethanol 2-15% Bio-PDO 12-14% Base flavor mix q.s. to 100%
Example 125
[0791] TABLE-US-00122 Flavored micro emulsion for Beverages
Ingredient Amount Flavor oil 4.1% Tween-60 4.1% Water 16.5% Bio-PDO
75.4%
Example 126
[0792] TABLE-US-00123 Food flavoring material Ingredient Amount
Glutamate 9.5 g IMP 0.25 g GMP 0.25 g Lactose 5.0 g Sodium chloride
10.0 g Water 60.0 kg Bio-PDO 15.0 kg
Example 127
[0793] TABLE-US-00124 Heat-stable flavoring Ingredient Amount
Tamarind seed gum 50 g Bio-PDO 50 g Water 200 g Sodium
pyrophosphate 3 g
Example 128
[0794] TABLE-US-00125 Fried Food Preservative Ingredient Amount
Soybean oil 75 parts Lecithin 20 parts Bio-PDO 5 parts
Example 129
[0795] TABLE-US-00126 Non-aqueous Beverage Gel Ingredient Amount Me
cellulose 10 parts Bio-PDO 100 parts
Example 130
[0796] TABLE-US-00127 Food Preservation Emulsifier Ingredient
Amount Capric acid monoglyceride 75% Bio-PDO 15% Water 7% Sodium
glutamate 3%
Example 131
[0797] TABLE-US-00128 Liquid Heat-Setting Confections Ingredient
Amount Bio-PDO 17.7% Glycerol monooleate 0.7% Lecithin 0.7%
Antioxidant 0.0% Honey 0.1% Coloring 0.3% Flavoring 0.3% Potassium
citrate 1.2% Artificial sweetener 0.2% Glycerol 53.1% Starch 23.6%
Carrageenan 2.1%
Example 132
[0798] TABLE-US-00129 Instant dumplings Ingredient Amount Flour
40-60 parts Potato starch 20-30 parts Acetic acid starch 10-20
parts Refined salt 0.5-5 parts Emulsifying agent 0.2-1 parts
Sorbitol 2-8 parts Bio-PDO 2-6 parts
Example 133
[0799] TABLE-US-00130 Grated Cheese Preservative Ingredient Amount
Bio-PDO 20 parts Sodium chloride 18 parts Lactic acid 0.1 parts
Propionic acid 0.1 parts Sucrose 2 parts Ascorbic acid 0.05 parts
Glycerol monostearate 0.1 parts Water 59.65 parts
Example 134
[0800] TABLE-US-00131 Edible solid for confectionery coatings or
cake or cookie dough Ingredient Amount Bio-PDO 80% Nonfat dry milk
solid 20%
Example 135
[0801] TABLE-US-00132 Ready-made/Instant Food Preservative
Ingredient Amount Bio-PDO 50 parts Acetic acid 3 parts Sodium
acetate 1.5 parts Ethanol (95%) 105.3 parts
Example 136
[0802] TABLE-US-00133 Multi-phase delivery system for food
supplements and meal replacements Ingredient Amount Creatine
monohydrate 16.71% Glycerol 15.97% Corn syrup 21.20% High-fructose
corn syrup 24.78% Gelatin 5.51% Bio-PDO 5.51% Modified starch 2.75%
Water 4.96% Other ingredients 2.61%
Example 137
[0803] TABLE-US-00134 Mulberry Leaf Preservative Ingredient Wt, %
Overall Actives 3-8% Ph regulator 20-30% Malic acid 1-35% Citric
acid 18-25% Sorbic acid 15-20% Hydrochloric acid 8-14% Phytic acid
16-25% Dewatered acetic acid 8-15% Redox agent 20-30% Sodium
sulfate 15-25% Potassium sulfate 18-28% Pepsin 25-40% Papain 5-42%
Moisture activity-reducing agent 20-30% Sodium pyrophospahte 10-15%
Sodium chloride 6-10% Bio-PDO 8-15% Agar 5-40% Kara gum 15-25%
Gelatin 21-30% Disinfectant 15-25% Josamycin 15-40% Fupaisuan
18-25% Phage 22-30% Lysozyme 20-30% Water q.s. to 100%
Example 138
[0804] TABLE-US-00135 Fining product Ingredient Amount Collagen
3-40% Bio-PDO 2-50% Buffering system 0.5-5% Preservative 0.1-5%
Example 139
[0805] TABLE-US-00136 Semi-moist feed for herbivorous animals
Ingredient Amount Gelatinized starch 5-55% Sugars 5-80% Bio-PDO
2-8% Water 15-30%
Example 140
[0806] TABLE-US-00137 Preservative for bakery products Ingredient
Amount Ethanol 1.0% Bio-PDO 0.5% Acetic acid 0.03% Sodium acetate
0.02% Water 98.45% (Sweet rice flour 600 g, water 400 Ml and
preservative 16 g)
Example 141
[0807] TABLE-US-00138 Food moistening agent for starch and(or)
protein raw materials Ingredient Amount Bio-PDO 40-90% Sorbitol
10-60% (Fish cake (kamaboko) 96% and moistening agent 4%)
Example 142
[0808] TABLE-US-00139 Solid food condiment Ingredient Amount
Bio-PDO 1-70 parts Gelatin 10 parts Condiment* 80-93% total solids
*Catsup, vinegar, apple butter, dried onion flakes, mustard, pickle
relish
Example 143
[0809] TABLE-US-00140 Microbial stabilized cooked dehydrated meat,
vegetables, or fruits Ingredient Amount Freeze-dried chicken solids
34.3% Glycerol 32.4% H2O 27.8% Salt 0.8% Sugar 1.5% Monosodium
glutamate 1.8% Bio-PDO 1.1% Potassium sorbate 0.3%
Example 144
[0810] TABLE-US-00141 Stable emulsifier for sponge cakes and creams
Ingredient Amount Sorbitol (70%) 570 g Bio-PDO 200 g Ethanol 20 g
Water 800 g Sucrose monosterate 160 g Sodium hydroxide (10%) 16 ml
Propylene glycol monostearate 40 g Glycerol monostearate 200 g
Example 145
[0811] TABLE-US-00142 Fruit coating Ingredient Amount Bio-PDO 5%
Water 45% Ethanol 50%
Example 146
[0812] TABLE-US-00143 Frozen or processed meats coating Ingredient
Amount cellulose propionate flake 45 parts acetyl tributyl citrate
55 parts Bio-PDO 5 parts
Example 147
[0813] TABLE-US-00144 Stabilizer for semidry feeds Ingredient
Amount Bio-PDO 51.2% Glycerol 35.3% Sorbitol 13.5%
Example 148
[0814] TABLE-US-00145 Brine solution for freezing fresh foods
(fish, meat, vegetable, etc) Ingredient Amount Ethanol 40-60%
Bio-PDO 2-20% Preservatives 0.05-1% H2O q.s. to 100%
Example 149
[0815] TABLE-US-00146 Lycopene pigment Ingredient Amount Lycopene
pigment 0.8 g Natural vitamin E 0.2 g d-limonene 2 g Palm oil 5 g
SAIB 6 g Water 60 g Arabic gum 20 g L-ascorbic acid 0.1 g Bio-PDO
10 g
Example 150
[0816] TABLE-US-00147 Low Calorie Honey Substitute Ingredient
Amount CM-cellulose gum 0.500% HPM-cellulose gum 0.500% Xanthan gum
0.223% Propylene glycol alginate 0.0525% Sodium bicarbonate 0.131%
Glycerin 5.91% Bio-PDO 1.31% Aspartame 0.223% Acesulfame K 0.0421%
Food Color Blend 0.237% Honey Flavor 0.17% Vanilla extract 0.0657%
Water 90.7%
Example 151
[0817] TABLE-US-00148 Fabricated fruit pieces Ingredient Wt % % of
Piece Soft Berry Center 90.0% Corn syrup 20.3% Blueberry Flavor
1.1% Bio-PDO 52.8% Water 7.2% Modified corn starch 5.4% Modified
tapioca starch 5.5% Fructose 4.0% Malic acid 0.7% Citric acid 1.0%
Grape skin extract color 1.0% Dried blueberry powder 0.5% Salt 0.5%
100% Thin Film Coating 10.0% Sodium citrate 0.23% Water 76.98%
Gellan gum 0.59% Citric acid 0.20% Sucrose 10.0% Grape skin extract
color 0.5% Blueberry powder 0.5% Bio-PDO 10.0% Sunflower oil 0.5%
100%
Example 152
[0818] TABLE-US-00149 Method for producing feed Ingredient Weight
Percent Fish meal 70% Wheat powder 19% Bio-PDO 6% Soybean cake 3%
Vitamins 3% Minerals 0.8% Salt 0.4%
Example 153
[0819] TABLE-US-00150 Agricultural Chemical Suspension Ingredient
Weight Percent Ammonium Sulfate 30-70% Bio-PDO 20-80% Igepal .RTM.
RC-630 1-9%
Example 154
[0820] TABLE-US-00151 Liquid and paste automotive cleaner
Ingredient Weight Percent Bio-PDO 0.5-20% Coco fatty acid
alkanolamines 0.8-50% Sodium lauryl ether sulfate 0.5-45% Sodium
lauryl sulfate 0.5-40% Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid 1-50%
Cocoamidopropylbetaine 1-35% Coco fatty acid diethanolamides
0.3-35% Triethanolamine 1-30% Sodium tripolyphosphate 0.2-10%
Sodium metasilicate 0.5-20% NaCl 0.2-10% MgCl2 0.2-10% NaOH 0.2-10%
Formaldehyde 0.1-5% Pigments/dyes 0.1-50% Fragrance 0.3-10%
Example 155
[0821] TABLE-US-00152 Latex Paint Ingredient Weight Percent Water
10-40% Hydroxyethyl cellulose 0.2-1.0% Defoaming agent 0.2-1.0%
Dispersing agent 0.2-1.0% Mildew-proof and preservative agent
0.2-0.8% Bio-PDO 1-5% Pigment 5-30% Kaolin 10-50% Nanoparticles
0.5-1.5% Silicone 0.5-1.5% Styrene-acrylate copolymer microemulsion
15-45% Film-forming auxiliary agent 0.5-5% Auxiliary agents'
0.2-1.0%
Example 156
[0822] TABLE-US-00153 Rainproof Paint Ingredient Weight Percent
Acrylic emulsion 23-32 Polycarboxylate dispersing agent 0.5-1.2
Antifoam BA-202 0.4-1.0 Bio-PDO 1.5-2.5 Preservative LXE 0.1-0.3
KOH (40%) 0.2-0.4 Ester 12 as film-forming aid 1.5-2.5 Acrylic
polycarboxylate thickener 0.5-1.5 Nanoscale SiO2 1.0-3.0 Nanoscale
TiO2 0.8-1.8 Titanium dioxide 10-20 Calcium carbonate 8-15 Kaolin
8-15 Fluorocarbon resin 5-15 Deionized water 10-20
Example 157
[0823] TABLE-US-00154 Ink jet for printing of food Ingredient
Weight Percent Bio-PDO 92% Glycerin 4% Isopropyl alcohol 2%
FD&C Blue No. 1 2%
Example 158
[0824] TABLE-US-00155 Cuttlefish ink mixture Ingredient Weight
Percent Cuttlefish ink 15-30% Bio-PDO 15-30% Sweetener 30-60%
Ethanol 10-15%
Example 159
[0825] TABLE-US-00156 Blue writing ink Ingredient Weight Percent
Bio-PDO 1-10% Prussian blue 1.0-5% Oxalic-acid 0.2-5%
Dodecylbenzenesulfonate 0.01-2% Gum .quadrature.rabic 0.1-1%
Anticorrosive agents 0.1-1% Water q.s. to 100%
Example 160
[0826] TABLE-US-00157 Hydraulic-lubricating fluid Ingredient Weight
Percent Ethylene oxide-propylene oxide-glycerol 27.6% Bio-PDO 16.7%
PEG-600 6.6% Styrene-maleic polyester 5.0% Methylphenylsilicone oil
0.5% Triethanolamine 0.5% Benzotriazole 0.1% NaNO2 0.5% Water
42.5%
Example 161
[0827] TABLE-US-00158 Liquid suspension Ingredient Weight Percent
Bio-PDO 27.6% Glycerine 47.0% Polymeric fatty acid ester 0.2%
Dispersing agent 0.2% Polyethylene Oxide (dry) 25%
Example 162
[0828] TABLE-US-00159 Liquid denitrogenation agent for petroleum
oils Ingredient Weight percent Bio-PDO 5-20% Ethylene glycol 10-30%
Propanoic acid 10-20% Malonic acid 20-50% Oxalic anyhydride
20-30%
Example 163
[0829] TABLE-US-00160 Pharmaceutical Composition Ingredient Weight
Percent Drug Active (1) 0.35% Drug Active (2) 0.28% Phenylephrine
hydrochloride 0.28% Methyl paraben 0.25% Propyl paraben 0.03%
Bio-PDO 7.30% Saccharin sodium 0.09% Citric acid 0.14% Strawberry
flavor 0.28% Banana flavor 0.28% Sorbitol (70%) 90.56% Water
0.14%
Example 164
[0830] TABLE-US-00161 Pharmaceutical composition Ingredient Weight
Percent Polyoxyethylene hydrogenated castor oil 5-50% Azone 0-10%
Ginseng extract 0-10% Ginkgo leaf extract 0-10% Collagen protein
0-10% Hyaluronic acid 0-3% Allantoin 0.1-1% Zinc gluconate 0-3%
Vitamin C 0.1-1% Vitamin E 0.01-0.1% Bio-PDO 3-30% Glycerol
3-30%
Example 165
[0831] TABLE-US-00162 Water-soluble lubricant composite Ingredient
Weight Percent Polyethylene glycol ether 70-90% Water resin 5-15%
Leveling agent 0.5-1.5% Bio-PDO 0.5-1.5% Polyethylene wax oxide
1-7% Deionized water 1.5-10%
Example 166
[0832] TABLE-US-00163 Biocide and antifouling dispersant Ingredient
Weight Percent Alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride 5.0-45.0%
Dialkyldimethylammonium chloride 1.0-15% Bio-PDO 10-3.0% Water q.s.
to 100%
Example 167
[0833] TABLE-US-00164 Composition for inhibition of corrosion and
deposits in water system Ingredient Weight Percent Oxyethylidene
diphosphonic acid 1-58% Alkyldimethylamine oxide 1-26% Bio-PDO
1-30% Water q.s. to 100%
Example 168
[0834] TABLE-US-00165 Completely biodegradable plastic alloy
Ingredient Weight Percent Starch 30-60 Poly(vinyl alcohol) 10-35
Ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer 2-5 Ethylene glycol 0-25
Polyethylene glycol 0-25 Bio-PDO 0-25 Polypropylene glycol 0-25
Sorbitol acetate 0-25 Sorbitol ethoxylate 0-25 Glycerol 0-25
Magnesium hydroxide 2-5 Magnesium borate 0.2-0.4 Water 10-20
Example 169
Embryo Transfer of Cryopreserved and In-Vitro Fertilized Rabbit
Oocytes
[0835] Ovulatory oocytes, collected from the oviduct of virgin 13
hours after induction of ovulation by HCG injection, can be
cryopreserved slowly to -30 degrees C. and plunged directly into
liquid nitrogen. A mixture of 1.5 M Bio-PDO and 0.1 M sucrose can
be used as a cryoprotectant. After thawing, the oocytes can be
incubated with in-vitro capacitated sperm for 5 h in defined
Brackett's medium. Fertilized ova can then be cultured for an
additional 20 h until the 4-to-8-cell stage is reached. These
embryos can be transferred to pseudopregnant recipient rabbits
which should be `asynchronous` in the sense that they are given an
injection of HCG 30, 24 and 18 h before starting to do the embryo
transfer.
* * * * *
References