U.S. patent application number 11/717731 was filed with the patent office on 2007-07-05 for multiple-output power device, and mobile device using the same.
This patent application is currently assigned to Rohm Co., Ltd.. Invention is credited to Masashi Horimoto.
Application Number | 20070152505 11/717731 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 34225189 |
Filed Date | 2007-07-05 |
United States Patent
Application |
20070152505 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Horimoto; Masashi |
July 5, 2007 |
Multiple-output power device, and mobile device using the same
Abstract
A multiple-output power device has a plurality of regulators for
outputting regulated voltages; a plurality of power terminals for
supplying an input voltage to the respective regulators; and a
plurality of output terminals for outputting regulated output
voltages from the plurality of regulators to the outside.
Inventors: |
Horimoto; Masashi; (Kyoto,
JP) |
Correspondence
Address: |
MORGAN LEWIS & BOCKIUS LLP
1111 PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE NW
WASHINGTON
DC
20004
US
|
Assignee: |
Rohm Co., Ltd.
|
Family ID: |
34225189 |
Appl. No.: |
11/717731 |
Filed: |
March 14, 2007 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
10929545 |
Aug 31, 2004 |
7208923 |
|
|
11717731 |
Mar 14, 2007 |
|
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Current U.S.
Class: |
307/31 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G05F 1/56 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
307/031 |
International
Class: |
H02J 3/14 20060101
H02J003/14; H02J 1/00 20060101 H02J001/00 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Sep 8, 2003 |
JP |
P2003-314985 |
Claims
1-7. (canceled)
8. A multiple-output power device with a plurality of regulators
integrated into a single semiconductor integrated circuit from
which a plurality of controlled voltages are output, said
multiple-output power device comprising: a plurality of output
terminals for outputting regulated output voltages from said
plurality of regulators to the outside, wherein at least one of
said plurality of regulators includes two or more regulators which
are not simultaneously controlled as an operating state.
9. A multiple-output power device with a plurality of regulators
integrated into a single semiconductor integrated circuit from
which a plurality of controlled voltages are output, said
multiple-output power device comprising: a plurality of power
terminals, where each of a plurality of power terminals supplies a
common input voltage to respective one of said plurality of
regulators; and a plurality of output terminals for outputting
regulated output voltages from said plurality of regulators to the
outside, wherein each of said plurality of regulators regulates a
voltage input from respective one of said plurality of power
terminals by comparing a detection voltage corresponding to an
output voltage thereof with a reference voltage so as to output an
output voltage, wherein at least one of said plurality of
regulators includes two or more regulators which are not
simultaneously controlled as an operating state.
10. The multiple-output power device according to claim 9, wherein
at least one of said plurality of regulators includes only one
regulator, and at least one of the remaining regulator groups
includes two or more regulators.
11. The multiple-output power device according to claim 8 or 9,
said multiple-output power device includes a controller for
individually controlling said plurality of regulators into an
operating or suspended state.
12. The multiple-output power device according to claim 8 or 9,
said multiple-output power device includes a reference voltage
generation circuit for supplying said reference voltage to said
plurality of regulators.
13. The multiple-output power device according to claim 8 or 9,
wherein input voltages having different voltages are supplied to
said plurality of regulators according to the predetermined values
of said regulators.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0001] 1. Field of the Invention
[0002] The present invention relates to a multiple-output power
device which outputs a plurality of regulated voltages, and also
relates to a mobile device using the power device thereof.
[0003] 2. Description of the Related Art
[0004] In the technical field of the mobile devices, supplying
voltages to a plurality of functional circuit elements has been
individually performed by controlling their respective voltages. In
such a related art, a plurality of regulators for outputting the
plurality of voltages are embedded in a semiconductor integrated
circuit body (hereinafter called an IC chip body), whereby the IC
chip body is packaged as a semiconductor device which is used for a
multiple-output power device.
[0005] FIG. 4 is a view showing the configuration of a
multiple-output power device 400 as a related art. In FIG. 4, an IC
chip body 300 is provided with a first regulator 301 for outputting
a first output voltage Vo1; a second regulator 302 for outputting a
second output voltage Vo2; and an n.sup.th regulator 30n for
outputting an n.sup.th output voltage Von.
[0006] A source voltage Vcc supplied to a power supply pin 312 is
input to these regulators 301 to 30n. At this time, the source
voltage Vcc is supplied commonly to the regulators by way of a
bonding wire 313, a power source pad 314, and internal wiring 311.
In other words, input sides of the regulators 301 to 30n are
connected commonly to the bonding wire 313 and the internal wiring
311.
[0007] The regulators 301 to 30n, being constituted by series
regulators, for instance, are controlled so as to generate
predetermined output voltages Vo1 to Von on the basis of a
reference voltage. The output voltages Vo1 to Von are supplied to
respective load devices by way of corresponding output pads 321 to
32n, bonding wires 331 to 33n, and output pins 341 to 34n.
[0008] In FIG. 4, the source voltage Vcc is taken as a voltage to
be input to the regulators 301 to 30n However, there is a case
where the source voltage Vcc is boosted by a booster circuit and
the thus-boosted voltage is supplied as an input voltage to the
regulators 301 to 30n as disclosed in JP-A-8-234851.
[0009] As mentioned previously, as to the multiple-output power
device 400 in the related art, the power supply pin 312, the
bonding wire 313, the power supply pad 314, and the internal wiring
311 are shared among the plurality of regulators 301 to 30n.
Accordingly, when one of the regulators 301 to 30n has become
activated/deactivated, or when the state of the load device that is
connected to that regulator has changed, said situations might
cause a voltage drop by the resistance of the bonding wire 313 or
the resistance of the internal wiring 311, those provided in a
stage preceding the regulator. The influence of the voltage drop
also changes the input voltages of the other regulators.
Particularly, in the mobile device which operates on battery power,
the respective regulators 301 to 30n are activated/deactivated very
frequently from a necessity of saving power consumption.
Consequently, activation/deactivation by some of the regulators 301
to 30n often affects another regulators, which ends up
deteriorating the voltage control properties of the entire
multiple-output power device.
[0010] Although it depends on a regulator, there is another problem
such that the length of the power supply line within the IC chip
body 300 becomes excessively long because of restrictions placed on
the internal wiring 311 being used as a common connection, which
increases resistance of the wiring so as to deteriorate properties
of the regulator, such as deviations in an input/output voltage
difference or the like.
[0011] More specifically, for instance, the voltages Vo1 to Von
output from the respective regulators 301 to 30n are controlled to
predetermined voltages in accordance with specifications of the
respective load devices. As mentioned previously, the voltage input
to the respective regulators is the common source voltage Vcc.
Therefore, in such a circuit configuration, the voltage differences
between the common input source voltage Vcc and the respective
output voltages Vo1 to Von are likely to cause internal loss
energies in the respective regulators 301 to 30n. Especially, there
has been pointed out a problem of the internal energy loss becoming
relatively large one in a low voltage output regulator.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0012] Accordingly, it is one of the objects of the present
invention to prevent deterioration of voltage control properties of
a multiple-output power device where a plurality of regulators are
integrated into a single semiconductor integrated circuit so as to
output a plurality of controlled voltages respectively, where said
deterioration of voltage control properties is mainly caused by the
operation of at least one regulator among said plurality of
regulators.
[0013] It is further object of this invention to avoid
deterioration of input/output voltage difference properties of the
multiple-output power device, which would be caused by an increased
resistance of the wiring used for the regulators. Moreover, the
present invention is provided for enabling supply of input voltages
in accordance with the output voltages of respective regulators
and, thereby, reducing energy loss in the regulators.
[0014] It is still further object of this invention to provide
longer an operable time of a mobile device using the
multiple-output power device.
[0015] A multiple-output power device as the first aspect in this
invention is to provide a multiple-output device with a plurality
of regulators integrated into a single semiconductor integrated
circuit from which a plurality of controlled voltages are output,
said multiple-output power device comprising:
[0016] a plurality of power terminals, being provided in
correspondence to said plurality of regulators, at which input
voltages to said respective regulators are supplied; and
[0017] a plurality of output terminals for outputting regulated
output voltages from said plurality of regulators to the outside,
wherein each of said plurality of regulators regulates a voltage
input from respective one of said plurality of power terminals by
comparing a detection voltage corresponding to an output voltage
thereof with a reference voltage so as to output an output
voltage.
[0018] A multiple-output power device as the second aspect in this
invention is to provide a multiple-output power device with a
plurality of regulators integrated into a single semiconductor
integrated circuit from which a plurality of controlled voltages
are output, said multiple-output power device comprising: a
plurality of power terminals, being provided for regulator groups,
where each of a plurality of power terminals supplies a common
input voltage to respective one of said regulator groups, each
group of said regulator groups including one or more regulators;
and a plurality of output terminals for outputting regulated output
voltages from said plurality of regulators to the outside, wherein
each of said plurality of regulators regulates a voltage input from
respective one of said plurality of power terminals by comparing a
detection voltage corresponding to an output voltage thereof with a
reference voltage so as to output an output voltage.
[0019] A multiple-output power device as the third aspect in this
invention based on the multiple-output power device defined in the
second aspect, it is characterized in that at least one of the
regulator groups includes two or more regulators which are not
simultaneously controlled to an operating state.
[0020] A multiple-output power device as the fourth aspect in this
invention based on the multiple-output power device defined in the
second aspects, it is characterized in that at least one of the
regulator groups includes only one regulator, and at least one of
the remaining regulator groups includes two or more regulators.
[0021] A multiple-output power device as the fifth aspect in this
invention based on the multiple-output power device defined in any
one of the first through the fourth aspects, it is characterized by
further comprising a controller for individually controlling the
plurality of regulators into an operating or suspended state.
[0022] A multiple-output power device as the sixth aspect in this
invention based on the multiple-output power device defined in any
one of the first through the fifth aspects, it is characterized by
further comprising a reference voltage generation circuit for
supplying the reference voltage to the plurality of regulators.
[0023] A multiple-output power device as the seventh aspect in this
invention based on the multiple-output power device defined in any
one of the first through the sixth aspects, it is characterized in
that different input voltages are supplied to the plurality of
regulators according to the nature of the regulators.
[0024] A mobile device as the eighth aspect in this invention is
characterized by comprising the multiple-output power device
defined in any one of the first through the seventh aspects.
[0025] According to the present invention, since the power
terminals are provided in correspondence to the regulators or the
regulator groups, it is possible to suppress the influence by the
operating or suspended state of another regulator, or those made by
another regulator group. It is also possible to suppress the
influence by the state of a load device used therefor.
Consequently, deterioration of the voltage control properties in
each regulator can be suppressed.
[0026] Since an optimum input voltage is provided such as to make
an input/output voltage difference to be a predetermined value in
accordance with a voltage output from a regulator or voltages
output from a regulator group. Therefore, an energy loss in the
regulator can be significantly reduced.
[0027] Further, electric current amount flowing at the power
terminal can be reduced, it is possible to minimize the power
terminals and wiring lines.
[0028] As a result of the regulators being arranged into groups,
the number of power terminals can be made smaller than the number
of regulators, without involvement of deterioration of the voltage
control properties of the respective regulators.
[0029] Further, resistance of the wiring on the semiconductor chip
can be reduced by arranging the power terminals in the vicinity of
the respective regulators, thereby the energy loss can be
minimized, or improvement can be made in the input/output voltage
differences.
[0030] When the semiconductor device of the present invention is
implemented on a printed wiring board or the like, a power line can
be separately routed on the printed wiring board. Therefore, the
power line can be provided separately depending on an
application.
[0031] Since the loss of the multiple-output power device has been
reduced, the mobile device of the present invention can extend the
operation time of the mobile device operated by the battery
power.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0032] FIG. 1 is a view showing the configuration of a
multiple-output power device according to a first embodiment of the
present invention;
[0033] FIG. 2 is a view showing the configuration of a regulator
used in the present invention;
[0034] FIG. 3 is a view showing the configuration of a
multiple-output power device according to a second embodiment of
the present invention; and
[0035] FIG. 4 is a view showing the configuration of a conventional
multiple-output power device.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0036] Embodiments of a multiple-output power device of the present
invention will be described by reference to the drawings. FIG. 1 is
a view showing the configuration of a multiple-output power device
200 according to a first embodiment of the present invention.
[0037] In FIG. 1, an IC chip body 100 is provided with a first
regulator 11 for outputting a first output voltage Vo1; a second
regulator 12 for outputting a second output voltage Vo2; a third
regulator 13 for outputting a third output voltage Vo3; and an
n.sup.th regulator 1n for outputting an n.sup.th output Von.
[0038] An input side of the first regulator 11 is connected to a
first power pad 41 by way of an internal wire 121. Moreover, the
power pad 41 is connected to a correspondingly-provided first power
terminal (a power pin) 61 by means of, e.g., a bonding wire 111.
Meanwhile, an output side of the first regulator 11 is connected to
a first output pad 51 by way of an internal wire 131. Further, the
output pad 51 is connected to a correspondingly-provided first
output terminal (an output pin) 71 by means of, e.g., a bonding
wire 141. The first power pin 61 and the first output pin 71 are
provided in correspondence to the first regulator 11.
[0039] Input and output sides of the remaining second to n.sup.th
regulators 12 to 1n are also configured with similar circuit
wiring. The input sides of these regulators are connected to second
to n.sup.th power pads 42 to 4n by way of internal wires 122 to 12n
and further connected to second to n.sup.th power pins 62 to 6n by
means of, e.g., bonding wires 112 to 11n. Output sides of the
regulators are connected to second through n.sup.th output pads 52
to 5n by way of internal wires 132 to 13n and further connected to
second to n.sup.th output pints 72 to 7n by means of, e.g., bonding
wires 142 to 14n. Specifically, the second to n.sup.th power pins
62 to 6n and the second to n.sup.th output pins 72 to 7n are
provided in correspondence to the second to n.sup.th regulators 12
to 1n.
[0040] Thus, in the first embodiment, the plurality of
corresponding power pins 61 to 6n are independently provided on the
input sides of the plurality of regulators 11 to 1n. Input voltages
Vi1 to Vin to be supplied to the corresponding regulators 11 to 1n
are applied to the respective power pins 61 to 6n.
[0041] Meanwhile, the voltages Vo1 to Von regulated by the
regulators 11 to 1n are output from the plurality of output pins 71
to 7n and supplied to unillustrated load devices.
[0042] Here, each of the regulators 11 to 1n is formed from a
series regulator. As shown in, e.g., FIG. 2, the series regulator
has a control transistor 31 connected between an input terminal and
an output terminal; an output voltage detection circuit 34 which
acquires a detection voltage Vdet by dividing the voltage Vo output
from the output terminal with resistors 32 and 33; and a
differential amplifying circuit 35 which receives, as inputs, the
detection voltage Vdet and the reference voltage Vref, compares
them with each other, and controls the control transistor 31 in
accordance with a result of comparison. By means of this
configuration, the input voltage Vi is regulated under control of
the control transistor 31 such that the detection voltage Vdet
becomes equal to the reference voltage Vref, thereby producing a
predetermined output voltage Vo. A p-type or n-type MOS transistor
or PNP-type or NPN-type bipolar transistor is preferably used as
the control transistor. In FIG. 2, the p-type MOS transistor is
used. The regulators are brought into an operating or suspended
state by means of an ON/OFF state of an ON/OFF control signal
output from the controller shown in FIG. 1. In the suspended state,
the control transistor 31 is deactivated, and the operating power
of the differential amplifying circuit 35 is also turned off.
Accordingly, the power consumption achieved at this time becomes
minimum. The respective regulators constituting the regulators 11
to 1n can also employ a switching regulator in lieu of the series
regulator.
[0043] The voltages Vo1 to Von of the regulators 11 to 1n are
regulated in accordance with voltages required by the respective
load devices connected to the output pins 71 to 7n. The voltages
input to the regulators 11 to 1n have hitherto been a single source
voltage Vcc. However, the power pins 61 to 6n of the present
invention are provided independently, and hence predetermined input
voltages can be supplied. For instance, in a situation where the
first through third output voltages Vo1, Vo2, and Vo3 are 2.5
volts, 2.0 volts, and 1.8 volts, respectively, input/output voltage
differences in the respective first through third regulators 11,
12, and 13 are 0.5 volts, 1.0 volts, and 1.2 volts, respectively,
on condition that the source voltage Vcc is a common voltage of 3
volts, whereby loss energies corresponding to respective load
currents develop. However, according to the present invention, the
voltages are set to optimum voltages obtained by increasing the
output voltages corresponding to the input voltages Vi1, Vi2, and
Vi3 by a voltage required for control operation; e.g., 0.3 volts;
that is, 2.8 volts, 2.3 volts, and 2.1 volts. Thus, the input
voltages required by respective control operations are set to
optimum values beforehand in accordance with the voltages output
from the corresponding regulators, thereby decreasing the energy
losses developing in the regulators.
[0044] A reference voltage generation circuit 20 shown in FIG. 3
generates the reference voltage Vref and supplies the
thus-generated reference voltage Vref to the respective regulators
11 to 1n. The reference voltage generation circuit 20 preferably
adopts a band gap constant voltage circuit, thereby generating a
stable, constant voltage having small temperature dependency. One
or a plurality of reference voltages is generated in accordance
with the constant voltage. Consequently, one constant voltage can
be shared as a reference voltage among the plurality of regulators.
The reference voltage may be generated within each of the
regulators without provision of the reference voltage generation
circuit 20. Alternatively, the reference voltage may be taken from
the outside.
[0045] The controller 30 individually controls the respective
regulators 11 to 1n into an operating state or a suspended state in
accordance with an ON/OFF state of the ON/OFF control signal. This
control operation is performed in response to a command Din, such
as serial data, input from the outside of the multiple-output power
device 200. For instance, when the multiple-output power device is
used in a mobile cellular phone, the required regulators 11 to 1n
are set to an operating or suspended state in accordance with a
request, such as call origination, communication, call arrival, or
photographing with a camera. Here, the command Din may be n-bits
data (one bit or more) and supplied to the controller 30 by way of
the data pin 60, the bonding wire 110, the data pad 40, and the
internal wire 120.
[0046] As mentioned previously, according to the first embodiment,
the power pins 61 to 6n are provided in correspondence with the
regulators 11 to 1n. The power pins 61 to 6n are supplied with the
input voltages Vi1 to Vin from the outside. In the case of the
mobile device which operates on battery power, the regulators 11 to
1n are very frequently switched between the operating state and the
suspended state in accordance with the necessity for power supply,
in order to make the operable time of the battery as long as
possible. Even in this case, according to the present invention,
the regulators are less influenced by the operating and suspended
states of other regulators or the states of the load devices
connected to the regulators. Therefore, the voltage control
properties of the respective regulators 11 to 1n become less
deteriorated.
[0047] The input voltages Vi1 to Vin supplied to the power pins 61
to 6n from the outside are supplied as optimum input voltages such
that input/output voltage differences become predetermined values
in correspondence with the output voltages Vo1 to Von. The energy
loss developing in the regulator is determined by an input/output
voltage difference and an output current. Hence, the losses in the
regulators are decreased.
[0048] The power pins 61 to 6n are provided for the regulators 11
to 1n, respectively. As a result, since the amount of electric
current flowing at each of the pins can be reduced which means that
the unit area required for the power pin is reduced, a wire to be
connected to the power pin can be thus made smaller. On the
contrary, the power pins 61 to 6n are provided for the respective
regulators 11 to 1n, which reduces the electric current flowing at
each of the pins, thereby the current capacity of each regulator
can be set to a large value instead of reducing the size of the
wire to be connected to the power pin. Consequently, a large output
current can be realized as whole.
[0049] In view of circuit wiring, the power pins 61 to 6n are
provided in the vicinity of the respective regulators 11 to 1n. As
a result, the wiring resistance of the semiconductor chip can be
decreased, and the output pins Vo1 to Von can also be disposed in
the vicinity of the respective regulators 11 to 1n. In this case,
in contrast with the case of the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, the
power pins 61 to 6n and the output pins Vo1 to Von are provided on
the same side where the semiconductor device 200 is placed.
Therefore, a reduction in energy losses and an improvement in the
input/output voltage difference can be effectively achieved.
[0050] When the semiconductor device 200 of the present invention
is mounted on a printed wiring board (PCB), the power lines can be
separately routed on the PCB. Consequently, the power lines can be
separated from each other on the PCB in accordance with the
application.
[0051] Since the losses in the multiple-output power device are
decreased as a result of the multiple-output power device 200 being
used in the mobile device such as a mobile cellular phone, the time
during which the mobile device can operate on battery power can be
extended.
[0052] FIG. 3 is a view showing the configuration of a
multiple-output power device 200 according to a second embodiment
of the present invention. In the second embodiment, the plurality
of regulators 11 to 1n are arranged solely or into several groups.
Regulator groups are configured such that a plurality of output
voltages are output in response to a common input voltage. A common
power pin is provided on a per-regulator-group basis, and an input
voltage is supplied to the respective regulator group. Even in this
case, the output voltages regulated by the respective regulators
are individually supplied to respective loads by way of the output
pins.
[0053] In connection with FIG. 3, explanations are given chiefly on
features which differ from those shown in FIG. 1. Those elements
which are the same as those shown in FIG. 1 are assigned the same
reference numerals, and repeated explanations thereof are
omitted.
[0054] In FIG. 3, a regulator 11 solely constitutes a group G1;
regulators 12, 13 constitute a group G2; regulators 14 to 16
constitute a group G3; . . . a regulator in solely constitutes a
group Gk.
[0055] Thus, even when the regulators 11 to 1n have been arranged
into groups, the regulated voltages output from the respective
regulators 11 to 1n are supplied as output voltages Vo1 to Von from
the individually-corresponding output pins 71 to 7n to respective
loads, by way of corresponding internal wires 131 to 13n, output
pads 51 to 5n, and bonding wires 141 to 14n.
[0056] Meanwhile, input voltages are supplied to the respective
regulators 11 to 1n for the respective groups G1 to Gk.
[0057] For instance, in FIG. 3 the group G1 includes one regulator
11, and the group Gk includes one regulator in. Hence, the groups
G1, Gk assume the same configuration as that shown in FIG. 1.
[0058] As to the group G2, the input sides of the regulators 12, 13
belonging to the group G2 are connected commonly to the power pad
42 by means of the internal wire 122 and further to the power pin
62 byway of the bonding wire 112. Consequently, the power pin 62 is
supplied with the power to be supplied to the regulators 12,
13.
[0059] As to the group G3, the input sides of the regulators 14,
15, and 16 belonging to the group G3 are connected commonly to the
power pad 43 by way of the internal wire 123 and further to the
power pin 63 byway of the bonding wire 113. Consequently, the power
pin 63 is supplied with the power to be supplied to the regulators
14, 15, and 16.
[0060] Arrangement of the regulators into groups mentioned above is
implemented by combining the regulators such that a problem, which
has hitherto arisen, does not arise even when the power pin is made
common.
[0061] In relation to the operations of the regulators 12, 13
belonging to the group G2, the regulators are not controlled into
an operating state simultaneously. In the embodiment shown in FIG.
3, two regulators are provided. However, if requirements are
fulfilled, three or more regulators may be employed. Specific
examples include a regulator for use with a headphone amplifier and
a regulator for use with a speaker amplifier, both being used in a
mobile device. Further, the examples include a regulator for use
with a spindle motor in a CD, or the like, and a regulator for use
with a loading motor to be used for inserting and drawing a tray.
In the case of these examples, only one of the regulators is
brought into an operating state. Specifically, the regulators are
used exclusively or selectively.
[0062] As to the illustrated regulators 14, 15, and 16 belonging to
the group G3, this configuration is applied to a case where a small
electric current flows into the respective regulators.
Specifically, in a situation where the electric current flowing
through the regulators 14, 15, and 16 is small, even when any one
of the regulators is brought into an operating or restored state,
this regulator does not exert any adverse effects on the remaining
regulators of that group. Therefore, even when the regulators 14,
15, and 16 through which a small electric current flows are
arranged into a group, the voltage control properties of the
respective regulators 14, 15, and 16 are not deteriorated to such
an extent that a problem arises.
[0063] As has been described above, the second embodiment achieves
the same advantage as that of being achieved in the first
embodiment. Further, since the regulators have been arranged into
the groups, the power pins can be made smaller in number than those
required for the regulators. Consequently, the overall number of
pins can be reduced, thereby contributing to downsizing of the
semiconductor device 200.
* * * * *