U.S. patent application number 11/677670 was filed with the patent office on 2007-07-26 for 3d stereo oled display.
Invention is credited to Philip R. Ashe, Kevin M. Gobeyn, Michael E. Miller, John P. Spoonhower.
Application Number | 20070171525 11/677670 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 34739030 |
Filed Date | 2007-07-26 |
United States Patent
Application |
20070171525 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Miller; Michael E. ; et
al. |
July 26, 2007 |
3D STEREO OLED DISPLAY
Abstract
A switchable stereoscopic display system, wherein the switchable
stereoscopic display system can display two-dimensional and
three-dimensional images, includes: an organic light emitting diode
(OLED) display device; Electronics that rapidly updates individual
OLEDs; and a linearly polarizer for the OLED display device.
Additionally, a circular polarizing layer changes light from
linearly polarized light to circular polarized light. A
polarization layer, on top of the circular polarization layer,
switches a polarization direction of emitted light within the OLED
display device. Other electronics switches the polarization
direction within independent segments of the polarization layer.
Refreshed OLEDs are synched with the independent segments of the
polarization layer.
Inventors: |
Miller; Michael E.; (Honeoye
Falls, NY) ; Ashe; Philip R.; (Rochester, NY)
; Spoonhower; John P.; (Webster, NY) ; Gobeyn;
Kevin M.; (Honeoye Falls, NY) |
Correspondence
Address: |
Frank Pincelli;Patent Legal Staff
Eastman Kodak Company
343 State Street
Rochester
NY
14650-2201
US
|
Family ID: |
34739030 |
Appl. No.: |
11/677670 |
Filed: |
February 22, 2007 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
10742091 |
Dec 19, 2003 |
7221332 |
|
|
11677670 |
Feb 22, 2007 |
|
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Current U.S.
Class: |
359/467 ;
348/E13.038; 348/E13.044 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H04N 13/359 20180501;
H01L 27/3211 20130101; H04N 13/337 20180501; G02B 30/25 20200101;
H01L 51/5293 20130101; H01L 27/3241 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
359/467 |
International
Class: |
G02B 27/22 20060101
G02B027/22 |
Claims
1. A high-resolution switchable stereoscopic display system that
synchronously presents portions of a pair of stereoscopic images to
each eye of an observer, comprising: a) a source of image data for
providing a stereoscopic image, wherein the stereoscopic image
includes a right eye image and a left eye image; b) a display
device having a two-dimensional array of independently addressable
pixels for displaying at least portions of both the right eye image
and the left eye image; c) a switchable segmented device for
sequentially selecting the independently addressable pixels of the
display device that provide light to each eye of the observer. d) a
driver that temporally synchronizes the display of the image data
on the display and the switchable segmented device.
2. The high-resolution switchable stereoscopic display system of
claim 1, wherein the switchable segmented device includes a layer
for switching the polarization direction of the light.
3. The high-resolution switchable stereoscopic display system of
claim 1, wherein segments of the switchable-segmented device are
aligned in columns.
4. The high-resolution switchable stereoscopic display system of
claim 1, wherein the spatial pattern provided by the segments of
the switchable-segmented device, has a spatial frequency along
either a horizontal or vertical dimension greater than or equal to
10 cycles per degree of a viewer's visual angle.
5. The high-resolution switchable stereoscopic display system of
claim 1, wherein the display device is a flat panel display.
6. The high-resolution switchable stereoscopic display system of
claim 5, wherein the flat panel display is a plasma display.
7. The high-resolution switchable stereoscopic display system of
claim 5, wherein the flat panel display is an OLED display.
8. The high-resolution switchable stereoscopic display system of
claim 1, wherein the pixels are refreshed in the range of 15 to 70
hertz.
9. The high-resolution switchable stereoscopic display system of
claim 1, wherein the source of image data for providing a
stereoscopic image comprises an image buffer for storing the left
eye image, an image buffer for storing the right eye image, and a
pixel clock for synchronizing the retrieval of portions of the left
and right eye images.
10. A switchable stereoscopic display system, wherein the
switchable stereoscopic display system can display
three-dimensional images, comprising: a) a display device including
a two-dimensional array of light emitting elements; b) a segmented,
switchable polarization layer, capable of switching a polarization
direction of emitted light in at least two independent segments of
the display device to either a right handedness circular
polarization or a left handedness circular polarization; and c) an
electronic driver that rapidly updates individual light emitting
elements with image data and synchronously switching polarization
handedness of the independent segments.
11. A method for displaying a high-resolution stereoscopic image,
comprising: a) segmenting an image into a first and second array of
image segments; b) presenting the first array of image segments to
the left eye of the observer and the second array of image segments
to the right eye of the observer within a first time interval; and
c) presenting the second array of image segments to the left eye of
the observer and the first array of image segments to the left eye
of the observer within a second time interval.
12. A method of claim 11 wherein each time interval is 1/30.sup.th
of a second or less in duration.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This is a Continuation Application of U.S. application Ser.
No. 10/742,091, filed 19 Dec. 2003.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The invention relates generally to the field of Organic
Light Emitting Diode (OLED) Displays, and in particular to
Stereoscopic OLED displays. More specifically, the invention
relates to an OLED display that provides a stereoscopic image using
polarized light.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED) displays are known in
the art. These displays are typically formed from a two-dimensional
array of light emitting OLEDs. These solid-state emissive displays
typically provide a high contrast ratio for static and dynamic
patterns and wide viewing angle, thus providing a very high quality
two-dimensional image.
[0004] Stereoscopic displays are also known in the art. These
displays may be formed using a number of techniques; including
barrier screens such as discussed by Montgomery in U.S. Pat. No.
6,459,532 and optical elements such as lenticular lenses as
discussed by Tutt et al in U.S. Patent Application 2002/0075566.
Each of these techniques concentrates the light from the display
into a narrow viewing angle, providing an auto-stereoscopic image.
Unfortunately, these techniques typically reduce the perceived
spatial resolution of the display since half of the columns in the
display are used to display an image to either the right or left
eye. These displays also reduce the viewing angle of the display,
reducing the ability for multiple users to share and discuss the
stereoscopic image that is being shown on the display.
[0005] Among the most commercially successful stereoscopic displays
to date have been displays that either employed some method of
shuttering light such that the light from one frame of data is able
to enter only the left or right eye and left and right eye images
are shown in rapid succession. Two methods have been employed in
this domain; including displays that employ active shutter glasses
or passive polarizing glasses. Systems employing shutter glasses
display either a right or left eye image while an observer wears
active LCD shutters that allow the light from the display to pass
to only the appropriate eye. While this technique has the advantage
that it allows a user to see the full resolution of the display and
allow the user to switch from a monoscopic to a stereoscopic
viewing mode, the update rate of the display is typically on the
order of 120 Hz, providing a 60 Hz image to each eye. At this
relatively low refresh rate, most observers will experience flicker
resulting in significant discomfort if the display is used for more
than a few minutes within a single viewing session. Even when the
display is refreshed at significantly higher rates, flicker is
often visible when the display is large and/or high in
luminance.
[0006] Displays employing polarization have also been discussed and
employed. For example, Wolk et al in U.S. Pat. No. 6,485,884 has
discussed the design and manufacture of an OLED display that emits
linear polarized light and that can be used to provide a
stereoscopic display. Using this approach, the organic materials
are oriented when patterned onto the substrate such that they emit
linearly polarized light. When these materials are patterned such
that alternating columns have different linear polarizations and
the observer wears glasses in which each lens has a different
linear polarization, each eye sees the light from alternating
columns in the display. Using this display, a stereoscopic image
can be displayed with every other column of pixels from the left
and right eye images being displayed on alternating columns of the
display. While this method provides a stereoscopic image, the
resulting stereoscopic image has half the spatial resolution of
display. Since the polarization is permanently fixed during the
manufacture of the display, alternating columns on this display
always have different polarizations and alternating columns will
vary significantly in appearance when the display is viewed without
polarized glasses that provide the stereoscopic effect, making the
display of little use when viewed without appropriately polarized
glasses. Further, it is well known that stereoscopic displays
formed using linear polarization suffer from a number of artifacts;
including narrowing of display's viewing angle and cross-talk
(i.e., leakage of light intended for one eye to the other eye) when
the linear polarized glasses are turned to an angle other than
perpendicular to the columns of the display.
[0007] It is known in the art that displays employing circularly
polarized light provide many advantages over displays that employ
linear polarized displays. Specifically, these displays do not
suffer from significantly increased cross-talk when the observer
tilts his or her head. These displays typically provide a linear
polarizing layer, a quarter-wave plate to create circularly
polarized light, and a switchable or patterned half-wave plate to
rotate the handedness of the polarization for half of the image.
Byatt, 1981 (U.S. Pat. No. 4,281,341) has described a system
employing a switchable polarizer that is placed in front of a CRT
and performs very similarly to shutter glasses, using the
polarization to select which eye will see each image. This system
has the advantage over shutter glasses that the user does not need
to wear active glasses, but otherwise suffers from the same
deficiencies, including flicker.
[0008] Lipton, 1985 (U.S. Pat. No. 4,523,226) described a display
system that will not suffer from flicker, but instead uses two
separate video displays and optics to present the images from the
two screens appropriately for the two eyes. While this display
system does not suffer from the same visual artifacts as the system
employing switchable polarization that was described by Byatt, the
system requires two separate visual displays and additional optics,
providing increasing the cost of such a system.
[0009] Circular polarization has also been used in systems to
provide lower resolution images without flicker, using an approach
that is similar to that employed in barrier screen displays. Lipton
1997 (U.S. Pat. No. 5,686,975) and Ma, 2000 (U.S. Pat. No.
6,020,941) each describe display systems where alternating columns
of a display device are each provided with circular polarizers that
are arranged in columns, such that alternating columns provide
light that is circularly polarized with left and right handed
orientation. By changing the handedness of the polarization in this
way, and by wearing polarized glasses, each eye is provided
alternating columns of the information from the display. However,
as the handedness of the polarization of the light is kept constant
during display of stereoscopic imagery, the resolution is reduced
due to the fact that each eye can only see half of the columns of
the display while viewing stereoscopic imagery. Faris, 1998 (U.S.
Pat. No. 5,844,717) and Faris, 2002 (U.S. Pat. No. 6,359,664) have
described similar displays that provide stereoscopic images by
arranging a two-dimensional array of micropolarizers on a display
surface with each eye being able to see a checkerboard pattern of
the image. These micropolarizers are static and therefore each of
the observers' eyes once again see only half the resolution of the
display. It is notable, that since each eye sees only half the area
of the display, the perceived brightness of the display is also
reduced by a factor of two. These polarized displays suffer from
one additional constraint due to the fact that the transmission of
the polarizing layer is wavelength dependent. Because of this
effect, the color purity of the display and often the viewing angle
is reduced by the presence of the polarizer as different colored
pixels of light pass through a single polarizer that has not been
optimized to transmit the luminance at the center wavelength of the
emitted light.
[0010] Kalmanash in U.S. Pat. No. 4,877,307 discussed the
wavelength sensitivity of the circular polarizing layer and
proposed a CRT with three sheets of circular polarizers that are
stacked between a linear polarizing layer and an active retarder
for manipulating the handedness of the polarization. In this
display device, each of the circular polarizing layers are composed
of materials having a center wavelength that is matched to the peak
wavelength of the red, green, and blue emitters in the display
device. This stack of three circular polarizing layers was proposed
to improve the circular polarization of the colored light from the
three-color display. Unfortunately, Kalmanash does not address the
problem that each of the circular polarizers can affect
polarization over a range of wavelengths and therefore the circular
polarizers at the top of the stack may interfere with and, for some
wavelengths of the light, will reduce the circular polarization
that is introduced by the circular polarizers at the bottom of the
stack. Kalmanash also fails to solve the problem that the active
half-wave retarded that is used to rotate the handedness of the
circular polarization is also highly wavelength dependent and is
therefore incapable of fully changing the handedness of circular
polarized light that includes a broad range of wavelengths with
multiple peaks as is common within a color imaging device.
PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED BY THE INVENTION
[0011] The present invention solves problems related to
stereoscopic displays including cost, perceived spatial resolution,
viewing angle distortion, and reduced brightness.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0012] The present invention is directed to overcoming one or more
of the problems set forth above. Briefly summarized, one aspect of
the present invention provides a switchable stereoscopic display
system, wherein the switchable stereoscopic display system can
display two-dimensional and three-dimensional images, that includes
an organic light emitting diode (OLED) display device; a first
electronic means for rapidly updating individual OLEDs; and means
for linearly polarizing the OLED display device. Also included in
the present invention are a circular polarizing layer capable of
changing light from linearly polarized light to circular polarized
light; a polarization layer, on top of the circular polarization
layer, and capable of switching a polarization direction of emitted
light within the OLED display device; a second electronic means for
causing the switching of polarization direction within independent
segments of the polarization layer; and synchronization means for
synching refreshed OLEDs with the independent segments of the
polarization layer.
ADVANTAGEOUS EFFECT OF THE INVENTION
[0013] The present invention has the advantage of providing a
stereoscopic OLED display with full spatial resolution, without
perceptible artifacts such as flicker and cross talk. The present
invention will ideally have a large color gamut and viewing angle
as it will effectively produce and alter the handedness of
circularly polarized light from a full color display.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0014] The above and other objects, features, and advantages of the
present invention will become more apparent when taken in
conjunction with the following description and drawings wherein
identical reference numerals have been used, where possible, to
designate identical features that are common to the figures, and
wherein:
[0015] FIG. 1 is a graph showing the temporal frequency required
for a user to perceive a flashing light as not flickering as a
function of the spatial frequency of the light source.
[0016] FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing the vertical structure
of a display device according to one embodiment of the present
invention.
[0017] FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram illustrating a cross section
of a series of OLEDs according to one embodiment of the present
invention.
[0018] FIG. 4 is a diagram depicting one embodiment of a display
system of the present invention.
[0019] FIG. 5 is a flow chart illustrating the process of
displaying an image on a display device of the present
invention.
[0020] FIG. 6a is a schematic diagram illustrating a pattern of
OLEDs arranged in one possible pixel pattern according to an
embodiment of the present invention.
[0021] FIG. 6b is a schematic diagram illustrating a cross section
of a display device depicting the structure underlying the pixels
shown in FIG. 6a.
[0022] To facilitate understanding, identical reference numerals
have been used, where possible, to designate identical elements
that are common to the figures.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0023] The invention described herein takes advantage of the fact
that while the human visual system is sensitive to patterns that
are displayed with high temporal frequency when these patterns are
displayed with low spatial frequency, the human visual sensitivity
has relatively low sensitivity to patterns that are displayed with
high temporal frequencies when the spatial pattern is also high in
frequency. FIG. 1 shows a function 2, which is plotted based upon
equations provided in Yang and Makous, 1994 ("Spatiotemporal
separability in contrast sensitivity", Vision Research 34(19), pp.
2569-2576) and depicts the temporal frequency at which a typical
human observer can detect flicker as a function of the spatial
frequency of the pattern that is being displayed. As is well known
in the art of visual psychophysics, the temporal frequency that is
required to make a flashing light appear without flicker decreases
as the spatial frequency of the flickering light increases. For
this reason, when the luminance over an entire display is updated
in unison, the display surface has a low spatial frequency and a
high temporal frequency must be obtained to avoid the perception of
flicker. However, if the luminance of a high frequency pattern is
updated, the pattern has a higher spatial frequency and lower
temporal frequencies are required to avoid the perception of
flicker.
[0024] Looking at FIG. 1, if a pattern is displayed, such that the
spatial pattern is such that the spatial frequency is less than 10
c/deg, as is typical when an entire display is updated in a single
refresh cycle, the update cycle will have to occur with a temporal
frequency of greater than 50 Hz to avoid the perception of flicker.
However, if every other column of a high-resolution display is
updated in one update cycle, this pattern will typically have a
spatial frequency of 30 c/deg or higher and update cycles with
temporal frequencies of less than 30 Hz may be used without
producing the perception of flicker. It should be noted that the
function shown in FIG. 1 is one of a family of functions that vary
as a function of other display characteristics. For example,
different functions may be drawn for displays as a function of
display luminance with higher sensitivities occurring for displays
with higher luminance output. Depending upon the luminance, the
size of the display device, the ideal update rates that produce a
displayed image without flicker for a spatial pattern that is
significantly higher than the spatial frequency of the display
itself will typically be between 15 and 70 Hz.
[0025] This property of the human visual system may be exploited to
form a stereoscopic flat panel display as shown in FIG. 2. FIG. 2
shows a side view of a monochrome display device of the present
invention. As shown in this figure, the display device 10 is
composed of a two-dimensional array of light emitting elements 12.
The display device 10 is coated with an optional linear polarizer
14 and a circular polarizer 16, a first transparent electrical
conductive layer 18, and a switchable half wave plate 20 that may
be used to reverse the handedness of the circular polarization. A
second conductive layer 22 is formed in columns over the columns of
two-dimensional array of light emitting elements 12. This layer may
then be covered with a dielectric layer 24, a protective layer 26
and an optional anti-glare coating 26.
[0026] The display device 10 may be any solid state display device
including plasma displays capable of forming a two dimensional
image to a human observer and updating the image such that the
information in each column of the display is updated synchronously
with the switchable half wave plate. However, the display device
10, will ideally be an OLED display device. These display devices
may include very simple structures comprising a single anode and
cathode to more complex devices, such as passive matrix displays
comprised of orthogonal arrays of anodes and cathodes to form
pixels, and active-matrix displays where each pixel is controlled
independently, for example, with a thin film transistor (TFT).
There are numerous configurations of the organic layers wherein the
present invention can be successfully practiced.
[0027] A cross section of a typical light emitting OLED is shown in
FIG. 3. As shown in this figure, the emitting element is comprised
of a cathode layer 30, an electron-transporting layer 32, a
light-emitting layer 34, a hole-transporting layer 36, an optional
hole-injecting layer 38, an anode layer 40 and a substrate 42. Note
that the substrate 42 may alternatively be located adjacent to the
cathode 30, or the substrate may actually constitute the anode 40
or cathode 30. The organic layers between the anode and cathode are
conveniently referred to as the organic EL element.
[0028] The OLED device of this invention is typically provided over
a supporting substrate 42 where either the cathode or anode can be
in contact with the substrate. The electrode in contact with the
substrate is conveniently referred to as the bottom electrode.
Conventionally, the bottom electrode is the anode, but this
invention is not limited to that configuration. The substrate can
either be light transmissive or opaque, depending on the intended
direction of light emission. The light transmissive property is
desirable for viewing the EL emission through the substrate.
Transparent glass or plastic is commonly employed in such cases.
For applications where the EL emission is viewed through the top
electrode, the transmissive characteristic of the bottom support is
immaterial, and therefore can be light transmissive, light
absorbing or light reflective. Substrates for use in this case
include, but are not limited to, glass, plastic, semiconductor
materials, silicon, ceramics, and circuit board materials. Of
course it is necessary to provide in these device configurations a
light-transparent top electrode.
[0029] When EL emission is viewed through anode 40, the anode
should be transparent or substantially transparent to the emission
of interest. Common transparent anode materials used in this
invention are indium-tin oxide (ITO), indium-zinc oxide (IZO) and
tin oxide, but other metal oxides can work including, but not
limited to, aluminum-or indium-doped zinc oxide, magnesium-indium
oxide, and nickel-tungsten oxide. In addition to these oxides,
metal nitrides, such as gallium nitride, and metal selenides, such
as zinc selenide, and metal sulfides, such as zinc sulfide, can be
used as the anode. For applications where EL emission is viewed
only through the cathode electrode, the transmissive
characteristics of anode are immaterial and any conductive material
can be used, transparent, opaque or reflective. Example conductors
for this application include, but are not limited to, gold,
iridium, molybdenum, palladium, and platinum. Typical anode
materials, transmissive or otherwise, have a work function of 4.1
eV or greater. Desired anode materials are commonly deposited by
any suitable means such as evaporation, sputtering, chemical vapor
deposition, or electrochemical means. Anodes can be patterned using
well-known photolithographic processes.
[0030] It is often useful to provide a hole-injecting layer 38 be
provided between anode 40 and hole-transporting layer 36. The
hole-injecting material can serve to improve the film formation
property of subsequent organic layers and to facilitate injection
of holes into the hole-transporting layer. Suitable materials for
use in the hole-injecting layer include, but are not limited to,
porphyrinic compounds as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,720,432, and
plasma-deposited fluorocarbon polymers as described in U.S. Pat.
No. 6,208,075. Alternative hole-injecting materials reportedly
useful in organic EL devices are described in EP 0 891 121 A1 and
EP 1 029 909 A1.
[0031] The hole-transporting layer 36 contains at least one
hole-transporting compound such as an aromatic tertiary amine,
where the latter is understood to be a compound containing at least
one trivalent nitrogen atom that is bonded only to carbon atoms, at
least one of which is a member of an aromatic ring. In one form the
aromatic tertiary amine can be an arylamine, such as a
monoarylamine, diarylamine, triarylamine, or a polymeric arylamine.
Exemplary monomeric triarylamines are illustrated by Klupfel et al.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,180,730. Other suitable triarylamines substituted
with one or more vinyl radicals and/or comprising at least one
active hydrogen containing group are disclosed by Brantley et al
U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,567,450 and 3,658,520.
[0032] A more preferred class of aromatic tertiary amines are those
which include at least two aromatic tertiary amine moieties as
described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,720,432 and 5,061,569. The
hole-transporting layer can be formed of a single or a mixture of
aromatic tertiary amine compounds. Illustrative of useful aromatic
tertiary amines are the following: [0033]
1,1-Bis(4-di-p-tolylaminophenyl)cyclohexane [0034]
1,1-Bis(4-di-p-tolylaminophenyl)-4-phenylcyclohexane [0035]
4,4'-Bis(diphenylamino)quadriphenyl [0036]
Bis(4-dimethylamino-2-methylphenyl)-phenylmethane [0037]
N,N,N-Tri(p-tolyl)amine [0038]
4-(di-p-tolylamino)-4'-[4(di-p-tolylamino)-styryl]stilbene [0039]
N,N,N',N'-Tetra-p-tolyl-4-4'-diaminobiphenyl [0040]
N,N,N',N'-Tetraphenyl-4,4'-diaminobiphenyl [0041]
N,N,N',N'-tetra-1-naphthyl-4,4'-diaminobiphenyl [0042]
N,N,N',N'-tetra-2-naphthyl-4,4'-diaminobiphenyl [0043]
N-Phenylcarbazole [0044]
4,4'-Bis[N-(1-naphthyl)-N-phenylamino]biphenyl [0045]
4,4'-Bis[N-(1-naphthyl)-N-(2-naphthyl)amino]biphenyl [0046]
4,4''-Bis[N-(1-naphthyl)-N-phenylamino]p-terphenyl [0047]
4,4'-Bis[N-(2-naphthyl)-N-phenylamino]biphenyl [0048]
4,4'-Bis[N-(3-acenaphthenyl)-N-phenylamino]biphenyl [0049]
1,5-Bis[N-(1-naphthyl)-N-phenylamino]naphthalene [0050]
4,4'-Bis[N-(9-anthryl)-N-phenylamino]biphenyl [0051]
4,4''-Bis[N-(1-anthryl)-N-phenylamino]-p-terphenyl [0052]
4,4'-Bis[N-(2-phenanthryl)-N-phenylamino]biphenyl [0053]
4,4'-Bis[N-(8-fluoranthenyl)-N-phenylamino]biphenyl [0054]
4,4'-Bis[N-(2-pyrenyl)-N-phenylamino]biphenyl [0055]
4,4'-Bis[N-(2-naphthacenyl)-N-phenylamino]biphenyl [0056]
4,4'-Bis[N-(2-perylenyl)-N-phenylamino]biphenyl [0057]
4,4'-Bis[N-(1-coronenyl)-N-phenylamino]biphenyl [0058]
2,6-Bis(di-p-tolylamino)naphthalene [0059]
2,6-Bis[di-(1-naphthyl)amino]naphthalene [0060]
2,6-Bis[N-(1-naphthyl)-N-(2-naphthyl)amino]naphthalene [0061]
N,N,N',N'-Tetra(2-naphthyl)-4,4''-diamino-p-terphenyl [0062]
4,4'-Bis{N-phenyl-N-[4-(1-naphthyl)-phenyl]amino}biphenyl [0063]
4,4'-Bis[N-phenyl-N-(2-pyrenyl)amino]biphenyl [0064]
2,6-Bis[N,N-di(2-naphthyl)amine]fluorene [0065]
1,5-Bis[N-(1-naphthyl)-N-phenylamino]naphthalene
[0066] Another class of useful hole-transporting materials includes
polycyclic aromatic compounds as described in EP 1 009 041. In
addition, polymeric hole-transporting materials can be used such as
poly(N-vinylcarbazole) (PVK), polythiophenes, polypyrrole,
polyaniline, and copolymers such as
poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(4-styrenesulfonate) also
called PEDOT/PSS.
[0067] As more fully described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,769,292 and
5,935,721, the light-emitting layer (LEL) 34 of the organic EL
element includes a luminescent or fluorescent material where
electroluminescence is produced as a result of electron-hole pair
recombination in this region. The light-emitting layer can be
comprised of a single material, but more commonly consists of a
host material doped with a guest compound or compounds where light
emission comes primarily from the dopant and can be of any color.
The host materials in the light-emitting layer can be an
electron-transporting material, as defined below, a
hole-transporting material, as defined above, or another material
or combination of materials that support hole-electron
recombination. The dopant is usually chosen from highly fluorescent
dyes, but phosphorescent compounds, e.g., transition metal
complexes as described in WO 98/55561, WO 00/18851, WO 00/57676,
and WO 00/70655 are also useful. Dopants are typically coated as
0.01 to 10% by weight into the host material. Polymeric materials
such as polyfluorenes and polyvinylarylenes (e.g.,
poly(p-phenylenevinylene), PPV) can also be used as the host
material. In this case, small molecule dopants can be molecularly
dispersed into the polymeric host, or the dopant could be added by
copolymerizing a minor constituent into the host polymer.
[0068] An important relationship for choosing a dye as a dopant is
a comparison of the bandgap potential which is defined as the
energy difference between the highest occupied molecular orbital
and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital of the molecule. For
efficient energy transfer from the host to the dopant molecule, a
necessary condition is that the band gap of the dopant is smaller
than that of the host material.
[0069] Host and emitting molecules known to be of use include, but
are not limited to, those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,768,292;
5,141,671; 5,150,006; 5,151,629; 5,405,709; 5,484,922; 5,593,788;
5,645,948; 5,683,823; 5,755,999; 5,928,802; 5,935,720; 5,935,721;
and 6,020,078.
[0070] Metal complexes of 8-hydroxyquinoline (oxine) and similar
derivatives constitute one class of useful host compounds capable
of supporting electroluminescence. Illustrative of useful chelated
oxinoid compounds are the following: [0071] CO-1: Aluminum
trisoxine [alias, tris(8-quinolinolato)aluminum(III)] [0072] CO-2:
Magnesium bisoxine [alias, bis(8-quinolinolato)magnesium(II)]
[0073] CO-3: Bis[benzo{f}-8-quinolinolato]zinc (II) [0074] CO-4:
Bis(2-methyl-8-quinolinolato)aluminum(III)-.mu.-oxo-bis(2-methyl-8-quinol-
inolato)aluminum(III) [0075] CO-5: Indium trisoxine [alias,
tris(8-quinolinolato)indium] [0076] CO-6: Aluminum
tris(5-methyloxine) [alias, tris(5-methyl-8-quinolinolato)
aluminum(III)] [0077] CO-7: Lithium oxine [alias,
(8-quinolinolato)lithium(I)] [0078] CO-8: Gallium oxine [alias,
tris(8-quinolinolato)gallium(III)] [0079] CO-9: Zirconium oxine
[alias, tetra(8-quinolinolato)zirconium(IV)]
[0080] Other classes of useful host materials include, but are not
limited to: derivatives of anthracene, such as
9,10-di-(2-naphthyl)anthracene and derivatives thereof,
distyrylarylene derivatives as described in U.S. Pat. No.
5,121,029, and benzazole derivatives, for example,
2,2',2''-(1,3,5-phenylene)tris[1-phenyl-1H-benzimidazole].
[0081] Useful fluorescent dopants include, but are not limited to,
derivatives of anthracene, tetracene, xanthene, perylene, rubrene,
coumarin, rhodamine, quinacridone, dicyanomethylenepyran compounds,
thiopyran compounds, polymethine compounds, pyrilium and
thiapyrilium compounds, fluorene derivatives, periflanthene
derivatives and carbostyryl compounds.
[0082] Preferred thin film-forming materials for use in forming the
electron-transporting layer 32 of the organic EL elements of this
invention are metal chelated oxinoid compounds, including chelates
of oxine itself (also commonly referred to as 8-quinolinol or
8-hydroxyquinoline). Such compounds help to inject and transport
electrons, exhibit high levels of performance, and are readily
fabricated in the form of thin films. Exemplary oxinoid compounds
were listed previously.
[0083] Other electron-transporting materials include various
butadiene derivatives as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,356,429 and
various heterocyclic optical brighteners as described in U.S. Pat.
No. 4,539,507. Benzazoles and triazines are also useful
electron-transporting materials.
[0084] In some instances, layers 32 and 34 can optionally be
collapsed into a single layer that serves the function of
supporting both light emission and electron transport. These layers
can be collapsed in both small molecule OLED systems and in
polymeric OLED systems. For example, in polymeric systems, it is
common to employ a hole-transporting layer such as PEDOT-PSS with a
polymeric light-emitting layer such as PPV. In this system, PPV
serves the function of supporting both light emission and electron
transport.
[0085] When light emission is viewed solely through the anode, the
cathode 40 used in this invention can be comprised of nearly any
conductive material. Desirable materials have good film-forming
properties to ensure good contact with the underlying organic
layer, promote electron injection at low voltage, and have good
stability. Useful cathode materials often contain a low work
function metal (<4.0 eV) or metal alloy. One preferred cathode
material is comprised of a Mg:Ag alloy wherein the percentage of
silver is in the range of 1 to 20%, as described in U.S. Pat. No.
4,885,221. Another suitable class of cathode materials includes
bilayers comprising a thin electron-injection layer (EIL) in
contact with the organic layer (e.g., ETL) which is capped with a
thicker layer of a conductive metal. Here, the EIL preferably
includes a low work function metal or metal salt, and if so, the
thicker capping layer does not need to have a low work function.
One such cathode is comprised of a thin layer of LiF followed by a
thicker layer of Al as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,677,572. Other
useful cathode material sets include, but are not limited to, those
disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,059,861; 5,059,862, and
6,140,763.
[0086] When light emission is viewed through the cathode, the
cathode must be transparent or nearly transparent. For such
applications, metals must be thin or one must use transparent
conductive oxides, or a combination of these materials. Optically
transparent cathodes have been described in more detail in the
following. patents: U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,885,211, 5,247,190, 5,703,436,
5,608,287, 5,837,391, 5,677,572, 5,776,622, 5,776,623, 5,714,838,
5,969,474, 5,739,545, 5,981,306, 6,137,223, 6,140,763, 6,172,459,
EP 1 076 368, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,278,236. Cathode materials are
typically deposited by evaporation, sputtering, or chemical vapor
deposition. When needed, patterning can be achieved through many
well known methods including, but not limited to, through-mask
deposition, integral shadow masking as described in U.S. Pat. No.
5,276,380 and EP 0 732 868, laser ablation, and selective chemical
vapor deposition.
[0087] The organic materials mentioned above are suitably deposited
through a vapor-phase method such as sublimation, but can be
deposited from a fluid, for example, from a solvent with an
optional binder to improve film formation. If the material is a
polymer, solvent deposition is useful but other methods can be
used, such as sputtering or thermal transfer from a donor sheet.
The material to be deposited by sublimation can be vaporized from a
sublimator "boat" often comprised of a tantalum material, e.g., as
described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,237,529, or can be first coated onto a
donor sheet and then sublimed in closer proximity to the substrate.
Layers with a mixture of materials can utilize separate sublimator
boats or the materials can be pre-mixed and coated from a single
boat or donor sheet. Patterned deposition can be achieved using
shadow masks, integral shadow masks (U.S. Pat. No. 5,294,870),
spatially-defined thermal dye transfer from a donor sheet (U.S.
Pat. Nos. 5,851,709 and 6,066,357) and inkjet method (U.S. Pat. No.
6,066,357).
[0088] Most OLED devices are sensitive to moisture or oxygen, or
both, so they are commonly sealed in an inert atmosphere such as
nitrogen or argon, along with a desiccant such as alumina, bauxite,
calcium sulfate, clays, silica gel, zeolites, alkaline metal
oxides, alkaline earth metal oxides, sulfates, or metal halides and
perchlorates. Methods for encapsulation and desiccation include,
but are not limited to, those described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,226,890.
In addition, barrier layers such as SiOx, Teflon, and alternating
inorganic/polymeric layers are known in the art for
encapsulation.
[0089] OLED devices of this invention can employ various well-known
optical effects in order to enhance its properties if desired. This
includes optimizing layer thicknesses to yield maximum light
transmission, providing dielectric mirror structures, replacing
reflective electrodes with light-absorbing electrodes, or providing
colored, neutral density, or color conversion filters over the
display.
[0090] To achieve circular polarization of the light that is
emitted from the OLED display, it is first necessary to achieve
linearly polarized light. In this display device, the light may
become linearly polarized by passing the light through a coating
that acts as a quarter-wave plate to linearly polarize the light.
This layer is referred to as the linear polarizing layer 14. This
layer will generally be deposited as a single coating layer across
the entire surface of the display and can be composed of any
material that provides linear polarization.
[0091] Alternatively to providing a linear polarizing layer in an
OLED display, the OLED materials may be deposited such that the
light emitting molecules are aligned to emit linear polarized
light. This may be achieved by applying the method described in
U.S. Pat. No. 6,485,884 or any other acceptable method.
[0092] The linear polarized light is circularly polarized by
passing it through a half wave plate. This circular polarizing
layer 16 will also normally be deposited as a sheet across the
monochrome display device but may also be deposited in columns or
in a two-dimensional array across the display device. This circular
polarizer will ideally be achromatic, allowing similar performance
for all wavelengths within the visible spectrum, however, since
these layers are typically not achromatic, the center wavelength of
this material will be matched to the color of the light emitting
element(s) of the display that this material covers. As will be
discussed in more detail later, when covering a full color display,
this layer may be formed from columns or other patterns of
different materials with different center wavelengths where the
wavelength of the material is matched to the emission of the light
emitting element(s) that it covers.
[0093] The first conductive layer 18 and the second conductive
layer 22 should be transparent or substantially transparent to the
emission of interest. Common transparent anode materials used in
this invention are indium-tin oxide (ITO), indium-zinc oxide (IZO)
and tin oxide, but other metal oxides can work including, but not
limited to, aluminum-or indium-doped zinc oxide, magnesium-indium
oxide, and nickel-tungsten oxide. In addition to these oxides,
metal nitrides, such as gallium nitride, and metal selenides, such
as zinc selenide, and metal sulfides, such as zinc sulfide, can be
used as the anode. Desired anode materials are commonly deposited
by any suitable means such as evaporation, sputtering, chemical
vapor deposition, or coating.
[0094] One or more of these layers will ideally be patterned into
segments wherein each segment covers a subset of the pixels in the
display. Ideally, each segment will cover a column of light
emitting elements in the display. However, it may cover any
individual light emitting element or some arrangement of a number
of light emitting elements on the display device.
[0095] The switchable half-wave plate 20 may be provided by any
material that is capable of switching the direction of polarization
of the circularly polarized light. Such a switchable layer may be
provided by liquid crystal materials. These materials may include
bi-stable cholesteric, neumatic, and ferroelectric liquid
chrystalized materials that are capable of changing the handedness
of the polarization of the circularly polarized light. This
waveplate will ideally be achromatic, allowing similar performance
for all wavelengths within the visible spectrum. However, since the
many of the materials available to create this layer are not
achromatic, the center wavelength of this material will be matched
to the color of the light emitting element(s) of the display that
this material covers. As will be discussed in more detail later,
when covering a full color display, this layer may be formed from
columns or other patterns of different materials with different
center wavelengths where the wavelength of the material is matched
to the emission of the light emitting element(s) that it covers.
This material layer, as well as the conductive layers, may be
patterned such that each column or other arrangement of light
emitting elements 12 in the display device 10 emit light through a
column of the switchable half-wave plate 20.
[0096] The dielectric layer 22 will provide electrical isolation
between the segments of the patterned conductive layers and the
front surface of the device. This dielectric layer can be formed as
a sheet over the front of the device.
[0097] The protective layer 24 will be any layer that will provides
protection to the materials in the stack between the display OLED
display device and the front of the display materials. This
protective layer will typically be a durable coating such as PET
which provides mechanical stabilization of the materials.
[0098] The anti-glare layer 26 may be any material that reduces
glare from incident light from being reflected from the front
surfaces of the display device stack. This layer may also be a
surface treatment that is applied to the protective layer to
produce diffuse reflection of highly specular beams of incident
light.
[0099] Within the preferred embodiment of this invention, the
display device 10 and the switchable half wave plate 20 are driven
synchronously. To display a stereoscopic image the handedness of
the polarization of light emitted by a column of the light emitting
elements within the display device may be changed at the same time
new data is clocked into a column of the light emitting elements.
Under ideal conditions, the light emitting elements would be
switched to produce no light emission, the handedness of the
polarization of the half wave plate will be changed and the column
of light emitting elements would be switched to produce light
emission for the next frame of data. This allows time for the
handedness of the polarization of the half wave plate to be
switched before the next frame of information is displayed on the
light emitting elements. This drive scheme compensates for the fact
that materials used to create a switchable half wave plate are
often composed of large molecules in a liquid or semi-liquid matrix
which require some time to rotate, allowing unpolarized or
incorrectly polarized light to unintentionally "leak" from the
display device. Since the light emitting elements are ideally
composed of OLED or similar materials that have a very fast
response rate, the light emission from these materials can be
switched on or off instanteously, preventing unintentional light to
leak from the display device. Alternatively, the handedness of the
polarization of the half wave plate for a column will can be
changed at the time that data is beginning to be clocked into the
column of light emitting elements.
[0100] The display device of the present invention is employed in a
display system as shown in FIG. 4. The display system is composed
of a image buffer for the left eye image 50, an image buffer for
the right eye image 52, a pixel clock 54 produces a timing signal
to clock the data from the image buffers into drivers that are
integrated in the display device 10. The signal to drive the
handedness of the polarization by changing the electrical signal to
the second conductive layer may be produced by the drivers in the
display. Alternatively, a circuit may be built to determine when
data is to be clocked into a new column of the display and to
change the electrical signal to the second conductive layer 22 in
order to change the handedness of the polarization provided by the
switchable half wave plate 20.
[0101] Using these components, a stereoscopic image is displayed as
shown in FIG. 5. An image to be displayed to the left eye is loaded
60 into the image buffer for the left eye 50 and an image to be
displayed to the right eye is loaded 62 into the image buffer for
the right eye 52. The switchable half wave plate 20 for the first
column of the display device 10 is set 64 to adjust the circular
polarization of the first column is to a first handedness of the
polarization and the first column of data in the image buffer for
the left eye 50, the data is clocked 66 into the first column of
the display device 10. The switchable half wave plate 20 for the
second column of the display is set 68 to adjust the circular
polarization of the second column to a second handedness of the
polarization and the second column of data in the image buffer for
the right eye 52 is then clocked 70 into the second column of the
display device 10. If all of the columns of the display have not
been filled 72 the process is repeated, setting 64 the switchable
half wave plate 20 for each odd column of the display device 10 to
a first handedness of the polarization, clocking 66 each odd
numbered column of data from the image buffer for the left eye 50
into each odd number of the display device 10, setting 68 the
switchable half wave plate 20 for each even column of the display
device to a second handedness of the polarization, and clocking 70
each odd numbered column of data from the image buffer for the
right eye 52 into the even numbered column of the display
device.
[0102] Once each column of the display device 10 has been filled
72, switchable half wave plate 20 for the first column of the
display device 10 is set 74 to adjust the circular polarization of
the first column to the second handedness of the polarization and
the first column of data in the image buffer for the right eye 52
is clocked 76 into the first column of the display device. The
switchable half wave plate 20 for the second column of the display
is set 78 to adjust the circular polarization of the second column
to the first handedness of the polarization and the second column
of data in the image buffer for the left eye 52 is then clocked 80
into the second column of the display device 10. If all of the
columns of the display have not been filled 82 the process is
repeated, setting 74 the switchable half wave plate 20 for each odd
column of the display device 10 to the second handedness of the
polarization, clocking 76 each odd numbered column of data from the
image buffer for the right eye 52 into each odd number of the
display device 10, setting 78 the switchable half wave plate 20 for
each even column of the display device to the first handedness of
the polarization, and clocking 80 each odd numbered column of data
from the image buffer for the left eye 50 into the even numbered
column of the display device. Once all of the columns of the
display device have been filled 82 for a second time an update
cycle is completed and, the process is repeated.
[0103] For an observer to see half of the columns of the image in
one eye and the other half in the other eye in order to allow a
stereoscopic image to be displayed, circularly polarized elements
must be placed between the display device 10 and the observers'
eyes. Each of these elements will have opposing polarization.
Therefore, in one cycle, the left eye of the observer will see the
even numbered columns of the display in a single update cycle while
the right eye will see the odd numbered columns of the display. For
this reason, each eye will be presented with an image that has half
the resolution of the display device. However, since the image is
altered during the next update cycle such that the columns that
were not visible in one update cycle are visible during the second
update cycle and these update cycles are typically completed at a
rate of 1/30.sup.th or 1/42.sup.nd of a second the two frames are
integrated as a single image by the human visual system. Therefore,
this display system avoids the perception of flicker and increases
the perceived resolution of the display device 10 in such a way to
take advantage of the spatial-temporal integration properties of
the human eye. Therefore, the human eye will see each of the
columns of pixels as though they are turned on constantly except,
the display will appear only half as bright as it would if the
observer was really able to see every light emitting element at
every moment in time.
[0104] While the display system of the present invention may be
driven using the process shown in FIG. 4 to create a stereoscopic
display system when viewed with a pair of glasses with circularly
polarized elements, this same display device can be driven to allow
a monoscopic image to be viewed when the circular polarized
elements are not placed between the display device 10 and the
observers' eyes. This may be achieved by setting the handedness of
the polarization of every column of the switchable half wave plate
20 to a single handedness of the polarization and displaying an
image from a single image buffer on the display device 10. While
the display device 10 may be switched from stereoscopic to
monoscopic using any switching technology, a sensor, for example an
infrared sensor, may be attached to the display device and
positioned to view an area that is consistent with the user's
typical head position. An illumination source, for example an
infrared light emitting diode, may then be attached to frames of
the passive polarizing glasses that need to be worn by the user to
see a stereoscopic image. The display device may then operate in
stereoscopic mode anytime the infrared light emitting diode is
visible to the illumination source and operate in monoscopic the
infrared light emitting diode is not visible to the infrared
sensor.
[0105] While this embodiment has been described with respect to a
monochrome display, this same structure and drive scheme may be
applied to any monochrome or color display. It should, however, be
noted that while the circular polarizer 16 and the switchable half
wave plate 20 are ideally achromatic, it is known that these layers
may each be constructed from liquid crystal materials which are
typically not achromatic. In fact it is well known that when a
liquid crystal in the "on state" is illuminated with ambient light,
the liquid crystal reflects light that has the same handedness as
the liquid crystal and that is within an intrinsic spectral
bandwidth centered about a single wavelength; some proportion of
all other wavelengths of incident light, and light of opposite
handedness of the polarization, is transmitted through the liquid
crystal. Therefore, if the same liquid crystal material is used to
polarize the light from light emitting elements with different
spectral emission peaks, and therefore different colors, the
display will be more efficient in transmitting the light from some
light emitting elements than from others. Further, the liquid
crystal layers will introduce a color shift that is dependent upon
drive level of the individual light emitting elements. Since the
color science that is embedded in most electronic displays, assume
that the color of the display system can be modeled as an additive
system in which the color of the individual light emitting elements
does not change as a function of drive level, to create a display
system that is calorimetrically accurate one would have to develop
specialized and significantly more complex image processing to
correct for this display artifact.
[0106] It is also known, however, that by varying the proportion of
chiral compound present in the liquid crystal, selective reflection
of the liquid crystal can be achieved for any wavelength within the
infrared and color spectrums. Therefore, a color display may be
formed as shown in FIG. 6a and 6b. FIG. 6a shows the top view of a
color display device 100 that is composed of a two-dimensional
array of pixels 102. Each pixel is typically composed of a red
light emitting element 104, a green light emitting element 106, and
a blue light emitting element 108. As shown in this figure, the
color display device 100 may be constructed using a stripe
arrangement of red 104, green 106, and blue 108 light emitting
elements in which each column of the display device contains light
emitting elements of a single color. As shown earlier in FIG. 2, a
linear polarizing layer 14 is optionally applied over the light
emitting elements. FIG. 6b shows a horizontal cross section of the
display device depicted in FIG. 6a. Note that in this display
device the circular polarizer and the switchable half wave plate
for the red, green, and blue light emitting elements are each
patterned from three different materials, each of which has an
intrinsic spectral bandwidth that is centered near the peak of the
underlying red, green, or blue light emitting element. Therefore,
the intrinsic spectral bandwidth of the materials used to form the
circular polarizer 112 and switchable half wave plate 114 over the
blue light emitting element 108 has a centered at a lower
wavelength than the circular polarizer 116 and switchable half wave
plate 118 that is pattered over the green light emitting element
106. Further, the intrinsic spectral bandwidth of the materials
used to form the circular polarizer 116 and switchable half wave
plate 118 over the green light emitting element 106 is centered at
a lower wavelength than the circular polarizer 120 and switchable
half wave plate 122 that is pattered over the red light emitting
element 104. The first electrical conductive layer 18 and second
conductive layer 22 and other components are as shown in FIG.
2.
[0107] As discussed for the monochrome display, to create a
stereoscopic display device when viewed through appropriate
elements, every other pixel may be given a different handedness of
the polarization from each other and this handedness of the
polarization may be switched in each update cycle. However, the
spatial frequency of the signal may be increased even further if
every other column of light emitting elements are given a different
handedness of the polarization, which is then reversed at each
update cycle. As discussed earlier, the data input to the display
device must be configured to provide right eye information when the
handedness of polarization is such that it allows light to pass to
the right eye of the observer and provides left eye information
when the handedness of the polarization is such that it allows
light to pass to the left eye of the observer. Also, this display
device may be switched to a monoscopic display device by making the
handedness of the polarization of each light emitting element the
same across the entire display device.
[0108] It will further be recognized that while the color display
device may be constructed with columns of circular polarizers
and/or switchable half wave plates, individual circular polarizers
and switchable half wave plates may be pattered over rows of light
emitting elements, individual light emitting elements or any
alternative, arrangement of light emitting element(s) that form a
spatial pattern in the display device. When patterned in this way,
the handedness of the polarization may be switched using any
spatial arrangement. For example, the light emitting elements maybe
addressed such that a checkerboard pattern of light emitting
elements have one handedness of polarization and the remaining
light emitting elements have a second handedness of
polarization.
[0109] While the display device shown in FIG. 6a and FIG. 6b has
red, green, and blue light emitting elements, the light emitting
elements may be of other colors; including the secondary colors
(e.g., yellow, cyan, magenta), white, etc. In some applications it
may be advantageous to have light emitting elements that emit
outside the visible spectrum, for example in the infrared spectral
region. While red, green, and blue light emitting elements will
typically have a peak emission near a single wavelength, secondary
and other colors will typically have a spectrum that includes
multiple spectral peaks at different parts of the visible spectrum.
To insure that such light emitting elements will be polarized
appropriately, the circular polarizing layer and/or the switchable
half wave plate may be each be composed of multiple layers; each
layer having a center wavelength that is matched to the peaks in
the spectral emission of the light emitting elements. These layers
will ideally be ordered such that the layers closest to the
observer will have center frequencies that match the peaks that
make the largest contribution to the luminance of the light
emitting element.
[0110] While the use of high frequency segments may be employed to
reduce the refresh rate required to avoid the perception of
flicker; the user's sensitivity to flicker can be reduced further
by only updating low luminance colors within each update cycle.
Therefore, the required refresh rate can be further reduced by
creating a color OLED display wherein each pixel has four light
emitting elements where in two of the four light emitting elements
have the same color. One of these two light emitting elements is
used to display the appropriate colored light emitting element for
the left eye while the other light emitting element is used to
display the appropriate colored light emitting element for the
right eye. These light emitting elements are not refreshed as
described in FIG. 5 but display the appropriate information from
each image buffer. Simultaneously, the remaining light emitting
elements can be updated using the process discussed in FIG. 5.
Since the contrast between states creates the perception of
flicker, the fact that one colored pixel is not altered frame to
frame further reduces the perception of flicker and the required
update rate. To minimize the required update rate, the light
emitting element that contributes the most to the luminance of the
pixel should be consistent frame to frame.
[0111] The invention has been described with reference to a
preferred embodiment. However, it will be appreciated that
variations and modifications can be effected by a person of
ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope of the
invention. [0112] 2 spatial-temporal tradeoff function [0113] 10
display device [0114] 12 light emitting element [0115] 14 linear
polarizer [0116] 16 circular polarizer [0117] 18 first electrical
conductive layer [0118] 20 switchable half wave plate [0119] 22
second electrical conductive layer [0120] 24 dielectric layer
[0121] 26 protective layer [0122] 28 anti-glare coating [0123] 30
cathode layer [0124] 32 electron-transporting layer [0125] 34 light
emitting layer [0126] 36 hole-transporting layer [0127] 38
hole-injecting layer [0128] 40 anode layer [0129] 42 substrate
[0130] 50 image buffer for the left eye image [0131] 52 image
buffer for the right eye image [0132] 54 pixel clock [0133] 60
loading left eye image step [0134] 62 loading right eye image step
[0135] 64 setting first circular polarization for odd column step
[0136] 66 clock left eye data into odd column step [0137] 68
setting second circular polarization for even column step [0138] 70
clock right eye data into even column step [0139] 72 determining if
display has been filled step [0140] 74 setting second circular
polarization for odd column step [0141] 76 clock right eye data
into odd column step [0142] 78 setting first circular polarization
for even column step [0143] 80 clock left eye data into even column
step [0144] 82 determining if display has been filled step [0145]
100 color display device [0146] 102 pixel [0147] 104 red light
emitting element [0148] 106 green light emitting element [0149] 108
blue light emitting element [0150] 112 circular polarizer for blue
light emitting element [0151] 114 switchable half wave plate for
blue light emitting element [0152] 116 circular polarizer for green
light emitting element [0153] 118 switchable half wave plate for
green light emitting element [0154] 120 circular polarizer for red
light emitting element [0155] 122 switchable half wave plate for
red light emitting element
* * * * *