U.S. patent application number 11/717593 was filed with the patent office on 2007-10-11 for skylight/solar water heating apparatus.
This patent application is currently assigned to STC.UNM. Invention is credited to Travis J. Beaudin, Eric D. Conklin, Laura J. Reed.
Application Number | 20070235021 11/717593 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 38573821 |
Filed Date | 2007-10-11 |
United States Patent
Application |
20070235021 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Reed; Laura J. ; et
al. |
October 11, 2007 |
Skylight/solar water heating apparatus
Abstract
A skylight/solar fluid (e.g. water) heating apparatus and method
involve providing a housing adapted for mounting on a building and
a light-transmitting outer cover on the housing so that light can
enter the housing. A solar fluid heater is disposed in the housing
interiorily of the cover in a manner to absorb solar radiation for
heating a working fluid thereof and also to allow some light to
pass through the housing into the building.
Inventors: |
Reed; Laura J.; (Sandia
Park, NM) ; Beaudin; Travis J.; (Arcata, CA) ;
Conklin; Eric D.; (Albuquerque, NM) |
Correspondence
Address: |
Mr. Edward J. Timmer
P.O. Box 770
Richland
MI
49083-0770
US
|
Assignee: |
STC.UNM
|
Family ID: |
38573821 |
Appl. No.: |
11/717593 |
Filed: |
March 13, 2007 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
60782453 |
Mar 15, 2006 |
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
126/621 |
Current CPC
Class: |
F24S 80/60 20180501;
F24S 20/67 20180501; Y02A 30/60 20180101; Y02E 10/44 20130101; F24S
2080/017 20180501; Y02B 10/20 20130101; F24S 80/30 20180501; F24S
70/225 20180501; E04D 13/031 20130101; F24S 90/10 20180501; F24S
10/755 20180501 |
Class at
Publication: |
126/621 |
International
Class: |
E04D 13/18 20060101
E04D013/18 |
Claims
1. A skylight/solar fluid heating apparatus, comprising a housing
adapted for mounting on a building, a light-transmitting outer
cover on the housing so that light can enter the housing, and a
solar fluid heater disposed on the housing in a manner to absorb
solar radiation for heating a working fluid and to allow some light
to pass through the housing into the building.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the solar fluid heater includes
a plurality of solar collector members arranged relative to one
another or to the housing to define one or more open spaces for
transmitting light into the building.
3. The apparatus of claim 2 wherein the solar collector comprises a
plurality of solar collector fins extending across a first
dimension of the housing and spaced apart from one another along a
second dimension of the housing to provide open spaces through
which light can pass into the building.
4. The apparatus of claim 3 wherein each of the plurality of solar
collector fins includes a section of the fluid conduit.
5. The apparatus of claim 4 wherein each section of the fluid
conduit is connected to a U-shaped section of the fluid conduit
that is supported on the housing.
6. The apparatus of claim 3 further including thermal insulation on
the solar collector fins on a respective surface thereof facing
toward the inside of the building.
7. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the solar fluid heater includes
a solar collector member connected in heat transfer relation to a
fluid conduit that is connected to a water heater.
8. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a light-transmitting
glazing sheet disposed in the housing between the outer cover and
the solar fluid heater.
9. The apparatus of claim 8 wherein the glazing sheet is tempered
glass or polycarbonate.
10. The apparatus of claim 1 further including a movable shade in
the housing, said shade being deployed to reduce the amount of
light passing into the building.
11. Combination of a fluid heater and a plurality of the
skylight/solar fluid heating apparatus of claim 1 disposed on a
building in a manner to provide solar heated fluid to the fluid
heater.
12. The combination of claim 11 wherein the fluid heater comprises
a water heater and the skylight/solar fluid heating apparatus
provides solar heated water to the water heater.
13. The combination of claim 11 wherein the skylight/solar fluid
heating apparatus are interconnected by connector piping to provide
a serial fluid flow through fluid conduit sections thereof.
14. A method of using solar energy, comprising the steps of
disposing a solar fluid heater on a housing that is mounted on a
building such that light enters the housing, absorbing solar
radiation entering the housing using the solar fluid heater for
heating a working fluid thereof, and transmitting some light
entering the housing into the building through one or more open
spaces defined by solar collector members of the solar fluid heater
and/or their relation with the housing.
15. The method of claim 14 including providing the solar fluid
heater with a plurality of solar collector fins extending across a
first dimension of the housing and spaced apart from one another
along a second dimension of the housing to provide one or more open
spaces through which light can pass into the building.
16. The combination of a plurality of solar fluid heating
apparatus, each solar fluid heating apparatus comprising a solar
fluid heater disposed to absorb solar radiation for heating a
working fluid wherein the solar fluid heater comprises a plurality
of solar collectors each having a respective fluid conduit section,
wherein the fluid conduit section of the solar collector of the
first of the plurality of the apparatus is fluid interconnected to
the fluid conduit section of the corresponding solar collector of
the next adjacent of the plurality of the apparatus and so on to
provide a series fluid flow through the fluid conduit sections of
all of the solar collectors.
Description
[0001] This application claims benefits and priority of provisional
application Ser. No. 60/782,453 filed Mar. 15, 2006, the entire
disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The present invention relates to skylight/solar fluid
heating apparatus adapted for positioning on a roof and/or wall of
a building in a manner that incident solar radiation is both
transmitted through the apparatus into the accommodating building
and also absorbed by solar collecting components and transferred to
a working fluid, such as water, for heating.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] A wide variety of skylight products currently are available
for mounting on a roof or wall of a building in order to allow
sunlight to pass through into the interior of the building to
provide some natural lighting in the building.
[0004] A wide variety of solar water heating devices also are
currently available for mounting on a roof or wall of a building. A
typical solar water heating device includes piping through which
water is passed in a manner that solar radiation absorbed by a fin,
plate or other absorber of the device is transmitted to the water
to heat it. In a typical service application, the solar water
heating device is plumbed to a conventional electric or natural gas
fired water heater in order to provide supplemental solar heated
water thereto to reduce energy consumption of the water heater.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0005] The present invention provides in one embodiment a
skylight/solar fluid heating apparatus adapted for positioning on a
building and including components arranged in a manner that solar
radiation entering the apparatus can be used to heat a working
fluid, such as water, and also can be passed through the apparatus
into the building for interior lighting purposes.
[0006] In an illustrative embodiment, the skylight/solar fluid
heating apparatus comprises a frame or housing adapted for mounting
in or on a roof or wall on a building and a light-transmitting
outer glazing or cover on the housing so that solar radiation can
enter the housing. A solar fluid heater is disposed on the housing
in a manner to collect solar energy for heating a working fluid and
also to allow light to pass through the housing into the building.
For example, the solar collector(s) typically include a fluid
conduit to which thermal energy absorbed by the collector(s) is
transferred to the working fluid in the conduit. Moreover, the
solar collector(s) and/or their relation to the housing define open
spaces or paths for light entering the housing to pass through the
housing into the building. The solar fluid heater typically
includes one or more solar collectors which can be arranged in any
type of pattern and/or configuration on the housing to provide such
open spaces or paths for light to pass into the building. Thermal
insulation and/or glazing can be employed in the housing and/or on
the one or more solar collectors to reduce heat transfer losses in
operation of the apparatus.
[0007] In a particular embodiment of the present invention offered
for purposes of illustration and not limitation, a plurality of
solar collectors in the shape of light absorbing, thin metallic
fins extend across a first dimension (e.g. a width dimension) of
the housing and are spaced apart from one another along a second
dimension (e.g. a length dimension) of the housing to provide the
open spaces or paths through which light can pass into the
building. The dimensions of the light absorbing fins and
light-passing open spaces can be selected as desired to provide the
dual benefit of collection of solar energy for heating a working
fluid and transmission of light into a building to provide interior
lighting. The spacing of the fins can be determined by the overall
dimensions of the housing and the number of fins required to meet
the design condition of the application.
[0008] The present invention also envisions a combination of a
water heater (or other fluid heater) of a building and a plurality
of the skylight/solar water heating apparatus described above
disposed on the building in a manner to provide solar heated water
or fluid thereto to reduce energy consumption. The invention also
envisions connector piping or conduit for interconnecting rows of
fluid conduit sections of solar collectors of adjacent
skylight/solar water heating apparatus in a serial fluid flow
manner.
[0009] Advantages of the present invention will become morse fully
apparent from the following detailed description taken with the
following drawings.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0010] FIG. 1 is an exploded, perspective view of a skylight/solar
fluid heating apparatus pursuant to an illustrative embodiment of
the invention. The optional shade shown in FIG. 4 is omitted from
FIG. 1 for convenience.
[0011] FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the assembled skylight/solar
fluid heating apparatus of FIG. 1.
[0012] FIG. 2A is a perspective view similar to FIG. 2 with the
outer glazing or cover removed to illustrate the solar collector
fins and open spaces therebetween in more detail.
[0013] FIG. 3 is a perspective view of the assembled skylight/solar
fluid heating apparatus disposed in a roof on a building.
[0014] FIG. 4 is a cross section of the assembled skylight/solar
fluid heating apparatus schematically showing various components
for purposes of illustration of the apparatus.
[0015] FIG. 5 is a schematic view of connector piping
interconnecting rows of fluid conduit sections of solar collector
fins of adjacent skylight/solar water heating apparatus in serial
fluid flow manner according to an embodiment of the invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0016] A skylight/solar fluid heating apparatus purusant to the
present invention is advantageous to provide the dual benefit of
collection of solar radiation for heating a working fluid and also
of transmission of sunlight into a building to provide interior
lighting. The skylight/solar fluid heating apparatus can be used in
connection with any building which can include, but is not limited
to, a home, apartment, garage, office, factory, or any other type
of building. For purposes of illustration and not limitation, a
plurality of such skylight/solar fluid heating apparatus can be
disposed on a roof and/or wall on a building in a manner to provide
solar heated water to a water heater of the building while
providing interior lighting.
[0017] Referring to FIGS. 1-4, an illustrative embodiment of the
skylight/solar fluid heating apparatus is shown including a frame
or housing H having long and short frame sub-assemblies 1, 2
forming a rectangular frame or housing, although the invention can
be practiced using a housing H having any appropriate shape for an
intended service application. For purposes of illustration an not
limitation, the sub-assemblies 1, 2 include long and short housing
members 1a, 2a wherein the sub-assemblies are made of abutted
2.times.8 wood boards, or any other suitably sized wood members,
having appropropriate dimensions to form the housing H when
assembled. The wood members can be readily fastened together using
wood screws, nails, adhesive, and the like to form the housing. In
lieu of natural wood members, the housing members 1a, 2a can
comprise composite wood/plastic members, fiberglass, plastic,
metal, or any other suitable material for the service application
involved.
[0018] As shown in FIGS. 1-4, the exterior surfaces of the housing
H can be clad with aluminum, plastic, or other protective cladding
sheet pieces 3, 4 to protect the housing members 1a, 2a from
adverse effects of weather over a long time period of use of the
apparatus. The long and short cladding pieces 3, 4 can be
attached/sealed to the frame or housing members 1a, 2a, an outer
light-transmitting cover 5, and each other with a commercially
available window-caulking product that has a 50-year guarantee or
by any other suitable cladding fastening/sealing system. Additional
separate roof cladding sheet pieces 3', 4' can be provided to
cooperate with the respective cladding sheet pieces 3, 4 to render
the skylight/solar fluid heating apparatus weather-proof.
Alternately, the cladding sheet pieces 3, 3'; 4, 4' can be combined
in a manner to provide a fewer number of cladding sheet pieces. The
interior and exterior surfaces of the housing members 1a, 2a can be
painted or treated in any suitable manner for cosmetic or other
reasons.
[0019] The housing H is adapted to be mounted in or on a roof
and/or wall on a building such as by being received and fastened in
an opening in the roof or wall of the building in the same or
similar manner that a conventional skylight unit is fastened,
although the apparatus can be mounted on an exterior surface of the
roof or wall with the roof or wall opening located adjacent
thereto. Referring to FIG. 4, the long housing members 1a can be
fastened to respective adjacent roof rafters R using nails, screws
and the like for purposes of illustration and not limitation. The
terminology skylight/solar fluid heating apparatus as used herein
is meant to include mounting of the apparatus not only in or on a
building roof, but also mounting in or on a vertical or sloped
building sidewall in a manner that may resemble a window or other
sidewall structure for receiving solar radiation.
[0020] The skylight/solar heating apparatus includes a
light-transmitting outer glazing or cover 5 disposed on the frame
or housing H so that sunlight can enter the housing. The glazing or
cover 5 can be transparent or translucent to incident sunlight to
this end. For purposes of illustration and not limitation, the
outer glazing or cover 5 can comprise a commercially available
double-glazed, cellular polycarbonate sheet produced by Polygal
Plastics Industires, Ltd. that transmits about 70% of incident
sunlight, while substantially excluding tansmission of UV light
however. A sheet thickness of 5/8 inch can be used to this end for
purposes of illustration and not limitation.
[0021] An optional interior glazing sheet 6 can be provided between
the outer cover 5 and the solar fluid heater S to further decrease
heat loss from the apparatus. This interior glazing sheet 6 is
optional depending on the winter temperature values of the location
where the skylight/solar fluid heating apparatus is used. For
purposes of illustration and not limitation, the interior glazing
sheet 6 can comprise a single pane of tempered glass or any other
suitbale glazing sheet.
[0022] The edges of the outer glazing or cover 5 and the optional
inner glazing sheet 6 reside or rest in grooves 11 that can be
notched out of the interior of the long and short housing members
1a, 2a as shown best in FIGS. 1 and 4. A suitable sealant or caulk
can be provided in the grooves 11 if desired.
[0023] The solar fluid heater S is disposed on the housing H in a
manner to collect light for solar heating a working fluid and also
to allow light to pass through the housing into the building. As
shown in FIGS. 1-4, the solar fluid heater is disposed below the
outer glazing or cover 5 and optional inner glazing sheet 6 and
toward the interior of the building when the apparatus is mounted
on a roof of the building.
[0024] For purposes of illustration and not limitation, the solar
fluid heater S is shown schematically in FIGS. 1-4 as comprising a
plurality of thin, elongated metallic solar collector fins 7
extending across a first dimension (e.g. width dimension) of the
housing H and spaced apart from one another along a second
dimension (e.g. length dimension) of the housing to provide open
spaces SO through which light can pass into the building. Each
solar collector fin 7 is made of a heat conductive material, such
as copper and/or aluminum, and includes a high absorptivity
selective surface facing the outer glazing or cover 5. The fin
selective surface can be coated with a coating material C, FIG. 4,
that absorbs a high percentage of incident solar radiation and
emits a small percentage of solar radiation. Each solar collector
fin 7 typically includes a length of a heat conductive (e.g. copper
or aluminum) fluid conduit section 12a through which water or other
working fluid is conveyed wherein the fluid conduit section 12a can
be formed integrally with the collector fin 7 or can be attached to
the collector fin. The heat absorbed by each solar collector fin 7
is conducted to the fluid conduit section 12a, which is attached
metallurgically (e.g. soldering, brazing, welding, etc.) or
otherwise in heat transfer relation to the associated solar
collector fin 7 so as to conduct heat to the water or other working
fluid in the fluid conduit. The fluid conduit section 12a, if
exposed, can be coated with the coating material C. It should be
noted that FIGS. 1, 2A, and 4 illustrate the solar collector fins 7
and their fluid conduit sections 12a in a schematic manner for
convenience in showing these components. The solar collector fins
used in an illustrative prototype apparatus each comprised a
Sunstrip.TM. solar fin commercially available from Thermo Dynamics
Ltd., 44 Borden Avenue, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada, wherein the
fluid conduit section is metallurgically bonded/clad in the
collector fin. A suitable coating material comprises a high
absorptivity selective surface applied to the fins and can comprise
a high absorptivity Anodic/Cobalt.TM. anodic surface coating
provided by Thermo Dynamics Ltd. on the solar collector fins used
in the prototype apparatus. Other suitable high absorptivity
selective coating materials can include, but are not limited to, a
high absorptivity so-called Black Crystal.TM. coating used in the
RITH (Roof Integrated Thermosiphon) Technology Development program
by Sandia National Laboratories, SOLKOTE.TM. HI/SORB.TM.-II coating
available from Solar Energy Corporation (SOLEC), 129 Walters
Avenue, Ewing, N.J., black chrome coating, or any other suitable
high absorptivity coating.
[0025] An optional foam thermal insulation layer 13 can be attached
(e.g. by adhesive) to a undersurface of each solar collector fin 7
that faces away from the outer glazing or cover 5 toward the
interior of the building. This optional insulation layer 13 can
decrease heat loss from the solar collector fin.
[0026] Still further, an optional movable cellular shade C can be
mounted on the housing H below the solar collector fins 7 to close
off a portion or all of the housing H to reduce unwanted heat
losses and gains from the skylight/solar fluid heating apparatus
during operation. Such movable cellular shade C is commercially
produced Hunter Douglas Inc. and includes tracks T that can be
mounted by fasteners on the housing members 1a.
[0027] Adjacent ends of adjacent fluid conduits 12a of the solar
collector fins 7 are connected by soldering or other leak-proof
connection by a U-shaped fluid conduit section 12b. The U-shaped
fluid conduit sections 12b each have a connector section 12s and a
pair integral leg sections 12l that are received in passages 1p
provided in the long housing members la so as to be supported on
the housing members 1a. In FIGS. 1 and 2, a series of seven solar
collector fins 7 and six copper U-shaped conduit sections 12b are
shown for purposes of illustration and not limitation. The solar
collector fins 7 thereby are fixedly supported via the fluid
conduit sections 12a, 12b on the housing. The exterior sides of the
housing members 1a can be provided with recesses 1r to receive the
U-shape fluid conduit sections 12b so that they do not extend
beyond the sides of the housing members 1a when they are fastened
to roof rafters.
[0028] The plumbing or piping of the skylight/solar fluid heating
apparatus also includes a fluid inlet conduit 9 and fluid outlet
conduit 10. The fluid inlet conduit 9 is connected by soldering or
other leak-proof connection to the fluid conduit section 12a of the
lowermost solar collector fin 7 in FIG. 1. The fluid outlet conduit
10 is connected by soldering or other leak-proof connection to the
fluid conduit section 12a of the upperrmost solar collector fin 7
in FIG. 1. The inlet conduit 9 in turn is connected to a source of
the working fluid. The outlet conduit 10 is connected to a user of
solar heated fluid. For example, a skylight/solar water heating
apparatus can be plumbed to a standard domestic water heater, which
can be used as a supplementary system for hot water. The inlet
conduit 9 is connected to a water supply pipe or conduit of the
building and the outlet conduit 10 is connected to an electric or
natural gas hot water heater HR. The outlet conduit 10 can be
connected directly to the water heater if the water heater is
placed above the skylight/solar heating apparatus. That is, no pump
is required due to the thermosyphon effect. The benefit of a
thermosyphon set up is that it requires no moving parts.
Thermosyphoning causes a natural flow of the water through the
water heating system. On the other hand, if the skylight/solar
water heating apparatus is placed above the water heater, a pump is
required to pump water through the system.
[0029] Another embodiment of the present invention involves
connecting the skylight/solar fluid heating apparatus of the
invention in a closed-loop, recirculating manner to a heat transfer
coil or other heat transfer device (not shown) of a fluid (e.g.
water) heater wherein a recirculation pump (not shown) is provided
for circulating the working fluid between the fluid heater and the
sklight/solar fluid heating apparatus. The working fluid can
comprise water, a mixture of water and ethylene glycol, or any
other suitable heat transfer working fluid.
[0030] As described above for purposes of illustration, the
plurality of thin, elongated metallic solar collector fins 7 are
shown spaced apart from one another along a second dimension (e.g.
length dimension) of the housing H to provide open spaces SO
through which light can pass into the building while the solar
collector fins 7/fluid conduits 12a are heating water or other
working fluid. The dimension of each open spacing SO can be varied
as desired for a particular service application to provide the dual
benefit of collection of solar radiation for heating a working
fluid and transmission of sunlight into a building to provide
interior lighting. For purposes of illustration and not limitation,
when the solar collector fins have dimensions of 6 inches.times.24
inches, the open spacing SO between adjacent solar collector fins 7
can be 1 (one) inch measured in the long direction of the housing
H. The housing itself can have an internal width dimension of 24
inches and internal long dimension of 48 inches in this
example.
[0031] Practice of the present invention is not limited to the type
or the arrangement of solar collector fins 7 shown in FIGS. 1-4 and
can be practiced with any type and/or configuration of one or more
solar collector members where the solar collector members and/or
their relation to the housing define open spaces or paths for light
entering the housing to pass through the housing into the building.
One or more solar collector members, such as the solar collector
fins, pipes, and the like, can be arranged in any type of pattern
and/or configuration on the housing to provide such open spaces or
paths for light to pass into the building. For example, solar
collector fins of the type described above and shown in FIG. 1 can
be arranged in other than the series arrangement shown in FIGS. 1
and 2A. For example, the solar collector fins can be arranged to
form a "picture-frame" border extending about the inner periphery
of the housing so as to leave a reactangular, central open space in
the housing for light to pass through into the building. Or, one or
more solar collector fins can be suspended centrally in the housing
to provide an open space between the outer periphery of the solar
collector fins and the inner periphery of the housing that would
provide a "picture-frame" lighting pattern into the building by
virtue of the relation of the solar collector fin and the housing.
Still further, the solar collector fins can be arranged in series
extending between the short housing members 2a to provide
longitudinal open spaces, rather than between the long housing
members 1a to provide lateral open spaces.
[0032] Moreover, the invention envisions connecting the fluid
conduit sections 12a to the U-shaped fluid conduit sections 12b in
a manner that would permit manual or motor actuated pivoting of the
fluid conduit sections 12a and collector fins 7 carried thereon in
the housing relative to the fixed U-shaped fluid conduit sections
12b to vary the open spacing SO between adjacent collector fins and
improve incident solar radiation collection. For example, a
leak-proof rotary connection can be provided to this end between
the fluid conduits 12a and the U-shaped conduits 12b.
[0033] The solar fluid heater can employ one or more solar
collector members of a type different from the solar collector fins
7 described above. For example, the invention can be practiced with
flate-plate solar collector members used in the RITH (Roof
Integrated Thermosiphon) Technology Development program by Sandia
National Laboratories, parabolic or other shaped solar collectors,
and any other solar collector. Moreover, the skylight/solar fluid
heating apparatus can be modified by using a reduced number of more
efficient solar collector fins that provide greater heat
transference to the water or other working fluid and reduce the
number of solar collector fins needed. This modification can
increase the distance between each solar collector fin 7 for
example to provide more interior lighting of the building.
[0034] Four skylight/solar fluid heating apparatus of the type
described above can be used on a building to transmit about the
same amount of light as one standard two by four foot skylight.
Moreover, three to four skylight/solar water heating apparatus of
the type described above may provide 50-80% of the domestic hot
water required for a household of four individuals depending upon
the service conditions, such as angle of incidence and geographic
location of the apparatus.
[0035] FIG. 5 provides a schematic view of connector piping or
conduits CC for interconnecting rows of the fluid conduit sections
12a of the solar collector fins (not shown) of four adjacent
skylight/solar water heating units A1, A2, A3, A4 in serial fluid
flow manner according to another embodiment of the invention. In
this embodiment, lengths of connector piping conduits CC
interconnect in series fluid flow the rows of fluid conduit
sections 12a of adjacent units A1, A2, A3, A4 so that, for example,
the fluid conduit section 12a of the bottom solar collector fin of
unit A1 is connected in series water flow relation to the fluid
conduit section 12a of the bottom solar collector of the next
adjacent unit A2, the fluid conduit section 12a of the bottom solar
collector fin of unit A2 is connected in series water flow relation
to the fluid conduit section 12a of the bottom solar collector of
the next adjacent unit A3 and so on as represented by the arrows to
provide a serial water flow through all of the fluid conduit
sections 12a of the units A1 through A4. U-shaped conduit sections
12b are provided on the end units A1 and A4 to redirect the water
flow as needed to achieve the overall serial flow through the fluid
conduit sections 12a of all of the units A1 through A4.
[0036] It is to be understood that the invention has been described
with respect to certain specific embodiments thereof for purposes
of illustration and not limitation. The present invention envisions
that modifications, changes, and the like can be made therein
without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as set
forth in the following claims.
* * * * *