Codon Optimized Recombinant Dermaphagoides Allergens

Abstract

The present invention relates to codon optimised polynucleotides which are efficiently expressed in mammalian cells and encode insect proteins from Dermaphagoides dust mite. In particular, the optimised codon polynucleotides encode a protein from Dermaphagoides pteronyssinus, such as DerP1 or proDerP1. The present invention also provides methods of preparing pharmaceutical compositions comprising the expression of the codon optimised polynucleotides, and vectors and transformed host cells comprising them.

Description

[0001] This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/297,563 (Allowed) filed 9 Dec. 2002, which is a National Stage Application filed under 35 U.S.C. .sctn.371 of PCT/EP01/06483 filed 7 Jun. 2001.

[0002] The present invention relates to codon optimised polynucleotides which are efficiently expressed in mammalian cells and encode insect proteins from Dermaphagoides dust mite. In particular, the optimised codon polynucleotides encode a protein from Dermaphagoides pteronyssinus, such as DerP1 or proDerP1. The present invention also provides methods of preparing pharmaceutical compositions comprising the expression of the codon optimised polynucleotides, and vectors and transformed host cells comprising them.

[0003] The allergens from the house dust mite Dermatophagoides have long been recognised to be associated with allergic hypersensitivity reactions such as asthma [1]. Amongst these molecules, Der p 1 is an immunodominant allergen which elicits the strongest IgE-mediated immune response [2,3]. The cysteine proteinase activity of Der p 1 was shown to amplify its potent allergenicity [4,5]. The Der p 1 encoding cDNA sequence reveals that, like many mammalian and plant proteinases, Der p 1 is synthesized as an inactive preproenzyme of 320 amino acid residues which is subsequently processed into a 222-amino acid mature form [6,7]. The maturation of ProDer p 1 is not known to date but it is thought that the allergen is processed by the cleavage of the 80-residues proregion.

[0004] Mature Der p 1 was successfully purified from the whole house dust mite culture but with weak overall yield [8]. Recombinant production of allergens represents an efficient way to obtain defined materials with high yields for a variety of experimental procedures such as immunological studies, diagnosis, treatment of IgE-mediated allergic disorders by immunotherapy and understanding structure-function relationships [9]. Previous attempts of Der p 1 expression in bacteria and yeast indicated that the allergen was poorly expressed and mainly under an insoluble form [10-12]. Moreover, recombinant Der p 1 produced in bacteria was shown to have weak IgE binding activity. The recombinant protein expressed in yeast was recognized by specific IgE at, however, a lower level than the natural protein.

[0005] Recombinant DerP1 allergens with reduced enzymatic activity that are encoded by the native non-optimised Dermaphagoides gene are described in WO 99/25823. Other recombinant Dermaphagoides allergens include DerP1 (U.S. Pat. No. 6,077,518), DerPII (U.S. Pat. No. 6,132,734), and DerFI and DerFII (U.S. Pat. No. 5,973,132; U.S. Pat. No. 5,958,415; U.S. Pat. No. 5,876,722).

[0006] It is clearly desirable to enable the efficient expression of recombinant Dermaphagoides allergens for use in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, vaccines or diagnostic assays. It is furthermore desirable for the expression systems to produce recombinant allergen at high levels that is also in the same conformation and immunological properties as native Dermaphagoides allergens.

[0007] The present invention achieves such advantages by providing a polynucleotide sequence which encodes a Dermaphagoides protein, wherein the codon usage pattern of the polynucleotide sequence is altered to resemble that of highly expressed mammalian genes. Accordingly, the cloning and expression of recProDer p 1 has been achieved in Chinese Hamster Ovary cells (CHO) with high efficiency and produces a product which displayed very similar IgE reactivities to native purified DerP1.

[0008] The DNA code has 4 letters (A, T, C and G) and uses these to spell three letter "codons" which represent the amino acids the proteins encoded in an organism's genes. The linear sequence of codons along the DNA molecule is translated into the linear sequence of amino acids in the protein(s) encoded by those genes. The code is highly degenerate, with 61 codons coding for the 20 natural amino acids and 3 codons representing "stop" signals. Thus, most amino acids are coded for by more than one codon--in fact several are coded for by four or more different codons.

[0009] Where more than one codon is available to code for a given amino acid, it has been observed that the codon usage patterns of organisms are highly non-random. Different species show a different bias in their codon selection and, furthermore, utilization of codons may be markedly different in a single species between genes which are expressed at high and low levels. This bias is different in viruses, plants, bacteria, insect and mammalian cells, and some species show a stronger bias away from a random codon selection than others. For example, humans and other mammals are less strongly biased than certain bacteria or viruses. For these reasons, there is a significant probability that a mammalian gene expressed in E. coli or a viral gene expressed in mammalian cells will have an inappropriate distribution of codons for efficient expression. However, a gene with a codon usage pattern suitable for E. coli expression may also be efficiently expressed in humans. It is believed that the presence in a heterologous DNA sequence of clusters of codons which are rarely observed in the host in which expression is to occur, is predictive of low heterologous expression levels in that host.

[0010] There are several examples where changing codons from those which are rare in the host to those which are host-preferred ("codon optimization") has enhanced heterologous expression levels, for example the BPV (bovine papilloma virus) late genes L1 and L2 have been codon optimised for mammalian codon usage patterns and this has been shown to give increased expression levels over the wild-type HPV sequences in mammalian (Cos-1) cell culture (Zhou et. al. J. Virol 1999. 73, 4972-4982). In this work, every BPV codon which occurred more than twice as frequently in BPV than in mammals (ratio of usage >2), and most codons with a usage ratio of >1.5 were conservatively replaced by the preferentially used mammalian codon. In WO97/31115, WO97/48370 and WO98/34640 (Merck & Co., Inc.) codon optimisation of HIV genes or segments thereof has been shown to result in increased protein expression and improved immunogenicity when the codon optimised sequences are used as DNA vaccines in the host mammal for which the optimisation was tailored. In this work, the sequences consist entirely of optimised codons (except where this would introduce an undesired restriction site, intron splice site etc.) because each viral codon is conservatively replaced with the optimal codon for the intended host.

LEGEND TO FIGURES

[0011] FIG. 1. Codon usage of ProDer p 1 and highly expressed human (High) genes.

[0012] Codon usage of a synthetic ProDer p 1 gene (synthetic) after optimisation of codon usage is also represented. Percentage frequencies of individual codons are shown for each corresponding amino acid. The most prevalent codon is shown in bold.

[0013] FIG. 2. PCR synthesis of ProDer p 1 cDNA.

[0014] A set of 14 mutually priming oligonucleotides were used for PCR amplification of a synthetic ProDer p 1 cDNA. After one round of amplification, amplified products were submitted to a second PCR amplification using external primers (primers 1 and 14). Oligonucleotides which served as PCR templates for the synthesis are represented by solid bars. Unique restriction sites into the synthetic Proder p 1 cDNA which were used for the cloning into the eukaryotic pEE 14 expression vector are shown above. After each of the two rounds of PCR amplification, electrophoresis on agarose gel of the amplified fragments are also shown.

[0015] FIG. 3. Expression of synthetic and natural ProDer p 1 in transient transfection assays.

[0016] Supernatants from COS cells transfected with plasmids encoding natural (pNIV 4853) or synthetic ProDer p 1 (pNIV 4846) were assayed for the presence of secreted recProDer p 1 in a Der p 1 ELISA. Supernatant from COS transfected with a plasmid without insert was used as control.

[0017] FIG. 4. Purification of recProDer p 1.

[0018] Purified allergens were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and proteins were detected by Coomassie blue staining (panel A), by immunoblotting with rabbit polyclonal serum raised against Der p 1 peptide 245-267 (panel B). Lane 1: purified recProDer p 1. Lane 2: purified Der p 1

[0019] FIG. 5. Carbohydrate analysis of recProDer p 1.

[0020] Glycosylations of purified allergens were analysed by lectin staining with Galanthus nivalis agglutinin (GNA, Lane 1, 2), Datura stramonium agglutinin (DSA, Lane 3, 4) and Maackia amurensis agglutinin (MAA, Lane 5, 6). Lane 1, 3, 5: purified Der p 1. Lane 2, 4, 6: purified recProDer p 1

[0021] FIG. 6. Immune recognition of recProDer p 1 by monoclonal antibodies directed to Der p 1.

[0022] Reactivity of Der p 1 (.circle-solid.) and recProDer p 1 (.box-solid.) towards monoclonal antibodies was assayed in a two-site ELISA. Both allergens were used at the same concentration which was determined in a total protein assay (MicroBCA, Pierce).

[0023] FIG. 7. Correlation between the IgE reactivity of recProDer p 1 and Der p 1.

[0024] Immunoplates were coated with 500 ng/well of purified Der p 1 or recProDer p 1 and incubated with 95 sera (diluted 1:8) radioallergosorbent positive to D. pteronyssinus. Bound IgE was quantitated by incubation with mouse anti-human IgE and alkaline phosphatase-labelled anti-mouse IgG antibodies, followed by an enzymatic assay. Results are expressed as OD.sub.410 nm values.

[0025] FIG. 8. Histamine release activity of recProDer p 1

[0026] Basophils isolated from the peripheral blood of one allergic donor were stimulated with serial dilutions of natural Der p 1 (.lamda.) or recProDer p 1 (.nu.). The histamine released from cells was measured by ELISA. The total amount of histamine in basophils was quantified after cell disruption with the detergent IGEPAL CA-630. Results are shown as the ratio of released histamine by allergens to total histamine.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0027] According to a first aspect, the present invention provides a polynucleotide sequence which encodes a Dermatophagoides mite protein, wherein the codon usage pattern of the polynucleotide sequence resembles that of highly expressed mammalian genes.

[0028] Preferably the polynucleotide sequence is a DNA sequence. Desirably the codon usage pattern of the polynucleotide sequence is typical of highly expressed human genes. Preferably the house dust mite protein in all of the following aspects of the present invention is derived from Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus or Dermatophagoides farinae. Most preferably, the Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus protein is DerP1 or ProDerP1 or DerP2.

[0029] Accordingly there is provided in a first aspect of the present invention, a synthetic gene comprising a plurality of codons together encoding a Dermatophagoides protein; wherein the selection of the possible codons used for encoding the recombinant insect protein amino acid sequence has been changed to closely mimic the optimised mammalian codon usage, such that the frequency of codon usage in the synthetic gene is substantially the same as a mammalian gene which encodes the same protein.

[0030] Preferably in this first aspect, all of the amino acid types present in the protein are optimised such that the codons used to encode that amino acid are used in the same frequency as the known mammalian frequency for that amino acid. In addition, in preferred optimised codon synthetic genes are used in expression systems that have a protein yield which is greater than 20% higher, and more preferably greater than 50% and most preferably more than 100% higher in yield than the amount of protein produced from the same expression system using a non-optimised native gene for that Dermatophagoides protein.

[0031] Alternatively, in a second aspect of the present invention there is provided an isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding an Dermaphagoides protein, characterised in that the codons present in said polynucleotide which are used to encode each amino acid are selected to appear in substantially the same frequency as set forth in table 1. TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Codon usage frequency in mammalian cells Amino Frequency Acid Codon (percentage used) Ala GCG 17 GCA 13 GCT 17 GCC 53 Arg AGG 18 AGA 10 CGG 21 CGA 6 CGT 7 CGC 37 Asn AAT 22 AAC 78 Asp GAT 25 GAC 75 Cys TGT 32 TGC 68 Gln CAG 88 CAA 12 Glu GAG 75 GAA 25 Gly GGG 24 GGA 14 GGT 12 GGC 50 His CAT 21 CAC 79 Ile ATA 5 ATT 18 ATC 77 Leu TTG 6 TTA 2 CTG 58 CTA 3 CTT 5 CTC 26 Lys AAG 82 AAA 18 Phe TTT 20 TTC 80 Pro CCG 17 CCA 16 CCT 19 CCC 48 Ser AGT 10 AGC 34 TCG 9 TCA 5 TCT 13 TCC 28 Thr ACG 15 ACA 14 ACT 14 ACC 57 Tyr TAT 26 TAC 74 Val GTG 64 GTA 5 GTT 7 GTC 25

[0032] In this context, the meaning of "substantially" is intended to mean that the percentage usage of a particular codon is the figure as appearing in the table .+-.20%, more preferably .+-.15%, more preferably .+-.10%, and ideally .+-.5%.

[0033] Alternatively, in a third aspect of the present invention there is provided, a synthetic gene comprising a plurality of codons together encoding a Dermatophagoides; protein, characterised in that each type of amino acid type has a .chi..sup.2 value which is not significantly different, at a confidence interval of between 80-99%, to the corresponding .chi..sup.2 value of that same amino acid type as found in a theoretical mammalian gene; said .chi..sup.2 value being calculated using the following formula: .chi. k 2 = ( x ij - x j / n ) 2 ( x j / n ) ##EQU1##

[0034] wherein x.sub.ij is the number of codons of type j in sequence i, n is the total number of codons for a particular amino acid k in the sequence, and x.sub.j is the total number of codons of type j in the 2 sequences. The degrees of freedom of the variable is equal to the number of different possible codons minus 1.

[0035] Along these same lines, the present invention can also be expressed as providing a synthetic gene comprising a plurality of codons together encoding a Dermatophagoides protein; characterised in that between 60-100% of the different types of amino acids present in the synthetic gene are optimised, characterised in that an amino acid type is considered to be optimised if its .chi..sup.2 value in the synthetic gene is less that the Limit .chi..sup.2 value for significance (5%), for that particular amino acid as defined in the following table: TABLE-US-00002 Amino Acid Limit .chi..sup.2 value for significance (5%) Ala 7.81 Cys 3.84 Asp 3.84 Glu 3.84 Phe 3.84 Gly 7.81 His 3.84 Ile 5.99 Lys 3.84 Leu 11.1 Asn 3.84 Pro 7.81 Gln 3.84 Arg 11.1 Ser 11.1 Thr 7.81 Val 7.81 Tyr 3.84

said .chi..sup.2 value being calculated using the following formula: .chi. k 2 = ( x ij - x j / n ) 2 ( x j / n ) ##EQU2##

[0036] wherein x.sub.ij is the number of codons of type j in sequence i, n is the total number of codons for a particular amino acid k in the sequence, and x.sub.j is the total number of codons of type j in the 2 sequences. The degrees of freedom of the variable is equal to the number of different possible codons minus 1. Preferably, more than 70% of the amino acids are optimised, more preferably more than 80% are optimised and most preferably greater than 90% of the codons are optimised.

[0037] Surprisingly such optimised Dermatophagoides genes express very well in mammalian cells such as CHO cells, but also express very well in yeast cells despite the different codon usage of yeast.

[0038] The present invention also provides an expression vector is provided which comprises, and is capable of directing the expression of, a polynucleotide sequence according to the first to third aspects of the invention, encoding a Dermatophagoides amino acid sequence wherein the codon usage pattern of the polynucleotide sequence is typical of highly expressed mammalian genes, preferably highly expressed human genes. The vector may be suitable for driving expression of heterologous DNA in bacterial insect or mammalian cells, particularly human cells.

[0039] Host cells comprising a polynucleotide sequence according to the first aspect of the invention, or an expression vector according the second aspect, is provided. The host cell may be bacterial, e.g. E. coli; mammalian, e.g. human; or may be an insect cell. Mammalian cells comprising a vector according to the present invention may be cultured cells transfected in vitro or may be transfected in vivo by administration of the vector to the mammal.

[0040] Pharmaceutical compositions comprising a recombinant Dermatophagoides protein expressed by the polynucleotides of the present invention, or the codon optimised polynucleotide sequences are also provided.

[0041] Preferably the pharmaceutical compositions comprises a DNA vector according to the second aspect of the present invention. In preferred embodiments the composition comprises a plurality of particles, preferably gold particles, coated with DNA comprising a vector encoding a polynucleotide sequence which encodes a Dermatophagoides amino acid sequence, wherein the codon usage pattern of the polynucleotide sequence is typical of highly expressed mammalian genes, particularly human genes. In alternative embodiments, the composition comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and a DNA vector according to the second aspect of the present invention. The composition may also include an adjuvant.

[0042] In a further aspect, the present invention provides a method of making a pharmaceutical composition including the step of altering the codon usage pattern of a wild-type Dermatophagoides nucleotide sequence, or creating a polynucleotide sequence synthetically, to produce a sequence having a codon usage pattern typical of highly expressed mammalian genes and encoding a wild-type Dermatophagoides amino acid sequence or a mutated Dermatophagoides amino acid sequence comprising the wild-type sequence with amino acid changes sufficient to inactivate one or more of the natural functions of the polypeptide. The method further comprising the expression of the synthetic polynucleotide sequence in a mammalian host cell, purification of the expressed recombinant protein, and formulation with pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.

[0043] Methods of preparing a vaccine are provided when the pharmaceutically acceptable excipients comprises an adjuvant. Adjuvants are well known in the art (Vaccine Design--The Subunit and Adjuvant Approach, 1995, Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Volume 6, Eds. Powell, M. F., and Newman, M. J., Plenum Press, New York and London, ISBN 0-306-44867-X).

[0044] Codon usage patterns for mammals, including humans can be found in the literature (see e.g. Nakamura et. al. Nucleic Acids Research 1996, 24:214-215).

[0045] The polynucleotides according to the invention have utility in the production by expression of the encoded proteins, which expression may take place in vitro, in vivo or ex vivo. The nucleotides may therefore be involved in recombinant protein synthesis, for example to increase yields, or indeed may find use as therapeutic agents in their own right, utilised in DNA vaccination techniques. Where the polynucleotides of the present invention are used in the production of the encoded proteins in vitro or ex vivo, cells, for example in cell culture, will be modified to include the polynucleotide to be expressed. Such cells include transient, or preferably stable mammalian cell lines. Particular examples of cells which may be modified by insertion of vectors encoding for a polypeptide according to the invention include mammalian HEK293T, CHO, HeLa, 293 and COS cells. Preferably the cell line selected will be one which is not only stable, but also allows for mature glycosylation and cell surface expression of a polypeptide. Expression may be achieved in transformed oocytes. A polypeptide may be expressed from a polynucleotide of the present invention, in cells of a transgenic non-human animal, preferably a mouse. A transgenic non-human animal expressing a polypeptide from a polynucleotide of the invention is included within the scope of the invention.

[0046] Where the polynucleotides of the present invention find use as therapeutic agents, e.g. in DNA vaccination, the nucleic acid will be administered to the mammal e.g. human to be vaccinated. The nucleic acid, such as RNA or DNA, preferably DNA, is provided in the form of a vector, such as those described above, which may be expressed in the cells of the mammal. The polynucleotides may be administered by any available technique. For example, the nucleic acid may be introduced by needle injection, preferably intradermally, subcutaneously or intramuscularly. Alternatively, the nucleic acid may be delivered directly into the skin using a nucleic acid delivery device such as particle-mediated DNA delivery (PMDD). In this method, inert particles (such as gold beads) are coated with a nucleic acid, and are accelerated at speeds sufficient to enable them to penetrate a surface of a recipient (e.g. skin), for example by means of discharge under high pressure from a projecting device. (Particles coated with a nucleic acid molecule of the present invention are within the scope of the present invention, as are delivery devices loaded with such particles).

[0047] Suitable techniques for introducing the naked polynucleotide or vector into a patient include topical application with an appropriate vehicle. The nucleic acid may be administered topically to the skin, or to mucosal surfaces for example by intranasal, oral, intravaginal or intrarectal administration. The naked polynucleotide or vector may be present together with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, such as phosphate buffered saline (PBS). DNA uptake may be further facilitated by use of facilitating agents such as bupivacaine, either separately or included in the DNA formulation. Other methods of administering the nucleic acid directly to a recipient include ultrasound, electrical stimulation, electroporation and microseeding which is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,697,901.

[0048] Uptake of nucleic acid constructs may be enhanced by several known transfection techniques, for example those including the use of transfection agents. Examples of these agents includes cationic agents, for example, calcium phosphate and DEAE-Dextran and lipofectants, for example, lipofectam and transfectam. The dosage of the nucleic acid to be administered can be altered. Typically the nucleic acid is administered in an amount in the range of 1 pg to 1 mg, preferably 1 pg to 10 .mu.g nucleic acid for particle mediated gene delivery and 10 .mu.g to 1 mg for other routes.

[0049] A nucleic acid sequence of the present invention may also be administered by means of specialised delivery vectors useful in gene therapy. Gene therapy approaches are discussed for example by Verme et al, Nature 1997, 389:239-242. Both viral and non-viral vector systems can be used. Viral based systems include retroviral, lentiviral, adenoviral, adeno-associated viral, herpes viral, Canarypox and vaccinia-viral based systems. Non-viral based systems include direct administration of nucleic acids, microsphere encapsulation technology (poly(lactide-co-glycolide) and, liposome-based systems. Viral and non-viral delivery systems may be combined where it is desirable to provide booster injections after an initial vaccination, for example an initial "prime" DNA vaccination using a non-viral vector such as a plasmid followed by one or more "boost" vaccinations using a viral vector or non-viral based system.

[0050] A nucleic acid sequence of the present invention may also be administered by means of transformed cells. Such cells include cells harvested from a subject. The naked polynucleotide or vector of the present invention can be introduced into such cells in vitro and the transformed cells can later be returned to the subject. The polynucleotide of the invention may integrate into nucleic acid already present in a cell by homologous recombination events. A transformed cell may, if desired, be grown up in vitro and one or more of the resultant cells may be used in the present invention. Cells can be provided at an appropriate site in a patient by known surgical or microsurgical techniques (e.g. grafting, micro-injection, etc.)

[0051] The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may include adjuvant compounds, or other substances which may serve to increase the immune response induced by the protein which is encoded by the DNA. These may be encoded by the DNA, either separately from or as a fusion with the antigen, or may be included as non-DNA elements of the formulation. Examples of adjuvant-type substances which may be included in the formulations of the present invention include ubiquitin, lysosomal associated membrane protein (LAMP), hepatitis B virus core antigen, FLT3-ligand (a cytokine important in the generation of professional antigen presenting cells, particularly dentritic cells) and other cytokines such as IFN-.gamma. and GMCSF.

[0052] Examples of other mite allergens that may be codon optimised according to the methods of the present invention are DerF3 and DP15. DerF3 is a serine protease from Dermatophagoides farinae (accession D63858NID/g1311456). DP15 is major allergen p Dp 15=glutathione S-transferase homolog from Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (accession S75286/g807137).

[0053] The codon usage pattern of DerF3 and DP15 are shown in the following table: TABLE-US-00003 .chi..sup.2 value of .chi..sup.2 value of native Limit .chi..sup.2 value for native DerF3 DP15 significance (5%) Ala 10.6 3.4 7.81 Cys 4.7 0.5 3.84 Asp 17.5 8.0 3.84 Glu 11.5 8.2 3.84 Phe 4 4.7 3.84 Gly 25.7 11.3 7.81 His 9.6 3.0 3.84 Ile 16.0 8.9 5.99 Lys 14.6 10.2 3.84 Leu 22.4 12.7 11.1 Asn 9.9 15.2 3.84 Pro 9.4 6.3 7.81 Gln 16.1 10.9 3.84 Arg 12 13.7 11.1 Ser 21.1 4.3 11.1 Thr 7.3 3.0 7.81 Val 19 5.9 7.81 Tyr 9.2 12.7 3.84

Values in bold are statistically significant (amino acids that are not codon optimised)

[0054] Optimised genes may be designed using a Visual Basic program called Calcgene, written by R. S. Hale and G Thompson (Protein Expression and Purification Vol. 12 pp. 185-188 (1998)). For each amino acid residue in the original sequence, a codon was assigned based on the probability of it appearing in highly expressed mammalian or human genes. Details of the program, which works under Microsoft Windows 3.1, can be obtained from the authors. In this article, certain rare codons were excluded from the optimisation process to obviate the possibility of generating clusters of rare codons together which would otherwise prejudice the efficient expression of the gene. In the context of this invention, therefore, either the man skilled in the art can visually check the sequence of the polynucleotide to verify that no clusters of rare codons were present in the optimised gene, or alternatively, one or more rare codons may be excluded from the optimisation process.

REFERENCES

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[0086] The present invention is exemplified but not limited to the following examples.

EXAMPLE 1, EXPRESSION OF RecProDerP1 IN COS AND CHO CELLS

Construction of ProDer p 1 Synthetic Gene

[0087] A "humanized" ProDer p 1 gene was synthesized using a set of 14 partially overlapping oligonucleotides. These primers were designed, based on the codon usage of highly expressed human genes, and produced by an 394 DNA/RNA Applied Biosystem synthetizer The degenerately encoded amino acids were not encoded by the most prevalent codons but taking the frequencies of the individual codons into account. For example, histidine residue is encoded by CAC or CAT with a respective frequency of 79% and 21% in highly expressed human genes. Consequently, we attempted to follow the same codon frequency instead of selecting only the CAC codon for each histidine residue in the synthetic ProDer p 1. The native Der p 1 signal sequence was exchanged with the highly efficient leader peptide of the VZV glycoprotein E (gE) to facilitate secretion. The oligonucleotides were the following: TABLE-US-00004 .sup.5'GAAGCTTCGGGCGAATTGCGTGGTTTTAAGTGACT SEQ ID NO. 1 ATATTCGAGGGTCGCCTGTAATATGGGGACAGTTAAT AAACCTGTGGGTGGGGGTATTGATGGGGTTCGGAATT ATCACG.sup.3' (oligo 1, coding); .sup.5'GAAGGCTTTCTTGTATTCCTCGAAGGTCTTAATGG SEQ ID NO. 2 AGCTCGGCCGTGCTCTGACCGGATTCGTTATACGC A AGGTACCCGTGATAATTCCGAACCC.sup.3' (oligo 2, non coding); .sup.5'GGAATACAAGAAAGCCTTCAACAAGAGCTATGCCA SEQ ID NO. 3 CCTTCGAGGACGAGGAGGCCGCGCGCAAGAACTTCCT GGAAAGCGTGAAATACGTGCAGAGC.sup.3' (oligo 3, coding); .sup.5'GTCTTAAGGTGTTCGAAAGCCTCGGCGCTCATCAG SEQ ID NO. 4 GAACCGGTTCTTGAACTCGTCTAAAGACAGGTCGGAC AGGTGATTTATAGCCCCGCCGTTGCTCTGCACGTATT TCAC.sup.3' (oligo 4, non coding); .sup.5'CTTTCGAACACCTTAAGACCCAGTTTGATCTCAAC SEQ ID NO. 5 GCGGAGACCAACGCCTGCAGTATCAACGG CAATGCC CCCGCTGAGATTGATCTGCGCC.sup.3' (oligo 5, coding); .sup.5'GACTCTGTCGCGGCCACGCCTGAAAAGGCCCAACA SEQ ID NO. 6 CCGACCCGCAGCCGCCTTGCATGCGGATGGGAGTCAC GGTCCTCATCTGGCGCAGATCAATCTCAG.sup.3' (oligo 6, non coding); .sup.5'GTGGCCGCGACAGAGTCGGCATACCTCGCGTATCG SEQ ID NO. 7 GAATCAGAGCCTGGACCTCGCTGAGCAGGAGCTCGTT GACTGCGCCTCCCAAC ACGG.sup.3' (oligo 7, coding); .sup.5'GCTACGTATCGGTAATAGCTTTCCTGCACGACGCC SEQ ID NO. 8 ATTATGCTGGATGTATTCGATACCTCTGGGAATCGTA TCCCCATGACATCCGTGTTGGGAGGCGC.sup.3' (oligo 8, non coding); .sup.5'GCTATTACCGATACGTAGCTAGGGAGCAGTCCTGC SEQ ID NO. 9 CGCCGTCCTAACGCACAGCGCTTCG GCATTTCCAAT TATTGCCAGATCTACC.sup.3' (oligo 9, coding); .sup.5'CCTTGATTCCGATGATGACAGCGATGGCGCTGTGC SEQ ID NO. 10 GTCTGCGCCAGGGCCTCCCTGATCTTGTTGGCATTAG GGGGGTAGATCTGGCAATAATTG.sup.3' (oligo 10, non coding); .sup.5'GTCATCATCGGAATCAAGGATCTGGACGCATTCCG SEQ ID NO. 11 GCACTATGACGGGCGCACAATCATCCAGCGCGACAAC GGATATCAGCCAAACTACC.sup.3' (oligo 11, coding); .sup.5'GTAGTCCACCCCCTGGGCGTTCGAGTAACCCACGA SEQ ID NO. 12 TGTTGACCGCGTGGTAGTTTGGCTGATATCC.sup.3' (oligo 12, non coding); .sup.5'CCAGGGGGTGGACTACTGGATCGTGAGAAACAGTT SEQ ID NO. 13 GGGACACTAACTGGGGCGACAACGGCTACGGCTACTT CGCCGCCAAC.sup.3' (oligo 13, coding); .sup.5'GCTCTAGACTCGAGGGATCCTTACAGGATCACCAC SEQ ID NO. 14 GTACGGGTACTCCTCGATCATCATCAGGTCGATGTTG GCGGCGAAGTAGC.sup.3' (oligo 14, non coding).

[0088] The oligonucleotides were incubated together for the amplification of a synthetic ProDer p 1 gene in a PCR reaction. Typically, PCR was conducted using High Fidelity Polymerase (Boehringer) with the following conditions: 30 cycles, denaturation at 94.degree. C. for 30 s, annealing at 50.degree. C. for 30 s and elongation at 72.degree. C. for 30 s. The generated products were amplified using the 3' and 5' terminal primers (oligo 1 and 14) in the same conditions. The resulting 1080 bp fragment was cloned into a pCRII-TOPO cloning vector (Invitrogen). The resulting plasmid pNIV4845 was used to transform the E. coli strain TOP 10 (Invitrogen).

[0089] The sequences of the natural and codon-optimised genes, together with the encoded amino acid sequence are listed below and are SEQ ID NO.s 15, 16, and 17 respectively. The sequences encode the full ProDerP1, and the nucleic acid or amino acid which is underlined indicates the start of the mature DerP1 sequence resulting from the cleavage of the Pro region. TABLE-US-00005 SEQ ID NO. 15, Natural gene CGTCCATCATCGATCAAAACTTTTGAAGAATACAAAAAAGCCTTCAACAA AAGTTATGCTACCTTCGAAGATGAAGAAGCTGCCCGTAAAAACTTTTTGG AATCAGTAAAATATGTTCAATCAAATGGAGGTGCCATCAACCATTTGTCC GATTTGTCGTTGGATGAATTCAAAAACCGATTTTTGATGAGTGCAGAAGC TTTTGAACACCTCAAAACTCAATTCGATTTGAATGCTGAAACTAACGCCT GCAGTATCAATGGAAATGCTCCAGCTGAAATCGATTTGCGACAAATGCGA ACTGTCACTCCCATTCGTATGCAAGGAGGCTGTGGTTCATGTTGGGCTTT CTCTGGTGTTGCCGCAACTGAATCAGCTTATTTGGCTTACCGTAATCAAT CATTGGATCTTGCTGAACAAGAATTAGTCGATTGTGCTTCCCAACACGGT TGTCATGGTGATACCATTCCACGTGGTATTGAATACATCCAACATAATGG TGTCGTCCAAGAAAGCTACTATCGATACGTTGCACGAGAACAATCATGCC GACGACCAAATGCACAACGTTTCGGTATCTCAAACTATTGCCAAATTTAC CCACCAAATGTAAACAAAATTCGTGAAGCTTTGGCTCAAACCCACAGCGC TATTGCCGTCATTATTGGCATCAAAGATTTAGACGCATTCCGTCATTATG ATGGCCGAACAATCATTCAACGCGATAATGGTTACCAACCAAACTATCAC GCTGTCAACATTGTTGGTTACAGTAACGCACAAGGTGTCGATTATTGGAT CGTACGAAACAGTTGGGATACCAATTGGGGTGATAATGGTTACGGTTATT TTGCTGCCAACATCGATTTGATGATGATTGAAGAATATCCATATGTTGTC ATTCTCTAA SEQ ID NO 16, Synthetic gene CGGCCGAGCTCCATTAAGACCTTCGAGGAATACAAGAAAGCCTTCAACAA GAGCTATGCCACCTTCGAGGACGAGGAGGCCGCGCGCAAGAACTTCCTGG AAAGCGTGAAATACGTGCAGAGCAACGGCGGGGCTATAAATCACCTGTCC GACCTGTCTTTAGACGAGTTCAAGAACCGGTTCCTGATGAGCGCCGAGGC TTTCGAACACCTTAAGACCCAGTTTGATCTCAACGCGGAGACCAACGCCT GCAGTATCAACGGCAATGCCCCCGCTGAGATTGATCTGCGCCAGATGAGG ACCGTGACTCCCATCCGCATGCAAGGCGGCTGCGGGTCTTGTTGGGCCTT TTCAGGCGTGGCCGCGACAGAGTCGGCATACCTCGCGTATCGGAATCAGA GCCTGGACCTCGCTGAGCAGGAGCTCGTTGACTGCGCCTCCCAACACGGA TGTCATGGGGATACGATTCCCAGAGGTATCGAATACATCCAGCATAATGG CGTCGTGCAGGAAAGCTATTACCGATACGTAGCTAGGGAGCAGTCCTGCC GCCGTCCTAACGCACAGCGCTTCGGCATTTCCAATTATTGCCAGATCTAC CCCCCTAATGCCAACAAGATCAGGGAGGCCCTGGCGCAGACGCACAGCGC CATCGCTGTCATCATCGGAATCAAGGATCTGGACGCATTCCGGCACTATG ACGGGCGCACAATCATCCAGCGCGACAACGGATATCAGCCAAACTACCAC GCGGTCAACATCGTGGGTTACTCGAACGCCCAGGGGGTGGACTACTGGAT CGTGAGAAACAGTTGGGACACTAACTGGGGCGACAACGGCTACGGCTACT TCGCCGCCAACATCGACCTGATGATGATCGAGGAGTACCCGTACGTGGTG ATCCTGTAA SEQ ID NO. 17, protein sequence RPSSIKTFEEYKKAFNKSYATFEDEEAARKNFLESVKYVQSNGGAINHLS DLSLDEFKNRFLMSAEAFEHLKTQFDLNAETNACSINGNAPAEIDLRQMR TVTPIRMQGGCGSCWAFSGVAATESAYLAYRNQSLDLAEQELVDCASQHG CHGDTIPRGIEYIQHNGVVQESYYRYVAREQSCRRPNAQRFGISNYCQIY PPNANKIREALAQTHSAIAVIIGIKDLDAFRHYDGRTIIQRDNGYQPNYH AVNIVGYSNAQGVDYWIVRNSWDTNWGDNGYGYFAANIDLMMIEEYPYVV IL

Construction of Humanized ProDer p 1 Expression Vector.

[0090] As the sequencing of eight bacterial clones demonstrated some mutations in the synthetic ProDer p 1 gene, the plasmid for stable expression was generated starting from four ProDer p 1 DNA fragments derived from bacterial clones carrying pNIV4845. Clones n.degree.5 and n.degree.20 were respectively submitted to double digestions by HindIII-BssHII and SphI-BglII, to isolate the 228 bp HindIII-BssHII and 272 bp SphI-BglII ProDer p 1 DNA fragments. Clone n.degree.7 was restricted with BssHII-SphI and BglII-XbaI to generate the 239 bp BssHII-SphI and 329 bp BglII-XbaI ProDer p 1 DNA fragments. These fragments were inserted into the HindIII-XbaI cut pEE14 expression vector (Celltech) [16] to give the final plasmid pNIV4846. The correct recombinants were confirmed by DNA sequencing.

Transient Transfections and Selection of RecProDer p 1-Producing Stable CHO-K1 Lines.

[0091] To determine the expression levels of recProDer p 1, COS cells (ATCC) were transiently transfected with 10 .mu.g of pNIV4846 or pNIV4853, a plasmid carrying authentic ProDer p 1 gene, by calcium phosphate coprecipitation. For stable recProDer p 1 expression, CHO-K1 cells (ATCC) were transfected with pNIV4846 plasmid by lipofection. After a 3-weeks 25 .mu.M methionylsulphoximin (MSX, Sigma) selection, one round of gene amplification was carried out with 100 .mu.M MSX.

Expression of the Recombinant Allergen in CHO Cells.

[0092] The best producing recombinant CHO-K1 clone was cultured in cell factories in GMEM medium (Invitrogen) supplemented with 2% fetal calf serum (Gibco). Spent culture medium was harvested every 72 h and stored at -20.degree. C. until purification.

Purification of Natural Der p 1 from Natural Mite Whole Body Extracts.

[0093] Purification of natural Der p 1 from whole mite culture was performed as previously described [13]. Briefly, D. pteronyssinus extracts were submitted to (NH.sub.4).sub.2SO.sub.4 precipitation to 60% saturation. The precipitate, collected by ultracentrifugation and resuspended in PBS containing (NH.sub.4).sub.2SO.sub.4 1M, was applied onto a Resource Phenyl column (Pharmacia) equilibrated in PBS containing (NH.sub.4).sub.2SO.sub.4 1M. Der p 1 was eluted from the column with water. After the pH and conductivity adjustments of the Der p 1-enriched fractions, the pool was applied onto a Q sepharose fast flow column (Pharmacia) equilibrated in 20 mM Tris-HCl pH 9. Der p 1 was eluted by addition of 200 mM NaCl in the starting buffer. The Der p 1 purification was achieved by a gel filtration chromatography onto a superdex-75 column (Pharmacia) equilibrated in PBS pH 7.3. Purified Der p 1 was concentrated and stored at -20.degree. C.

Purification of RecProDer p 1 from CHO Spent Culture Medium.

[0094] CHO spent culture medium was diluted two times with water and the pH was adjusted to 7.2. The modified supernatant was loaded onto a Q sepharose fast flow column (5.times.10 cm, Pharmacia) equilibrated in 20 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.2 which is coupled to a hydroxyapatite column (2.6.times.15 cm, Bio-Rad) conditioned in the same buffer. The flow-through containing recProDer p 1 of both columns was adjusted to pH 9 and applied onto a Q sepharose fast flow column (1.6.times.10 cm) equilibrated in 20 mM Tris-HCl pH 9. The column was washed with the starting buffer and with the same buffer supplemented with 100 mM NaCl. ProDer p 1 was eluted by a linear NaCl gradient (100-300 mM, 15 column volumes). The recProDer p 1-enriched fractions were pooled and concentrated by ultrafiltration onto a Filtron membrane (Omega serie, cut-off: 10 kD). The recProDer p 1 purification was achieved by a gel filtration chromatography onto a superdex-75 column (1.times.30 cm, Pharmacia) equilibrated in PBS pH 7.3. Purified recProDer p 1 was concentrated and stored at -20.degree. C.

SDS PAGE and Western Blot Analysis

[0095] Proteins were analyzed by SDS-PAGE on 12.5% polyacrylamide gels. After electrophoresis, proteins were transferred onto nitrocellulose membranes using a semi-dry transblot system (Bio-Rad). Membranes were saturated for 30 min with 0.5% Instagel (PB Gelatins) in TBS-T (50 mM Tris HCl pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 0.1% Tween 80) and incubated with rabbit polyclonal serum raised against Der p 1 peptide 245-267 diluted in blocking solution (1:5000) (Kindly provided by Dr Pestel, Institut Pasteur de Lille, France) [17]. Immunoreactive materials were detected using alkaline phosphatase-conjugated goat anti-rabbit antibodies (Promega, 1:7500) and 5-bromo,4-chloro,3-indolylphosphate (BCIP, Boehringer)/nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT, Sigma) as substrates.

Glycan Analysis

[0096] Carbohydrate analysis was carried out with the Glycan Differenciation Kit (Boehringer) using the following lectins: Galanthus nivalis agglutinin (GNA), Sambucus nigra agglutinin (SNA), Maackia amurensis agglutinin (MAA), Peanut agglutinin (PNA) and Datura stramonium agglutinin (DSA). Briefly, purified proteins were transferred from SDS-PAGE onto nitrocellulose membranes. Membranes were incubated with the different lectins conjugated to digoxigenin. Complexes were detected with anti-digoxigenin antibodies conjugated to alkaline phosphatase.

Enzymatic Assays

[0097] Enzymatic assays were performed in 50 mM Tris-HCl pH 7, containing 1 mM EDTA and 20 mM L-cysteine at 25.degree. C. in a total volume of 1 ml. Hydrolysis of Cbz-Phe-Arg-7-amino-4-methylcoumarin (Cbz-Phe-Arg-AMC) and Boc-Gln-Ala-Arg-7-amino-4-methylcoumarin (Boc-Gln-Ala-Arg-AMC) (Sigma) (both substrates at a final concentration of 100 .mu.M) was monitored using a SLM 8000 spectrofluorimeter with .lamda..sub.ex=380 nm and .lamda..sub.em=460 nm. Assays were started by addition of cysteine activated allergen to a final concentration of 100 nM. Before any assay, purified Der p 1 or recProDer p 1 was incubated with a mixture of aprotinin- and p-aminobenzamidine-agarose resins (Sigma) to remove any putative trace of serine protease activity.

Protein Determination

[0098] Total protein concentration was determined by the bicinchoninic acid procedure (MicroBCA, Pierce) with bovine serum albumin as standard.

Der p 1 ELISA

[0099] Der p 1 or recProDer p 1 was detected with an ELISA kit using Der p 1 specific monoclonal antibodies 5H8 and 4C1 (Indoor Biotechnologies). The Der p 1 standard (UVA 93/03) used in the assay was at a concentration of 2.5 .mu.g/ml.

IgE-Binding Activity.

[0100] Immunoplates were coated overnight with Der p 1 or recProDer p 1 (500 ng/well) at 4.degree. C. Plates were then washed 5 times with 100 .mu.l per well of TBS-Tween buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 0.1% Tween 80) and saturated for 1 hr at 37.degree. C. with 150 .mu.l of the same buffer supplemented with 1% BSA (Sigma). Sera from allergic patients to D. pteronyssinus and diluted at 1/8 were then incubated for 1 hr at 37.degree. C. Out of the 95 sera used in the experiments, 16 sera ranged in their specific anti-D. pteronyssinus IgE values (RAST assays) from 58.1 kU/L to 99 kU/L and 79 above the upper cut-off value of 100 kU/L. Plates were washed 5 times with TBS-Tween buffer and the allergen-IgE complexes were detected after incubation with a mouse anti-human IgE antibody (Southern Biotechnology Associates) and a goat anti-mouse IgG antibody coupled to alkaline phosphatase (dilution 1/7500 in TBS-Tween buffer, Promega). The enzymatic activity was measured using the p-nitrophenylphosphate substrate (Sigma) dissolved in diethanolamine buffer (pH 9.8). OD.sub.410 nm was measured in a Biorad Novapath ELISA reader.

[0101] For IgE inhibition assays, plates were coated with Der p 1 or recProDer p 1 at the same concentration (0.12 .mu.M). A pool of 20 human sera from allergic patients (RAST value>100 kU/L) was preincubated overnight at 4.degree. C. with various concentrations (3.6-0.002 .mu.M) of Der p 1 or recProDer p 1 as inhibitors and added on ELISA plates. IgE-binding was detected as described above.

Histamine Release

[0102] The histamine release was assayed using leukocytes from the peripheral heparinized blood of an allergic donor and by the Histamine-ELISA kit (Immunotech). Basophils were incubated with serial dilutions of recProDer p 1 or Der p 1 for 30 min at 37.degree. C. The total amount of histamine in basophils was quantified after cell disruption with the detergent IGEPAL CA-630 (Sigma).

RESULTS

Synthesis of Humanized ProDer p 1 Gene.

[0103] The codon prevalence of ProDer p 1 gene displayed many divergences compared with that used for highly expressed human genes (FIG. 1). In consequence, oligonucleotides were designed for the construction of a synthetic ProDer p 1 gene to optimise the allergen expression in mammalian cells. As shown in FIG. 1, the final codon frequency in the synthetic ProDer p 1 gene was very similar to that used in highly expressed mammalian genes.

[0104] The synthetic ProDer p 1 was assembled from mutually priming oligonucleotides that were subsequently amplified by PCR (FIG. 2). After one round of PCR, amplified products displayed a molecular weight ranging from 3000 to 300 bp. A subsequent amplification with primers complementary to the 5' end of VZV gE leader peptide and to the 3' end of synthetic ProDer p 1 gene led to a 1072 bp fragment of excepted size. The amplified fragment was cloned into the pCRII cloning vector. Sequence analysis of recombinant clones revealed the presence of point mutations and deletions in the synthetic ProDer p 1 gene. Finally, the correct coding cassette was obtained after ligation of 4 different fragments isolated from 3 independent bacterial clones, and inserted in the mammalian expression vector pEE14 to give the final plasmid pNIV4846.

Transient and Stable Expression of RecProDer p 1

[0105] To compare the expression efficiency of the synthetic ProDer p 1 construct with the original sequence, COS cells were transfected with pNIV4846 and pNIV4853, a pEE14-derived plasmid carrying authentic ProDer p 1 cDNA. The recProDer p 1 expression level of the supernatants was estimated by an ELISA assay, using two anti-Der p 1 monoclonal antibodies. As shown in FIG. 3, the expression vector carrying the synthetic cDNA directed the recProDer p 1 synthesis more efficiently than the same vector containing the authentic gene. The expression level of humanized ProDer p 1 gene was enhanced up to 450 ng/ml/72 h which represents a 6-fold increase compared with the reference construction (75 ng/ml/72 h). As expected, no recProDer p 1 expression was detected using COS cells transfected by a control vector without any insert.

[0106] CHO-K1 cells were transfected with pNIV4846 and clones resistant to 25 .mu.M MSX were selected. The recProDer p 1 level assayed by ELISA indicated that three independent clones secreted recProDer p 1 up to 11 .mu.g/ml/72 h. Addition of sodium butyrate, a molecule previously reported to enhance expression level of recombinant proteins in culture medium [18], did not influence the recProDer p 1 synthesis. A further amplification of 25 .mu.M MSX-resistant clones up to 100 .mu.M MSX increased expression, raising 26 to 34 .mu.g/ml/72 h recProDer p 1 in culture medium. The clone n.degree.1 was used for recProDer p 1 large-scale production in cell factories and purification. Spent culture medium was collected every 72 h and up to 9 harvests were performed. In these conditions, the best recProDer p 1 expression level raised 15 .mu.g/ml in the culture medium before purification.

Purification of RecProDer p 1.

[0107] Purification of recProDer p 1 was achieved by a combination of three chromatographic steps, using anion-exchange, hydroxyapatite and gel filtration media. The final purification yield was about 6 mg of recProDer p 1 per litre of culture medium with a recovery close to 40%. On SDS PAGE, purified recProDer p 1 migrated as three immunoreactive species: two major bands with a respective molecular weight of 41 and 36 kD and one minor band of 38 kD (FIG. 4). This result indicated that the propeptide cleavage, to yield mature Der p 1, did not occur during the expression and purification steps, as natural Der p 1 migrated on SDS PAGE as a 29 kD band. The purity of the product was higher than 90%.

Biochemical Characterization of ProDer p 1

[0108] All the recProDer p 1 species were submitted to an amino-terminal amino acid sequencing. The N-terminal sequence of 41 and 38 kDa species were identical and started at residue Arg.sub.19. The sequence was identified as Arg-Pro-Ser-Ser-Ile, which corresponds to the N-terminal sequence of the Der p 1 propeptide and indicates that cleavage of VZV gE signal peptide proceeded efficiently. Surprisingly, the N-terminal sequence of the 36 kDa band started at residue Ala.sub.38 (the obtained sequence was Ala-Thr-Phe-Glu-Asp) showing that, for the 36 kDa molecule, an internal cleavage of the prosequence occurred between Tyr.sub.37 and Ala.sub.38. Carbohydrate analysis of recProDer p 1 was performed by glycan recognition with several specific lectins. Among the five lectins used, only the GNA lectin reacted with the 36 kDa recProDer p 1, pointing to the presence of terminal mannose residues on this molecule, either as high-mannose N-glycan chains or as exposed mannose in hybrid chains (FIG. 5). The 38 and 41 kDa bands were recognized respectively by the DSA and MAA lectins, showing that the 38 kDa molecule carried terminal galactose linked .beta.(1-4) to N-acetyl-glucosamine in N-glycan chains whereas the carbohydrate structure of the upper band was terminated by sialic acid linked .alpha.(2-3) to galactose. As previously showed [13], Der p 1 did not react with any lectin confirming that Der p 1 is not glycosylated.

[0109] The enzymatic activity of recProDer p 1 was measured using Cbz-Phe-Arg-AMC and Boc-Gln-Ala-Arg-AMC as substrates [19,20]. As expected, because of the presence of the Pro region, RecProDer p 1 was totally inactive in our assays. In the same experimental conditions, fluorogenic molecules were fully degraded within 4 min by natural Der p 1 used at the same molarity.

IgG- and IgE-Reactivities of RecProDer p 1

[0110] RecProDer p 1 was tested in ELISA assays to determine whether the recombinant allergen displayed reactivities similar to those of Der p 1 towards specific anti-Der p 1 IgG and anti-Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus IgE. As shown in FIG. 6, equimolar concentrations of both allergens reacted similarly with two Der p 1 specific monoclonal and conformational antibodies, suggesting that recProDer p 1 displayed the overall structure of the natural allergen. The IgE reactivity of recProDer p 1 and Der p 1 was compared in a direct ELISA wherein immunoplates were directly coated with Der p 1 or recProDer p 1. A set of 95 human sera with positive radioimmunosorbent tests to D. pteronyssinus extract was used at dilution 1:8. IgE titer determinations clearly showed a close correlation of IgE reactivity with both allergens, indicating that recProDer p 1 has very similar IgE binding characteristics compared with Der p 1 (R.sup.2=0.8171, P<0.0001) (FIG. 7).

Histamine Releasing Activity of RecProDer p 1

[0111] To compare the allergenic activity of natural Der p 1 and recProDer p 1, basophils from one allergic patient were challenged in vitro with various concentrations of both allergens and the released histamine was measured. Natural Der p 1 was able to induce histamine release from basophils even at a concentration of 1 ng/ml. By contrast, recProDer p 1 could only release histamine at 1000-fold higher concentration (FIG. 8). From this result, recProDer p 1 was shown to be less allergenic that the natural Der p 1.

EXAMPLE 2, EXPRESSION OF RecProDerP1 IN Pichia pastoris

Construction of ProDer p 1 Expression Vector

[0112] The ProDer p 1 coding cassette from pNIV4846 (full-length 1-302aa ProDer p 1 cDNA with optimised mammalian codon usage) was amplified by PCR using the following primers: 5'ACTGACAGGCCTCGGCCGAGCTCCATTAA3' (SEQ ID NO. 18) (StuI restriction site in bold, forward) and 5'CAGTCACCTAGGTCTAGACTCGAGGGGAT3' (SEQ ID NO. 19) (AvrII restriction site in bold, reverse). The amplified fragment was cloned into the pCR2.1 TOPO cloning vector. The correct ProDer p 1 cassette was verified by DNA sequencing. Recombinant TOPO vector was digested with StuI-AvrII to generate a 918 bp fragment which was introduced into the pPIC9K expression vector restricted with SnaBI-AvrII. The resulting plasmid, pNIV4878, contains the ProDer p 1 cassette downstream to the S. cerevisae .alpha. factor

Site-Directed Mutagenesis

[0113] Expression plasmid for the production of unglycosylated ProDer p 1 (N52Q, mature Der p 1 numbering) was derived from pNIV4878 by overlap extension PCR using a set of four primers. The following primers: 5'GGCTTTCGAACACCTTAAGACCCAG3' (SEQ ID NO. 20) (primer 1, AflII restriction site in bold, forward) and 5'GCTCCCTAGCTACGTA TCGGTAATAGC3' (SEQ ID NO. 21) (primer 2, SnaBI restriction site in bold, reverse) were used to amplify a 317 bp fragment encoding the ProDer p 1 amino acid sequence 71-176. The following primers 5'CCTCGCGTATCGGCAACAGAGCCTGGACC3' (SEQ ID NO. 22) (primer 3, mutation N52Q in bold, forward) and 5'GGTCCAGGCTCT GTTGCCGATACGCGAGG3' (SEQ ID NO. 23) (primer 4, mutation N52Q in bold, reverse) were used to introduce mutation N52Q in the ProDer p 1 sequence.

[0114] The mutated 317 bp AflII-SnaBI fragment was generated by a three-step process. In PCR n.degree.1, primers 1 and 4 were mixed with pNIV4878 to produce a 200 bp fragment. In PCR n.degree.2, primers 2 and 3 were mixed with pNIV4878 to produce a 140 bp. The two PCR products were purified onto agarose gel and used as templates for a third round of PCR to obtain a .about.340 bp fragment. This purified fragment was cloned into the pCR2.1 TOPO cloning vector. The mutation was verified by DNA sequencing. Recombinant TOPO vector was digested with AflII-SnaBI to generate a 317 bp fragment which was ligated into the similarly digested pNIV4878. The resulting plasmid, pNIV4883, contains the ProDer p 1 N52Q downstream to the S. cerevisae .alpha. factor

[0115] To obtain unglycosylated variants of ProDer p 1 carrying mutations of Der p 1 cysteine residues at position 4, 31 or 65 (mature Der p 1 numbering), overlap extension PCR using the same set of primers were performed with plasmids pNIV4873, pNIV4875 and pNIV4874. The resulting plasmids pNIV4884, 4885 and 4886 encode respectively ProDer p 1 N52Q C4R, N52Q C31R and N52Q C65R.

Transformation of P. pastoris

[0116] Plasmid pNIV4878 was introduced into P. pastoris using the spheroplast transformation method. Transformants were selected for histidinol deshydrogenase (His+) prototrophy. The screening of His+ transformants for geneticin (G418) resistance was performed by plating clones on agar containing increasing concentrations of G418.

Production of ProDer p 1 by Recombinant Yeast

[0117] G418 resistant clones were grown at 30.degree. C. in BMG medium to an OD.sub.600 nm of 2-6. Cells were collected by centrifugation and resuspended to an OD.sub.600 nm of 1 in 100 ml of BMG medium. Proder p 1 expression was induced by daily addition of methanol 0.5% for 6 days. The supernatant was collected by centrifugation and stored at -20.degree. C. until purification.

Purification of ProDer p 1 from Yeast Culture Supernatant

[0118] Supernatants were diluted 10 times with water and, after pH adjustment to 9, directly loaded onto a Q sepharose column equilibrated in 20 mM Tris-HCl pH 9. The column was washed with the starting buffer. Protein elutions proceeded by step-wise increasing NaCl concentration in the buffer. The ProDer p 1-enriched fractions were pooled and concentrated by ultrafiltration onto a Filtron membrane (Omega serie, cut-off: 10 kD). The ProDer p 1 purification was achieved by a gel filtration chromatography onto a superdex-75 column (1.times.30 cm, Pharmacia) equilibrated in PBS pH 7.3. Purified ProDer p 1 was concentrated and stored at -20.degree. C. Surprisingly, given the fact that yeast codon usage is significantly different from the human profile, this humanized ProDerP1 expressed very well in this system with a high yield of protein.

Discussion

[0119] The inability to obtain large amounts of Der p 1, the major allergen from D. pteronyssinus is a major obstacle for the development of biochemical and immunological studies. Indeed, whole mite culture is cost effective, the growth rate is slow and the purification yield of native Der p 1 is relatively low, about 1 mg Der p 1 being purified from 1 gram of whole mite culture in our experimental conditions. Moreover, previous attempts of Der p 1 expression in bacteria and yeast indicated that the allergen was poorly expressed and mainly under an insoluble form [10-12].

[0120] The present study clearly reports that production of recProDer p 1 in mammalian cells is very low indicating that the presence of prosequence is not sufficient to induce high-level recProDer p 1 expression.

[0121] The codon prevalence of the Proder p 1 gene was different from that most frequently used in highly expressed human genes. To assess the importance of an appropriate codon usage for the recProDer p 1 expression in CHO cells, we decided to engineer a synthetic ProDer p 1 gene based on the mammalian prevalent codons. Our results clearly demonstrate that codon optimisation is beneficial to induce high-level expression of recProDer p 1 in mammalian cells.

[0122] In summary, codon usage optimisation can induces high-level expression of recProDer p 1, an allergen difficult to produce in CHO cells. This strategy could also be applicable for expression of other allergens and could be extrapolate to other expression systems. Synthetic genes with appropriate codons could thus provide new tools for allergy diagnosis and specific immunotherapy.

[0123] RecProDer p 1, immobilized on solid phases, could substitute natural Der p 1 in diagnostic test for the detection of specific IgE. Considering the reduced recProDer p 1 anaphylactogenic potential, this recombinant allergen could be used in the future as alternative reagents for immunotherapy to replace the commonly used allergen extracts.

Sequence CWU 1

1

23 1 114 DNA Artificial Sequence Codon Optimised Dermaphagoides gene 1 gaagcttcgg gcgaattgcg tggttttaag tgactatatt cgagggtcgc ctgtaatatg 60 gggacagtta ataaacctgt ggtgggggta ttgatggggt tcggaattat cacg 114 2 96 DNA Artificial Sequence Codon Optimised Dermaphagoides gene 2 gaaggctttc ttgtattcct cgaaggtctt aatggagctc ggccgtgctc tgaccggatt 60 cgttatacgc aaggtacccg tgataattcc gaaccc 96 3 97 DNA Artificial Sequence Codon Optimised Dermaphagoides gene 3 ggaatacaag aaagccttca acaagagcta tgccaccttc gaggacgagg aggccgcgcg 60 caagaacttc ctggaaagcg tgaaatacgt gcagagc 97 4 113 DNA Artificial Sequence Codon Optimised Dermaphagoides gene 4 gtcttaaggt gttcgaaagc ctcggcgctc atcaggaacc ggttcttgaa ctcgtctaaa 60 gacaggtcgg acaggtgatt tatagccccg ccgttgctct gcacgtattt cac 113 5 93 DNA Artificial Sequence Codon Optimised Dermaphagoides gene 5 ctttcgaaca ccttaagacc cagtttgatc tcaacgcgga gaccaacgcc tgcagtatca 60 acggcaatgc ccccgctgag attgatctgc gcc 93 6 100 DNA Artificial Sequence Codon Optimised Dermaphagoides gene 6 gactctgtcg cggccacgcc tgaaaaggcc caacaagacc cgcagccgcc ttgcatgcgg 60 atgggagtca cggtcctcat ctggcgcaga tcaatctcag 100 7 92 DNA Artificial Sequence Codon Optimised Dermaphagoides gene 7 gtggccgcga cagagtcggc atacctcgcg tatcggaatc agagcctgga cctcgctgag 60 caggagctcg ttgactgcgc ctcccaacac gg 92 8 100 DNA Artificial Sequence Codon Optimised Dermaphagoides gene 8 gctacgtatc ggtaatagct ttcctgcacg acgccattat gctggatgta ttcgatacct 60 ctgggaatcg tatccccatg acatccgtgt tgggaggcgc 100 9 87 DNA Artificial Sequence Codon Optimised Dermaphagoides gene 9 gctattaccg atacgtagct agggagcagt cctgccgccg tcctaacgca cagcgcttcg 60 gcatttccaa ttattgccag atctacc 87 10 95 DNA Artificial Sequence Codon Optimised Dermaphagoides gene 10 ccttgattcc gatgatgaca gcgatggcgc tgtgcgtctg cgccagggcc tccctgatct 60 tgttggcatt aggggggtag atctggcaat aattg 95 11 91 DNA Artificial Sequence Codon Optimised Dermaphagoides gene 11 gtcatcatcg gaatcaagga tctggacgca ttccggcact atgacgggcg cacaatcatc 60 cagcgcgaca acggatatca gccaaactac c 91 12 66 DNA Artificial Sequence Codon Optimised Dermaphagoides gene 12 gtagtccacc ccctgggcgt tcgagtaacc cacgatgttg accgcgtggt agtttggctg 60 atatcc 66 13 82 DNA Artificial Sequence Codon Optimised Dermaphagoides gene 13 ccagggggtg gactactgga tcgtgagaaa cagttgggac actaactggg gcgacaacgg 60 ctacggctac ttcgccgcca ac 82 14 85 DNA Artificial Sequence Codon Optimised Dermaphagoides gene 14 gctctagact cgagggatcc ttacaggatc accacgtacg ggtactcctc gatcatcatc 60 aggtcgatgt tggcggcgaa gtagc 85 15 909 DNA Dermaphagoides pteronyssinus 15 cgtccatcat cgatcaaaac ttttgaagaa tacaaaaaag ccttcaacaa aagttatgct 60 accttcgaag atgaagaagc tgcccgtaaa aactttttgg aatcagtaaa atatgttcaa 120 tcaaatggag gtgccatcaa ccatttgtcc gatttgtcgt tggatgaatt caaaaaccga 180 tttttgatga gtgcagaagc ttttgaacac ctcaaaactc aattcgattt gaatgctgaa 240 actaacgcct gcagtatcaa tggaaatgct ccagctgaaa tcgatttgcg acaaatgcga 300 actgtcactc ccattcgtat gcaaggaggc tgtggttcat gttgggcttt ctctggtgtt 360 gccgcaactg aatcagctta tttggcttac cgtaatcaat cattggatct tgctgaacaa 420 gaattagtcg attgtgcttc ccaacacggt tgtcatggtg ataccattcc acgtggtatt 480 gaatacatcc aacataatgg tgtcgtccaa gaaagctact atcgatacgt tgcacgagaa 540 caatcatgcc gacgaccaaa tgcacaacgt ttcggtatct caaactattg ccaaatttac 600 ccaccaaatg taaacaaaat tcgtgaagct ttggctcaaa cccacagcgc tattgccgtc 660 attattggca tcaaagattt agacgcattc cgtcattatg atggccgaac aatcattcaa 720 cgcgataatg gttaccaacc aaactatcac gctgtcaaca ttgttggtta cagtaacgca 780 caaggtgtcg attattggat cgtacgaaac agttgggata ccaattgggg tgataatggt 840 tacggttatt ttgctgccaa catcgatttg atgatgattg aagaatatcc atatgttgtc 900 attctctaa 909 16 1511 DNA Artificial Sequence CDS (1)...(909) Codon Optimised Dermaphagoides gene misc_feature 79, 160, 225, 230, 239, 308, 384, 391, 449, 459, 464, 527, 548, 697, 699, 711, 775, 852, 857, 865, 940, 955, 959, 1018, 1026, 1034, 1039, 1101, 1194, 1250, 1257, 1261, 1273, 1333, 1337, 1356, 1416, 1425, 1443 n = A,T,C or G Codon Optimised Dermaphagoides gene 16 cgg ccg agc tcc att aag acc ttc gag gaa tac aag aaa gcc ttc aac 48 Arg Pro Ser Ser Ile Lys Thr Phe Glu Glu Tyr Lys Lys Ala Phe Asn 1 5 10 15 arg rsr sry sth rhg ugu tyr ysy saa has naa gag cta tgc cac ctt 96 Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Cys Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Glu Leu Cys His Leu 20 25 30 cga gga cga gga ggc cgc gcg caa gaa ctt cys srt yra ath rhg uas 144 Arg Gly Arg Gly Gly Arg Ala Gln Glu Leu Xaa Xaa Xaa Ile Xaa Xaa 35 40 45 gug uaa aaa rgy sas nhc tgg aaa gcg tga aat acg tgc aga gca acg 192 Val * Lys Xaa Xaa Xaa Trp Lys Ala * Asn Thr Cys Arg Ala Thr 50 55 60 gcg ggg cta taa atc acu gus rva yst yrv agn sra sng ygy aaa snh 240 Ala Gly Leu * Ile Thr Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Lys Xaa 65 70 75 sct gtc cga cct gtc ttt aga cga gtt caa gaa ccg gtt cct gat gag 288 Xaa Val Arg Pro Val Phe Arg Arg Val Gln Glu Pro Val Pro Asp Glu 80 85 90 cus ras usr uas guh ysa sna rgh umt srg ccg agg ctt tcg aac acc 336 Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Pro Arg Leu Ser Asn Thr 95 100 105 tta aga ccc agt ttg atc tca acg cgg aga agu aah guh suy sth rgn 384 Leu Arg Pro Ser Leu Ile Ser Thr Arg Arg Ser Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa 110 115 120 125 has uas naa gua cca acg cct gca gta tca acg gca atg ccc ccg ctg 432 Xaa Xaa Xaa Val Pro Thr Pro Ala Val Ser Thr Ala Met Pro Pro Leu 130 135 140 aga ttg atc tgt hra sna acy ssr asn gya sna ara agu asu cgc cag 480 Arg Leu Ile Cys Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Ser Xaa Arg Gln 145 150 155 atg agg acc gtg act ccc atc cgc atg caa ggc ggc tgc ggg arg gnm 528 Met Arg Thr Val Thr Pro Ile Arg Met Gln Gly Gly Cys Gly Xaa Xaa 160 165 170 tar gth rva thr rar gmt gng ygy cys gyt ctt gtt ggg cct ttt cag 576 Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Leu Val Gly Pro Phe Gln 175 180 185 gcg tgg ccg cga cag agt cgg cat acc tcs rcy str aah srg yva aaa 624 Ala Trp Pro Arg Gln Ser Arg His Thr Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Lys 190 195 200 205 ath rgu sra aty rug cgt atc gga atc aga gcc tgg acc tcg ctg agc 672 Ile Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Arg Ile Gly Ile Arg Ala Trp Thr Ser Leu Ser 210 215 220 agg agc tcg ttg aca aty rar gas ngn sru asu aag ugn guu vaa stg 720 Arg Ser Ser Leu Thr Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Lys Xaa Val Xaa Xaa 225 230 235 cgc ctc cca aca cgg atg tca tgg gga tac gat tcc cag agg tat ccy 768 Arg Leu Pro Thr Arg Met Ser Trp Gly Tyr Asp Ser Gln Arg Tyr Xaa 240 245 250 saa srg nhs gyc ysh sgy ast hrr arg gyg aat aca tcc agc ata atg 816 Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Asn Thr Ser Ser Ile Met 255 260 265 gcg tcg tgc agg aaa gct att acc gat acg uty rgn hsa sng yva vag 864 Ala Ser Cys Arg Lys Ala Ile Thr Asp Thr Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa 270 275 280 285 ngu srt yrt yra rgt yrg tag cta ggg agc agt cct gcc gcc gtc 909 Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa * Leu Gly Ser Ser Pro Ala Ala Val 290 295 ctaacgcaca gcgcttcggc vaaaarggug nsrcysarga rgrasnaagn arghgyattt 969 ccaattattg ccagatctac ccccctaatg ccaacaagat caggsrasnt yrcysgntyr 1029 rrasnaaasn ysarggaggc cctggcgcag acgcacagcg ccatcgctgt catcatcgga 1089 atcguaauaa gnthrhssra aaavagyaag gatctggacg cattccggca ctatgacggg 1149 cgcacaatca tccagysasu asaaharghs tyrasgyarg thrgncgcga caacggatat 1209 cagccaaact accacgcggt caacatcgtg ggtargasas ngytyrgnra sntyrhsaav 1269 aasnvagyta ctcgaacgcc cagggggtgg actactggat cgtgagaaac agttggtyrs 1329 rasnaagngy vaastyrtrv aargasnsrt rgacactaac tggggcgaca acggctacgg 1389 ctacttcgcc gccaacatca sthrasntrg yasasngyty rgytyrhaaa aasngacctg 1449 atgatgatcg aggagtaccc gtacgtggtg atcctgtaaa sumtmtgugu tyrrtyrvav 1509 au 1511 17 299 PRT Artificial Sequence VARIANT 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 43, 44, 45, 47, 48, 51, 52, 53, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 77, 78, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152 Xaa = Any Amino Acid VARIANT 153, 155, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 207, 208, 209, 210, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 234, 236, 237, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263, 280, 281, 282 Xaa = Any Amino Acid VARIANT 283, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 291 Xaa = Any Amino Acid Codon Optimised Dermaphagoides gene 17 Arg Pro Ser Ser Ile Lys Thr Phe Glu Glu Tyr Lys Lys Ala Phe Asn 1 5 10 15 Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Cys Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Glu Leu Cys His Leu 20 25 30 Arg Gly Arg Gly Gly Arg Ala Gln Glu Leu Xaa Xaa Xaa Ile Xaa Xaa 35 40 45 Val Lys Xaa Xaa Xaa Trp Lys Ala Asn Thr Cys Arg Ala Thr Ala Gly 50 55 60 Leu Ile Thr Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Lys Xaa Xaa Val Arg 65 70 75 80 Pro Val Phe Arg Arg Val Gln Glu Pro Val Pro Asp Glu Xaa Xaa Xaa 85 90 95 Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Pro Arg Leu Ser Asn Thr Leu Arg Pro 100 105 110 Ser Leu Ile Ser Thr Arg Arg Ser Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa 115 120 125 Val Pro Thr Pro Ala Val Ser Thr Ala Met Pro Pro Leu Arg Leu Ile 130 135 140 Cys Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Ser Xaa Arg Gln Met Arg Thr 145 150 155 160 Val Thr Pro Ile Arg Met Gln Gly Gly Cys Gly Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa 165 170 175 Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Leu Val Gly Pro Phe Gln Ala Trp Pro 180 185 190 Arg Gln Ser Arg His Thr Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Lys Ile Xaa Xaa 195 200 205 Xaa Xaa Arg Ile Gly Ile Arg Ala Trp Thr Ser Leu Ser Arg Ser Ser 210 215 220 Leu Thr Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Lys Xaa Val Xaa Xaa Arg Leu Pro 225 230 235 240 Thr Arg Met Ser Trp Gly Tyr Asp Ser Gln Arg Tyr Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa 245 250 255 Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Asn Thr Ser Ser Ile Met Ala Ser Cys 260 265 270 Arg Lys Ala Ile Thr Asp Thr Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa 275 280 285 Xaa Xaa Xaa Leu Gly Ser Ser Pro Ala Ala Val 290 295 18 29 DNA Artificial Sequence rge ProDer p 1 18 actgacaggc ctcggccgag ctccattaa 29 19 29 DNA Artificial Sequence ProDer p 1 19 cagtcaccta ggtctagact cgaggggat 29 20 25 DNA Artificial Sequence ProDer p 1 20 ggctttcgaa caccttaaga cccag 25 21 27 DNA Artificial Sequence ProDer p 1 21 gctccctagc tacgtatcgg taatagc 27 22 29 DNA Artificial Sequence ProDer p 1 22 cctcgcgtat cggcaacaga gcctggacc 29 23 29 DNA Artificial Sequence ProDer p 1 23 ggtccaggct ctgttgccga tacgcgagg 29

Claims

1. An isolated polynucleotide sequence which encodes a Dermatophagoides mite protein, wherein the codon usage pattern of the polynucleotide sequence resembles that of highly expressed mammalian genes.

2. An isolated polynucleic acid sequence as claimed in claim 1, wherein all of the amino acid types present in the protein are optimised, such that the codons used to encode that amino acid are used in the same frequency as the known mammalian frequency for that amino acid.

3. An isolated polynucleic acid sequence as claimed in claim 1, wherein the yield of protein encoded by the polynucleic acid when expressed by an expression system is greater than 20% higher than the amount of protein produced from the same expression system using a non-optimised native gene for that Dermatophagoides protein.

4. An isolated polynucleic acid sequence encoding a Dermaphagoides protein, characterised in that the codons present in said polynucleotide which are used to encode each amino acid are selected to appear as set forth in the following table TABLE-US-00006 Amino Frequency Acid Codon (percentage used) Ala GCG 17 GCA 13 GCT 17 GCC 53 Arg AGG 18 AGA 10 CGG 21 CGA 6 CGT 7 CGC 37 Asn AAT 22 AAC 78 Asp GAT 25 GAC 75 Cys TGT 32 TGC 68 Gln CAG 88 CAA 12 Glu GAG 75 GAA 25 Gly GGG 24 GGA 14 GGT 12 GGC 50 His CAT 21 CAC 79 Ile ATA 5 ATT 18 ATC 77 Leu TTG 6 TTA 2 CTG 58 CTA 3 CTT 5 CTC 26 Lys AAG 82 AAA 18 Phe TTT 20 TTC 80 Pro CCG 17 CCA 16 CCT 19 CCC 48 Ser AGT 10 AGC 34 TCG 9 TCA 5 TCT 13 TCC 28 Thr ACG 15 ACA 14 ACT 14 ACC 57 Tyr TAT 26 TAC 74 Val GTG 64 GTA 5 GTT 7 GTC 25

5. An isolated polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO: 15.

6. An isolated vector comprising the isolated polynucleotide of claim 5.

7. An isolated host cell comprising the vector of claim 6.