U.S. patent application number 11/735786 was filed with the patent office on 2007-08-09 for ofdm multiple sub-channel communication system.
This patent application is currently assigned to UNIQUE BROADBAND SYSTEMS, INC.. Invention is credited to Alex Dolgonos, Randy Howell, Dmitri Korobkov.
Application Number | 20070183308 11/735786 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 23143356 |
Filed Date | 2007-08-09 |
United States Patent
Application |
20070183308 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Korobkov; Dmitri ; et
al. |
August 9, 2007 |
OFDM Multiple Sub-Channel Communication System
Abstract
A transmitter for transmitting an OFDM signal in a
communications channel, including: (a) a plurality of base-band
OFDM modulators, each for modulating a respective baseband data
signal onto a plurality of orthogonal sub-carriers and outputting a
respective baseband sub-channel OFDM signal, and (b) a fast
convolution filter and up-converter for applying fast convolution
filtering and digital up-conversion to the sub-channel OFDM signals
to output a combined OFDM signal that includes each of the
sub-channel OFDM signals, the fast convolution and up-converter
filtering each of the sub-channel OFDM signals and frequency
shifting all of the sub-channel signals to respective designated
frequencies within the combined OFDM signal.
Inventors: |
Korobkov; Dmitri;
(Frankurt/Main, DE) ; Howell; Randy; (Toronto,
ON) ; Dolgonos; Alex; (Thornhill, ON) |
Correspondence
Address: |
HODGSON RUSS LLP;THE GUARANTY BUILDING
140 PEARL STREET
SUITE 100
BUFFALO
NY
14202-4040
US
|
Assignee: |
UNIQUE BROADBAND SYSTEMS,
INC.
300 Edgeley Blvd.
Concord
ON
L4K 3Y3
|
Family ID: |
23143356 |
Appl. No.: |
11/735786 |
Filed: |
April 16, 2007 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
|
|
|
|
|
|
Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
10166872 |
Jun 11, 2002 |
7206350 |
|
|
11735786 |
Apr 16, 2007 |
|
|
|
60296740 |
Jun 11, 2001 |
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
370/208 ;
370/480 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H04L 5/0044 20130101;
H04L 5/0037 20130101; H04L 5/0048 20130101; H04L 1/004 20130101;
H04L 27/2637 20130101; H04L 5/0046 20130101; H04L 27/2653 20130101;
H04L 5/0007 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
370/208 ;
370/480 |
International
Class: |
H04J 11/00 20060101
H04J011/00; H04J 1/00 20060101 H04J001/00 |
Claims
1. A transmitter for transmitting an OFDM signal in a
communications channel, including: (a) a plurality of base-band
OFDM modulators, each for modulating a respective baseband data
signal onto a plurality of orthogonal sub-carriers and outputting a
respective baseband sub-channel OFDM signal; and (b) a fast
convolution filter and up-converter for applying fast convolution
filtering and digital up-conversion to the sub-channel OFDM signals
to output a combined OFDM signal that includes each of the
sub-channel OFDM signals, the fast convolution and up-converter
filtering each of the sub-channel OFDM signals and frequency
shifting all of the sub-channel signals to respective designated
frequencies within the combined OFDM signal.
2. The transmitter of claim 1 wherein said fast convolution and
up-converter includes: a plurality of processing chains each
associated with a sub-channel and including a frequency domain
filter for applying a sub-channel spectral mask to one of the
sub-channel OFDM signals to output a filtered sub-channel OFDM
signal; a common buffer for receiving the filtered sub-channel OFDM
signals from each of the processing chains and shifting each of the
sub-channel OFDM signals to the respective designated frequencies
within the combined OFDM signal; and an IFFT for converting the
combined OFDM signal output by the common buffer from a frequency
domain signal to a time domain signal.
3. The transmitter of claim 2 further including a fast convolution
output buffer for removing filter transients from the time domain
signal output by the IFFT.
4. The transmitter of claim 1 wherein the fast convolution filter
and upconverter applies overlap-and-save fast convolution filtering
to the sub-channel OFDM signals.
5. The transmitter of claim 1 wherein the fast convolution filter
and upconverter applies overlap-and-add fast convolution filtering
to the sub-channel OFDM signals.
6. The transmitter of claim 1 wherein said fast convolution and
up-converter includes: a plurality of processing chains, each for
processing one of the sub-channel OFDM signals received from an
associated one of the OFDM modulators, each processing chain
including: i) an input buffer for breaking the sub-channel OFDM
signal into a plurality of processing blocks; ii) an FFT for
performing and FFT on the processing blocks to convert the
sub-channel OFDM signal into a frequency domain signal; and iii) a
digital filter for applying a spectral mask to each of the
processing blocks, the spectral mask corresponding to a band-width
assigned to the sub-channel; a common buffer for receiving the
filtered sub-channel OFDM signals from each of the processing
chains and shifting each of the sub-channel OFDM signals to the
respective designated frequencies within the combined OFDM signal;
and an IFFT for converting the combined OFDM signal output by the
common buffer from a frequency domain signal to a time domain
signal.
7. The transmitter of claim 6 wherein the fast convolution filter
and upconverter applies overlap-and-save fast convolution filtering
to the sub-channel OFDM signals and includes an output buffer for
discarding from each processing block in the combined OFDM signal
output from the IFFT a portion that overlaps in time with a portion
of a preceding processing block.
8. The transmitter of claim 6 wherein the fast convolution filter
and upconverter applies overlap-and-add fast convolution filtering
to the sub-channel OFDM signals and includes an output buffer for
adding portions of the processing blocks in the combined OFDM
signal output from the IFFT to portions of preceding processing
blocks that overlap in time.
9. The transmitter of claim 1 including a data splitter for
receiving a block of data and segmenting the block of data into the
respective baseband data signals for input to the plurality of
base-band OFDM modulators.
10. The transmitter of claim 1 wherein each base-band OFDM
modulator includes: (i) a forward error correction block for
receiving the respective baseband signal and introducing
error-correcting redundancy into the baseband signal; (ii) spectrum
builder and Inverse Fast Fourier Transform blocks for segmenting
portions of the signal into sub-segments represented as complex
values and modulating the complex values onto respective OFDM
sub-carriers to output an OFDM symbol; and (iii) a cyclic extension
block for inserting a guard time into the OFDM symbol.
11. The transmitter of claim 1 comprising a controller that
receives time-varying medium access control (MAC) layer information
for an OFDM system in which the transmitter operates and in
dependence thereon provides sub-channel and frequency position
information to the fast convolution filter and up-converter for use
in dynamically setting the respective designated frequencies.
12. A method for transmitting an OFDM signal including a plurality
of sub-channel OFDM signals in a communications channel,
comprising, at a transmitter: (a) receiving data and segmenting the
data into a plurality of parallel baseband data signals; (b)
generating in parallel a plurality of baseband sub-channel OFDM
signals, each baseband sub-channel OFDM signal including a
respective one of the baseband data signals modulated onto a
plurality of orthogonal sub-carriers; and (c) applying fast
convolution filtering and digital up-conversion to the baseband
sub-channel OFDM signals to output a combined OFDM signal that
includes each of the sub-channel OFDM signals, including filtering
each of the baseband sub-channel OFDM signals and frequency
shifting each of the sub-channel baseband OFDM signals to
respective designated frequencies within the combined OFDM
signal.
13. The method of claim 12 including dynamically setting the
respective designated frequencies in dependence on medium access
control (MAC) information for the communications channel.
14. A transmitter for transmitting an OFDM signal in a
communications channel, including: a data splitter receiving a
block of data and segmenting the block of data into a plurality of
baseband data signals; a plurality of base-band OFDM modulators,
each receiving a respective one of the baseband data signals and
modulating the respective baseband data signal onto a plurality of
orthogonal sub-carriers and outputting a respective baseband
sub-channel OFDM signal; and a fast convolution filter and
up-converter applying fast convolution filtering and digital
up-conversion to the baseband sub-channel OFDM signals to output a
combined OFDM signal that includes each of the sub-channel OFDM
signals, the fast convolution and up-converter filtering each of
the sub-channel OFDM signals and frequency shifting all of the
sub-channel signals to respective designated frequencies within the
combined OFDM signal.
15. The transmitter of claim 14 comprising: a controller that
receives time-varying medium access control (MAC) layer information
for the communication channel and outputs frequency position
information in dependence thereon, and wherein the fast convolution
and up-converter includes: (a) a plurality of processing chains,
each for processing one of the sub-channel OFDM signals received
from an associated one of the OFDM modulators, each processing
chain including: i) an input buffer for breaking the sub-channel
OFDM signal into a plurality of processing blocks; ii) an FFT for
performing and FFT on the processing blocks to convert the
sub-channel OFDM signal into a frequency domain signal; and iii) a
digital filter for applying a spectral mask to each of the
processing blocks, the spectral mask corresponding to a band-width
assigned to the sub-channel; (b) a common buffer for receiving the
filtered sub-channel OFDM signals from each of the processing
chains and shifting each of the sub-channel OFDM signals to the
respective designated frequencies within the combined OFDM signal,
wherein the common buffer dynamically sets the respective
designated frequencies in dependence on the frequency position
information output by the controller; and (c) an IFFT for
converting the combined OFDM signal output by the common buffer
from a frequency domain signal to a time domain signal.
16. The transmitter of claim 14 wherein each base-band OFDM
modulator includes: (i) a forward error correction block for
receiving the respective baseband signal and introducing
error-correcting redundancy into the baseband signal; (ii) spectrum
builder and Inverse Fast Fourier Transform blocks for segmenting
portions of the signal into sub-segments represented as complex
values and modulating the complex values onto respective OFDM
sub-carriers to output an OFDM symbol; and (iii) a cyclic extension
block for inserting a guard time into the OFDM symbol.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a continuation of and claims priority to
U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/166,872, filed Jun. 11, 2002,
and issued Apr. 17, 2007 as U.S. Pat. No. 7,206,350.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The present invention relates to the transmission and
reception of orthogonal frequency division multiplexed (OFDM)
signals, and more particularly, to communications systems using
OFDM to communicate information in a multiple user two-way
communication system.
[0003] OFDM is a bandwidth efficient multi-carrier modulation
technique where a data stream is divided into a set of lower rate
digital data streams, each of which is modulated onto a separate
data signal. Each data signal or sub-carrier have distinct carrier
frequencies. OFDM is currently used in one-way wireless broadcasts
of digital television and digital radio signals where it has
demonstrated its robustness to certain types of channel impairments
such as multi-path fading.
[0004] In OFDM, to avoid mutual interference between the set of
sub-carriers the frequency spacing .DELTA.f between sub-carriers is
chosen such that over time interval T the spectrum of each
sub-carrier has a null at the other sub-carrier frequencies
(orthogonal sub-carriers). For a system generating baseband samples
of the OFDM signal at a sampling rate of N/T and where the number
of sub-carriers is less than or equal to N, this orthogonality
constraint can be efficiently realized by setting .DELTA.f=1/T so
that exactly N baseband samples of the OFDM signal is generated
over time T. If the number of samples N over the orthogonality
interval T is a power-of-two value (i.e., N=2.sup.k where k is an
integer greater than zero) the process of modulating the data
streams onto the set of sub-carriers can be efficiently implemented
via an Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT). To recover the set of
data streams from the set of sub-carriers at the OFDM receiver a
Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) can be employed.
[0005] Often, the communication channel into which the transmitter
10 transmits is divided into a number of frequency sub-channels to
permit multiple users to access the system. A limitation of prior
OFDM systems that propose the use of multiple sub-channels that the
transmitters and receivers of these systems are configured such
that once the sub-channels have been allocated the sub-channels are
static in that they can not be dynamically varied in quick response
to changes in demands placed on system resources, leading to
inefficient use of bandwidth.
[0006] Thus, there is a need for a transmitter and receiver
architecture that is adapted for a multiple user communications
system that enables the use of band-width efficient transmissions.
More particularly, there is a need for an adequate filtering and
upconversion structure to permit an OFDM transmitter to create
multiple sub-channels in a dynamic fashion where the frequency
position and frequency width of the sub-channels can quickly change
from one time instance to the next. Similarly, a filtering and
downconversion process is required at the OFDM receiver to recover
the data from the various sub-channels it receives.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0007] According to one aspect of the invention, there is provided
a transmitter for transmitting an OFDM signal in a communications
channel, including: (a) a plurality of base-band OFDM modulators,
each for modulating a respective baseband data signal onto a
plurality of orthogonal sub-carriers and outputting a respective
baseband sub-channel OFDM signal, and (b) a fast convolution filter
and up-converter for applying fast convolution filtering and
digital up-conversion to the sub-channel OFDM signals to output a
combined OFDM signal that includes each of the sub-channel OFDM
signals, the fast convolution and up-converter filtering each of
the sub-channel OFDM signals and frequency shifting all of the
sub-channel signals to respective designated frequencies within the
combined OFDM signal.
[0008] According to another aspect of the invention is a method for
transmitting an OFDM signal including a plurality of sub-channel
OFDM signals in a communications channel, comprising, at a
transmitter: (a) receiving data and segmenting the data into a
plurality of parallel baseband data signals; (b) generating in
parallel a plurality of baseband sub-channel OFDM signals, each
baseband sub-channel OFDM signal including a respective one of the
baseband data signals modulated onto a plurality of orthogonal
sub-carriers; and (c) applying fast convolution filtering and
digital up-conversion to the baseband sub-channel OFDM signals to
output a combined OFDM signal that includes each of the sub-channel
OFDM signals, including filtering each of the baseband sub-channel
OFDM signals and frequency shifting each of the sub-channel
baseband OFDM signals to respective designated frequencies within
the combined OFDM signal.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0009] FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an OFDM baseband transmission
engine.
[0010] FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an OFDM communications system
in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
[0011] FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a multi-channel OFDM
transmitter of the communications system of FIG. 2.
[0012] FIG. 4 shows a block diagram of a baseband Overlap-and-Save
Fast Convolution filtering method.
[0013] FIG. 5 shows a block diagram of a baseband Overlap-and-Add
Fast Convolution filtering method.
[0014] FIG. 6 shows a block diagram of the filtering and IF
upsampling section of the multi-channel OFDM transmitter of FIG.
3.
[0015] FIG. 7 shows a block diagram of a multi-channel OFDM
receiver in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention
that can be used in the communications system of FIG. 2.
[0016] FIG. 8 shows a block diagram of the filtering and IF
downsampling section of the multi-channel OFDM receiver of FIG.
7.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0017] A description of the preferred embodiment of the present
invention is discussed in detail. Many modifications to this
preferred embodiment are possible without departing from the
general spirit and scope of the invention, and such modifications
will be obvious to those skilled in the art.
[0018] The general principles of FFT-based OFDM signal transmission
can be described with reference to FIG. 1, representing a block
diagram of a typical OFDM transmission engine. The OFDM
transmission engine 10 receives a data stream 12 from a source. A
Forward Error Correction (FEC) block 14 receives that input data
stream and applies a coding scheme to introduce error-correcting
and/or error-detecting redundancy into the data stream. As FEC
coding typically spans the set of OFDM sub-carriers, an OFDM system
can take advantage of frequency diversity to mitigate losses due to
frequency selective fading. Immediately after FEC coding, a
spectrum builder block 16 divides the sequence of coded bits into
segments of m*.sub..M bits which is further sub-divided into M
sub-segments of m bits (M=number of modulated carriers). Each
sub-segment of m bits is mapped to a complex number according to a
given signal constellation rule. For example, quadrature phase
shift keying (QPSK) with m=2 or any 2.sup.m-ary quadrature
amplitude modulation (QAM) scheme such as 16-QAM (m=4) and 64-QAM
(m=6). The length M set of m-bit data symbols will be employed to
modulate M OFDM sub-carriers. The set of M data symbols are written
to a length N sequence (N=total number of sub-carriers), initially
filled with zeros (M.ltoreq.N). Each position of the length N
sequence uniquely represents a single OFDM sub-carrier. Some of the
positions can be occupied by a set of M.sub.pilot values (commonly
referred to as pilot tones) known to the OFDM receiver in order to
assist it to overcome channel impairments. The remaining
N-M-M.sub.pilot positions remain as zero values to represent blank
carriers. Such blank carriers are useful to set a frequency guard
space between adjacent channels or sub-channels to avoid mutual
interference.
[0019] After spectrum building 16, each successive sequence of N
complex values generated from successive segments of m*.sub..M
coded bits are Inverse Fast Fourier Transformed (IFFT) in IFFT
block 18. This modulates the set of N complex values onto the N
OFDM sub-carriers. By dividing the input data stream into N
sub-carriers the symbol duration T will be become long relative to
that of the multipath delay spread. As a result the problem of
multipath induced inter-symbol interference (ISI) is substantially
reduced for an OFDM system. To almost completely eliminate
inter-symbol interference a guard time is introduced for each OFDM
symbol. This guard time usually takes the form of a cyclic
extension of the OFDM symbol. For example, L samples at the
beginning of the N sample OFDM symbol can be copied to the end of
the symbol. This procedure is denoted in Cyclic Extension block 20.
This serves to lengthen each baseband OFDM symbol to N+L samples.
The overall OFDM symbol duration becomes T.sub.OFDM=T+T.sub.Guard
where T.sub.Guard is the duration of the guard interval of L
baseband samples. After adding the cyclic extension the baseband
OFDM symbol undergoes filtering and upconversion 22 to convert the
baseband waveform to an appropriate intermediate frequency (IF)
form prior to conversion to a radio frequency (RF) form suitable
for transmission.
[0020] With reference to FIG. 2, in one embodiment a communications
system according to the invention includes a plurality of wireless
OFDM transmitters 50, and at least one OFDM receiver 80. The OFDM
transmitters 50 may be part of two-way (i.e. transmit and receive
enabled) subscriber units, and the OFDM receiver 80 part of a
two-way base station. In such a configuration, the OFDM
transmitters 50 transmit upstream communications signals to the
OFDM receiver 80 through a communications channel 49 that is
available for use by the communications system. In the
communications system of the present invention, the communications
channel 49 available for use by the system is broken up into a
number of sub-channels, with each transmitter 50 being configured
such that the number of sub-channels and the bandwidth of the
sub-channels can be dynamically varied from one time slot to the
next.
[0021] As with most communication systems, the allocation of
resources to a particular user/transmitter/receiver is governed by
a Media Access Controller (MAC). In this context the MAC assigns
sub-channels (and the sub-channel bandwidth) as well as
transmission times. Hence, channel resources can be divided into a
frequency component (Frequency Division Multiple Access or FDMA) as
a time component (Time Division Multiple Access or TDMA). It will
be appreciated that a number of suitable MAC layer designs could be
used with the system of the present invention, however MACs that
support both FDMA and TDMA resource assignment are preferred.
[0022] It will be appreciated that in the context of the OFDM
transmitter 10 described above in respect of FIG. 1, the use of
dynamic sub-channels would place severe demands on filtering and
upconversion. By way of explanation, a set of N complex values used
to modulate the set of N sub-carriers for one sub-channel can be
correctly positioned in the channel spectrum by placing the values
in a sequence representing the complete set of sub-carriers for an
entire channel and then taking an IFFT. The use of an IFFT spanning
the entire channel effectively implements a first stage
intermediate frequency (IF) frequency upconversion for each
sub-channel. The problem that arises however is that the filtering
workload dramatically increases following upconversion. After IF
upconversion the sampling frequency 1/T for the sub-channel is
increased to Q/T where Q represents the interpolation or upsampling
factor and is equal to the ratio of the sampling frequency of the
entire channel to that of the sub-channel. Where there were N+L
baseband samples for an OFDM symbol of duration T.sub.OFDM for a
sub-channel, the number of samples will increase to Q*.sub..(N+L)
after IF upconversion. The larger number of samples will increase
the filtering workload. A further complication is if a user
occupies more than one sub-channel. It will be difficult to filter
the combined sum of upconverted sub-channels as the filter will
require multiple passbands and stopbands.
[0023] Thus, there is a need for an adequate filtering and
upconversion structure to permit an OFDM transmitter to create
multiple sub-channels in a dynamic fashion where the frequency
position and frequency width of the sub-channels can quickly change
from one time instance to the next. Similarly, a filtering and
downconversion process is required at the OFDM receiver to recover
the data from the various sub-channels it receives.
[0024] On overview of the present invention having been provided,
the sub-channel structure of the communications system of the
present invention, as well as the structure of the transmitter 50
and receiver 80 used in the communications system, will now be
described in greater detail.
[0025] 1. OFDM Sub-Channel Structure
[0026] The main system parameters defining the multiple sub-channel
OFDM communication system of the present invention are listed below
in Table 1. TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Main system parameters of an
OFDM communication channel Parameter Description F.sub.N Sampling
frequency (Nyquist frequency) of system P.sub.max 2.sup.P.sup.max =
Maximum available FFT size q.sub.max 2.sup.q.sup.max = Maximum
number of sub-channels .THETA. Channel bandwidth, .THETA. .ltoreq.
F.sub.N
[0027] An individual sub-channel is governed by the parameters
listed below in Table 2. TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Main system
parameters of an OFDM sub-channel Parameter Description
F.sub.C.sup.(n) Center frequency offset of sub-channel n relative
to the channel center frequency P.sub.n Time scaling factor for
sub-channel n, 0 .ltoreq. p.sub.n .ltoreq. P.sub.max q.sub.n
Bandwidth scaling factor for sub-channel n, 0 .ltoreq. q.sub.n
.ltoreq. q.sub.max
[0028] The center frequency of sub-channel n is F.sub.C.sup.(n). A
fundamental sub-channel unit has a bandwidth of
F.sub.N/2.sup.q.sup.max. The bandwidth scaling factor q.sub.n
defines the bandwidth of a sub-channel in relation to the system
sampling frequency F.sub.N (The Nyquist frequency). The bandwidth
of sub-channel n is F.sub.N.sup.(n) and is defined as:
F.sub.N.sup.(n)=F.sub.N/2.sup.q.sub.n,
0.ltoreq.q.sub.n.ltoreq.q.sub.max. (1) The sum of all sub-channel
bandwidths cannot exceed the Nyquist frequency of the system: n = 0
K - 1 .times. F N ( n ) .ltoreq. F N , ( 2 ) ##EQU1## where K is
the number of upstream sub-channels presently in service for one
communication channel.
[0029] In some embodiments of the communications system of the
present invention, the number of sub-channels is variable and
change from one instant of time to the next. Users may be permitted
to merge sub-channel units together or a sub-channel may be broken
up into smaller units. Alternatively, some sub-channels may be left
vacant temporarily. Some sub-channels may be larger or smaller
(i.e. have more or fewer carriers) than others. As indicated above,
the actual sub-channel allocation is dependent on the MAC
layer.
[0030] An alternative way to express equation (2) is: n = 0 N C - 1
.times. 2 - q n .ltoreq. 1. ( 3 ) ##EQU2## The bandwidth scaling
factor 2.sup.q.sup.n in equation (1) represents the frequency
interpolation or upsampling factor required to upsample the
sub-channel from a sampling frequency of F.sub.N.sup.(n) to F.sub.N
prior to transmission. The upsampling or interpolation factor for
sub-channel n is defined: Q.sub.n=2.sup.q.sup.n. (4)
[0031] At baseband, the number of samples N.sup.(n) in the OFDM
symbol orthogonality interval T.sup.(n) for sub-channel n is:
N.sup.(n)=2.sup.P.sup.n. (5) The orthogonality interval T.sup.(n)
is thus defined as: T ( n ) = N ( n ) F N ( n ) = 2 p n .times. + q
n F N . ( 6 ) ##EQU3## The cyclic extension to the baseband OFDM
symbol for sub-channel n comprises L.sup.(n) samples taken from the
N.sup.(n) sample orthogonality interval. The duration of the guard
interval is: T Guard ( n ) = L ( n ) F N ( n ) . ( 7 ) ##EQU4##
[0032] Usually, it is necessary that T.sub.Guard.sup.(n) be greater
than or equal than the multipath delay spread of the channel. The
overall length of the baseband OFDM symbol for sub-channel n is: T
OFDM ( n ) = T ( n ) + T Guard ( n ) = N ( n ) + L ( n ) F N ( n )
. ( 8 ) ##EQU5## Usually, the number of baseband guard samples
L.sup.(n) is a power-of-two factor of N.sup.(n) (e.g.,
L.sup.(n)=N.sup.(n)/2.sup.k where 0.ltoreq.k.ltoreq.p.sub.n) but is
not absolutely necessary. In some cases L.sup.(n) may be a
power-of-two value (i.e., L.sup.(n)=2.sup.k where k.gtoreq.0). The
frequency spacing between sub-carriers for sub-channel n is defined
as: .DELTA. .times. .times. f n = F N ( n ) N ( n ) = F N 2 p n + q
n . ( 9 ) ##EQU6## For the special case of a single sub-channel
spanning the entire communication channel bandwidth the minimum
sub-carrier spacing is: .DELTA. .times. .times. f min = F N 2 p max
. ( 10 ) ##EQU7##
[0033] 2. OFDM Transmitter
[0034] A preferred embodiment of the OFDM transmitter 50 is shown
in block diagram form in FIG. 3. A controller 55 that receives
resource allocation information from the MAC layer of the OFDM
system coordinates the operation of the components that make up the
OFDM transmitter 50. The transmitter 50 includes J OFDM
transmission (TX) engines or modulators 51(1)-52(J) for generating
J OFDM sub-channels numbered n.sub.1, n.sub.2, . . . n.sub.J (as
used herein, the reference n without subscript refers to a generic
sub-channel that is illustrative of the sub-channels n.sub.1,
n.sub.2, . . . n.sub.J). A block of user data is segmented by data
splitter 53 into a set of J data blocks that form the input
51(1)-51(J) into the J OFDM modulators. The data input 51(1)-51(J)
into each sub-channel is processed using the respective OFDM TX
engine 52(1)-52(J) to generate a sequence of OFDM symbols of length
N.sup.(n)+L.sup.(n) for each sub-channel n.sub.1, n.sub.2, . . .
n.sub.J. Each of the OFDM TX modulators 52(1)-52(J) is effectively
a baseband OFDM transmitter having a configuration similar to the
baseband transmitter 10 shown in FIG. 1 and described above (i.e.
each TX modulator includes an FEC coder 14, spectrum builder 16,
IFFT block 18 and cyclic extension block 20).
[0035] The sequence of OFDM symbols for each sub-channel is
processed via a fast convolution technique in a TX filter &
intermediate frequency (IF) upconverter 54, which filters the OFDM
sequence generated for each sub-channel n and upsamples by a factor
of Q.sub.n and performs a frequency shift to a center frequency of
F.sub.C.sup.(n) relative to the carrier frequency of the channel.
The output of filter and IF upconverter 54 is the summed output of
all sub-channels n.sub.1, n.sub.2, . . . n.sub.J at a sampling rate
of F.sub.N. This output is then fed into Digital-to-Analog (D/A)
converter 68 and is converted to a radio frequency (RF) form
suitable for transmission by RF converter 70. The signal is then
radiated via antenna 72.
[0036] The TX filter & IF upconverter 54 will now be described
in greater detail. As suggested above, there is a need for an
efficient filtering and upconversion structure to permit the OFDM
transmitter 50 to generate multiple sub-channels in a dynamic
fashion so the frequency position and frequency width of the
sub-channels can quickly change from one time instant to the next.
In the present invention, a solution is provided via use of
FFT-based fast convolution filtering combined with FFT-based
upsampling/downsampling. By way of background, the method of fast
convolution filtering can be described with reference to FIGS. 4
and 5. There are two distinct fast convolution filtering techniques
well known in the art. Namely, Overlap-and-Save (FIG. 4) and
Overlap-and-Add (FIG. 5). The Overlap-and-Save method is sometimes
referred to as Overlap-and-Discard.
[0037] It is known in the art that linear filtering of a signal in
the time domain with a finite impulse response (FIR) filter is a
linear convolution process. It is also known that the convolution
of two signals can be performed by multiplying the Fourier
transform of one signal with the Fourier transform of the other and
then taking the inverse Fourier transform of the product spectrum.
By performing the convolution with a Discrete Fourier Transform
(DFT) method such as an FFT one can significantly reduce the
workload per output point. The method of performing convolution via
a DFT is often referred to as Fast Convolution. However, normal
convolution is a continuous process whereas a DFT and Fast
Convolution is a block process that partitions the data into
blocks. Multiplying the DFT calculated frequency spectra of two
sequences following by an inverse DFT of the product spectrum is
identical to the circular convolution of the two sequences.
Circular convolution suffers from aliasing effects due to circular
wrap-around. In this case there will be N.sub.h-1 data points that
will undergo circular wrapping where N.sub.h is the number of
coefficients of filter function h. Care must be taken to avoid
artifacts due to the block boundaries.
[0038] The two well-known Fast Convolution techniques that
circumvent blocking artifacts are the Overlap-and-Add and
Overlap-and-Save methods. Both techniques process data blocks using
a length S DFT and successive blocks overlap the previous block by
v data points where N.sub.h-1.ltoreq.v.ltoreq.S-1. For maximum
efficiency it is desirable that v=N.sub.h-1, however this
requirement is not absolutely necessary.
[0039] In the Overlap-and-Save method the circular wrap around
problem is avoided by discarding those data points where aliasing
occurs. The Overlap-and-Save process 30 is illustrated in FIG. 4.
In this example, the first N.sub.h-1 positions of the block output
of IFFT 36 are where the circular wrap-around occurs. Data 32 is
partitioned into input blocks 34 of length S and successive blocks
overlap by v data points. Each length S block is Fourier
transformed using a length S FFT 34 and is then multiplied at mixer
35 by the length S FFT of the filter function H.sub.TX. The product
spectrum is inverse transformed back to the time domain using a
length S IFFT 36. Each filtered block is pruned to discard the
first v data points and the remaining S-v points of each output
block 38 are merged to create the filtered time series.
[0040] In the Overlap-and-Add method 40 of FIG. 5 the last v
elements of each input block 42 are set to zero. As such the
resultant circular convolution result matches the linear
convolution result and only the filter transients that occur at the
beginning and end of each output block need be eliminated. These
transients are the result of the artificial block boundaries and
can be eliminated by adding the end transient of one block with the
start transient of the next block. In this example, all filter
transients are shifted to the end of each length S block 48 output
from length S IFFT 46. Data is partitioned into blocks 42 of length
S-v and appended with v zeros to bring the block length to S.
Successive blocks overlap by v data points. Each length S block is
Fourier transformed using a length S FFT 44 and is then multiplied
at mixer 45 by the length S FFT of the filter function H.sub.TX.
The product spectrum is inverse transformed back to the time domain
using a length S IFFT 46. In merging the output blocks 48 together
the region of overlap between successive blocks is added
together.
[0041] The Overlap-and-Save and Overlap-and-Add techniques can be
adjusted in many ways to produce the same result. The most obvious
way is to adjust the overlap value v. However, the values of
overlap are restricted to N.sub.h-1.ltoreq.v.ltoreq.S-1. Values of
v=N.sub.h-1 are preferred for efficiency. If v is greater than
N.sub.h-1 then over two successive blocks the Overlap-and-Save will
calculate v-N.sub.h+1 output points twice. For the Overlap-and-Add
method v-N.sub.h+1 output points of each length S output block will
identically zero. Even with this loss in efficiency, the method to
be described here may require that v be larger than N.sub.h-1 but
still in the range N.sub.h-1.ltoreq.v.ltoreq.S-1.
[0042] Another possible modification is to adjust the time delay of
the filter function 35. If the group delay of the filter and other
block delays are corrected for, than the aliased or transients
points can be positioned anywhere in the length S output block. For
example, by appropriate adjustment of the filter function the
points to be discarded in the Overlap-and-Save method could be the
last v output points instead of the first v points. Another example
is that all transients in the Overlap-and-Add method could be
shared between the beginning and end of each output block as
opposed to shifting all transients to the end of each output
block.
[0043] The TX Filter & IF uconverter 54 will now be described
with reference to FIG. 6. The Filter and IF upconverter 54 includes
J sub-channel processing chains, each of which receives segmented
user data from a respective OFDM modulator 52(i) (where i denotes a
representative processing chain for the sub-channel n), and each of
which includes a TX fast convolution input buffer 56(i), an FFT
58(i) and a filter function 60(i). A sequence of length
N.sup.(n)+L.sup.(n) OFDM symbols for sub-channel n is partitioned
into blocks of length S.sup.(n) in block 56(i). The fast
convolution block size S.sup.(n) is calculated as: S ( n ) = 2 P
max Q n = 2 P max - q n . ( 11 ) ##EQU8## Successive blocks overlap
by v.sup.(n) data points and v.sup.(n) is limited to the range:
N.sub.h,TX.sup.(n)-1.ltoreq.v.sup.(n).ltoreq.S.sup.(n)-1 (12) where
N.sub.h,TX.sup.(n) is the number of filter coefficients for the
transmit filter function. For either the Overlap-and-Save or
Overlap-and-Add fast convolution methods, it is required that:
Q.sub.n.sub.1v.sup.(n.sup.1.sup.)=Q.sub.n.sub.2v.sup.(n.sup.2.sup.)=
. . . =Q.sub.n.sub.Jv.sup.(n.sup.J.sup.)=v.sub.Q. (13)
[0044] This ensures that the number of points discarded from each
fast convolution output block for the Overlap-and-Save method is
the same for all sub-channels n.sub.1, n.sub.2, . . . n.sub.J
generated by the same transmitter. It also guarantees that the
number of points to be overlapped and added for the Overlap-and-Add
method is the same for all sub-channels generated by the same
transmitter.
[0045] For the Overlap-and-Save fast convolution technique each
length S.sup.(n) block in buffer 56(i) is filled with signal values
unless insufficient values remain in the finite sequence of OFDM
symbols and the remaining positions are filled with zeros. For the
Overlap-and-Add fast convolution technique the first
S.sup.(n)-v.sup.(n) of each length S.sup.(n) block of buffer 56(i)
is filled with signal values and the remaining v.sup.(n) positions
are filled with zeros. If insufficient signal values remain for the
last fast convolution block of the sequence than the remaining
positions are also filled with zeros.
[0046] Each length S.sup.(n)fast convolution block 58(i) for
sub-channel n is converted to the frequency domain using a length
S.sup.(n)FFT 58(i). The frequency domain signal data for channel n
is then multiplied by the length S.sup.(n)FFT of the FIR transmit
filter function 60(i). The transmit filter function for channel n
is h.sub.TX.sup.(n) and has a length of N.sub.h,TX.sup.(n) filter
coefficients.
[0047] It is desirable that the filter function be time shifted to
correct for any filter group delays or blocking delays. This has
the advantage that the first output point from each block of output
from TX fast convolution output buffer 66 is free of aliasing or
filter transients. Let A.sub.TX.sup.(n)=length S.sup.n FFT of
h.sub.TX.sup.(n) (14) A.sub.TX.sup.(n)(f)=value of A.sub.TX.sup.(n)
at frequency f (15) where h.sub.TX.sup.(n) is extended by
S.sub.n-N.sub.h,TX.sup.(n) zeros to perform the transform and f is
a frequency value on the length S.sup.(n)FFT frequency grid with
sampling frequency F.sub.N.sup.(n). Note that a time shift is
represented in the frequency domain as a linear phase shift over
frequency. The recommended (time shifted) filter transfer function
H.sub.TX.sup.(n) to be employed in filter function block 60(i) is H
TX ( n ) .function. ( f ) = { A TX ( n ) .function. ( f ) .times. e
- j2.pi. .times. .times. f .function. ( v n - N TX ( n ) - 1 2 )
for .times. .times. Overlap - and - Save A TX ( n ) .function. ( f
) .times. e j2.pi. .times. .times. f .function. ( N TX ( n ) - 1 2
) for .times. .times. Overlap - and - Add ( 16 ) ##EQU9##
[0048] Upsampling and frequency shift steps are performed in
frequency shift block 62. Block 62 receives MAC layer information
such as sub-channel and frequency position information from
controller 55 via input 55A. Block 62 generates a 2.sup.Pmax long
sequence of complex values. This sequence represents the frequency
spectrum of the entire channel for an orthogonal (FFT) frequency
grid of 2.sup.Pmax frequency bins with a sampling frequency of
F.sub.N. This sequence is set to zero at the beginning of each fast
convolution block and the set of fast convolution blocks for all
sub-channels generated by the same transmitter start and end at the
same time. The set of length S.sup.(n) frequency spectrum blocks,
one for each sub-channel, on output from filter functions
60(1)-60(J) are copied to the 2.sup.Pmax long sequence at a
position matching its center frequency offset of F.sub.C.sup.(n).
After filling, the sequence of frequency shift block 62 is input
into an IFFT block 64 where a length 2.sup.Pmax IFFT is performed.
The IFFT output represents the filtered time series following
upsampling and frequency shifting. The length 2.sup.Pmax output
sequence from IFFT block 64 is passed to the fast convolution
output buffer 66. From equation (13) it will be noted that
Q.sub.n.sub.1v.sup.(n.sup.1.sup.)=Q.sub.n.sub.2v.sup.(n.sup.2.sup.)=
. . . =Q.sub.n.sub.Jv.sup.(n.sup.J.sup.)=v.sub.Q. For the
Overlap-and-Save method the first v.sub.Q points need to be
discarded from the beginning of each length 2.sup.Pmax output from
IFFT 64. For the Overlap-and-Add method the last v.sub.Q points of
one block need to be overlapped and added with the first v.sub.Q
points of the next block. The remaining points of the output blocks
are appended to one another and passed to the Digital-to-Analog
converter 68 shown in FIG. 3.
[0049] Depending on the choice of sub-channel parameters it also
may be necessary to discard some points from the end of the burst
of buffer 66. Let N.sub.S.sup.(n) represent the number of OFDM
symbols transmitted by sub-channel n in one communication burst. To
transmit this set of N.sub.S.sup.(n) OFDM symbols a fast
convolution technique requiring N.sub.S.sup.(n) fast convolution
blocks is employed. The number of fast convolution blocks required
to transmit N.sup.(n) OFDM symbols for sub-channel n is N FC ( n )
= ceil .function. ( N S ( n ) .function. ( N ( n ) + L ( n ) ) S (
n ) - v ( n ) ) , ( 17 ) ##EQU10## where the function ceil rounds
the argument to the nearest integer towards infinity.
[0050] Equation (17) applies for either the Overlap-and-Save and
Overlap-and-Add methods. To ensure that the upsampled output from
buffer 66 is exactly Q.sub.nN.sub.s.sup.(n)(N.sup.(n)+L.sup.(n))
samples for the N.sub.S.sup.(n) OFDM symbol burst it is necessary
to discard some additional output points. Employing the recommended
time shifted filter transfer function of equation (16), the
following number of samples should be discarded from the end of the
last fast convolution block in buffer 66: N Discard n = { Q n
.times. { N FC n .function. ( S ( n ) - v ( n ) ) - N S n
.function. ( N ( n ) + L ( n ) ) } for .times. .times. Overlap
.times. - .times. and .times. - .times. Save Q n .times. { N FC n
.function. ( S ( n ) - v ( n ) ) - N S n .function. ( N ( n ) + L (
n ) ) } + v Q for .times. .times. Overlap .times. - .times. and
.times. - .times. Add ( 18 ) ##EQU11##
[0051] Otherwise the last OFDM symbol will be elongated with the
addition of a trailing edge consistent with a decaying filter
transient. This could be tolerated in some circumstances,
especially if the system has sufficient guard times between
adjacent bursts from different transmitters. However, this problem
can avoided for the Overlap-and-Save method by selecting values of
S.sup.(n)and v.sup.(n) that result in N.sub.Discard.sup.n=0 for all
sub-channels. An obvious choice is S.sup.(n)=2N.sup.(n) and
v.sup.(n)=N.sup.(n)-L.sup.(n). Not only does this set
N.sub.Discard.sup.n=0 it also has the very desirable result that
N.sub.Discard.sup.n=N.sub.S.sup.n. Hence, each input OFDM symbol
results in a fast convolution block being generated.
[0052] It is clear from equation (18) that we cannot force
N.sub.Discard.sup.n=0 for the Overlap-and-Add method. The last
v.sub.Q points of an Overlap-and-Add fast convolution output block
represent either zeros of filter transients. It is only by
overlapping and adding the overlap region between successive blocks
do we compensate for such transients. However, with the last block
there is no additional blocks to overlap with and these last points
v.sub.Q of the last Overlap-and-Add block represent a filter
transient that should be discarded. To overcome this problem for
the case of multiple sub-channels the burst length should be the
same for all sub-channels, so that this discard operation is common
to all. Or else, it may be necessary to transmit a trailing edge at
the end of each burst.
[0053] Given its simpler structure compared to the Overlap-and-Add
method and its advantages for a multiple sub-channel processor, the
Overlap-and-Save fast convolution method is generally preferred for
this invention, however both methods could be used.
[0054] In summary, the OFDM transmitter 50 generates a plurality of
sub-channels, each sub-channel representing an independent OFDM
transmission. The plurality of sub-channels are generated in
parallel using a Fast Convolution filtering process combined with
digital upconversion. The Fast Convolution process includes a first
stage (performed by components 56(i), 58(i) and 60(i) of FIG. 6)
that includes the application of a frequency-domain filter to each
sub-channel to set the spectral mask (transmission bandwidth and
spectrum roll-off, etc). Following first-stage Fast Convolution
filtering, filter transients are present due to the block-based
processing. These transients are removed in a second-stage Fast
Convolution filtering implemented by components 62, 64 and 66 of
FIG. 6. The second stage includes upconversion of the plurality of
sub-channels via large IFFT buffer 62. The buffer 62 is the input
for large IFFT 64 that represents a bandwidth greater than or equal
to the channel bandwidth. By correct positioning of each
sub-channel within the IFFT buffer 62, each sub-channel can be
moved to its correct frequency position within the overall channel.
The IFFT 64 implements a first stage of upconversion for all
sub-channels plus serves as the IFFT processor for a second stage
Fast Convolution filtering process. The Fast Convolution output
buffer 66 operates on the sequence of Fast Convoltuion filtering
blocks to remove filter transients to complete the Fast Convolution
filtering process (either by discarding samples or overlapping and
adding samples).
[0055] 3. OFDM Receiver
[0056] An OFDM receiver 80 in accordance with a preferred
embodiment of the present invention is shown in block diagram form
in FIG. 7. In many respects it is a mirror image of the OFDM
transmitter 50. The OFDM receiver 80 receives K sub-channels of
data from one or more OFDM transmitters 50. The signal is received
on antenna 82 and downconverted in downconverter 84 from the
transmission carrier frequency to a suitable Intermediate Frequency
(IF) form. The IF signal is passed to the Analog-to-Digital
Converter 86 that converts the analog signal to digital samples.
The digital samples are digitally downconverted in frequency from
IF to baseband in IF downconverter 88 and the baseband samples are
sent to fast convolution buffer and FFT 90. For OFDM signals
transmitted using the Overlap-and-Save method, FFT 90 buffers data
in blocks of 2.sup.Pmax baseband samples and performs a length
2.sup.Pmax FFT. Successive blocks are overlapped by u.sub.Q
samples. For OFDM signals transmitted using the Overlap-and-Add
method, a block is a set of 2.sup.Pmax-u.sub.Q samples extended by
u.sub.Q zeros at the end. Successive blocks are overlapped by
u.sub.Q samples.
[0057] In the transmitter, the baseband fast convolution overlap is
defined as u.sup.(n)=u.sub.Q/Q.sub.n (19)
[0058] The overlap u.sup.(n) does not necessarily equal v.sup.(n)
of the transmitter, but it is desirable that it should. Similar to
v.sup.(n), u.sup.(n) is limited to the range
N.sub.h,RX.sup.(n)-1.ltoreq.u.sup.(n).ltoreq.S.sup.(n)-1, (20)
where N.sub.h,RX.sup.(n) is the number of filter coefficients for
the receive filter function.
[0059] The length 2.sup.Pmax frequency spectrum output from FFT 90
is forwarded to each of K processing branches corresponding to a
specific sub-channel. Each of the K branches includes a receive
(RX) OFDM engine 92(i), a buffer 108(i) and an FFT receiver 118(i).
The length 2.sup.Pmax frequency spectrum is processed in branch n
(sub-channel n) by the receive OFDM engine 92(i) where the portion
of the spectrum corresponding to sub-channel n is extracted,
shifted to 0 Hz baseband and filtered. The filtered output is sent
to buffer 108(i) which buffers the output of several fast
convolution blocks for sub-channel n and each block is processed by
FFT receiver 118(i) which performs a length N.sup.(n) FFT to
recover the signal values modulated on each sub-carrier. These
values are sent to a conventional FEC decoder 120(i) for
decoding.
[0060] There are a number of feedback paths in the receiver design
80, typical of many OFDM systems. In each processing branch, a
feedback path 114(i) from the FFT receiver 118(i) to the RX OFDM
engine 92(i) reports the value of the sampling clock offset
(sampling clock error) for a sub-channel, which is calculated in
FFT receiver 118(i). This value is used in the receive OFDM engine
92(i) to correct the signal. Feedback path 114(i) contains an
estimate of the carrier frequency offset (carrier frequency error)
for a sub-channel and is again estimated in FFT receiver 118(i).
This value is used in the receive OFDM engine 92(i) to correct the
signal. OFDM symbol synchronization attempts to find the start of
an OFDM symbol and the results of this synchronization procedure
are employed in buffer 108(i) via feedback path 110(i) from FFT
receiver 118(i) The FFT receiver 118(i) can also calculate an
adjustment for the OFDM engine Rx filter 98 (FIG. 8) to compensate
for channel impairments such as a channel impulse response longer
than the OFDM guard interval (impulse response shortening).
Feedback path 116(i) is used to adapt the OFDM engine Rx
filter.
[0061] These feedback paths permit the OFDM receiver 80 to
individually correct for synchronization errors for the set of
transmitters 50. If an individual sub-channel has guard
sub-carriers at the edges of its spectrum where no energy is
transmitted, the limit of frequency offset error for this
sub-channel is a shift that would take its non-zero band edge to
the edge of its allotted spectrum. Practically, this limit is less
than amount. Note that the passband width of the filter employed in
the receive OFDM engine 92 (i) should be wider than the passband of
the transmit filter of transmit filter & IF upconverter 54 to
accommodate such frequency shifts.
[0062] The receive OFDM engine block 92(i) is shown in greater
detail in FIG. 8. The frequency window 94 identifies the length
S.sup.(n)portion of the length 2.sup.Pmax frequency spectrum from
FFT 90 corresponding to sub-channel n. The length S.sup.(n)portion
representing the frequency spectrum of sub-channel n is copied to
length S.sup.(n)block at buffer 96. The length S.sup.(n)block
output from buffer 96 is multiplied by a length S.sup.(n)FFT of the
channel n FIR receive filter function at filter function 98.
[0063] The receive filter function for channel n is
h.sub.RX.sup.(n) and has a length of N.sub.h,RX.sup.(n) filter
coefficients. As with the OFDM transmitter, it is desirable that
the filter function be time shifted to correct for any filter group
delays or blocking delays. Let A.sub.RX.sup.(n)=length S.sup.nFFT
of h.sub.RX.sup.(n) (21) A.sub.RX.sup.(n)(f)=value of
A.sub.RX.sup.(n) at frequency f (22) where h.sub.RX.sup.(n) is
extended by S.sup.n-N.sub.h,RX.sup.(n) zeros to perform the
transform and f is a frequency value on the length S.sup.(n)FFT
frequency grid with sampling frequency F.sub.N.sup.(n). The
recommended (time shifted) filter transfer function
H.sub.RX.sup.(n) to be employed in filter function 98 is H RX ( n )
.function. ( f ) = { A RX ( n ) .function. ( f ) .times. e - j
.times. .times. 2 .times. .times. .pi. .times. .times. f .function.
( u n - N RX ( n ) - 1 2 ) for .times. .times. Overlap .times. -
.times. and .times. - .times. Save A RX ( n ) .function. ( f )
.times. e j .times. .times. 2 .times. .times. .pi. .times. .times.
f .function. ( N RX ( n ) - 1 2 ) for .times. .times. Overlap
.times. - .times. and .times. - .times. Add ( 23 ) ##EQU12##
[0064] A linear phase correction is applied to each frequency value
of the output from filter function 98 in multiplier 100 for the
purpose of correcting for a sampling clock offset in a manner known
in the art. The output length S.sup.(n)sequence is processed using
a length S.sup.(n)IFFT 102 to convert the signal from the frequency
to time domain. The length S.sup.(n)time series output from IFFT
102 is passed to an output fast convolution buffer 104.
[0065] For signals transmitted using the Overlap-and-Save method
the first u.sup.(n) points need to be discarded from the beginning
of each length S.sup.(n)block in fast convolution buffer 104. For
signals transmitted using the Overlap-and-Add method the last
u.sup.(n) points of one block need to be overlapped and added with
the first u.sup.(n) points of the next block in buffer 104. The
remaining points of the output blocks are sent to the frequency
offset compensation multiplier 106 where the time series is
frequency shifted via multiplication by an exponential signal
representing the complex conjugate of a sinusoid with a frequency
equal to the offset in a manner known in the art. The corrected
signal is then forwarded to buffer 108(i).
[0066] The calculation of the number of fast convolution blocks
N.sub.FC.sup.(n) for the receiver required to process a length
N.sub.S.sup.(n) sequence of OFDM symbols for a given sub-channel is
the same as equation (17) with v.sup.(n) replaced with u.sup.(n).
Similarly, the number of samples to discard from the last fast
convolution block in the receiver is N.sub.Discard.sup.(n)/Q.sub.n
but with v.sup.(n) replaced with u.sup.(n) in equation (18). For
the same reasons mentioned above in respect of the OFDM
transmitter, it is recommended to use the Overlap-and-Save method
for values of S.sup.(n)and u.sup.(n) that result in
N.sub.Discard.sup.n=0 for all sub-channels. A possible choice is
S.sup.(n)=2N.sup.(n) and u.sup.(n)=v.sup.(n)=N.sup.(n)-L.sup.(n).
This has the additional advantage that
N.sub.FC.sup.(n)=N.sub.S.sup.(n) for the receiver so that each
input fast convolution block results in an OFDM symbol as its
output.
[0067] In summary, in a preferred embodiment, the OFDM receiver 80
receives a plurality of OFDM-modulated sub-channels from a number
of independent transmitters. The combined signal arising from all
sub-channels are loaded into a buffer and processed using a FFT 90
to decompose the signal into its frequency components (carriers).
Sets of frequency components corresponding to single sub-channels
are each forwarded to a respective receive OFDM engine 92(i). The
process of extracting a set of carriers for one sub-channel from
the FFT 90 represents digital down conversion of the
sub-channel.
[0068] The sub-channel is filtered to limit the effect of
out-of-band signals using a fast convolution filter comprising a
stage where the sub-channel frequency components are multiplied by
a filter transfer function at mixer 116, converted back to the time
domain using IFFT 102 and of filter transients (due to the
block-based processing) removed using the output RX fast
convolution buffer 104. Following the combined down conversion/fast
convolution filtering process the samples are sent to a buffer 108
whereupon a final FFT 118 within a standard OFDM FFT receiver is
performed to extract the individual OFDM carriers of the
sub-channel. Standard decoding follows to recover the data stream.
Carrier recovery methods are applied to correct for synchronization
offsets in the received signal. Standard techniques can be employed
in the generic OFDM FFT receiver of item 118 of FIG. 7 to measure
these offsets. Embedded in each Fast Convolution filtering chain
(RX OFDM engine) are corrections for the sampling clock offset and
carrier frequency offset. OFDM symbol offsets are corrected outside
the combined downconversion/fast convolution filtering processor
(items 90 and 92 of FIG. 7).
[0069] In a preferred embodiment, the communication system of the
present invention comprises a set of OFDM transmitters 50 and at
least one OFDM receiver 80. Each transmitter has the dynamic
capability to generate a number of sub-channels of different
bandwidths at different positions in a communication channel. Each
receiver has the same dynamic ability to receive data from a large
number of such sub-channels broadcasted by a number of
transmitters.
[0070] The present invention would be particularly useful for the
upstream link of a multi-user communications channel where a number
of subscribers send data to one or more central base stations. A
separate downstream channel separated in frequency from the
upstream channel can be used to send data from the base stations to
the subscribers. Subscribers can openly contend for system
resources or be assigned resources on a demand basis. The chief
resources to share are a set of sub-channels (maximum of
2.sup.qmax) and time slots within each sub-channel. Hence, the
communications system of the present invention combines frequency
division multiple access (FDMA) and time division multiple access
(TDMA) resource sharing. With the high scalability of the design
(variable length bursts, variable position/number/bandwidth of
sub-channels) the upstream component of the communication link
(subscriber to basestation) has a high degree of flexibility in
maximizing throughput.
[0071] Although the communications system has been described
largely in the context of the upstream link of a multiple user
access system where sub-channels can be assigned, it could also be
used in a number of different configurations. Examples of alternate
configurations employing the same multi-channel OFDM technology of
the present invention include, but are not limited to:
[0072] 1. Use of the multi-channel OFDM sub-channel design for the
downstream link of a multiple access communication. With reference
to FIG. 2, a number of transmitters 50 (designated as a set of
remote stations) transmit to at least one receiver 80 (designated
as a head-end station). An alternate design is to place a
transmitter 50 at the head-end station to transmit multiple
sub-channels to one or more remote stations each employing a
receiver 80. Each remote station receiver 80 will decode a sub-set
of the channels generated by the head-end station transmitter 50.
Hence, the same multi-channel OFDM design can be employed for both
directions of a bi-directional communication link by placing a
transmitter 50 and receiver 80 at each station;
[0073] 2. The maximum transform length (determined by the parameter
P.sub.max) to set the channel bandwidth can have a different value
for the OFDM transmitter 50 and the OFDM receiver 80. Though more
robust to permit each transmitter 50 to select any part of the
channel spectrum, it is possible to restrict a transmitter to work
within a contiguous sub-set of sub-channels. This will require the
transmitter 50 to employ a smaller value of P.sub.max relative to
that of the OFDM receiver 80. In order for the group of
sub-channels generated by each OFDM transmitter 50 to take its
assigned position in the channel (channel bandwidth set by value of
P.sub.max for the receiver 80), both the D/A 68 and RF transmitter
70 circuitry employed for frequency upconversion will need have a
different center-frequency for each transmitter 50;
[0074] 3. A frequency hopping system where a user changes
sub-channels in a pseudo-random manner as opposed to the structured
allocation of sub-channels typical of many multiple access systems.
The dynamic structure of the OFDM transmitter and receiver design
makes it highly suitable for a frequency hopping system;
[0075] 4. Replacement of a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) structure
with a power-of-two size transform size with a Discrete Fourier
Transform (DFT) structure with a non power-of-two transform size.
Though a FFT is far more efficient computationally, the same fast
convolution algorithms for an OFDM transmitter and OFDM receiver
apply equally well for a DFT transform as well as a FFT
transform.
[0076] While the invention has been described in terms of various
specific embodiments, those skilled in the art will recognize that
the invention can be practiced with modification within the spirit
and scope of the claims.
* * * * *