U.S. patent application number 11/410913 was filed with the patent office on 2007-06-28 for organic polymer/inorganic particles composite materials.
This patent application is currently assigned to Industrial Technology Research Institute. Invention is credited to Chih-Ming Hu, Yung-Hsiang Huang, Chei Kao.
Application Number | 20070149675 11/410913 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 37759006 |
Filed Date | 2007-06-28 |
United States Patent
Application |
20070149675 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Huang; Yung-Hsiang ; et
al. |
June 28, 2007 |
Organic polymer/inorganic particles composite materials
Abstract
The invention discloses a fire resistant composite material
comprising inorganic particles well dispersed in a polymer having
reactive functional groups. The inorganic particles also contain
reactive functional groups, originally or after surface
modification, that can react with the corresponding reactive
functional groups of the polymer to form organic/inorganic
composite materials. When the composite material is burned or under
fire exposure, the polymer forms a char layer and the inorganic
particles radiate absorbed heat. The inorganic particles also
strengthen the mechanical properties of the structure through the
reaction between inorganic and organic materials, so that the
formed char layer is firm and can maintain its structural integrity
without peeling off or cracks, effectively preventing direct heat
transferring into the interior parts. The fire resistant material
is not only flame retardant but also protective toward the interior
materials. As a result, the duration of fire resistant ability is
tremendously improved.
Inventors: |
Huang; Yung-Hsiang; (Taipei
City, TW) ; Hu; Chih-Ming; (Kaohsiung City, TW)
; Kao; Chei; (Hsinchu City, TW) |
Correspondence
Address: |
BIRCH STEWART KOLASCH & BIRCH
PO BOX 747
FALLS CHURCH
VA
22040-0747
US
|
Assignee: |
Industrial Technology Research
Institute
|
Family ID: |
37759006 |
Appl. No.: |
11/410913 |
Filed: |
April 26, 2006 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
524/425 ;
524/432; 524/445; 524/451 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H01B 3/302 20130101;
H01B 3/40 20130101; H01B 3/447 20130101; H01B 3/303 20130101; Y10T
428/31547 20150401; Y10T 428/1405 20150115; H01B 3/441 20130101;
H01B 7/295 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
524/425 ;
524/432; 524/445; 524/451 |
International
Class: |
C08K 3/26 20060101
C08K003/26 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Dec 26, 2005 |
TW |
94146503 |
Claims
1. An organic polymer/inorganic particles composite material,
comprising: an organic polymer with a first reactive functional
group; and inorganic particles, wherein the inorganic particles
contains a second reactive functional group originally or after
surface modification.
2. The organic polymer/inorganic particles composite material as
claimed in claim 1, wherein the content of the organic polymer is
between 10.about.90? by weight.
3. The organic polymer/inorganic particles composite material as
claimed in claim 2, wherein the first reactive functional group
comprises epoxy group, --COOH, --NH.sub.3, or --NCO.
4. The organic polymer/inorganic particles composite material as
claimed in claim 2, wherein the organic polymer comprises polyacid,
polyurethane, epoxy, polyolefin, polyamine, polyimide, or
derivatives thereof.
5. The organic polymer/inorganic particles composite material as
claimed in claim 1, wherein the content of the inorganic particles
is between 10.about.90? by weight.
6. The organic polymer/inorganic particles composite material as
claimed in claim 5, wherein the inorganic particles comprise
hydroxide, nitride, oxide, or metal salt.
7. The organic polymer/inorganic particles composite material as
claimed in claim 6, wherein the hydroxide comprises metal
hydroxide.
8. The organic polymer/inorganic particles composite material as
claimed in claim 7, wherein the metal hydroxide comprises
Al(OH).sub.3 or Mg(OH).sub.2.
9. The organic polymer/inorganic particles composite material as
claimed in claim 6, wherein the oxide comprises SiO.sub.2,
TiO.sub.2, or ZnO.
10. The organic polymer/inorganic particles composite material as
claimed in claim 6, wherein the nitride comprises BN.
11. The organic polymer/inorganic particles composite material as
claimed in claim 6, wherein the metal salt comprises
CaCO.sub.3.
12. The organic polymer/inorganic particles composite material as
claimed in claim 5, wherein the inorganic particles comprise
clay.
13. The organic polymer/inorganic particles composite material as
claimed in claim 12, wherein the clay comprises smectite clay,
vermiculite, halloysite, sericite, saponite, montmorillonite,
beidellite, nontronite, mica, or hectorite.
14. The organic polymer/inorganic particles composite material as
claimed in claim 5, wherein the inorganic particles comprise
SiC.
15. The organic polymer/inorganic particles composite material as
claimed in claim 5, wherein the inorganic particles comprise
LDH.
16. The organic polymer/inorganic particles composite material as
claimed in claim 5, wherein the inorganic particles comprise
talc.
17. The organic polymer/inorganic particles composite material as
claimed in claim 3, wherein the inorganic particles comprise
Al(OH).sub.3 or Mg(OH).sub.2.
18. The organic polymer/inorganic particles composite material as
claimed in claim 17, wherein the content of the organic polymer is
between 10.about.90? by weight.
19. The organic polymer/inorganic particles composite material as
claimed in claim 17, wherein the content of the inorganic particles
is between 10.about.90? by weight.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0001] 1. Field of the Invention
[0002] The present invention relates to an organic
polymer/inorganic particles composite material showing excellent
fire resistant performance under flame sources or fire exposure.
Within this composite system, both of the organic polymer and the
inorganic particles contain reactive functional groups.
[0003] 2. Description of the Related Art
[0004] Fire resistant or fire retardant materials can be used as
the architecture or decorative materials. Architecture materials
disclosed in TW 583,078 and TW 397,885 primarily comprise a stacked
layer, serving as a fire resistant layer, made of nonflammable
inorganic materials such as pearlite (or perlite), MgCl.sub.2, MgO,
CaCO.sub.3 or cement. In addition, a stiff fire resistant laminate
can be obtained from flexible substrates made of fibers or
nonwovens blended with flame retardants, foaming agents and
50.about.80? inorganic materials by weight.
[0005] Fire resistant coatings, serving as decorative materials,
disclosed in TW 442,549, TW 499,469 and TW 419,514 comprise a
combination of foaming and intumescent agents, carbonization
agents, flame retardants, and adhesives which foam and intumesce
under fire exposure. U.S. Pat. No. 5,723,515 discloses a
fire-retardant coating material including a fluid intumescent base
material having a foaming agent, a blowing agent, a charring agent,
a binding agent, a solvent, and a pigment, increasing resistance to
cracking and shrinking. A compound disclosed by U.S. Pat. No.
5,218,027 is manufactured from a composition of a copolymer or
terpolymer, a low modulus polymer, and a synthetic hydrocarbon
elastomer. The fire retardant additive comprising a group I, group
II or group III metal hydroxide with the proviso that at least 1%
by weight of the composition is in the form of an
organopolysiloxane. U.S. Pat. No. 6,262,161 relates to filled
interpolymer compositions of ethylene and/or alpha-olefin/vinyl or
vinylidene monomers, showing improved performance under exposure to
flame or ignition sources, and fabricated articles thereof. The
articles are often in the form of a film, sheet, a multilayered
structure, a floor, wall, or ceiling covering, foams, fibers,
electrical devices, or wire and cable assemblies.
[0006] Specifically, as shown in FIGS. 1a.about.1b, the heated area
of a the conventional fire resistant material can be carbonized
rapidly and expand to 8.about.10 times in volume greater than
original due to the foaming, intumescent, and carbonization agents
contained. However, as shown in FIGS. 1c.about.1d, after long term
heating, the intumescent carbonization layer (or the heated part)
will slightly crack and peel off, therefore the flame and heat can
directly transfer to the interior materials and the fire resistant
ability will vanish. Accordingly, an improved fire resistant
material is desirable.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0007] In view of the problems in the related art, the invention
utilizes a fire resistant composite material comprising various
inorganic particles well dispersed in a polymer having reactive
functional groups. The inorganic particles also contain reactive
functional groups, originally or after surface modification, so
that can react with the corresponding reactive functional groups of
the polymer to form organic/inorganic composite materials. Through
the reaction between organic and inorganic components, the
mechanical and fire resistant properties of the organic polymer are
strengthened and enhanced. The organic polymer with reactive
functional groups can be polyacid, polyurethane, epoxy, polyolefin,
polyamine, polyimide, or derivatives thereof. The reactive
functional group can be epoxy group, --COOH, --NH.sub.3, or --NCO.
The preferred inorganic particles comprise hydroxide, nitride,
oxide, or metal salt which can react with the functional groups of
the organic polymer.
[0008] When the composite material is burned or under fire
exposure, the polymer forms a char layer and the inorganic
particles radiate the absorbed heat. The inorganic particles also
strengthen the mechanical properties of the structure through the
reaction between inorganic and organic materials, so that the
formed char layer on the surface is firm and can maintain its
structural integrity without peeling off or cracks, effectively
preventing direct heat transferring into interior parts. The fire
resistant material is not only flame retardant but also protective
toward the interior materials. As a result, the duration of fire
resistant ability is tremendously improved.
[0009] FIG. 3 is a flowchart demonstrating the processes of the
organic polymer/inorganic particles composite material. As shown in
FIG. 3, a detailed description is given in the following
embodiments with reference to the accompanying drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0010] The present invention can be more fully understood by
reading the subsequent detailed description and examples with
references made to the accompanying drawings, wherein:
[0011] FIGS. 1a.about.1d are pictures showing conventional
intumescent fire resistant materials subjected to a flame test;
[0012] FIG. 2 is a picture showing an organic polymer/inorganic
particles composite material of the invention which is subjected to
a flame test;
[0013] FIG. 3 is a flowchart demonstrating the synthesis processes
of the organic polymer/inorganic particles composite material;
and
[0014] FIG. 4 is a schematic figure demonstrating the flame test
for a sample of the organic polymer/inorganic particles composite
material.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0015] The following description is of the best-contemplated mode
of carrying out the invention. This description is made for the
purpose of illustrating the general principles of the invention and
should not be taken in a limiting sense. The scope of the invention
is best determined by reference to the appended claims.
[0016] The organic polymer containing reactive functional groups
(such as R--COOH) on main chains is mixed with solvents (such as
water, alcohol, or MEK). Subsequently, inorganic particles with
corresponding reactive functional groups (such as M-OH) are added
to the polymer solution, and the mixture is stirred at 70.about.90?
for 20 minutes to several hours till the reaction has completed.
The slurry of R--COO.sup.-M.sup.+ is produced by means of the
reaction between R--COOH of the polymer and M-OH of the inorganic
particles, where R represents carbon chains and M represents metal.
A composite sample layer is obtained by coating the slurry on a
teflon sheet followed by drying and molding the slurry layer at
elevated temperature. The sample layer can be rigid or flexible
depending on the organic/inorganic system of the composite. Each
sample layer of the following embodiments and comparative examples
is prepared according to the processes illustrated in FIG. 3.
Finally, the sample layer is placed on a piece of A4 size paper and
subjected to a flame test. Table 1 shows the results of the flame
test in different organic/inorganic systems.
First Embodiment
[0017] Poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid) containing R--COOH was
dissolved or dispersed in water. Subsequently, inorganic particles
Al(OH).sub.3 with reactive functional groups M-OH were added to the
polymer solution, and the mixture was stirred at 70.about.90 for 20
minutes. 1 mm-thick mixture slurry was coated on a teflon sheet,
and then placed in an oven, dried at 60? for 60 minutes, 80? for 60
minutes, 100? for 60 minutes, 120? for 30 minutes, 140? for 30
minutes, 160? for 30 minutes, 180? for 30 minutes, and finally,
molded at 200? for 240 minutes.
[0018] As shown in FIG. 4, the sample layer 20 was removed from the
teflon sheet (not shown), and placed on a piece of A4 size paper
10. A flame test was conducted on the surface of the sample layer
20 by butane gas torch 30 with flame temperature of
1000.about.1200? (flame 40) for 30 seconds.about.3 minutes. The
result of the burning phenomenon of the piece of A4 size paper was
summarized in table 1. There was no scorch observed on the piece of
A4 size paper after heating for 30, 60 and 120 seconds while it
became slightly scorched after heating for 180 seconds.
[0019] According to this embodiment, the duration of fire resistant
ability was 3 minutes due to the strengthened sample layer, i.e.
R--COOH of poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid) reacted with M-OH of
Al(OH).sub.3 to form chemical bonds instead of physical
blending.
Second Embodiment
[0020] Poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid) containing R--COOH was
dissolved or dispersed in water. Subsequently, inorganic particles
Mg(OH).sub.2 with reactive functional groups M-OH were added to the
polymer solution, and the mixture was stirred at 70.about.90 for 20
minutes. 1 mm-thick mixture slurry was coated on a teflon sheet,
and then placed in an oven, dried at 60? for 60 minutes, 80? for 60
minutes, 100? for 60 minutes, 120? for 30 minutes, 140? for 30
minutes, 160? for 30 minutes, 180? for 30 minutes, and finally,
molded at 200? for 240 minutes.
[0021] As shown in FIG. 4, the sample layer 20 was removed from the
teflon sheet (not shown), and placed on a piece of A4 size paper
10. A flame test was conducted on the surface of the sample layer
20 by butane gas torch 30 with flame temperature of
1000.about.1200? (flame 40) for 30 seconds.about.3 minutes. The
result of the burning phenomenon of the piece of A4 size paper was
summarized in table 1. There was no scorch observed on the piece of
A4 size paper after heating for 30, 60 and 120 seconds while it
became slightly scorched after heating for 180 seconds.
[0022] According to this embodiment, the duration of fire resistant
ability was 3 minutes due to the strengthened sample layer, i.e.
R--COOH of poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid) reacted with M-OH of
Mg(OH).sub.2 to form chemical bonds instead of physical
blending.
Third Embodiment
[0023] Poly(acrylic acid-co-maleic acid) containing R--COOH was
dissolved or dispersed in water. Subsequently, inorganic particles
Al(OH).sub.3 with reactive functional groups M-OH were added to the
polymer solution, and the mixture was stirred at 70.about.90 for 20
minutes. 1 mm-thick mixture slurry was coated on a teflon sheet,
and then placed in an oven, dried at 60? for 60 minutes, 80? for 60
minutes, 100? for 60 minutes, 120? for 30 minutes, 140? for 30
minutes, 160? for 30 minutes, 180? for 30 minutes, and finally,
molded at 200? for 240 minutes.
[0024] As shown in FIG. 4, the sample layer 20 was removed from the
teflon sheet (not shown), and placed on a piece of A4 size paper
10. A flame test was conducted on the surface of the sample layer
20 by butane gas torch 30 with flame temperature of
1000.about.1200? (flame 40) for 30 seconds.about.3 minutes. The
result of the burning phenomenon of the piece of A4 size paper was
summarized in table 1. There was no scorch observed on the piece of
A4 size paper after heating for 30, 60 and 120 seconds while it
became slightly scorched after heating for 180 seconds.
[0025] According to this embodiment, the duration if fire resistant
ability was 3 minutes due to the strengthened sample layer, i.e.
R--COOH of poly(acrylic acid-co-maleic acid) reacted with M-OH of
Al(OH).sub.3 to form chemical bonds instead of physical
blending.
Fourth Embodiment
[0026] Polyurethane containing R--NCO was dissolved or dispersed in
hexane. Subsequently, inorganic particles Al(OH).sub.3 with
reactive functional groups M-OH were added to the polymer solution,
and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 20 minutes. 1
mm-thick mixture slurry was coated on a teflon sheet, and then
placed in an oven, molded at 60? for 120 minutes.
[0027] As shown in FIG. 4, the sample layer 20 was removed from the
teflon sheet (not shown), and placed on a piece of A4 size paper
10. A flame test was conducted on the surface of the sample layer
20 by butane gas torch 30 with flame temperature of
1000.about.1200? (flame 40) for 30 seconds.about.3 minutes. The
result of the burning phenomenon of the piece of A4 size paper was
summarized in table 1. There was no scorch observed on the piece of
A4 size paper after heating for 30, 60 and 120 seconds while it
became slightly scorched after heating for 180 seconds.
[0028] According to this embodiment, the duration of fire resistant
ability was 3 minutes due to the strengthened sample layer, i.e.
R--NCO of polyurethane reacted with M-OH of Al(OH).sub.3 to form
chemical bonds instead of physical blending.
FIRST COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE
[0029] Poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid) containing R--COOH was
dissolved or dispersed in water. Subsequently, inorganic particles
SiO.sub.2 were added to the polymer solution, and the mixture was
stirred at 70.about.90 for 20 minutes. 1 mm-thick mixture slurry
was coated on a teflon sheet, and then placed in an oven, dried at
60? for 60 minutes, 80? for 60 minutes, 100? for 60 minutes, 120?
for 30 minutes, 140? for 30 minutes, 160? for 30 minutes, 180? for
30 minutes, and finally, molded at 200? for 240 minutes.
[0030] As shown in FIG. 4, the sample layer 20 was removed from the
teflon sheet (not shown), and placed on a piece of A4 size paper
10. A flame test was conducted on the surface of the sample layer
20 by butane gas torch 30 with flame temperature of
1000.about.1200? (flame 40) for 30 seconds.about.3 minutes. The
result of the burning phenomenon of the piece of A4 size paper was
summarized in table 1. When the flame contacted the surface of the
sample layer, the composite rapidly melted within several seconds
and then charred irregularly in 30 seconds. The nonuniform char had
lost its structural integrity due to the formation of cracks. A
piece of A4 size paper became slightly scorched after heating for
30 seconds; scorched after heating for 60 seconds. Finally, the
paper substrate burned after heating for 120 seconds because of the
majority of cracks.
[0031] According to this comparative example, the duration of fire
resistant ability is less than 2 minutes because that R--COOH of
poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid) did not react with SiO.sub.2 to form
a well-structured composite by the formation of chemical bonds.
SECOND COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE
[0032] Poly(acrylic acid-co-maleic acid) containing R--COOH was
dissolved or dispersed in water. Subsequently, inorganic particles
Al.sub.2O.sub.3 were added to the polymer solution, and the mixture
was stirred at 70.about.90 for 20 minutes. 1 mm-thick mixture
slurry was coated on a teflon sheet, and then placed in an oven,
dried at 60? for 60 minutes, 80? for 60 minutes, 100? for 60
minutes, 120? for 30 minutes, 140? for 30 minutes, 160? for 30
minutes, 180? for 30 minutes, and finally, molded at 200? for 240
minutes.
[0033] As shown in FIG. 4, the sample layer 20 was removed from the
teflon sheet (not shown), and placed on a piece of A4 size paper
10. A flame test was conducted on the surface of the sample layer
20 by butane gas torch 30 with flame temperature of
1000.about.1200? (flame 40) for 30 seconds.about.3 minutes. The
result of the burning phenomenon of the piece of A4 size paper was
summarized in table 1. When the flame contacted the surface of the
sample layer, the composite rapidly melted within several seconds
and then charred irregularly in 30 seconds. The nonuniform char had
lost its structural integrity due to the formation of cracks. A
piece of A4 size paper became slightly scorched after heating for
30 seconds; scorched after heating for 60 seconds. Finally, the
paper substrate burned after heating for 120 seconds because of the
majority of cracks.
[0034] According to this comparative example, the duration of fire
resistant ability is less than 2 minutes because that R--COOH of
poly(acrylic acid-co-maleic acid) did not react with
Al.sub.2O.sub.3 to form a well-structured composite by the
formation of chemical bonds.
THIRD COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE
[0035] Polyurethane containing R--NCO was dissolved or dispersed in
hexane. Subsequently, inorganic particles SiO.sub.2 were added to
the polymer solution, and the mixture was stirred at room
temperature for 20 minutes. 1 mm-thick mixture slurry was coated on
a teflon sheet, and then placed in an oven, molded at 60? for 120
minutes.
[0036] As shown in FIG. 4, the sample layer 20 was removed from the
teflon sheet (not shown), and placed on a piece of A4 size paper
10. A flame test was conducted on the surface of the sample layer
20 by butane gas torch 30 with flame temperature of
1000.about.1200? (flame 40) for 30 seconds.about.3 minutes. The
result of the burning phenomenon of the piece of A4 size paper was
summarized in table 1. When the flame contacted the surface of the
sample layer, the composite rapidly melted within several seconds
and then charred irregularly in 30 seconds. The nonuniform char had
lost its structural integrity due to the formation of cracks. A
piece of A4 size paper became slightly scorched after heating for
30 to 60 seconds; scorched after heating for 120 seconds. Finally,
the paper substrate burned after heating for 180 seconds because of
the majority of cracks.
[0037] According to this comparative example, the duration of fire
resistant ability is about 2 minutes because that R--NCO of
polyurethane did not react with SiO.sub.2 to form a well-structured
composite by the formation of chemical bonds.
FOURTH COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE
[0038] Poly(vinyl alcohol) containing R--OH was dissolved or
dispersed in water. Subsequently, inorganic particles Al(OH).sub.3
were added to the polymer solution, and the mixture was stirred at
70.about.90 for 20 minutes. 1 mm-thick mixture slurry was coated on
a teflon sheet, and then placed in an oven, dried at 60? for 60
minutes, 80? for 60 minutes, 100? for 60 minutes, 120? for 30
minutes, 140? for 30 minutes, 160? for 30 minutes, 180? for 30
minutes, and finally, molded at 200? for 240 minutes.
[0039] As shown in FIG. 4, the sample layer 20 was removed from the
teflon sheet (not shown), and placed on a piece of A4 size paper
10. A flame test was conducted on the surface of the sample layer
20 by butane gas torch 30 with flame temperature of
1000.about.1200? (flame 40) for 30 seconds.about.3 minutes. The
result of the burning phenomenon of the piece of A4 size paper was
summarized in table 1. When the flame contacted the surface of the
sample layer, the composite rapidly melted within several seconds
and then charred irregularly in 30 seconds. The nonuniform char had
lost its structural integrity due to the formation of cracks. A
piece of A4 size paper became slightly scorched after heating for
30 seconds; scorched after heating for 60 seconds. Finally, the
paper substrate burned after heating for 120 seconds because of the
majority of cracks.
[0040] According to this comparative example, the duration of fire
resistant ability is less than 2 minutes because that R--OH of
poly(vinyl alcohol) did not react with the M-OH of Al(OH).sub.3 to
form a well-structured composite by the formation of chemical
bonds.
[0041] Due to the chemical bonding between the corresponding
reactive functional groups of the organic polymer and the inorganic
particles, the formed char layer on the surface is firm with
excellent structural integrity and does not easily crack and peel
off, effectively preventing direct heat transferring into interior
parts. The fire resistant material is not only flame retardant but
also protective toward the interior materials. As a result, the
duration of fire resistant ability is tremendously improved.
[0042] While the invention has been described by ways of examples
and in terms of the preferred embodiments, it can be understood
that the invention is not limited to the disclosed embodiments. To
the contrary, it is intended to cover various modifications and
similar arrangements (as would be apparent to those skilled in the
art). Therefore, the scope of the appended claims should be
accorded the broadest interpretation so as to encompass all such
modifications and similar arrangements. TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1
Results of the flame test of the organic polymer/inorganic
particles composite materials Paper states after direct heating
Organic Inorganic at 1000-1200.degree. C. for polymer particles 30
secs. 1 min. 2 mins. 3 mins. poly Al(OH).sub.3 unchanged unchanged
unchanged Slightly (ethylene- scorched co-acrylic acid) poly
Mg(OH).sub.2 unchanged unchanged unchanged Slightly (ethylene-
scorched co-acrylic acid) poly SiO.sub.2 Slightly Scorched burning
-- (ethylene- scorched co-acrylic acid) poly Al(OH).sub.3 unchanged
unchanged unchanged Slightly (acrylic scorched acid-co- maleic
acid) poly Al.sub.2O.sub.3 Slightly Scorched burning -- (acrylic
scorched acid-co- maleic acid) polyure- Al(OH).sub.3 unchanged
unchanged unchanged Slightly thane scorched polyure- SiO.sub.2
Slightly Slightly Scorched burning thane scorched scorched poly
Al(OH).sub.3 Slightly Scorched burning -- vinyl scorched
alcohol
* * * * *