U.S. patent application number 11/358024 was filed with the patent office on 2007-08-23 for fuel lubricity additives.
Invention is credited to Joshua J. Bennett, Scott D. Schwab.
Application Number | 20070193110 11/358024 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 38320079 |
Filed Date | 2007-08-23 |
United States Patent
Application |
20070193110 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Schwab; Scott D. ; et
al. |
August 23, 2007 |
Fuel lubricity additives
Abstract
A fuel lubricity additive is disclosed comprising an
imidazoline. The fuel lubricity additive may be prepared by
reacting an optionally substituted organic acid with an optionally
substituted polyamine. Fuel compositions are also disclosed,
comprising a fuel and the fuel lubricity additive. Processes for
reducing wear in an engine, for example an internal combustion
engine, using the fuel lubricity additive are disclosed.
Inventors: |
Schwab; Scott D.; (Richmond,
VA) ; Bennett; Joshua J.; (Richmond, VA) |
Correspondence
Address: |
MH2 TECHNOLOGY LAW GROUP (Cust. No. w/NewMarket)
1951 KIDWELL DRIVE
SUITE 550
TYSONS CORNER
VA
22182
US
|
Family ID: |
38320079 |
Appl. No.: |
11/358024 |
Filed: |
February 21, 2006 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
44/389 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C10L 1/2222 20130101;
C10L 1/2418 20130101; C10L 10/08 20130101; C10L 1/232 20130101;
C10L 1/2406 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
044/389 |
International
Class: |
C10L 1/18 20060101
C10L001/18 |
Claims
1. A fuel lubricity additive comprising an imidazoline of the
following formula: ##STR10## wherein: R is chosen from saturated
and unsaturated, linear, aromatic, branched, and cyclic hydrocarbyl
groups, which are unsubstituted or substituted with at least one of
hydroxyl, nitro, amino, and cyano groups; R' is independently
chosen from hydrogen, hydroxyl, nitro, amino, cyano, and saturated
and unsaturated, linear, aromatic, branched and cyclic hydrocarbyl
groups; A is chosen from SH, OH and NY.sub.2 groups; and Y is
independently chosen from hydrogen and saturated and unsaturated,
linear, aromatic, branched and cyclic hydrocarbyl groups, which are
unsubstituted or substituted with at least one of hydroxyl, nitro,
amino, and cyano groups.
2. The fuel lubricity additive according to claim 1, wherein R is
chosen from hydrocarbyl groups having from 10 to 20 carbon atoms,
and A is an amino group.
3. The fuel lubricity additive according to claim 1, wherein R' is
hydrogen, and A is NH.sub.2.
4. The fuel lubricity additive according to claim 1, wherein A is
chosen from --SH, --OH and --NY.sub.2 groups.
5. A fuel lubricity additive comprising an imidazoline, wherein
said imidazoline is prepared by a process comprising reacting a
compound of formula (I): ##STR11## with a compound of formula (II):
##STR12## to yield an imidazoline of formula (III): ##STR13##
wherein: R is chosen from saturated and unsaturated, linear,
aromatic, branched, and cyclic hydrocarbyl groups, and is
unsubstituted or substituted with at least one of hydroxyl, nitro,
amino, and cyano groups; R' is independently chosen from hydrogen,
hydroxyl, nitro, amino, cyano, and saturated and unsaturated,
linear, aromatic, branched and cyclic hydrocarbyl groups; A is
chosen from --SH, OH and NY.sub.2 groups; and Y is independently
chosen from hydrogen and saturated and unsaturated, linear,
aromatic, branched and cyclic hydrocarbyl groups, each of which is
unsubstituted or substituted with at least one of hydroxyl, nitro,
amino, and cyano groups.
6. The fuel lubricity additive according to claim 5, wherein R is
chosen from hydrocarbyl groups having from 10 to 20 carbon
atoms.
7. The fuel lubricity additive according to claim 5, wherein R' is
hydrogen.
8. The fuel lubricity additive according to claim 5, wherein A is
chosen from --SH, --OH and --NH.sub.2 groups.
9. The fuel lubricity additive according to claim 5, wherein
compounds (I) and (II) are reacted together in a molar ratio
ranging from 1:2 to 2:1.
10. The fuel lubricity additive according to claim 5, wherein
compounds (I) and (II) are reacted together in a molar ratio
ranging from 0.8:1 to 1:0.8.
11. The fuel lubricity additive according to claim 5, wherein the
fuel is a diesel fuel.
12. The fuel lubricity additive according to claim 5, wherein the
fuel is a biodiesel fuel.
13. The fuel lubricity additive according to claim 5, wherein the
fuel is gasoline.
14. The fuel lubricity additive according to claim 5, wherein the R
is chosen from linear alkenyl groups.
15. The fuel lubricity additive according to claim 5, wherein the
compound of formula (I) is chosen from 9,10-decylenic acid,
octenoic acid, linoleic acid, naphthenic acid, and a tall oil fatty
acid.
16. The fuel lubricity additive according to claim 5, wherein the
compound of formula (II) is chosen from ethylene diamine,
aminoethyl ethanolamine, and diethylenetriamine.
17. The fuel lubricity additive according to claim 5, wherein the
compound of formula (I) is isostearic acid and the compound of
formula (II) is aminoethyl ethanolamine.
18. The fuel lubricity additive according to claim 5, wherein the
compound of formula (I) is naphthenic acid and the compound of
formula (II) is aminoethyl ethanolamine.
19. The fuel lubricity additive according to claim 5, wherein the
compound of formula (I) is isostearic acid and the compound of
formula (II) is diethylenetriamine.
20. The fuel lubricity additive according to claim 5, wherein the
compound of formula (I) is a tall oil fatty acid and the compound
of formula (II) is diethylenetriamine.
21. The fuel lubricity additive according to claim 5, wherein the
compound of formula (I) is isostearic acid and the compound of
formula (II) is diethylenetriamine.
22. The fuel lubricity additive according to claim 5, wherein the
compound of formula (I) is a tall oil fatty acid and the compound
of formula (II) is aminoethyl ethanolamine.
23. The fuel lubricity additive according to claim 5, wherein said
imidazoline is prepared under batch process conditions.
24. The fuel lubricity additive according to claim 5, wherein said
imidazoline is prepared under continuous process conditions.
25. A fuel composition comprising: (A) a fuel in major amount; and
(B) a fuel lubricity additive according to claim 1 in a minor
amount.
26. The fuel composition according to claim 25, wherein the fuel is
gasoline, or a gasoline-alcohol blend.
27. The fuel composition according to claim 25, wherein the fuel is
a diesel fuel, or diesel fuel-alcohol blend.
28. The fuel composition according to claim 25, wherein the fuel is
a biodiesel fuel.
29. The fuel composition according to claim 25, wherein the fuel
comprises an emulsion of diesel fuel and water or ethanol.
30. The fuel composition according to claim 25, further comprising
at least one of dispersants, detergents, oxygenates, antioxidants,
carrier fluids, metal deactivators, dyes, markers, pour-point
depressants, corrosion inhibitors, biocides, cetane improvers,
antistatic additives, stabilizers, anti-foam agents, drag-reducing
agents, demulsifiers, dehazers, anti-icing additives, anti-knock
additives, anti-valve-seat recession additives, additional
lubricity additives, and combustion improvers.
31. An anti-wear composition comprising the fuel lubricity additive
according to claim 1, wherein said fuel lubricity additive is
present in an amount sufficient to reduce the wear in an internal
combustion engine.
32. A friction modifying composition comprising the fuel lubricity
additive according to claim 1, wherein said fuel lubricity additive
is present in a fuel in an amount sufficient to modify the friction
of the fuel.
33. A process for improving the lubricity of a fuel composition in
an engine, comprising operating said engine with a fuel comprising
a fuel lubricity additive according to claim 1.
34. A process for improving the lubricity of a fuel composition in
an engine, comprising operating said engine with a fuel composition
according to claim 25.
35. The process according to claim 34, wherein said fuel
composition comprises gasoline.
36. The process according to claim 34, wherein said fuel
composition comprises a diesel fuel.
37. The process according to claim 34, wherein said fuel
composition comprises a biodiesel fuel.
38. A process for improving the fuel economy of an internal
combustion engine comprising using as a fuel in the internal
combustion engine the fuel composition according to claim 25,
wherein the fuel lubricity additive is present in an amount
sufficient to improve the fuel economy of the internal combustion
engine using the fuel composition, as compared to the engine
operated in the same manner and using the same fuel except that the
fuel is devoid of the fuel lubricity additive.
39. The process according to claim 38, wherein the fuel lubricity
additive is present in the fuel composition in an amount ranging
from 25 to 150 ptb.
40. The process according to claim 38, wherein the fuel lubricity
additive is present in the fuel composition in an amount ranging
from 40 to 60 ptb.
41. A process for reducing wear in an internal combustion engine
comprising using as a fuel for the internal combustion engine the
fuel composition of claim 25, wherein the fuel lubricity additive
is present in an amount sufficient to reduce the wear in an
internal combustion engine operated using the fuel composition, as
compared to the wear in the engine operated in the same manner and
using the same fuel except that the fuel is devoid of the fuel
lubricity additive.
42. The process according to claim 41, wherein the fuel lubricity
additive is present in the fuel composition in an amount ranging
from 25 to 150 ptb.
43. The process according to claim 41, wherein the fuel lubricity
additive is present in the fuel composition in an amount ranging
from 40 to 60 ptb.
44. A process for providing friction modification in an internal
combustion engine comprising using as a fuel for the internal
combustion engine the fuel composition of claim 25, wherein the
fuel lubricity additive is present in an amount sufficient to
reduce the wear in an internal combustion engine operated using the
fuel composition, as compared to the wear in the engine operated in
the same manner and using the same fuel except that the fuel is
devoid of the fuel lubricity additive.
45. The process according to claim 44, wherein the fuel lubricity
additive is present in the fuel composition in an amount ranging
from 25 to 150 ptb.
46. The process according to claim 44, wherein the fuel lubricity
additive is present in the fuel composition in an amount ranging
from 40 to 60 ptb.
Description
DISCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0001] 1. Field of the Invention
[0002] The present disclosure relates to a fuel lubricity additive
comprising an imidazoline. The fuel lubricity additive may be
useful for improving the lubricity of fuels and reducing wear in
internal combustion engines.
[0003] 2. Background of the Invention
[0004] In order to reduce pollution and conserve energy,
automobiles are constantly being engineered to give improved
gasoline mileage. This effort is a result, at least in part, of
governmental regulation enacted to compel auto manufacturers to
achieve prescribed gasoline mileage. In an effort to achieve the
required mileage, a number of cars are being down-sized. However,
there are limits in this approach beyond which the cars will not
accommodate a typical family. Another way to improve fuel mileage
is to reduce engine wear attributable in part to engine friction.
The present disclosure relates to fuel lubricity additives for
gasoline and diesel fuels, as well as methods for reducing engine
wear.
[0005] It is known to use imidazoline derivatives in fuels to
modify engine performance, e.g., as detergents, anti-corrosive
agents, and to minimize fuel vaporization. U.S. Pat. No. 3,036,902
discloses certain imidazoline derivatives as being useful for
reducing the incidence of carburetor icing. The derivatives are
combined with an alkanol to form a deicing composition. There is no
disclosure of, inter alia, lubricity additives.
[0006] U.S. Pat. No. 6,562,086 discloses a diesel fuel and spark
ignition fuel lubricity aid containing an alkanolamide of a fatty
acid, an alkanolamide of a modified fatty acid or a mixture
thereof. The preparation of alkanolamides as lubricity additives is
known. Such alkanolamides, however, may not be as effective in
reducing engine wear as the fuel lubricity additives of the present
disclosure.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0007] In accordance with the present disclosure, there is provided
a fuel lubricity additive comprising an imidazoline of the
following formula: ##STR1## wherein R may be chosen from saturated
and unsaturated, linear, aromatic, branched, and cyclic hydrocarbyl
groups, which may be unsubstituted or substituted with at least one
of hydroxyl, nitro, amino, and cyano groups; R' may be
independently chosen from hydrogen, hydroxyl, nitro, amino, cyano,
and saturated and unsaturated, linear, aromatic, branched and
cyclic hydrocarbyl groups; A may be chosen from SH, OH, and
NY.sub.2 groups; and Y may be independently chosen from hydrogen
and saturated and unsaturated, linear, aromatic, branched and
cyclic hydrocarbyl groups, each of which may be unsubstituted or
substituted with at least one of hydroxyl, nitro, amino, and cyano
groups. By "amino" herein is meant any mono-, di-, tri- and
polyamines, and mixtures thereof.
[0008] According to another aspect of the present disclosure, there
is provided a fuel lubricity additive comprising an imidazoline,
wherein said imidazoline may be prepared by a process comprising
reacting a compound of formula (I): ##STR2## with a compound of
formula (II): ##STR3## to yield an imidazoline of formula (III):
##STR4## wherein R may be chosen from saturated and unsaturated,
linear, aromatic, branched, and cyclic hydrocarbyl groups, which
may be unsubstituted or substituted with at least one of hydroxyl,
nitro, amino, and cyano groups; R' may be independently chosen from
hydrogen, hydroxyl, nitro, amino, cyano, and saturated and
unsaturated, linear, aromatic, branched and cyclic hydrocarbyl
groups; A may be chosen from SH, OH and NY.sub.2 groups; and Y may
be independently chosen from hydrogen and saturated and
unsaturated, linear, aromatic, branched and cyclic hydrocarbyl
groups, each of which may be unsubstituted or substituted with at
least one of hydroxyl, nitro, amino, and cyano groups.
[0009] It is to be understood that both the foregoing and following
description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not
restrictive of the invention, as claimed.
[0010] The tables herein illustrate aspects of the invention and
together with the description, serve to explain the principles of
the invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS
[0011] Interest in lubricity additives for both gasoline and diesel
fuel has been increasing. This has been driven by the new
requirements on diesel fuel lubricity (ASTM maximum 520 .mu.m wear
scar diameter using High Frequency Reciprocating Rig (HFRR)) and
the desire for gasoline additives that improve fuel economy. The
imidazoline compounds described herein may be effective in reducing
friction and wear resulting from the combustion of fuels, including
gasoline, diesel, and biodiesel fuels.
[0012] The imidazolines useful as fuel lubricity additives may be
represented by the following general formula: ##STR5## ein R may be
chosen from saturated and unsaturated, linear, aromatic, branched,
and cyclic hydrocarbyl groups, which may be further substituted
with at least one of hydroxyl, nitro, amino, and cyano groups; R'
may be independently chosen from hydrogen, hydroxyl, nitro, amino,
cyano, and saturated and unsaturated, linear, aromatic, branched
and cyclic hydrocarbyl groups; A may be chosen from SH, OH and
NY.sub.2 groups; and Y may be independently chosen from hydrogen
and saturated and unsaturated, linear, aromatic, branched and
cyclic hydrocarbyl groups, each or which may be unsubstituted or
substituted with at least one of hydroxyl, nitro, amino, and cyano
groups.
[0013] The imidazolines of formula (III) may be obtained by
reacting a suitable organic acid with a polyamine, such as a
diamine or a triamine, each of which may be substituted with other
groups such as, for example, hydroxyl groups. The reaction may
involve the elimination of two molecules of water between the acid
and the amine. The reaction may be represented by the following
equation: ##STR6##
[0014] Acids which are useful in preparing the imidazolines include
those that are capable of reacting with a polyamine to form an
imidazoline, such as those represented by the following formula
(I): ##STR7## wherein R is chosen from saturated and unsaturated,
linear, aromatic, branched, and cyclic hydrocarbyl groups, each of
which is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one of
hydroxyl, nitro, amino, and cyano groups. Suitable acids for the
purposes of the present disclosure include optionally substituted
mono-carboxylic acids having up to about 25 carbon atoms.
Non-limiting examples include unsaturated organic acids such as
9,10-decylenic acid, octenoic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid and
the like. Other suitable acids include isooleic acid, isostearic
acid, and tall oil fatty acid, (such as commercial mixtures of
predominantly oleic and linoleic acids, stearic and others known to
those skilled in the art) and naphthenic acid.
[0015] Suitable polyamines include those that form an imidazoline
upon reaction with an organic acid. According to certain aspects of
the present disclosure, the polyamines may be represented by the
formula (II): ##STR8## R' may be independently chosen from
hydrogen, hydroxyl, nitro, amino, cyano,. and saturated and
unsaturated, linear, aromatic, branched and cyclic hydrocarbyl
groups; A may chosen from SH, OH and NY.sub.2 groups; and Y may be
independently chosen from hydrogen and saturated and unsaturated,
linear, aromatic, branched and cyclic hydrocarbyl groups, each of
which may be unsubstituted or substituted with at least one of
hydroxyl, nitro, amino, and cyano groups. Non-limiting examples of
polyamines suitable for the purposes of the present disclosure
include hydroxyethyl ethylene diamine, ethylene diamine, aminoethyl
ethanolamine, diethylene triamine, hydroxyethyl diethylene
triamine, and the like.
[0016] The fuel lubricity additives disclosed herein comprise at
least one imidazoline compound and optionally at least one solvent
or co-solvent for the purposes of, e.g., facilitating handling and
blending of the compound. Suitable solvents include alcohols (e.g.,
methanol, ethanol, isopropanol), 2-ethylhexanol, ketones (acetone,
methyl ethyl ketone), esters (tert-butyl acetate), and ethers
(e.g., methyl tert-butyl ether). Aromatic hydrocarbons may also be
useful solvents, such as Aromatic 100-150. Suitable non-limiting
examples of aromatic hydrocarbons comprise benzene, toluene, and/or
xylene, and higher molecular weight aromatic solvents.
[0017] According to one aspect of the disclosure, the solvent is a
commercial blend of aromatics. The molar ratio of acid to amine is
generally from 1:2 to 3:1 in one embodiment, and 1:2 to 2:1 in
another embodiment. Especially useful are acid to amine ratios of
1:1 to 2:1.
[0018] The present disclosure also relates to fuel compositions
comprising fuel in a major amount, and the fuel lubricity additive
disclosed herein in a minor amount. Suitable fuels include, by way
of non-limiting example, diesel fuel, biodiesel fuel, gasoline
emulsions, diesel emulsions, gasoline-alcohol blends,
diesel-alcohol blends, gasoline, and mixtures thereof. The fuel
lubricity additive may be used at a concentration providing the
desired amount of lubricity to the fuel. A useful range may be, for
example, about 1 to about 5000 pounds per thousand barrels (ptb),
for example 5 to 2000 ptb, or 5 to 500 ptb. The fuel lubricity
additive may be added to the gasoline or diesel fuel at the
refinery or at any stage of subsequent storage, shipment (such as
pipeline), or delivery (such as pump stations). It may be
manufactured as an after-market gasoline or diesel additive and
sold over the counter in a package to a consumer, who then adds it
directly to a fuel tank.
[0019] Diesel fuel may include any of the various mixtures of
hydrocarbons which can be used as diesel fuels and thus include
distillate and residual fuel oils, blends of residual fuel oils
with distillates, gas oils, recycled stock from cracking operations
and blends of straight run and cracked distillates. Biodiesel has
long been known as an alternative diesel fuel and may be obtained
by, for example, subjecting oil obtained from oleaginous seeds to
various filtration and extraction techniques well-known to those of
ordinary skill in the art.
[0020] The fuel compositions disclosed herein may contain at least
one additional ingredient besides fuel and the fuel lubricity
additive. For example, the fuel compositions may comprise at least
one of dispersants, detergents, oxygenates, antioxidants, carrier
fluids, metal deactivators, dyes, markers, pour-point depressants,
corrosion inhibitors, biocides, cetane improvers, antistatic
additives, stabilizers, anti-foam agents, drag-reducing agents,
demulsifiers, dehazers, anti-icing additives, anti-knock additives,
anti-valve-seat recession additives, additional lubricity
additives, and combustion improvers. Oxygenates herein can include
for example and without limitation methanol, ethanol, esters,
ethers, combustion improvers, and antiknock materials. Particularly
useful herein is the additional antiknock ingredient methyl
cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl, at for example a level of
20-200 milligrams per liter of fuel.
EXAMPLES
[0021] Several compounds were made with different starting
materials using the following reaction schemes: ##STR9## wherein R
was a saturated or unsaturated, aromatic, branched or linear, alkyl
group and A was either OH or NH.sub.2. Compounds produced according
to reaction scheme A are known to be additives suitable for
modifying the lubricity of gasoline and diesel fuel, and were thus
compared against inventive fuel lubricity additives produced
according to scheme B.
[0022] The synthesized materials were tested in the High Frequency
Reciprocating Rig (HFRR) for their ability to reduce friction and
wear in both gasoline and diesel fuel. The HFRR apparatus and the
procedure used are described as follows: a steel ball is attached
to an oscillating arm assembly and is mated to a steel disk
specimen in the HFRR sample cell. The sample cell contains 2 ml of
the fuel being tested and the sample is maintained in a bath at a
temperature of 600 C for diesel but 25.degree. C. for gasoline. A
load of 200 grams is applied to the ball/disk interface by dead
weights. The ball assembly is oscillated over a 1 mm path at a rate
of 50 Hertz. These conditions ensure that a fluid film does not
build up between the ball and disk. After a prescribed period of
time (for example, 75 minutes), the steel ball assembly is removed.
Wear, and hence the lubricity of the fuel, is assessed by measuring
the mean wear scar diameter on the ball, resulting from oscillating
contact with the disk. The smaller the wear scar obtained, the
greater the lubricity of the fuel. A low coefficient of friction
and a low wear scar are evidence of a good lubricating effect.
[0023] Table 1 compares the HFRR performance in gasoline of a
number of additives produced using both reaction schemes. Materials
produced from the identical starting acids using inventive scheme B
consistently outperformed the comparative fuel lubricity additives
produced using scheme A. The friction coefficient values given in
Tables 1 and 2 are an average over the entire 75-minute test.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 HFRR of Experimental Lubricity Additives in
Gasoline Reac- Treat Friction Wear tion Rate Coeffi- Scar Fuel
Additive Chemistry Scheme (PTB) cient* (um) G1 -- -- -- 0.299 485
G1 Isostearic Acid/DEA A 50 0.219 365 G1 Iso-oleic Acid/DEA A 50
0.237 445 G1 Iso-oleic Acid/DEA A 50 0.235 430 G1 Naphthenic
Acid/DEA A 50 0.276 515 G1 Iso-oleic Acid/DEA A 100 0.200 342.5 G1
Isostearic Acid/AEEA B 50 0.216 370 G1 Naphthenic Acid/AEEA B 50
0.235 370 G1 Isostearic Acid/DETA B 50 0.213 325 G2 -- -- -- 0.434
780 G2 Isostearic Acid/DEA A 100 0.236 438 G2 Isostearic Acid/AEEA
B 100 0.223 325 G2 Isostearic Acid/AEEA B 50 0.254 400 *Friction
Coefficient = F/P where F is the measured friction force and P is
the applied load Iso-oleic Acid = Century 1164 Isooleic Acid from
Arizona Chemical Company Isostearic Acid = Century 1105 Isostearic
Acid from Arizona Chemical Company Nap Acid = Naphthenic Acid from
Merrichem Company DEA = Diethanolamine AEEA = Aminoethyl
ethanolamine DETA = Diethylenetriamine G1 = Unadditized gasoline
from Sunoco G2 = Unadditized gasoline from Citgo
[0024] Fuels 1 and 2 are typical U.S. unadditized gasolines.
[0025] The results in Table 1 demonstrate that the inventive fuel
lubricity additives may substantially improve the lubricity of a
fuel as compared to the fuel lubricity additives prepared by scheme
A.
[0026] The HFRR test was again conducted using an ultra low sulfur
diesel fuel obtained from a U.S. refinery instead of gasoline.
Table 2 shows that the superior performance from scheme B fuel
lubricity additives extends to diesel fuel. TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2
HFRR of Experimental Lubricity Additives in Diesel Fuel Reac- Treat
Friction Wear tion Rate Coeffi- Scar Fuel Additive Chemistry Scheme
(ppm) cient* (um) ULSD1 Base Fuel - No Additive -- -- 0.391 637.5
ULSD1 TOFA -- 100 0.230 435 ULSD1 TOFA/DEA A 100 0.213 380 ULSD1
Isostearic Acid/AEEA B 100 0.230 417 ULSD1 TOFA/DETA B 100 0.253
480 ULSD1 TOFA/AEEA B 100 0.244 460 *Friction Coefficient = F/P
where F is the measured friction force and P is the applied load
ULSD1 = Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel Fuel from Conoco Phillips
Isostearic Acid = Century 1105 Isostearic Acid from Arizona
Chemical Company TOFA = Tall Oil Fatty Acid from Arizona Chemical
Company DEA = Diethanolamine AEEA = Aminoethyl ethanolamine DETA =
Diethylenetriamine
[0027] Table 2 demonstrates the wear scar diameters obtained from
the incorporation into the diesel fuel of the noninventive samples
1-3 and contain embodiments of the present invention samples
4-7.
[0028] Other aspects of the disclosure will be apparent to those
skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and
practice of the invention disclosed herein. It is intended that the
specification and examples be considered as exemplary only, with a
true scope and spirit of the invention being indicated by the
following claims.
* * * * *