U.S. patent application number 11/355580 was filed with the patent office on 2007-08-16 for apparatus, and associated method, for providing network selection management in a radio communication system.
Invention is credited to Mark Pecen.
Application Number | 20070189161 11/355580 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 38368307 |
Filed Date | 2007-08-16 |
United States Patent
Application |
20070189161 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Pecen; Mark |
August 16, 2007 |
Apparatus, and associated method, for providing network selection
management in a radio communication system
Abstract
Apparatus, and an associated method, for selecting whether to
authorize connection of a mobile station to communicate by way of a
communication network. Radio frequency uncertainty, such as at
coverage area boundaries, is managed to control better the
selection. Signals broadcast by the communication system are
monitored and signal performance metrics of the signals are
identified. Average values of the performance metrics are
identified, and rates of change of the performance metrics are
calculated. When the average values are beyond a selected threshold
and the rates of change are positive, authorization is granted to
permit the connection of the mobile station to the communication
network.
Inventors: |
Pecen; Mark; (Waterloo,
CA) |
Correspondence
Address: |
DOCKET CLERK
PO BOX 12608
DALLAS
TX
75225
US
|
Family ID: |
38368307 |
Appl. No.: |
11/355580 |
Filed: |
February 16, 2006 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
370/230 ;
370/329 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H04L 69/18 20130101;
H04W 48/18 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
370/230 ;
370/329 |
International
Class: |
H04L 12/26 20060101
H04L012/26; H04Q 7/00 20060101 H04Q007/00 |
Claims
1. Apparatus for a mobile station selectably connectable in
communication connectivity with a communication network, said
apparatus comprising: a signal performance metric identifier
adapted to receive an indication of a receive signal transmitted by
the communication network during at least a first time period; a
rate of change calculator adapted to receive a representation of
the indication received by said signal performance metric
identifier, said rate of change calculator configured to calculate
a rate of change of the representation; a connector authorizer
adapted to receive an indication of calculation made by said rate
of change calculator, said connector authorizer configured
selectably to authorize connection of the mobile station to the
communication network responsive to the rate of change being beyond
a selected threshold.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the indication received by said
signal performance metric identifier comprises indications of the
receive signal transmitted by the communication network during a
plurality of time periods.
3. The apparatus of claim 2 wherein the indications comprise an
indication of the receive signal for each of the plurality of time
periods.
4. The apparatus of claim 3 further comprising an average
calculator adapted to receive values representative of the
indications received by said signal performance metric identifier,
said average calculator configured to calculate an average value of
the indications received by said signal performance metric
calculator.
5. The apparatus of claim 4 wherein the plurality of time periods
comprise successive time periods and wherein the average value
calculated by said average calculator is based upon indications
received by said signal performance metric identifier during a
selected number of time periods of the plurality of time
periods.
6. The apparatus of claim 4 wherein the average value calculated by
said average calculator comprises an arithmetic average.
7. The apparatus of claim 4 wherein the average value calculated by
said average calculator comprises a weighted average.
8. The apparatus of claim 2 wherein said rate of change calculator
calculates the rate of change for each indication received by said
signal performance metric identifier during a selected number of
time periods of the plurality of time periods.
9. The apparatus of claim 8 wherein the rate of change calculated
by said change calculator is calculated by determining differences
in values of the indications received at said signal performance
matrix identifier at successive time periods of the selected number
of time periods of the plurality.
10. The apparatus of claim 8 further comprising an average
calculator adapted to receive values representative of the
indications received by said signal performance metric identifier,
said average calculator configured to calculate an average value of
the indications received by said signal performance metric
calculator, and wherein said connector authorizer selectably
authorizes the connection of the mobile station to the
communication network further responsive to the average value
calculated by said average calculator.
11. The apparatus of claim 10 wherein said connector authorizer
authorizes connection of the mobile station to the communication
network if both the rate of change is beyond the selected threshold
and the average value is beyond a selected level.
12. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein the selected threshold
comprises a positive value and wherein the selected level beyond
which the average value required by said connector authorizer to
authorize connection to the communication network comprises at
least a minimum level.
13. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the selected threshold beyond
which the rate of change is required by said connector authorizer
to authorize connection of the mobile station to the communication
network comprises a positive value.
14. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the indication of the receive
signal to which said signal performance metric identifier is
adapted to receive comprises a signal quality indicia.
15. A method for selectably authorizing connection of a mobile
station to a communication network, said method comprising the
operations of: accumulating a plurality of radio link measurements
at selected time intervals; processing the plurality of radio link
measurements accumulated during said operation of accumulating; and
authorizing the connection to the communication network if the
measurements processed during said operation of processing achieve
selected criteria.
16. The method of claim 15 wherein the radio link measurements
accumulated during said operation of accumulating comprise signal
quality measurements of signals transmitted by the communication
network.
17. The method of claim 15 wherein said operation of processing
comprises forming average values of the plurality of radio link
measurements.
18. The method of claim 15 wherein said operation of processing
comprises determining rates of changes of the radio link
measurements.
19. The method of claim 18 wherein the selected criteria comprises
positive rates of change.
20. Apparatus for selecting connection of a mobile station to a
communication network, said apparatus comprising: a radio link
measurement accumulator configured to accumulate measurements
associated with radio link conditions between the mobile station
and the communication network; a rate of change calculator adapted
to receive values of the measurements accumulated by said radio
link measurement accumulator, said rate of change calculator
configured to calculate rates of change of the measurements; and a
selector adapted to receive indications of the rates of change
calculated by said rate of change calculator, said selector
configured to select connection of the mobile station to the
communication network responsive, at least in part to calculations
made by said rate of change calculator.
Description
[0001] The present invention relates generally to mobile-network
attachment operations by which a mobile station is attached in
communication connectivity with a communication network. More
particularly, the present invention relates to an apparatus, and an
associated method, for selecting whether to permit attachment of a
mobile station to a communication network in an environment that
exhibits uncertain radio frequency characteristics.
[0002] Improved selection management is provided as selection is
made using measurements of communication-network signal broadcasts
and a quantified measure of the uncertainty of the radio frequency
characteristics.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] The use of mobile communication systems through which to
communicate both voice and non-voice data is increasingly pervasive
throughout modern society. Successive generations of mobile
communication systems have been developed and deployed. Each
successive generation of communication systems has, in general,
provided improved, and increased numbers of types of, communication
services. For instance, an exemplary, second-generation cellular
communication system that provides for code division communication
techniques is referred to as a CDMA (Code Division,
Multiple-Access) 1.times. communication system. A CDMA 1.times.
communication system provides for both voice and data communication
services. A successor system, referred to as EVDO (Evolution-Data
Optimized) also provides for data communication services, but
provides for the communication of data at significantly higher data
throughput rates.
[0004] Backward compatibility is sometimes provided in
successor-generation communication systems. That is to say, a
mobile station operable in a successor-communication system is
sometimes also operable in a corresponding, prior-generation
communication system. For instance, a mobile station operable to
communicate in a communication system that provides for EVDO
sometimes also is constructed to be capable of operation in a CDMA
1.times. communication system. Generally, due to the communication
advantages of a successor-generation network, communications are
preferred to be carried out by way of the successor-generation
system, if available. If communications are available with the
prior-generation communication system but not with the
successor-generation system, then communications are effectuable
with the prior-generation system due to the backward compatibility
of the mobile station.
[0005] The coverage areas of the communication networks of
different communication systems, such as prior-generation and
successor-generation communication systems of the same technology
types, are regularly overlaid, or partially overlaid, upon one
another. A mobile station, as a result, is sometimes positioned at
a location within the coverage areas of two or more communication
systems, permitting selection to be made of with which of the
available communication systems through which to communicate. And,
due to the mobility of the mobile station, the mobile station is
subsequently repositionable elsewhere, such as at a location
encompassed by the coverage area of the networks of a different
number of communication systems. Additionally, a coverage area,
such as a cellular coverage area, is not constant, but, instead, is
variable, dependent upon, e.g., radio frequency conditions. Such
variation in coverage area is sometimes referred to as cell
breathing.
[0006] Selection of which communication system through which to
communicate, therefore, cannot be made based merely upon the
location of the mobile station. Analysis of the radio frequency
characteristics associated with the available communication systems
is required. However, particularly when the mobile station is
positioned close to a boundary area at which the cell breathing
effects are most noticeable, the selection of communication system
through which to communicate is particularly difficult. Existing
manners by which to make selection generally do not adequately take
into account the uncertainty associated with the radio frequency,
communication conditions of a communication system.
[0007] An improved manner of making selection of whether to permit
communication of a mobile station with a communication system is
therefore required.
[0008] It is in light of this background information related to
communications in a radio communication system that the significant
improvements of the present invention have evolved.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0009] FIG. 1 illustrates a functional block diagram of a
communication system in which an embodiment of the present
invention is operable.
[0010] FIG. 2 illustrates a representation of coverage areas of a
set of communication systems with which a mobile station operable
pursuant to an embodiment of the present invention is selectably
capable of communicating.
[0011] FIG. 3 illustrates a message sequence diagram representative
of signaling generated during operation of the communication system
shown in FIG. 1.
[0012] FIG. 4 illustrates a method flow diagram listing the method
of operation of an embodiment of the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0013] The present invention, accordingly, advantageously provides
apparatus, and an associated method, for selecting whether to
permit mobile-network attachment operations by which a mobile
station is attached in communication connectivity with a
communication network.
[0014] Through operation of an embodiment of the present invention,
a manner is provided by which to select whether to permit
attachment of a mobile station to a communication network in an
environment that exhibits uncertain radio frequency
characteristics.
[0015] In operation, improved selection management is provided as
selection is made using measurements of communication-network
signal broadcasts and a quantified measure of the uncertainty of
the radio frequency characteristics.
[0016] In one aspect of the present invention, selection of a
communication system in the presence of high uncertainty of radio
frequency characteristics is managed. Radio frequency measurements
are accumulated, and the degree of uncertainty of the radio
frequency characteristics is quantified. Then, a decision threshold
is created based upon the quantified uncertainty
characteristics.
[0017] In another aspect of the present invention, the mobile
station monitors broadcasts of signals generated by a potential
target cell site, or other network-station that broadcasts signals.
The signals are of values that permit determination of a signal
performance metric. The signals form a signal performance metric
identifier that identifies a signal performance metric. The signal
performance metric is representative of a radio frequency
characteristic associated with communication conditions of the
communication channel upon which the signals are broadcast. The
signals are operated upon, for instance, to obtain the signal
performance metric. The signal performance metric forms, for
instance, a signal strength indication, such as an RSSI value, a
bit error rate (BER) value, a bit error probability (BEP) value, a
carrier-to-interference (C/I) value, or any other desired
performance metric value or calculation that provides an indication
of the radio frequency characteristics of the communication of the
signals broadcast by the communication system.
[0018] The signals are monitored, for instance, during a selected
number of time periods, thereby permitting accumulation of
measurements of the radio frequency characteristics.
[0019] In another aspect of the present invention, rates of change
of the signal performance metric are also calculated. Calculations
are made, for instance, by determining differences between the
values of the signal performance metric at successive time periods
during which the signals are monitored. The differences between the
values at the successive time periods define a delta, i.e., change
between the measured values. By performing a limit operation as the
time period approaches zero, the difference calculations form first
derivatives of the measurements. The rates of change of the
measured values are alternately calculated in other manners.
[0020] In another aspect of the present invention, the values that
are accumulated over a plurality of time periods are averaged
together to form an average value of the measurements over the
plurality of time periods. The average value is, for instance, an
arithmetic mean or a weighted average.
[0021] In another aspect of the present invention, the measured
values and rates of change thereof are analyzed to select whether
to authorize connection of a mobile station to the communication
system from which the monitored signals are broadcast. The
authorization is granted only if the measured values are of
selected characteristics. The values must, for instance, exhibit an
average value that is at least as great as a selected threshold.
Or, the rates of change of the measured values during each of the
time periods must be beyond a selected level, e.g., all of the
rates of change must be positive values. In one embodiment, the
authorization is granted only if the average value is beyond the
selected threshold and all of the rates of change are positive.
[0022] By accumulating the measured values, temporal variations
have lessened significance in the selection of whether to authorize
connection of the mobile station in communication connectivity with
the communication system. And, by requiring that the rates of
change be positive values, further quantification of the degree of
uncertainty of the radio frequency characteristics is made. By
requiring that the rates of change be positive, the mobile station
is likely to be traveling in a direction in which improved radio
frequency characteristics shall continue to be exhibited.
[0023] In one implementation, a mobile station is operable in both
a CDMA 1.times. and an EVDO communication system. If the mobile
station is initially connected to the CDMA 1.times. system, the
mobile station monitors for broadcasts of other systems, such as a
CDMA system that provides EVDO. When a signal broadcast by a
CDMA/EVDO communication system is detected, the signal is monitored
over successive time periods. Averages are made of the measured
values during successive time periods, and rates of change of the
values are calculated. If the average value is at least as great as
a selected value and the rates of change are all positive, then
authorization is granted for the mobile station to switch to the
EVDO system, that is, authorization is granted to permit the mobile
station to become connected in communication connectivity with the
CDMA/EVDO system. A manner of managing the selection of the
communication system is provided even in the presence of high
uncertainty of radio frequency characteristics. As the uncertainty
characteristics are quantified, a better informed selection is
made.
[0024] In these and other aspects, therefore, apparatus, and an
associated method, is provided for a mobile station. The mobile
station is selectably connectable in communication connectivity
with a communication network. A signal performance metric
identifier is adapted to receive an indication of a receive signal
transmitted by the communication network during at least a first
time period. A rate of change calculator is adapted to receive a
representation of the indication received by the signal performance
metric identifier. The rate of change calculator is configured to
calculate a rate of change of the representation. A connector
authorizer is adapted to receive an indication of calculations made
by the rate of change calculator. The connector authorizer is
configured selectably to authorize connection of the mobile station
to the communication network responsive to the rate of change being
beyond a selected threshold.
[0025] Turning first to FIG. 1, a mobile station 10 is operable to
connect in communication connectivity with a selected communication
system, of which portions of the networks of two communication
systems, system 12 and system 14, are represented in the figure. In
the exemplary implementation, the mobile station forms a
CDMA-capable device operable pursuant to the operating protocol set
forth in a CDMA 1.times. communication system and a CDMA/EVDO
communication system. And, here, the communication system 12 is
representative of a CDMA 1.times. communication system, and the
communication system 14 is representative of a CDMA/EVDO
communication system. More generally, the mobile station 10 is
representative of any of various cellular, and other, communication
station operable to communicate in a radio communication system,
and the communication systems 12 and 14 are representative of any
corresponding set of communication systems with which the station
10 is capable of communication. While the following description
shall describe exemplary operation with respect to the exemplary
implementation of the mobile station as a CDMA-capable mobile
station, it should be understood that the teachings of the present
invention are analogously applicable to mobile stations operable
pursuant to other operating protocols, connectable to communication
networks of other types of communication systems.
[0026] The mobile station includes transceiver circuitry, here
represented by a transmit part 16 and a receive part 18. The
transmit and receive parts operate to transmit and to receive,
respectively, communication signals with a communication system,
such as the systems 12 and 14, with which the mobile station is in
communication connectivity.
[0027] As mentioned previously, when the mobile station is capable
of EVDO communications, communications with an EVDO-capable system
are generally preferred over communications in a communication
system that provides only for communications conforming to CDMA
1.times. protocols. In the event that the EVDO system is
unavailable or if communication conditions with the EVDO system are
poor, communications with the CDMA 1.times. system are preferred.
That is to say, with respect to the illustration of FIG. 1, when
the mobile station 10 is positioned in the coverage areas of both
the systems 12 and 14, attachment of the mobile station in
communication connectivity with the EVDO system 14 is preferred
over communications with the CDMA 1.times. system 12. But, if the
communications with the communication system 14 are poor, such as
sometimes exhibited when the mobile station is positioned at, or
close to, a boundary of the coverage area of the communication
system 14, communications are better effectuated using the CDMA
1.times. system. If communication conditions with the EVDO system
are poor, communication errors limit the usefulness of EVDO
communications in spite of the significantly higher data
communication rates that are permitted therein. Communication
conditions, however, are not static, particularly close to a
coverage area boundary. So-called cell breathing causes the radio
frequency characteristics of communications with the communication
system to vary, sometimes significantly. Even when the mobile
station is static, the radio frequency characteristics thereabout,
as a result, are susceptible to change. And, when the mobile
station moves, the change in the radio frequency characteristics of
communication conditions with the communication system are
susceptible to even more significant change. Selection of whether
to permit attachment of the mobile station to the EVDO system, or,
more generally, a particular communication system, is sometimes
difficult due to the uncertainty of the radio frequency
characteristics.
[0028] The mobile station 10 includes apparatus, shown generally at
24, of an embodiment of the present invention. The apparatus
manages uncertainty in system selection, thereby to improve the
selection process by which to select whether to permit the mobile
station to become attached to, in communication connectivity, a
cellular system, such as the EVDO system 14 shown in FIG. 1. The
apparatus is functionally represented, implementable in any desired
manner including, for instance, algorithms executable by processing
circuitry. And, while the apparatus 24 is, in the exemplary
implementation, embodied at the mobile station 10, in other
implementations, elements of the apparatus are embodied elsewhere,
e.g., at a network portion of the communication system or
distributed between the network portion and the mobile station.
While the uncertainty of the radio frequency characteristics cannot
be altered, a manner is provided, through operation of an
embodiment of the present invention, by which to manage better the
uncertainty, thereby to facilitate better selection of whether to
permit attachment of the mobile station to a communication
system.
[0029] The apparatus includes a signal performance metric
identifier 28 that is provided, here by way of the line, 32 with
indications of signals received at the mobile station. The signals
of interest comprise, e.g., control signals broadcast by the
communication systems. The signals are monitored, in conventional
manner, during operation of the mobile station, such as by tuning
to code-division channels associated with the networks of the
communication systems. The signal performance metric identifier
identifies a performance metric associated with the received
signal. For example, the performance metric forms an RSSI (Receive
Signal Strength Indication) of the receive signal, a receive signal
quality indication derived, e.g., from a bit error probability
(BEP), a carrier-to-interference (C/I) ratio, or other
communication performance indicia. In the exemplary implementation,
the signal performance metric identifier identifies a value of the
performance metric repeatedly during successive time intervals and
accumulates the values, such as at a buffer or other storage
element (not separately shown).
[0030] The values identified or formed by the identifier are
provided to an average calculator 34. The average calculator
calculates average values, over a selected number of time periods,
to form an average value therefrom. In one implementation, the
average value forms an arithmetic average. In another
implementation, the average value is a weighted average. Here,
weighting information is provided by way of the line 36 to weight,
for instance, certain of the values that are being averaged
theretogether. The average value, once calculated, is provided to a
connector authorizer 38.
[0031] The values of the performance metric identified by the
identifier are also provided to a change rate calculator 42. The
change rate calculator calculates the rates of change of the
values. The rates of change define the first derivatives of the
values. In one implementation, the rates of change are calculated
by forming differences between the values measured at the
successive time periods. Once calculated, the rates of change are
provided to the connector authorizer 38.
[0032] The connector authorizer selects whether to permit the
mobile station to become attached to the communication system
responsive to the values provided thereto by the average calculator
and the change rate calculator. In various implementations, the
authorization is further dependent upon other criteria, including
conventional criteria. Authorizations provided by the authorizer
are provided to the transceiver circuitry, and the transmit and
receive parts 16 and 18 are caused to be operated in manners to
carry out the authorization provided by the connector
authorizer.
[0033] In the exemplary implementation, the connector authorizer
authorizes attachment of the mobile station to the communication
system when the average value is beyond a selected threshold and
the rates of change are positive.
[0034] That is to say, in operation of an exemplary embodiment, N
measurements are accumulated at fixed intervals. The measurements
permit metrics of radio frequency performance to be identified of
signals received at the mobile station, here of a neighboring
system, the system 14. Upon the accumulation of the N measurements,
and for each measurement period thereafter, the window(s) of
measurements are processed. First, an arithmetic or weighted
average of measurements is computed. Then, the first derivative of
each measurement is computed.
[0035] Authorization to connect with the system is permitted only
if the computed average is greater than or equal to a threshold
level and also the first derivative of the measurements within the
sliding window, less the first measurement is positive. This
ensures that the uncertainty level with respect to the radio
frequency characteristics has diminished to a degree where a
relatively high likelihood exists that the mobile station shall be
able to remain attached in communication connectivity to the
communication system.
[0036] Mathematically, a selection parameter of an alternate
system, S, such as the system 12 or 14 shown in FIG. 1, is
represented as follows: S ^ = { m _ = i = 1 N .times. w i .times. m
i .gtoreq. T s .A-inverted. d m i d m i - 1 > 0 .times. :
.times. .times. TRUE Alternatively .times. : S ^ = { m _ = i = 1 N
.times. w i .times. m i .gtoreq. T s .A-inverted. d m i d m i - 1
> 0 .A-inverted. d m i d m i - 1 .gtoreq. T D .times. : .times.
.times. TRUE ##EQU1## Where: S=Selection parameter of alternate
system: Boolean m=Average of all received measurements in window of
N measurements w.sub.i==Weight assigned to measurement at position
"i" m.sub.i=Value of measurement at position "i" T.sub.s=Threshold
of average for selection of alternate system
[0037] T.sub.D=Threshold of derivative for selection of alternate
system
[0038] FIG. 2 illustrates a representation, shown generally at 52,
of exemplary coverage areas of the networks of the communication
systems 12 and 14, shown in FIG. 1. The coverage areas partially
overlap. And, the cell-breathing effect, evident most significantly
at the boundaries of the coverage areas are shown, represented by
the dashed lines and solid lines, and the differences 54
therebetween.
[0039] An exemplary path of travel of the mobile station is
represented by the line 56. Initially, the mobile station is in the
area of solid coverage of the network of the CDMA 1.times. system
12. The mobile station is attached to the system 12 when
so-positioned. Subsequently, the mobile station travels into the
area 58 at the boundary area of the network of the EVDO system 14.
Radio frequency characteristics thereat are uncertain as a result,
e.g., of fading channel conditions, user mobility, and
instantaneous cell breathing. When so-positioned, the mobile
station is unable fully to synchronize itself with the EVDO system
and, in the absence of operation of an embodiment of the present
invention, falls back to attachment to the system 12 repeatedly,
thereby causing incomplete access to information communicated
during operation of the system 12. And, subsequently, the mobile
station enters into the solid coverage area of the system 14. The
mobile station attaches to the system 12 as little uncertainty
regards the appropriateness of the radio frequency characteristics
of communication conditions in the system 14.
[0040] Through operation of an embodiment of the present invention,
the mobile station does not attempt to become attached to the
system 14 when the mobile station is positioned at the area 58. The
performance metrics do not exhibit the required average values or
exhibit positive rates of change, required to permit attachment of
the mobile station to the EVDO system. As the mobile station enters
into the area of solid coverage of the EVDO system, the performance
metric changes, and the attachment of the mobile station to the
system 14 is permitted.
[0041] FIG. 3 illustrates a sequence representation 62 of operation
of the mobile station 10. Here, initially, the mobile station is
attached in communication connectivity, indicated by the block 64,
with the communication system 12. The mobile station monitors
signals broadcast by the communication system 14. Signal
performance metrics are identified by measurement of the signals
broadcast by the system 14 during a plurality of time periods.
Performance metrics of the signal are identified, here indicated by
the block 68 values of which are averaged and rates of change
thereof are calculated, indicated by the blocks 72 and 74. If both
the rates of change are positive and the average values are greater
than a selected threshold, authorization is granted, indicated by
the block 76 for the mobile station to become attached to the
communication system 14. And, the mobile station becomes attached,
indicated by the block 76, with the system 14.
[0042] FIG. 4 illustrates a method flow diagram, shown generally at
82, representative of the method of operation of an embodiment of
the present invention. The method is for selectably authorizing
connection of a mobile station to a communication network.
[0043] First, and as indicated by the block 84, a plurality of
radio link measurements are accumulated at selected time intervals.
Then, and as indicated by the block 86, the plurality of radio link
measurements are processed.
[0044] Thereafter, and as indicated by the block 88, the connection
to the communication network is authorized if the measurements
achieve selected criteria.
[0045] By better managing the radio frequency uncertainty, improved
decisions are made as to whether to permit a mobile station to
become attached to a communication network.
[0046] The previous descriptions are of preferred examples for
implementing the invention, and the scope of the invention should
not necessarily be limited by this description. The scope of the
present invention is defined by the following claims.
* * * * *