U.S. patent application number 11/364883 was filed with the patent office on 2007-08-30 for programmable adaptable resistance exercise system and method.
Invention is credited to Eric Grasshoff.
Application Number | 20070202992 11/364883 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 38444716 |
Filed Date | 2007-08-30 |
United States Patent
Application |
20070202992 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Grasshoff; Eric |
August 30, 2007 |
Programmable adaptable resistance exercise system and method
Abstract
A programmable adaptive resistance exercise system and method.
New type of resistance allows a user to maximize amount of muscle
growth benefit while minimizing the effort to attain that level.
Resistance level may be controlled by computer based on position or
any derivate thereof with respect to time. Resistance is adaptive
since force level used throughout exercise range is based on
current and past performance data. Level of effort and force versus
time profile combinations are unlimited. Rest calculated based on
the current and past performance data. May utilize hardware having
a motor, an exercise interface (such as an bar or handle for
example), a position sensor, digital input device to identify
someone, computer configured to control the motor and exercise
interface using current and past personal training data, calculate
an exercise program based on preference and a time for subsequent
workout, optionally alert a user when time to workout.
Inventors: |
Grasshoff; Eric; (San Diego,
CA) |
Correspondence
Address: |
DALINA LAW GROUP, P.C.
7910 IVANHOE AVE. #325
LA JOLLA
CA
92037
US
|
Family ID: |
38444716 |
Appl. No.: |
11/364883 |
Filed: |
February 28, 2006 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
482/8 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A63B 71/0622 20130101;
A63B 24/00 20130101; A63B 24/0075 20130101; A63B 2225/20 20130101;
A63B 2225/15 20130101; A63B 2220/51 20130101; A63B 2220/16
20130101; A63B 21/0058 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
482/008 |
International
Class: |
A63B 71/00 20060101
A63B071/00 |
Claims
1. A method for providing programmable adaptive resistance in an
exercise apparatus comprising: identifying a user; retrieving past
personal training information for said user; loading an exercise
program for said user from a computer; accepting a user force
imparted on an exercise interface when a user performs muscular
exercise of a body part; monitoring a position signal with a
position sensor associated with said exercise interface at a
position sensor sample rate; recording said position signal
comprising at least one position signal sample associated with said
exercise interface through a displacement; monitoring a force
signal associated with said exercise interface at a force sensor
sample rate; recording said force signal comprising at least one
force signal sample associated with said exercise interface through
said displacement; controlling a motor through use of a motor
controller wherein said motor is coupled with said exercise
interface to counteract said user force with a resistance force;
and, adapting a ratio of a force versus displacement graph
associated with said exercise program to stress a muscle wherein
said force versus displacement graph is specific to said user and
in accordance with said exercise program and wherein said adapting
utilizes present personal training information and said past
personal training information wherein said present personal
training information comprises said position signal and said force
signal and said past personal training information comprises a past
recording of said position signal and a past recording of said
force signal.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein said adapting further comprises:
retrieving past personal training information for at least one
other user; and, altering said ratio of force versus displacement
graph associated with said exercise program based on said at least
one other user.
3. The method of claim 1 further comprising: displaying a rest
period calculated by said exercise program utilizing said present
personal training information and said past personal training
information.
4. The method of claim 1 further comprising: prompting said user to
initiate a subsequent effort.
5. The method of claim 1 further comprising: measuring a maximum
effort for a fixed time period at a constant velocity to generate
an initial force versus displacement curve; and, integrating said
force signal over time to generate a baseline strength level
6. The method of claim 1 further wherein said adapting comprises
reducing said force by reducing said ratio as said user tires.
7. The method of claim 1 further comprising: summing all integrals
of said force signal over time for said each repetition performed
at rate set at an initial workout session to generate a baseline
endurance level.
8. The method of claim 1 further comprising: calculating a number
of repetitions at which a final integral of force versus time for a
final repetition is less than an initial integral of force versus
time for an initial repetition.
9. The method of claim 1 further comprising: setting a force versus
displacement ratio to allow for a desired number of
repetitions.
10. The method of claim 7 further comprising: calculating a current
endurance level by averaging each end point percentage of said
baseline endurance level actually achieved and storing a number of
achieved repetitions and ratios of each said achieved
repetition.
11. The method of claim 1 further comprising: summing all integrals
of said force signal over time for said each repetition to generate
a current endurance sum.
12. The method of claim 1 further comprising: increasing a force
versus displacement ratio to provide overstress.
13. The method of claim 10 further comprising: increasing said rest
period when said current endurance level decreases.
14. The method of claim 1 further comprising: providing said user
with an eating regime.
15. The method of claim 1 wherein said exercise program comprises
strength training, endurance training, fitness maintenance or
injury recovery.
16. The method of claim 1 further comprising: providing said user
with a progress report via printout, email, text message or web
page.
17. The method of claim 1 marketing a product to said user based on
said exercise program.
18. The method of claim 1 rewarding a user based on a current
performance or a performance increase over time.
19. A programmable adaptive resistance exercise apparatus
comprising: a motor; a motor controller coupled with said motor; an
exercise interface coupled with said motor wherein said exercise
interface is configured to accept a user force exerted by a user
when said user performs muscular exercise as said user moves said
exercise interface against a force produced by said motor; a force
sensor configured to measure said force applied to said exercise
interface, wherein said force sensor is configured to produce a
force signal; a position sensor configured to measure a position of
said exercise interface, wherein said position sensor is configured
to produce a position signal; a digital input device; and, a
computer coupled with said motor controller, said force sensor,
said position sensor and said digital input device wherein said
computer is configured to identify said user using said digital
input device, retrieve and store personal training information,
calculate an exercise program based on a user preference, obtain a
force signal and said position signal and interface with said motor
controller to adaptively control said force produced by said
electric motor through utilization of present and past personal
training information.
20. The system of claim 19 wherein said computer is further
configured to: retrieve past personal training information for at
least one other user; and, alter said exercise program based on
said at least one other user.
21. The system of claim 19 wherein said computer is configured to
display a rest period.
22. The system of claim 19 wherein said computer is configured to
alert said user to begin a subsequent workout.
23. The system of claim 19 wherein said motor is directly coupled
with said exercise interface and wherein said motor is a DC torque
motor or AC vector motor.
24. The system of claim 19 further comprising: a drum coupled with
said motor and further coupled with said exercise interface and
wherein said drum is coupled with said exercise interface using a
belt, cable or chain.
25. The system of claim 19 wherein said digital input device
comprises depressible keys or a voice recognition system or an RFID
reader configured to read a gym card configured with an RFID
component or a bar code reader configured to read a gym card
configured with a bar code.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0001] 1. Field of the Invention
[0002] Embodiments of the invention relate generally to the field
of exercise equipment and the methods of use thereof. More
particularly, but not by way of limitation, one or more embodiments
of the invention enable a programmable adaptive resistance system
and method based on present and past training information for a
particular user.
[0003] 2. Description of the Related Art
[0004] There are many health benefits associated with exercise. The
health and fitness industry offers a wide variety of products and
services designed to improve these benefits. One theory of muscular
development is that muscles must be contracted past their normal
range of capability in order to improve the fitness gains afforded
by general exercise.
[0005] In order to stress a muscle, contraction is performed
against some sort of resistance. Theoretically, by increasing the
resistance against which the muscle is contracted, any desired
amount of stress may be achieved. A wide variety of techniques,
schemes, and systems are used in various forms and combinations to
provide and quantify the resistance used to oppose the muscle
contraction. If the level of stress applied is greater than that
which the muscle can readily tolerate then the muscle is said to be
overloaded.
[0006] There are several types of resistance that may be employed
for stressing and overloading muscles. The simplest form of
resistance that can be applied to an exercise is that of employing
a user's own weight in a way that causes the muscle to contract
against that weight so that stress (and possibly overload) may be
achieved. Examples of such exercise would be a push-up, a sit-up,
or a deep knee bend. By using the body's own weight, the need for
additional equipment is avoided. However, such exercises are very
limited in scope and therefore overall effectiveness.
[0007] By the addition of other weights, for example free weights,
many more variations of movement can be performed. Because the
muscle contraction is exerted against these external weights, more
stress may be applied to a given muscle than would normally be
applied by simply doing the same movement without the extra weight.
The first form of resistance would then be called the dead weight
(or free weight). Here, the force applied is that of gravity
against the mass of the weight itself in a downward direction. If
the range of motion is up and down, the resistance force is
constant throughout the range of motion. An example of such an
exercise would be a bench press of a barbell weight. As the amount
of free weight is increased, control becomes more critical. The
weight must be moved safely in order to apply a safe and proper
amount of overload. Excessive overload can cause failure of the
muscle and injury to the body. One of the features of using free
weights is that exercises using free weights engage stabilization
muscles in addition to the muscle being exercised. This feature
becomes a limitation when an injured muscle is called upon to
stabilize a free weight movement when exercising a desired muscle.
Thus, it is important to limit the use of free weights when working
muscles near injured muscles. For example, when performing bench
press a shoulder injury may prevent a person from overloading the
pectoral muscles since the injured shoulder may generate great pain
and not allow stabilization to be provided for the exercise.
[0008] In order to afford large amounts of resistance while more
easily maintaining control of an exercise, existing solutions have
also employed spring resistance. This form of resistance allows
larger amounts of force to be applied in the direction of movement
regardless of whether that movement is up and down or in some other
direction. This advantage allows greater resistance and greater
safety, as well as greater flexibility in machine design because
the resistance can be applied without regard to the orientation to
the floor. However, the resistance of a spring weight is variable,
increasing linearly as the distance of spring stretch or
"displacement" is increased. In many movements, the variation in
resistance that is lower at the beginning of travel and ever
increasing as the displacement is increased, imposes an additional
limitation to the design of the exercise. The particular profile of
increasing resistance with displacement is not optimum for most
normal body movements.
[0009] In the 1970's, the concept of variable resistance became
widely accepted. Unlike free weights with fixed resistive force or
springs with ever increasing force, the variable resistance machine
employs a cable and cam system to produce a variable resistance
profile. As the muscle moves throughout its range of motion, the
changing radius of the cam adjusts the effective weight and thereby
the level of resistance. The variable cam may produce virtually any
resistance profile as long as the resistance increased, or only
slightly decreased over the range of motion. Any particular
exercise would always have an associated variation in strength
throughout the range of motion. The cam (and resulting resistance
variation profile), is generally matched to the relative strength
of the muscle under load. This variation affords greater stress to
the muscle for a given duration of movement cycle repetition
resulting in improved exercise efficiency. These machines, marketed
under the trade name Nautilus.TM. have gained acceptance and many
variations built using this technique are still in fairly wide use
today.
[0010] A second form of variable resistance is provided by the
hydraulic cylinder. Similar to a shock absorber in a car, this
simple and inexpensive device offers resistance to motion in
proportion to the speed of the motion. If used in an exercise
machine, the hydraulic cylinder causes the resistance to increase
if the exercise movement is done at greater speed. The operator
can, after much practice, create a varying resistance of complex
nature by simply moving the device at greater or lesser speed at
different positions in the exercise cycle. Unfortunately, because
the actual resistance is difficult to control and quantify, the
amount of actual stress (and therefore overload) is difficult to
predict or measure. Additionally, such motion that is resisted in
proportion to velocity of travel is very unnatural. Some users do
not accept this type of resistance as an alternative to the more
natural feel of free weights or spring systems.
[0011] Regardless of the type of resistance used, the actual amount
of stress experienced by the muscle is determined by the
contraction force of the muscle and the amount of time during which
the force is applied. The concept of force-time (the product of
force and time) as a measure of muscle stress is somewhat
controversial. For example, it is not clear whether force-time is a
linear product. For example, it is not clear how a 100 lb force for
4 seconds of muscle stress differs from a 50 lb force for 8
seconds. Although there is disagreement as to the actual
quantification, most do agree that if the resistance level is
reduced, that resistance must be applied for a longer time to
achieve the same level of muscle stress.
[0012] The amount of stress required to overload a muscle is
proportional to the capacity (size and fatigue level) of the
muscle. A larger, stronger muscle that is well rested will require
a greater amount of applied stress (resistance force-time) to
produce a given amount of overload. It is believed that overload,
not stress, is the critical factor in determining the level of
growth benefit of a particular exercise to a particular muscle.
[0013] Conventional exercise systems monitor the amount of force
which is exerted by user and employ a feedback loop to provide a
proportional amount of resisting force to custom configure the
resistant force to the individual and to the actual muscular
strength available at each point over a given range of movement.
Such systems have conventionally employed a current controlled
torque motor under direct program control of a computer to
precisely vary the force of resistance to muscular movement.
[0014] Conventional systems require that a user follow preselected
patterns of routines, including speed, force, and rates of
variation therein, which may not be best suited for user training
goals and performance history of a user. The main problem with
conventional exercise systems available today is that they do not
provide a way to automate the process of providing customized
exercise program and tracking individuals over time and adapting
the workout program as a user's physical condition and/or strength
changes.
[0015] No known strength training exercise system or method uses
historical performance data from a user to adapt a workout session.
In addition, no known system or method automatically calculates
rest times based on present and past personal training information.
The methods in use generally rely on manual efforts and guess work
that are external to an exercise apparatus. The manual steps
comprise various combinations of testing and experimentation,
mostly hit or miss, trial and error, resulting in greater or lesser
levels of training success. As these manual techniques are applied,
there are inevitable tradeoffs between efficiency and complexity of
execution.
[0016] U.S. Pat. No. 4,930,770 to Baker describes an exercise
apparatus that varies resisting force by position using a variable
torque motor. This apparatus does not contemplate use of historical
and present performance data to adapt the exercise.
[0017] U.S. Pat. No. 4,934,694 to McIntosh describes an exercise
apparatus with an improved variable force exercise system that uses
a current mode switching technology to accurately control the motor
torque using only electrical signals, which thereby increases the
response time of the system by a large factor. The system sets a
preprogrammed variation in motor torque over a range of movement of
an exercise member into rotation of a motor driveshaft, by setting
a preprogrammed range of motor current variations. The system
allows for adaptive response of changing the resisting torque
automatically by the system due to the decrease in performance by a
user. The system does not contemplate an automated process of
recording a user's performance data and automatic analysis of the
user's historical performance data for the design of subsequent
workout sessions.
[0018] U.S. Pat. No. 5,431,604 to Panagiotopoulos, et al.,
describes an exercise apparatus with a DC torque motor which is
electronically controlled to provide the exact amount of force
necessary to permit the user to exercise past the point of initial
muscle failure. The device including means for continuously sensing
the condition of the user, and substantially adjusting the degree
of torque to respond to the sensed condition. This patent has only
one mode of operation, which is to automatically adjust and
decrease the resistance as the user progresses through a set of
exercises and gradually begins to approach muscle failure. This
patent does not contemplate use of a historical performance data
for the design of subsequent workout sessions.
[0019] Therefore there is a need for a system and method that
automates the training process to provide new levels of performance
efficiency which is based on the user's current and historical
performance data.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0020] One or more embodiments of the invention enable a
programmable adaptive resistance exercise system and method. This
new type of resistance allows a user to maximize the amount of
muscle growth or endurance or allows a user to perform fitness
maintenance or injury recovery while minimizing the effort expended
to attain the desired level of benefit. The resistance force level
is programmable in that the force applied by the system can be
adjusted dynamically under computer control. For example, the
resistance force level may be controlled via a computer based on
position or any derivate thereof with respect to time such as
velocity, acceleration, jerk, etc. The resistance force level is
adaptive since embodiments of the invention provide a resistive
force level throughout the range of an exercise based on current
and past historical performance data associated with a particular
user. Past historical performance data is also known as past
personal training information. The force versus displacement and/or
time profiles used with embodiments of the invention are user
specific and may be applied at different force levels to attain the
type and quantity of resistance desired (growth, endurance,
maintenance, injury recovery, etc.). Rest periods may be calculated
based on the current and past personal training information to
further optimize growth benefit while minimizing the effort
expended. Embodiments of the invention may utilize hardware
comprising a motor, an exercise interface, a position sensor, a
force sensor, a digital input device, a computer configured to
control the motor and hence the exercise interface (such as an bar
or handle for example) using current and past historical personal
training information and calculate an exercise program based on a
user preference. Methods of embodiments of the invention may also
include notifying the user of a rest time and optionally alerting a
user when it is time to begin a subsequent workout.
[0021] In one or more embodiments of the invention the system
measures a user's performance, for example the user force applied
through a displacement and time, at the start of a training
program. The system measures the initial performance using a
standardized set of movements against a resistance force level and
generates a profile of the resistance force level with respect to
displacement of the exercise interface. The system adjusts the
resistance level for each muscle movement to stress the muscles in
a way that allows the system to measure and record the particular
level of fitness (capacity) for that particular movement and that
particular user. The system is configured to accurately measure the
position and derive or measure force and obtain the force versus
time and the force versus displacement curves of a particular
exercise movement. The system measures force versus time and force
versus displacement using a position sensor (that may be integrated
with a motor) and measuring current used by a motor to deduce
force, or optionally using a force sensor to directly measure
force.
[0022] Once the initial fitness level is quantified, the first
workout session begins. The system provides customized sets of
exercises with customized resistance force levels, i.e., profiles
of programmable adaptive resistance for a given user. The
programmable adaptive resistance levels generate the optimum level
of stress for the first exercise session for that particular user.
The system monitors the performance level during the first workout
and determines when the workout should end. Performance data known
as present personal training data is stored and automatically
analyzed by the system to be used in the design of subsequent
exercise programs or workout sessions. Since a first workout
session may make a user sore, individuals that may have never
worked out before may be given a gradual increase in resistance
level over an extended number of workout sessions so that the
user's connective tissue can strengthen before overstressing or
overloading the muscles. Any algorithm may be used that adapts the
resistance level based on current and past personal performance
information related to the particular user.
[0023] Subsequent workout sessions are designed by application of a
profile using the baseline data stored during the initial and first
workout sessions. For subsequent workouts, as the number of workout
sessions increases, the system begins to accumulate a comprehensive
performance history for the particular user. The system schedules a
time for the next workout based upon the performance level,
overload level and amount of recovery time suggested for maximum
muscle growth (or other workout goal) while maintaining minimum
expended exercise effort. Other algorithms may be utilized that
optimize endurance, fitness or are designed for injury recovery as
well. An exercise program comprising the various ratios of maximum
performance and number of repetitions and number of sets may be
selected. For example, the desired exercise program may be based on
the user's fitness goals, age, time of day at which exercise
occurs, or any other factor that is current or historical with
respect to the user. As more workouts occur, the history database
comprising past personal training information becomes more refined.
The resistance force levels of programmable adaptive resistance as
well as the rest period duration accuracy are adjusted to
continuously advance the users fitness level while minimizing the
number of workouts and duration of each workout.
[0024] At any time during the exercise program, the system may
provide a user with performance data in the form of progress
reports. This type of information provides motivation to the user
and/or trainer. The system allows the user (or trainer) to
optionally select or alter the level of progress desired. The
system instructs and prompts the user during the workout to assure
that the desired profile is always performed accurately. The user
maintains control over the exercise program by optionally providing
additional selections and preferences which are combined with the
system's prediction of fitness level based on current and past
personal performance information to determine the actual exercise
program and level and profile of programmable adaptive resistance
for each workout.
[0025] For network capable apparatus, the progress report may be
emailed to the user, may be placed on a website that is accessible
for example to the user after entering a password, or via text
messaging. The progress report may show graphical percentage rates
of improvement of absolute levels of performance for example. Any
type of report that is based on the user's past personal training
information is in keeping with the spirit of the invention.
[0026] In addition, the particular exercise program utilized by a
user denotes the type of exercise goals that the user is interested
in achieving. The system may suggest food or beverage regimes and
may also market food, food supplements, beverage or other products
that may be utilized by the user to better achieve their exercise
goals. Marketing products to users with strength related exercise
goals may include sending the user mail, email or other
communications such as text messages that allow for the protein
powder or weight gain compounds to be presented to the user.
Marketing products to users with endurance related exercise goals
may include providing coupons to users for carbohydrate drinks or
energy bars. Marketing products to users with injuries may include
alerting the user buy a hot/cold pad at the exercise facility or by
mail order. Any method of marketing products to users based on
their current and past personal training information is in keeping
with the spirit of the invention.
[0027] Since the system keeps track of training information
measured when a user exercises using an embodiment of the
invention, the user may be provided with rewards for improvement or
reaching certain goals or outperforming other users for example.
Rewards may include coupons for free or discounted products or any
other reward.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0028] The above and other aspects, features and advantages of the
invention will be more apparent from the following more particular
description thereof, presented in conjunction with the following
drawings wherein:
[0029] FIG. 1 shows a system view of an embodiment of the
invention.
[0030] FIG. 2 shows force as a function of displacement for an
exercise interface that is displaced through a distance D along the
horizontal axis and where force is displayed along the vertical
axis.
[0031] FIG. 3 shows force as a function of time for the same
exercise interface displacement where force is displayed in the
vertical axis as in FIG. 1, while time is displayed along the
horizontal axis.
[0032] FIG. 4 shows a force versus displacement graph of a workout
set comprising multiple repetitions at fractional resistance force
levels.
[0033] FIG. 5 shows one method of summing all force versus time
integrals for all repetitions of at least one set.
[0034] FIG. 6 shows an embodiment of a method for providing
programmable adaptive resistance.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0035] A programmable adaptive resistance system and method will
now be described. In the following exemplary description numerous
specific details are set forth in order to provide a more thorough
understanding of embodiments of the invention. It will be apparent,
however, to an artisan of ordinary skill that the present invention
may be practiced without incorporating all aspects of the specific
details described herein. In other instances, specific features,
quantities, or measurements well known to those of ordinary skill
in the art have not been described in detail so as not to obscure
the invention. Readers should note that although examples of the
invention are set forth herein, the claims, and the full scope of
any equivalents, are what define the metes and bounds of the
invention.
[0036] A system view of an embodiment of the invention is shown in
FIG. 1. Embodiments of the invention provide programmable adaptive
resistance force levels by measuring a user's fitness in an initial
workout and then providing adaptive resistance force levels in
subsequent workouts using the previously measured training data or
information. The resistance level of effort produced by an
embodiment of the invention is shown as a function of force versus
displacement and/or time, e.g., a profile (also known as past
performance training information 150). Embodiments of the invention
may utilize this data in any programmable manner for example to
target a specific type of resistance desired (growth, endurance,
maintenance, injury recovery, etc.). Rest periods may be calculated
based on the current and past personal training information 150 to
further optimize growth benefit while minimizing the effort
expended. In order to target an exercise program at a particular
user, the system identifies the user and retrieves past personal
training information 150 for the user. In environments where the
multiple users will use a particular embodiment of the invention,
each embodiment of the invention may comprise a database 101 that
is local or a network interface to retrieve past performance
training information 150 from an external database. Embodiments of
the invention may further comprise hardware including motor 102, an
exercise interface 103 (as shown handles for a bench press for
example), a position sensor (that may be integrated into motor 102
or external to motor 102), an optional digital input device,
computer 104 configured to control motor 102 and hence exercise
interface 103 using current and past historical personal training
information 150. The system is configured to calculate an exercise
program comprising a number of repetitions at fractional force
levels and a number of sets based on a user preference and notify
the user of a rest time duration. In addition, the system may
optionally alert a user when it is time to begin a subsequent
workout. An optional force sensor may be included in the system if
the motor is not calibrated to indicate the amount of force applied
to the exercise interface based on applied motor power for
example.
[0037] The programmable adaptive resistance exercise system enables
new methods of exercise tailored to a user. This new type of
resistance allows a user to maximize the amount of muscle growth or
endurance or allows a user to perform fitness maintenance or
perform injury recovery while minimizing the effort expended to
attain the desired level of benefit. The resistance force level
applied is dependent upon displacement and/or time and is specific
to a particular user. For embodiments that are utilized by more
than one person, identification is obtained by the system to
retrieve the proper past personal training information associated
with the particular user. For example with a key pad having
depressible keys, voice recognition, an RFID reader, a bar code
reader, a biometric reader or any other type of identifying device
coupled with computer 104. For single user embodiments, identifying
the user can be performed by identifying that the user is beginning
to use the system. The resistance force level provided by
embodiments of the invention is programmable since it can be
adjusted dynamically under computer control. For example, the
resistance force level may be controlled via computer 104 based on
displacement "d" or any derivate thereof with respect to time "t"
such as velocity, acceleration, jerk, etc. The resistance force
level is adaptive since embodiments of the invention provide a
resistive force level throughout the displacement range of an
exercise based on current and past historical performance data
associated with a particular user. FIG. 2 shows force as a function
of displacement where an exercise interface is displaced through a
distance D along the horizontal axis and where force is displayed
along the vertical axis. FIG. 3 shows force as a function of time
where force is displayed in the vertical axis as in FIG. 2, while
time is displayed along the horizontal axis. Note that if the speed
at which a particular user performs an exercise is absolutely
constant then the two shapes will coincide when normalized in the
horizontal axes. In the example shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, the user
moves slightly slower at peak exerted force meaning that the curve
in FIG. 2 is slightly flatter than the curve in FIG. 2. Note that
FIGS. 2 and 3 show full displacement in one direction only and not
in the return direction.
[0038] In one or more embodiments of the invention the system
measures a user's performance, for example the user force applied
through a displacement and time, at the start of a training program
in an initial workout session. One embodiment of the measurement
process allows the exercise interface to move at a desired velocity
as a user imparts maximum effort against the exercise interface
such that the displacement of the exercise interface occurs in one
second. Values for the displacement other than one second are in
keeping with the spirit of the invention as one skilled in the art
will recognize. The exercise interface is provided with a
resistance force that is adjusted in real-time to maintain the
velocity within a range that is as close to constant as the
particular embodiment of the apparatus allows. Therefore,
regardless of the amount of user force applied, the exercise
interface is displaced to the full range of displacement "D"
associated with a particular user (e.g., depending on the length of
the user's arms or legs or range of motion through a joint). In one
embodiment, the displacement in the reverse direction during
initial calibration is traversed with a greatly reduced resistive
force to allow for the exercise interface to return to its original
position. As the exercise interface is displaced, force versus
displacement curve 201 is recorded. The system samples either
directly or indirectly the user force applied against the exercise
interface. This may be performed by measuring the amount of current
passing through the motor, or through use of a force sensor coupled
with the exercise interface or motor-exercise interface junction
for example. Any method of measuring force through the displacement
of the exercise arm is in keeping with the spirit of the invention.
The force and displacement are sampled at sample rates that are
configurable in one or more embodiments of the invention. The
displacement may be measure through the motor or using a position
sensor coupled with exercise interface 103 for example. More or
fewer samples may be sampled per second to provide more accurate or
cheaper embodiments for example. The recorded force versus
displacement curve indicates the variable resistance force level
profile associated with the particular user and exercise. The
initial maximum effort force versus displacement curve is saved for
each movement and for later use. The total effort is calculated by
integrating the force applied for each sample per unit time and
saved as a baseline strength level.
[0039] After calculating the baseline strength level (i.e., the sum
of force samples*time intervals), the system provides the user with
a rest period. The rest period for example may be in units of
minutes or hours or any other time unit. After the rest period is
complete, the movements may be performed again using a time period
of two seconds for full displacement of the exercise interface for
example. A force versus displacement graph of a workout set
comprising multiple repetitions at fractional resistance force
levels is shown in FIG. 4. Any other value for the time period for
full displacement is in keeping with the spirit of the invention.
The return displacement may be set to the same interval of two
seconds or any other time period that may or may not be equal to
the opposite displacement for example. In either case, displacement
"D" in the return direction is generally the same as the original
displacement in the opposite direction. The resistance level
applied through the force versus displacement curve is scaled to a
fraction "R" of the initial force versus displacement curve
measured during the initial workout which is shown as baseline
force level "B". The return resistance level for any repetitions
may be less than, greater than or equal to the opposite resistance
level. In FIG. 4, initial displacement of the first repetition has
a resistance force versus displacement graph 401 that is shown at
initial force ratio "R" which is a fractional force ratio with
respect to baseline force "B". Graph 401 represents the force that
is applied as the user moves the exercise interface to displacement
"D". The resistance force level of return portion 402 of the first
repetition is shown with a slightly smaller ratio making the return
portion of the repetition slightly easier. This need not be the
case and is shown for ease of illustration so that it is clear that
once the exercise interface moves to displacement "D" it then
returns to displacement 0. Graph 401 and 402 make up the first full
repetition of the set. As shown there are 5 full repetitions
culminating in return repetition with force versus displacement
graph 410.
[0040] An initial resistance ratio "R" for example between 3% and
60% (as shown 60%) of the user force obtained at the initial
workout session, e.g., "B" may be used in one or more embodiments
of the invention. The user may be provided with a resistance force
level ratio or "R" or a gradually decreasing fraction thereof for
as many repetitions until the user begins to fatigue. As the user
begins to struggle with the resistive force generated by the
system, the system reduces the resistance force level until a half
level point "R/2" is reached. For example if the first movement of
the exercise interface was applied against a resistance force of
60% of the force levels of the initial force versus displacement
curve, then fatigue when the ratio reaches half of the initial
ratio, i.e., when the ratio is 30%. The pace of repetitions is held
constant while the ratio is reduced in one or more embodiments of
the invention. During each repetition, the integral of force over
time is saved as a per repetition strength level. The sum of all
repetition strength levels is calculated and saved as a baseline
endurance level. In addition, the ratio initially selected "R" and
the number of repetitions before fatigue may be saved for later
use. If for example the initial repetition uses a 100 newton (on
average) force for 2 seconds and the subsequent repetitions use 90,
80, 70 and 60 newton forces for 4 seconds each (2 seconds to
displace and 2 seconds to return), then the baseline endurance is
the sum of these numbers, namely 100+90+80+70+60 which equals 400.
This value multiplied by 4 seconds yields a baseline endurance
level of 1600 newton seconds, with a number of repetitions to
fatigue of 5, initial ratio "R" of 60% and ending ratio "R/2" of
30%. This example shows a low number of repetitions, however any
number of repetitions may be utilized depending on the workout goal
of the particular user.
[0041] The system can calculate the ratio to use with respect to
the force versus displacement curve at maximum user effort in order
to target a number of repetitions. For example, if the initial
ratio chosen was 40% and this resulted in a halfway point of
fatigue that required 25 repetitions, then the ratio "R" may be
chosen higher in order to decrease the number of repetitions back
into the range appropriate for the exercise program selected by the
user (strength, endurance, etc.). By setting a ratio for example of
60% for strength conditioning, a smaller number of repetitions
generally occur before user fatigue. In this manner an exercise
program can be generated that comprises a number of sets having a
number of repetitions per muscle group exercised by the user. For
particular body parts such as legs, a higher number of repetitions
may be desired compared to arms. For a typical upper body exercise
program a nominal value of 15 repetitions per set may be targeted.
If the user begins to become fatigued before the calculated number
of repetitions, then the system can lower the ratio further for
example in order to end at 15 repetitions. For example, during the
exercise, the ratio may be lowered for each repetition (or during a
repetition as well) in order to ensure that 15 repetitions are
achieved in order to roughly obtain the baseline endurance level
previously calculated in the initial workout. A current endurance
level composite value comprising three values is created by 1)
saving the ending ratio actually utilized in the last repetition
with respect to the first ratio used, 2) saving the number of
repetitions the user was able to achieve and 3) saving the ordered
set of ratios used, for example 60%, 52%, 47%, 39% and 30%. If the
ratios are linearly decreased then the ratios would differ by
(R-R/2)/(N-1) where N is the number of repetitions in one
embodiment of the invention.
[0042] Once the initial fitness level is quantified as described
above, the first full workout session begins. The system provides
customized sets of exercises with customized resistance force
levels and profiles of programmable adaptive resistance for a given
user. The programmable adaptive resistance levels generate the
optimum level of stress for the first exercise session for that
particular user. The system monitors the performance level during
the first workout and determines when the workout should end.
Performance data is stored and automatically analyzed by the system
to be used in the design of subsequent exercise programs or workout
sessions. Since a first workout session may make a user sore,
individuals that may have never worked out before may be given a
gradual increase in resistance level over an extended number of
workout sessions so that the user's connective tissue can
strengthen before overloading the muscles. Any algorithm may be
used that adapts the resistance level based on current and past
personal performance information related to the particular user. In
one or more embodiments of the invention, the system may utilize
performance information from another user or group of users that
may be similar to the particular user. For example, past
performance data for another user (perhaps of relatively the same
age, weight, etc.) with similar workout goals may be utilized to
adapt the workout in order to optimize the results for a particular
user based on the results observed from other user or group of
users. The capability to adapt the workout for a particular user
allows for any type of algorithm to be used and as such the
particular algorithm used for a particular user may vary over time.
Any algorithm that is adapted based on historical performance or
predicted performance based on the historical performance of
similar users or users that share at least one common
characteristic such as age, weight, height or any other
characteristic associated with a user is in keeping with the spirit
of the invention. For example, an algorithm that is used for a
particular user for a given workout or number of workouts may be
altered to induce a user's body to grow further. One example of
altering or adapting an algorithm for a particular user may involve
two second extension and retraction intervals. After a number of
workouts, the user may observe less gain that in the initial
workouts. Altering or adapting the algorithm to a "negative"
algorithm where a particular user extends against a given force for
two seconds and retracts against a given force for 10 seconds per
repetition may increase the stress or overload a user in a
different way that optimizes overall results. No one algorithm is
therefore the "best" for a particular user for the entire lifespan
of a user and as one skilled in the art will recognize, adapting
the algorithm for a particular user based on that particular user's
past history and optionally other user's past performance provides
optimal results over time. By using a user or group of users' past
performance data, the algorithm for increasing or decreasing the
relative effort for each repetition or time to execute each portion
of a repetition may be altered or adjusted to provide the best
results as shown to occur in other users.
[0043] Subsequent workout sessions are designed by application of a
profile using the baseline data stored during the initial and first
workout sessions. For subsequent workouts, as the number of workout
sessions increases, the system begins to accumulate a comprehensive
performance history for the particular user. The system schedules a
time for the next workout based upon the performance level,
overload level and amount of recovery time suggested for maximum
muscle growth (or other workout goal) while maintaining minimum
expended exercise effort. Other algorithms may be utilized that
optimize endurance, fitness or are designed for injury recovery as
well. A profile may be selected for example based on the user's
age, time of day at which exercise occurs, or any other factor that
is current or historical with respect to the user. As more workouts
occur, the history database comprising past personal training
information becomes more refined. The resistance force levels of
programmable adaptive resistance as well as the rest period
duration accuracy are adjusted to continuously advance the users
fitness level while minimizing the number of workouts and duration
of each workout.
[0044] Summing all current endurance level values for each set
yields a current endurance sum. FIG. 5 shows one method of summing
all force versus time integrals for all repetitions of at least one
set. Each repetition in this embodiment of the invention is shown
with full displacement and return displacement using the same
ratio, i.e., each graph shows 10 repetitions as opposed to FIG. 4.
The lower set has lower starting ratio "L" and half value ratio
"L/2". The repetitions 551 through 560 hence have lower force
versus time integrals with respect to repetitions 501 through 510.
This need not be the case and the ratios R and L and any sets
between the first and last set may comprise different ratios that
increase, decrease or remain the same between each successive set.
The alteration of ratio between sets may be set based on the type
of exercise goal that a user has defined for example. The summing
of each integral is shown as a sigma symbol to the left of each
graph. Summing all of the sums provides an overall effort put forth
by the user over all sets.
[0045] As a current endurance level of a particular movement grows
over time (e.g., the number of repetitions to fatigue and/or ratios
increase, the current rest period may be incremented upwards. A
current overstress factor beginning at 5% for example may be
multiplied by each ratio for each repetition to provide overload as
time passes and the user becomes stronger. This may for example be
applied after an initial warm up set in one or more embodiments of
the invention. By saving the time required for a user to perform a
set the overstress factor may be modified to either increase the
load if the user is able to maintain a two second per displacement
pace, or to leave the overstress factor as is. For example, if the
user is able to remain with 15% of the pace at a particular
overstress factor, then the overstress factor can be incremented
for the next set or workout. If the user for example is unable to
keep the pace up, then the system may increase the rest period in
one embodiment of the invention. The increase in the current
endurance level values is a direct measure of improvement. Other
embodiments of the invention may hold the ratio "R" constant over
multiple repetitions and time the entire set. If the entire set is
slower at a given overstress factor then the overstress factor may
be left unchanged while the rest period is increased for example.
If the entire set is faster at a given overstress factor then the
overstress factor may be increased and/or the rest period may be
decreased. Any algorithm that alters the resistance force levels of
the system using past personal performance information is in
keeping with the spirit of the invention.
[0046] At any time during the exercise program, the system may
provide a user with performance data in the form of progress
reports. This type of information provides motivation to the user
and/or trainer. The system allows the user (or trainer) to
optionally select or alter the level of progress desired. The
system instructs and prompts the user during the workout to assure
that the desired profile is always performed accurately. The user
maintains control over the exercise program by optionally providing
additional selections and preferences which are combined with the
system's prediction of fitness level based on current and past
personal performance information to determine the actual exercise
program and level and profile of programmable adaptive resistance
for each workout. For network capable apparatus, i.e., computer 104
in FIG. 1 is network enabled or coupled with a network device, the
progress report may be emailed to the user, may be placed on a
website that is accessible for example to the user after entering a
password, or via text messaging. The progress report may show
graphical percentage rates of improvement of absolute levels of
performance for example. Any type of report that is based on the
user's past personal training information is in keeping with the
spirit of the invention.
[0047] In addition, since the particular exercise program utilized
by a user denotes the type of exercise goals that the user is
interested in achieving. The system may suggest food or beverage
regimes and may also market food, beverage or other products that
may be utilized by the user to better achieve their exercise goals.
Marketing products to users with strength related exercise goals
may include sending the user mail, email or other communications
such as text messages that allow for the protein powder or weight
gain compounds to be presented to the user. Marketing products to
users with endurance related exercise goals may include providing
coupons to users for carbohydrate drinks or energy bars. Marketing
products to users with injuries may include alerting the user buy a
hot/cold pad at the exercise facility or by mail order. Any method
of marketing products to users based on their current and past
personal training information is in keeping with the spirit of the
invention.
[0048] Since the system keeps track of training information
measured when a user exercises using an embodiment of the
invention, the user may be provided with rewards for improvement or
reaching certain goals or outperforming other users for example.
Rewards may include coupons for free or discounted products or any
other reward.
[0049] FIG. 6 shows an embodiment of a method for providing
programmable adaptive resistance. The method begins by identifying
a user at 601. In multi-user embodiments, a keypad entry, bar code
reader, RFID reader, voice recognition system or any other method
of identifying a user is employed. In single user embodiments, this
occurs when the user initiates exercise and the system identifies
that a user is present. The method continues by retrieving past
personal training information for the user at 602. This information
comprises the force versus displacement measurement values
recording in the initial workout session and any subsequent
sessions for a particular user. The information is used in
tailoring the exercise apparatus to the user so that full
displacement of the exercise interface coincides with the physical
size of the user. In addition, the information is used to set the
proper resistance force level per unit of distance during
displacement of the exercise interface. Information related to
another user may be utilized in adapting the algorithm used for
exercised based on historical performance and improvements observed
in other users. In one or more embodiments of the invention, the
past performance data may be associated with a user that has
similar physical characteristics, age, weight, body fat and/or
exercise goals. Loading an exercise program for the user from a
computer occurs at 603. The exercise program utilizes the past
personal training information to set the proper ratios for the user
based on the user's historical performance on the apparatus and
based on the exercise goal of the user, e.g., strength, endurance,
fitness maintenance or injury recovery for example. Again, the
particular user's past performance data and/or other user's
performance data may be utilized in choosing, altering or adapting
the algorithm or exercise program utilized for the particular user.
Accepting a user force imparted on an exercise interface when a
user performs muscular exercise of a body part occurs at 604. At
this point the exercise interface begins to displace since a force
is acting upon it. Monitoring a position signal with a position
sensor associated with the exercise interface at a position sensor
sample rate occurs at 605. By monitoring the position signal at a
given rate, the position of the exercise interface is determined
for subsequent processing by the exercise program. Recording the
position signal is performed at 606. Monitoring a force signal
associated with the exercise interface at a force sensor sample
rate occurs at 607. Recording the force signal is performed at 608
so that the force versus displacement measurements can be processed
by the exercise program. Controlling a motor through use of a motor
controller is performed at 609 wherein the motor is coupled with
the exercise interface to counteract the user force with a
resistance force. Adapting a ratio of a force versus displacement
graph associated with said exercise program is performed at 610
wherein the force versus displacement graph is specific to the user
and is in accordance with said exercise program that the user has
selected. The adapting step utilizes present and past personal
training information comprising position and force signals to adapt
the ratio of resistance force with respect to the baseline
measurement of force versus displacement for the user. The adapting
step may for example reduce the ratio for a subsequent repetition
to allow the user to complete a desired number of repetitions or to
complete the repetitions in a desired time period. Displaying a
rest period calculated by the exercise program optionally occurs at
611. The rest period may be displayed on a screen associated with
the exercise apparatus or also be provided to the user via email,
text messaging, on a web page or using any other method. The rest
period between sets may be displayed locally while the rest period
between workouts may be sent to the user electronically in one
embodiment of the invention for example and may utilize the present
personal training information and the past personal training
information to calculate when a user will be ready to exert force
again. Prompting the user to initiate a subsequent effort occurs at
612 and may comprise local beeps for prompts that occur between
sets or emails or other electronic communication for subsequent
workouts.
[0050] While the invention herein disclosed has been described by
means of specific embodiments and applications thereof, numerous
modifications and variations could be made thereto by those skilled
in the art without departing from the scope of the invention set
forth in the claims.
* * * * *