U.S. patent application number 11/510272 was filed with the patent office on 2007-06-28 for systems and methods for detection of analytes in biological fluids.
This patent application is currently assigned to Immunetics, Inc.. Invention is credited to Victor Kovalenko.
Application Number | 20070148707 11/510272 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 26965114 |
Filed Date | 2007-06-28 |
United States Patent
Application |
20070148707 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Kovalenko; Victor |
June 28, 2007 |
Systems and methods for detection of analytes in biological
fluids
Abstract
The invention provides a heterogeneous immunoassay for detection
of antibodies and antigens based on specific antigen-antibody
immune complex formation with multiple antigen-bearing conjugate
components. The invention further provides means for optimizing the
assay format for the detection of both low and high-affinity
antibodies, and provides means for quantitative detection of both
antibody and the corresponding antigen present in a sample.
Inventors: |
Kovalenko; Victor; (Saco,
ME) |
Correspondence
Address: |
FOLEY HOAG, LLP;PATENT GROUP, WORLD TRADE CENTER WEST
155 SEAPORT BLVD
BOSTON
MA
02110
US
|
Assignee: |
Immunetics, Inc.
Boston
MA
|
Family ID: |
26965114 |
Appl. No.: |
11/510272 |
Filed: |
August 25, 2006 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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10138654 |
May 3, 2002 |
7105311 |
|
|
11510272 |
Aug 25, 2006 |
|
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60334807 |
Nov 15, 2001 |
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60288597 |
May 3, 2001 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
435/7.5 ;
977/902 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G01N 33/54353 20130101;
G01N 33/54306 20130101; Y02A 50/30 20180101 |
Class at
Publication: |
435/007.5 ;
977/902 |
International
Class: |
G01N 33/53 20060101
G01N033/53 |
Claims
1. A method for detecting an antibody that binds to an antigen or
hapten in a sample comprising: providing a first component
comprising a ligand linked to a solid phase adsorbing composition
though a chemical spacer; providing a second component comprising a
ligand-binding moiety and the antigen or hapten that binds the
antibody; providing a third component comprising an antigen or
hapten and a label; contacting the first component with a solid
phase so as to immobilize the first component; contacting the
antibody sample with the first, second and third components and
allowing the third component to form an immune complex with the
first and second components by binding to the second component
through the antibody present in the antibody sample; and separating
uncomplexed third component from the solid phase and detecting the
label present in the immune complex, wherein detection of said
label indicates the presence of the antibody in the antibody
sample, thereby detecting the antibody in the sample.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the ligand is biotin.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the ligand-binding moiety is
avidin or streptavidin.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the solid phase adsorbing
composition is an albumin.
5. (canceled)
6. (canceled)
7. (canceled)
8. (canceled)
9. (canceled)
10. (canceled)
11. (canceled)
12. The method of claim 1, wherein the separation of uncomplexed
third component label from the solid phase is achieved by washing
unbound third component label from the solid phase.
13. The method of claim 1, wherein the quantity of antigen or
hapten in the third component conjugate is greater than the
quantity of antigen or hapten in the second component
conjugate.
14. (canceled)
15. (canceled)
16. (canceled)
17. (canceled)
18. (canceled)
19. (canceled)
20. (canceled)
21. The method of claim 1, wherein the third component comprises an
antigen or hapten conjugated indirectly to a label through a
chemical spacer.
22. (canceled)
23. (canceled)
24. (canceled)
25. (canceled)
26. (canceled)
27. The method of claim 1, wherein the second and third component
conjugates each comprise two or more different antigens or
haptens.
28. (canceled)
29. The method of claim 1, wherein the antigens are peptides
derived from VLSe protein (C6) and OspC protein (C10) of B.
burgdorferi for the diagnosis of Lyme borreloiosis.
30. The method of claim 1, further comprising quantitation of the
antibody.
31. The method of claim 1, further comprising contacting the
mixture of the antibody sample with the first, second and third
components with a sample containing the antigen or hapten for the
quantitative detection of said antigen or hapten in said
sample.
32. A kit comprising the first, second and third components of
claim 1.
33. The kit of claim 32, further comprising an antibody
standard.
34. The kit of claim 32, wherein the second and third components
are supplied as dry samples.
35. The kit of claim 32, wherein the second and third components
comprise more than one antigen or hapten molecule.
36. A composition of matter comprising a ligand linked to a solid
phase adsorbing composition though a chemical spacer.
37. The composition of matter of claim 36, wherein the ligand is
biotin.
38. The composition of matter of claim 36, wherein the solid phase
adsorbing composition is bovine serum albumin.
39. The composition of matter of claim 36, wherein the chemical
spacer is polyethylene glycol.
40. The composition of matter of claim 36, wherein the ligand is
biotin, the solid phase adsorbing composition is bovine serum
albumin and the chemical spacer is polyethylene glycol.
Description
RELATED U.S. APPLICATION(S)
[0001] This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional
Application Nos. 60/288,597, filed May 3, 2001, and 60/334,807,
filed Nov. 15, 2001, both of which are hereby incorporated herein
by reference.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The present invention relates to an immunochemical assay and
method for qualitative or quantitative detection of analytes in
biological fluids.
BACKGROUND ART
[0003] Antibodies are protein molecules which specifically bind
antigens that initiate the formation of the antibodies. Antibodies
are produced by B-lymphocytes and plasma cells, and are present in
blood plasma (as secretory antibodies or cell bound), lymphatic
fluids, cerebrospinal fluid, mucus and other extracellular
secretions (e.g., saliva), and in some instances, urine. Assays for
antibodies have been widely applied to the examination and
diagnosis of many infections, and autoimmune and allergic
conditions.
[0004] There are currently several known immunoglobulin classes,
IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE and IgD. These immunoglobulins are involved in
different types of immune responses, and their involvements are
dependent, for example, on antigen structures, type of organisms
which bear these antigens, time after immunization, and presence of
other antigenic molecules in the microorganisms. It is believed
that antibody classes important for serological testing and
secretory immunoglobulins contain two or more identical
antigen-combining sites. In particular, it is believed that there
are two sites for IgG and IgE, four for IgA, and up to 10 for IgM.
This mean that at least two antigen molecules or specific antigenic
(epitopic) substances can bind simultaneously to one antibody
molecule.
[0005] It should be noted that affinity of antibodies to specific
antigens may not be constant. Beside the spectrum of polyclonal
antibodies which can differ in affinity at varying stages of an
immune response depending on the particular pathogen/immunogen,
affinity of antibodies can change with time, from low to high
affinity, for instance, during the antibody maturation process.
Moreover, several antibody classes can simultaneously recognize the
same antigen. In the case of bacterial, viral, protozoan,
parasitic, or fungal infection, the IgM class can appear at the
early stages of an immune response, usually as antibody with a low
affinity constant, while the IgG class can appear later in the
immune response. For serological testing of many infections, the
ability to detect antibodies at the earliest stages of
seroconversion can be very important in determining a treatment.
Because the IgM class antibodies often appear during the early
stages of infection, their presence is often considered as a
serological indication of early stage of infection.
[0006] Antibodies can be detected using a variety of immunoassay
protocols. Among conventional methods, the most widely used works
on principles of solid phase immunoassay using immobilized antigens
and secondary class-specific anti-immunoglobulins conjugated with
detector labels, such as, enzyme, fluorophores, chemiluminescent,
metal sols, dyed polymeric particles, or labeled proteins which
bind to immunoglobulins (protein A and G). A disadvantage of such a
method is that a falsely positive result can be obtained due to
non-specific and cross-reactive reactions related to simple
adsorption of non-specific antibodies on coated solid phase, or the
presence of unwanted antigenic substances in antigens used for
adsorption on solid phase. This can happen even in case of using
relatively pure antigens obtained by methods of recombinant
technology. Moreover, the presence of, for instance,
autoantibodies, rheumatoid factor, or polyspecific/polyreactive
antibodies, can lead to false results. Even in case of using very
specific small peptide antigens, false positives can arise as
result of contaminations in the reagents used for immobilization on
solid phase.
[0007] In order to reduce the occurrence of false positives, steps,
such as, selection of sample dilution, incubation time,
temperature, and diluents used, have been taken to reduce potential
cross-reactive reactions. However, such steps can require the
application of many serological tests and can reduce detection
sensitivity. For example, in a solid phase immunoassay using solid
phase immobilized antigens, the presence of conjugates
antigen-specific antibodies with detector label can compete with
antibodies in a sample to be detected to bind with the immobilized
antigens. As a result, although this competitive test is relatively
simple and may be less susceptible to non-specific reactions, its
sensitivity for detection can be relatively low.
[0008] In another immunoassay for specific antibody detection based
on competitive binding, a specific antibody may be immobilized in a
solid phase. However, during incubation, labeled antigens in the
sample and the antibody to be detected in the sample can compete to
bind with the immobilized antibody. As with the previous example,
sensitivity of detection may be affected due to competitive
binding, and as a result, may require a significant amount of pure
anti-antigen antibodies for use.
[0009] In another immunoassay, the solid phase may be coated with a
class specific immunoglobulins. Labeled antigens may be used in the
sample of the antibody to be detected to form an immune complex
with the class specific immunoglobulins in the solid phase. One
disadvantage of this immunoassay is the limited binding capacity of
the class specific immunoglobulins in the solid phase, which can
limit the sensitivity of specific antibody detection.
[0010] A further variation of solid phase immunoassay involves the
use of solid phase coated antigens to capture specific antibody and
subsequent detection of captured/bound antibody with a labeled
antigen. However, a prozoning phenomenon may be a problem for this
approach. In particular, the density of antigen on solid phase
should be carefully optimized to protect the antibody from binding
with the solid phase antigen through all combining sites (e.g., IgG
class) on the antibody, which reduce number of sites available on
the antibody to bind with labeled antigen. A second incubation with
labeled antigen is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,121,006 as a way
for increasing sensitivity of this type of assay.
[0011] U.S. Pat. No. 6,030,770 discloses a method for antibody
detection using labeled antigen and a solid phase capture system.
In this method, the solid phase comprises immobilized antigens and
anti-immunoglobulin antibodies introduced into the capture system
through an additional bridge. The bridge, as disclosed, includes
analyte-specific antibodies capable of recognizing ligand-labeled
anti-species class specific antibodies.
[0012] U.S. Pat. No. 4,778,751 discloses a method for detection of
circulating antibodies, which method is based on the use of a
ligand-labeled polymeric matrix. In this method, the matrix is
conjugated with multiple antigen molecules, a ligand-binding
partner immobilized on solid phase, and anti-immunoglobuline
detector reagent.
[0013] In U.S. Pat. No. 4,945,042, a three reagents antibody
detection system is disclosed. The detection system, as disclosed,
comprises two components of a specific binding pair. One component
is included in the capture system as a conjugate of StrAv with
thermo polymerized BSA of anti-immunoglobulin antibodies, while the
second component is conjugated to the antigen. A third reagent is
labeled and is a conjugate of the antigen.
[0014] U.S. Pat. No. 5,236,849 discloses a detection method
utilizing an antigen containing simultaneously two different labels
belonging to two affinity pairs, each with its counterparts
distributed between separate solid phases. This approach permits
for significant reduction of non-specific reaction by using
immune-complex transfer (dissociation-recapture) for detection in a
second container.
[0015] Lyphophilic bridges, such as liposomes or some other
reversible bridge, are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,312,730 and
5,705,338 as a way to dissociate an immune complex from a first
solid phase to permit transfer into a second solid phase for
detection.
[0016] Small peptide antigens, containing specific epitopes, mono
or limited amount, can be powerful instrument for development of
highly specific serological test. The role of these peptides,
whether obtained by chemical synthesis or recombinant technology,
have become increasingly important. However, affinity of antibodies
against these small epitopes is sometimes lower than the affinity
to a sequence in whole protein. Moreover, affinity of antibodies to
selected peptide antigens can vary due to the presence of various
strains of pathogens and its genetic variability. Accordingly, it
is desirable to provide simple methods, which can permit the
detection of antibodies that may have low affinity to selected
epitopes.
SUMMARY OF INVENTION
[0017] The present invention provides, in one embodiment, a simple
heterogeneous immunoassay for detection of antibodies based on
specific antigen-antibody immune complex formation with dually
labeled antigen.
[0018] In another embodiment, the present invention provides
methods for detection of antibodies against peptide epitopes and
haptens or detection of other analytes with multiple identical
binding epitopes. In this manner, the method of the present
invention can permit detection of, for example, multiple antibody
classes in one sample, including antibody with a low affinity
constant.
[0019] In another embodiment, the present invention provides a
simplified method for sample preparation, thereby allowing the
assays being carried out to be insensitive to sample dilution,
while eliminating factors which can lead to various non-specific
reactions and false positives frequently seen in conventional
serological tests using anti-immunoglobulin conjugates.
[0020] The method of the present invention can be used in a variety
of assay formats, including ELISA, dot-blot, flow-through (e.g.,
immunoconcentration and immunofiltration), and lateral flow,
including the possibility for quantitative determination.
[0021] In accordance with one embodiment, the present provides a
method for detecting an antibody that binds to an antigen or hapten
in a sample. The method includes providing a first component having
a ligand linked to a solid phase adsorbing composition through a
chemical spacer. In an embodiment, the ligand may be biotin, the
solid phase adsorbing composition may be albumin and the spacer may
be polyethylene glycol. Also provided is a second component having
a ligand-binding moiety and the antigen or hapten that binds the
antibody. The ligand-binding moiety in an embodiment can be avidin
or streptavidin. A third component can be provided comprising an
antigen or hapten and a label. The label, in an embodiment, may be
one of the following, an enzyme, a fluorescent probe, a
chemiluminescent probe, a metal, a non-metal colloidal particle, a
polymeric dye particle, and a pigment molecule. The method permits
contacting the first component with a solid phase, so as to
immobilize the first component. Subsequently, the antibody sample
is contacted with the first, second and third components to allow
the third component to form an immune complex with the first and
second components by binding to the second component through the
antibody present in the antibody sample. Thereafter, uncomplexed
third component may be separated from the solid phase and the label
present in the immune complex may be detected. The detection of the
label indicates the presence of the antibody in the antibody
sample, and thus the detection of the antibody in the sample.
[0022] The present invention also provides, in one embodiment, a
composition of matter comprising a ligand linked to a solid phase
adsorbing composition through a chemical spacer. In an embodiment,
the ligand may be biotin, the solid phase adsorbing composition may
be albumin and the spacer may be polyethylene glycol.
[0023] The present invention further provides, in an embodiment, a
kit comprising a first component having a ligand linked to a solid
phase adsorbing composition through a chemical spacer. The kit also
includes a second component having a ligand-binding moiety and the
antigen or hapten that binds the antibody, and a third component
comprising an antigen or hapten and a label. The kit can further
include an antibody standard.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[0024] FIG. 1 shows a calibration curve for detection of high
affinity anti-C6 IgG antibodies added to normal human serum.
[0025] FIG. 2 shows that conjugates C6-StrAv, 2:1 and C6-BSA-HRP,
4:1:3 are less active in the detection of a high affinity
antibody
[0026] FIG. 3 shows the concentration/OD curves for detection of
low affinity anti-C6 antibodies containing both IgG and IgM using
various conjugates mixtures. The results shows that conjugates with
one or less molecules of C6 peptide per StrAv and HRP, which
detects high affinity anti-C6 antibodies with high sensitivity,
fail to detect low affinity antibodies. Conjugates containing 2 or
4 molecules C6 peptide per one molecule of StrAv/BSA detect
antibody with relatively good sensitivity. Mixture of all four
conjugates also have similar sensitivity in detection of low
affinity antibody.
[0027] FIG. 4 shows the detection of antibodies in patient sample
at an early stage of Lyme disease. A combination of peptide
conjugates with various molar ratios of peptide/StrAv/HRP provided
good sensitivity.
[0028] FIG. 5 shows a comparison of sensitivity of antibody
detection using a conventional IgG/IgM C6 ELISA test with the assay
of current invention. Positive control serum from a C6 ELISA kit,
containing patient sera with anti-C6 IgG was used as source of
antibodies.
[0029] FIG. 6 shows the critical dependence of sensitivity for
detection of anti-C10 low affinity IgM antibodies from amount of
peptide in conjugates.
[0030] FIG. 7 shows a calibration curve and assay for linearity of
detection of anti-C10 antibodies using affinity antibody from
patient with early stage of infection as a calibrator. The
conjugates used were C10-StrAv 2:1, 0.03 ug/ml, C10-BSA-HRP 4:1:3
0.08 ug/ml.
[0031] FIG. 8 shows the sensitivity for detection of anti-C6 and
anti-C10 antibodies in a serum sample at separate detection using
mixtures of conjugates for separate detection (C6-StrAv 0.5:1,
C6-StrAv 2:1, C6-StrAv 2:1, C6-BSA-HRP 4:1:3) and (C10-StrAv 2:1,
C10-BSA-HRP 4:1:3) and mixture containing all conjugates for
detection both antibodies in one well.
[0032] FIG. 9 shows a comparison of two means for running the
assay--i.e. with the sample mixed with conjugates in a separate
tube, incubated for 10 min than transferred into wells with capture
reagent and with the sample mixed with conjugates directly into
wells with capture reagent. Conjugates were C6-StrAv 0.5:1, 0.03
ug/ml C6-HRP 1:1, 0.05 ug/ml.
[0033] FIG. 10 shows the dependence of antibody concentration on OD
over a wide range of antibody concentrations (anti-C6 high
affinity, anti-C6 low affinity and anti-C10 IgM). A high dose hook
effect was found only for the detection of high affinity anti-C6
IgG and observable (OD drops below OVER in ELISA reader with upper
limit 3.5) at high antibody concentration exceeding range of linear
response almost 10 times. Low affinity anti-C6 IgG/IgM and anti-10
IgM does not show a hook effect, which can be recognized in assay
conditions at concentration of up to 100 ug/ml.
[0034] FIG. 11 shows the effect of titration of biotin-binding
sites in C6-StrAv conjugates with Bi-PEG on assay sensitivity.
Blocking of one binding site dos not significantly change the
analytical sensitivity. The presence of only one to four
biotin-binding sites was sufficient to maintain activity
peptide-StrAv conjugates in the test.
[0035] FIG. 12 shows scatter plots of OD for a panel of normal
blood donors (412 samples) tested in parallel in conventional
IgG/IgM C6 ELISA (at dilution 1:20) with C6 peptide immobilized on
solid phase and new test on undiluted sera as described in Example
12.
[0036] FIG. 13 shows histogram of OD distribution for panel of 314
samples of Lyme patients or patients with suspected Lyme disease
tested in parallel in conventional IgG/IgM C6 ELISA test at
dilution 1:20 and with new test (Example 12) on undiluted samples.
The number of samples which have a high OD values including OVER
were significantly higher for new test which demonstrates the high
analytical sensitivity of a new test.
[0037] FIG. 14 shows the application of C6-conjugates in a
competitive format for the detection of whole protein (rec VLSe)
containing C6 peptide. Less than 1 ng whole VLSe in a sample can be
detected by this method.
[0038] FIG. 15 illustrates a schematic diagram showing the
molecular interactions underlying the immunoassays of the present
invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS
[0039] The present invention provides, in one embodiment, an
immunochemical method and reagents for qualitative or quantitative
detection of analytes in biological fluids, including detection of
antibodies to small antigens, epitopes, peptides or haptens.
[0040] The present method, in one embodiment, can be based on the
ability of an antibody to bind at least two molecules of the same
antigenic substance, due to the presence of at least two specific,
substantially identical antigen-binding sites on the antibody. For
instance, the IgG class has two identical binding sites, while the
IgM class has up to 10 identical binding sites.
[0041] The principle of antibody detection in the present assay
involves formation in solution of a specific immune complex between
the antibody to be detected and two molecules of antigen/hapten
bearing two different labels. As shown in FIG. 15, one molecule 150
of antigen/hapten may be conjugated with a detector label 151,
while a second molecule 152 may be conjugated to a component 153 of
a high-affinity pair (e.g., biotin-streptavidin) that allows
specific capture of the ternary immune complex 154 thus formed onto
a solid phase 155 coated with the other component 156 of the
affinity pair. The two conjugates 150 and 152 may be added as a
mixture to the sample being analyzed. In principle, one conjugate
150 can bind to one antigen-binding site of the antibody molecule
157 to be detected, while the second conjugate 152 can bind to the
other antigen-binding site on the same antibody molecule 157.
Ternary complex 154 thus formed is bound to the solid phase 155 via
the specific interaction of the second conjugate 152 and its
associated partner 153 of the affinity pair with the other affinity
partner 156 immobilized on the solid phase 155. An appropriate
detection method (enzymatic or other) can then be applied to detect
binding of the antibody-antigen complex. A single washing step may
be needed to remove excess reagent prior to quantitation of bound
detector label. Most known types of labels (enzymatic, fluorescent,
chemiluminescent, colloidal gold, other colloids, colored particles
etc.) used in various immunoassays can be utilized in tests based
on this principle.
[0042] Furthermore, the detection principle employ by the present
invention may be applicable to various test formats. For example,
it can be shown that the same reagents used for creation of a
microplate C6 ELISA can function effectively in membrane ELISA
formats, including rapid tests (performed in 5-10 min), in which
sensitivity equal to or higher than that of the microplate ELISA
format was demonstrated. Moreover, the present method can also be
useful in antibody detection using rapid immunofiltration and
immunochromatographic assay techniques while exhibiting very low
background and non-specific reactions. The method of the present
invention may also be especially suitable for application in
immunochromatographic serological tests.
[0043] The present method, in accordance with an embodiment, can be
substantially free from most interfering factors related to
cross-reactivity problems, can work effectively with undiluted
serum/plasma samples, can provide extremely low signal for normal
samples, and has significantly higher analytical sensitivity.
Diagnostic sensitivity and specificity may also be increased with
the present method.
[0044] Assay protocols for use with the present invention can be
relatively simple and more convenient, with short turn-around time.
For instance, an entire test can be performed within 30 minutes.
The need for sample dilution may also be eliminated, as undiluted
sample and conjugates can be mixed directly in wells of a coated
plate, followed by a single wash step. As such, testing of multiple
samples can be especially convenient because of the insensitivity
of results to prolonged incubation between additions of sample and
conjugates.
[0045] In addition, a broad range of linearity of absorbance (OD)
values, covering almost the full scale of a typical ELISA reader in
optimized assay conditions may be achieved with a method of the
present invention, making such method valuable for quantitative
determination of anti-peptide antibody concentration. For instance,
the detection limit for IgG antibody using the method of the
present invention with HRP label and commercially available
tetramethylbenzidene (TMB)-based chromogenic substrates can be as
low as 5 ng/ml in a 30 min test. The low background and low
non-specific reactivity makes the method of the present invention
suitable for further application of various signal amplification
techniques for antibody detection.
[0046] Furthermore, the method of the present invention provides,
in one embodiment, an assay that is not species-dependent.
Specifically, detection of antibodies against a specific antigen
can be applied, without special modifications, for detection of
antibodies in human, as well as animal sera/plasma. Moreover, the
present method can, in an embodiment, detect antibody classes
involved in the humoral immune response (e.g., IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE),
such that analysis of the antibody class involved in specific
immune complex formation with the labeled antigen can be done as a
second step using appropriate secondary conjugates.
[0047] In general, the present method allows for increased
sensitivity of detection of antibody classes that have more than
two binding sites for antigens, for instance, IgM pentamer or IgA
dimer. As such, the present method can narrow the "window period"
for serological detection of infection due to more sensitive
detection of IgM antibodies during the early phase of
seroconversion. In addition, the present method can be valuable for
detection of secretory IgA antibodies in various secretions
containing the first line of humoral antimicrobial defense (e.g.,
saliva, intestinal, respiratory, erythema, gastrointestinal).
[0048] In another embodiment, the present method permits an
application of new immune complex-forming reagents for quantitative
detection of an antigen (e.g., VlsE protein). Sensitivity of better
than 1 ng/ml can be attained using a version of the new test in
combination with anti-C6 peptide antibody.
[0049] In certain preferred embodiments, the present invention
takes advantage of the ability of all natural antibodies to bind at
least two identical molecules of antigens by binding one antigen or
hapten though each of the two arms of the immunoglobulin structure.
In preferred embodiments the invention utilizes two basic types of
peptide antigen conjugates which are recruited into a specific
immune complex by the antibody to be detected. The resulting immune
complex may be selectively captured on a solid phase without
interference from even a large excess of non-specific
immunoglobulins present in sample. The presence of a detector label
on one of the two peptide antigen conjugates allows for the
detection and, in certain embodiments, the quantitation of the
specific immune complex, which is proportionate to the amount of
specific peptide-binding antibody that is present in the test
sample.
[0050] In preferred embodiments, the first peptide is conjugated
directly or indirectly to a detector label by means known in the
art so that the structure of the epitope recognized by the antibody
is retained (for example, a selected functional group may be
attached to one the terminal aminoacids). This conjugate is herein
referred to as the third component or the third conjugate component
of the immunoassay or of the present invention. The second peptide
conjugate according to the present invention is the peptide
conjugated directly or indirectly to partner of bioaffinity pair
(i.e. to a ligand-binding moiety or the ligand to which it
binds-preferably with a high affinity). In preferred embodiments
this high affinity binding partner has a higher mol weight than its
functional (affinity) counterpart. This conjugate of the peptide to
the component of the bioaffinity pair is herein referred to as the
second component or the second conjugate component of the
immunoassay of the present invention. These conjugates should
preserve functional activity of both biologically active
components--i.e. of both the antigenic antibody-binding activity of
the peptide as well as the binding activity of the bioaffinity
partner. The third component of the system participating in
specific antibody detection is a conjugate of the second component
of the bioaffinity pair (i.e. a ligand where a ligand-binding
moiety is incorporated into the second component and a
ligand-binding moiety where a ligand is incorporated into the
second component) with a macromolecular carrier which can be (or
has been) immobilized on a solid phase. The invention teaches the
preparation of a multiplicity of reagents of the capture system
which provide efficient adsorption of reagent on various types of
solid phases with high binding capacity for labeled specific immune
complex. The effect of the presence of components of the
bioaffinity partners in human blood (e.g. samples containing
immunoglobulins where the bioaffinity partners are antibody and
antigen) also has been estimated. Factors important for
quantitative determinations of specific antibodies, high dose hook
effect (prozoning), linearity of dependence antibody
concentration-signal are also provided by the invention.
[0051] The invention provides means for optimizing the efficiency
of antibody detection by determining the affinity of the antibody
to be detected or measured by methods (as compared with
conventional methods using solid phase immobilized peptides). In
preferred embodiments, the invention includes methods that
preferably include: optimization of peptide conjugates in respect
of amount of peptides in each type of conjugates (as a molar
ratio); optimization of the distribution of peptide between two
types of conjugates; and optimization of their final concentrations
in the final immunoassay. The efficacy of solid phase immunoassay
is based on high local concentrations of analytes (e.g. antibodies
and antigens) associated with adsorption on solid phase--which
promotes the immunological antigen-antibody reaction through the
law of mass action. Special approaches are known in the art for
preparation of peptide antigens and their adsorption on a solid
phase which increase concentration of peptides on solid phase
(polymers with multiple peptides, peptides with repeating epitopic
sequence ets). Frequently used approaches for peptide
immobilization are based on the use of Streptavidin (StrAv) and
biotinylated peptide, which theoretically permit for formation of
immobilized complexes containing up to four peptides in a single
immobilized complex. The Biotin/Streptavidin/Avidin/Antibiotin
bioaffinity systems currently available are provide the most
versatile system with various applications in area of bioanalytical
and diagnostic detection system. The high affinity and specificity
of biotin-streptavidin interaction, stability of StrAv, presence of
four biotin-binding sites, commercial availability of reagents
contribute to making this system the preferred one among
bioaffinity pairs available. This system was utilized in the method
of the instant invention as a preferred system for demonstrating
the advantages of the invention. Typically, StrAv is used as
solid-phase immobilized reagent as component for immobilization of
biotin-labeled specific ligands or additional components of
detection system participating in specific capture of analytes,
while biotin is typically used for the labeling of specific or
supplementary analytes and detector labels. In contrast, the
present invention demonstrates the advantages of reversing these
roles of StrAv and biotin counterparts.
[0052] The development of a test system for detection of antibodies
against two peptide antigens is important for, for example,
serological diagnosis of Lyme disease. The invention provides
methods for the detection of different types of immune responses.
For example, one antigen peptide characteristic of Lyme disease is
peptide C6, representing a conservative region of one of the
variable domains of VLSe of B. burgdorferi. C6 is known as an
epitope which elicit primarily IgG response, typical seroconversion
from IgM to IgG response has not been found for this peptide,
although IgM components can be detected (see, e.g., Liang F. T at
al. (1999) J. Clin. Microbiol. 37:3990-3996). The second peptide,
C10 representing an immunogenic C-terminal epitope of OspC protein
of B. burgdorferi is known as an epitope which results in a
persistent IgM response at all stages of disease without typical
IgM-IgG switching. The C10 peptide is considered to be antigen
which, if detected, can improve the sensitivity and accuracy of
diagnosis of early Lyme borreliosis (see Mathiesen M. J. et al.
(1998) J. Clin. Microbiol. 36:3474-3479).
[0053] Both peptides C6 and C10 modified at N-terminal with biotin
and immobilized on solid phase through StrAv bridge work well as
antigens in conventional assays using anti-human IgG/IgM enzyme
conjugates. Covalent conjugates of both peptides through N-terminal
Cys with maleimide activated BSA as described in Examples also
function well as reagents for immobilization on solid phase.
Cross-reactive results have been found, however, for some sera
samples related to the presence of antigenic substances on the
solid phase not related to the specific peptide epitopes. The
method of the invention provides an additional test for analysis of
specificity of the immunoassay signal based on inhibition of signal
using addition of an excess of non-modified pure peptide to diluted
sera samples before transferring into antigen coated wells. Applied
to the Lyme antigens, this approach has shown that C6 peptide can
inhibit very efficiently specific signals at very low
concentration, but C10 can not. This phenomenon was examined
through the method of the invention by analysis of inhibitory
activity of various peptide-BSA and peptide-StrAv conjugates.
[0054] In general the method of the invention provides an
immunoassay which provides unique compositions, but also utilizes
components and methodologies used in the art. For example, U.S.
Pat. Nos. 4,778,751, 4,945,042, 5,236,849, 5,312,730, 5,705,338,
5,989,806, 6,030,770 and 6,121,006, the contents of which are
incorporated by reference herein in their entirety, provide
standard methodologies and reagents for use in the method of the
present invention.
[0055] As used herein, a "label" is any molecule, which produces or
can be induced to produce a signal. The label may be conjugated to
an analyte or an antibody, or to another molecule such as a
receptor or a molecule that can bind to a receptor such as a
ligand, particularly a hapten. In the subject invention, the label
can be a member of the signal producing system, as defined below,
that includes a signal producing means.
[0056] The label may be isotopic or nonisotopic, preferably
nonisotopic. By way of example and not limitation, the label can be
a part of a catalytic reaction system such as enzymes, enzyme
fragments, enzyme substrates, enzyme inhibitors, coenzymes, or
catalysts; part of a chromogen system such as fluorophores, dyes,
chemiluminescers, luminescers, or sensitizers; a dispersible
particle that can be non-magnetic or magnetic, a solid support, a
liposome, a ligand, a receptor, a hapten radioactive isotope, and
so forth.
[0057] Enzymes, enzyme fragments, enzyme inhibitors, enzyme
substrates, and other components of enzyme reaction systems can be
used as labels. Where any of these components is used as a label, a
chemical reaction involving one of the components is part of the
signal producing system.
[0058] When enzymes are employed, molecular weights of the label
typically range from about 10,000 to 600,000, more usually from
about 10,000 to 300,000, and the involved reactions will be, for
the most part, hydrolysis or redox reactions.
[0059] Coupled catalysts can also involve an enzyme with a
non-enzymatic catalyst. The enzyme can produce a reactant, which
undergoes a reaction catalyzed by the non-enzymatic catalyst or the
non-enzymatic catalyst may produce a substrate (includes coenzymes)
for the enzyme. A wide variety of non-enzymatic catalysts, which
may be employed are found in U.S. Pat. No. 4,160,645 (1979), the
appropriate portions of which are incorporated herein by
reference.
[0060] The enzyme or coenzyme employed provides the desired
amplification by producing a product, which absorbs light, e.g., a
dye, or emits light upon irradiation, e.g., a fluorescer.
Alternatively, the catalytic reaction can lead to direct light
emission, e.g., chemiluminescence. A large number of enzymes and
coenzymes for providing such products are indicated in U.S. Pat.
No. 4,275,149, columns 19 to 23, and U.S. Pat. No. 4,318,980,
columns 10 to 14, which disclosures are incorporated herein by
reference.
[0061] A number of enzyme combinations are set forth in U.S. Pat.
No. 4,275,149, columns 23 to 28, which combinations can find use in
the subject invention. This disclosure is incorporated herein by
reference.
[0062] Of particular interest are enzymes, which involve the
production of hydrogen peroxide and the use of the hydrogen
peroxide to oxidize a dye precursor to a dye. Particular
combinations include saccharide oxidases, e.g., glucose and
galactose oxidase, or heterocyclic oxidases, such as uricase and
xanthine oxidase, coupled with an enzyme which employs the hydrogen
peroxide to oxidize a dye precursor, that is, a peroxidase such as
horse radish peroxidase, lactoperoxidase, or microperoxidase.
Additional enzyme combinations may be found in the subject matter
incorporated by reference.
[0063] When a single enzyme is used as a label, such enzymes that
may find use are hydrolases, transferases, lyases, isomerases,
ligases or synthetases and oxidoreductases, preferably, hydrolases.
Alternatively, luciferases may be used such as firefly luciferase
and bacterial luciferase. Primarily, the enzymes of choice, based
on the I.U.B. classification are: Class 1. oxidoreductases and
Class 3. Hydrolases; particularly in Class 1, the enzymes of
interest are dehydrogenases of Class 1.1, more particularly 1.1.1,
1.1.3, and 1.1.99 and peroxidases, in Class 1.11. Of the
hydrolases, particularly Class 3.1, more particularly 3.1.3 and
Class 3.2, more particularly 3.2.1.
[0064] Illustrative dehydrogenases include malate dehydrogenase,
glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and lactate dehydrogenase. Of
the oxidases, glucose oxidase is exemplary. Of the peroxidases,
horse radish peroxidase is illustrative. Of the hydrolases,
alkaline phosphatase, beta-glucosidase and lysozyme are
illustrative.
[0065] Those enzymes, which employ nicotinamide adenine
dinucleotide (NAD) or its phosphate (NADP) as a cofactor,
particularly the former, can be used. One preferred enzyme is
glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, preferably, NAD-dependent
glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.
[0066] The label can also be fluorescent either directly or by
virtue of fluorescent compounds or fluorescers bound to a particle
or other molecule in conventional ways. The fluorescent labels will
be bound to, or functionalized to render them capable of binding
(being conjugated) to, optionally through a linking group,
cyclosporin or antibodies or receptors for cyclosporin.
[0067] The fluorescers of interest will generally emit light at a
wavelength above about 350 nm, usually above about 400 nm and
preferably above about 450 nm. Desirably, the fluorescers have a
high quantum efficiency, a large Stokes shift, and are chemically
stable under the conditions of their conjugation and use. The term
luminescent label is intended to include substances that emit light
upon activation by electromagnetic radiation, electro chemical
excitation, or chemical activation and includes fluorescent and
phosphorescent substances, scintillators, and chemiluminescent
substances.
[0068] Fluorescers of interest fall into a variety of categories
having certain primary functionalities. These primary
functionalities include 1- and 2-aminonaphthalene,
p,p-diaminostilbenes, pyrenes, quaternary phenanthridine salts,
9-aminoacridines, p,p'-diaminostilbenes imines, anthracenes,
oxacarboxyanine, merocyanine, 3-aminoequilenin, perylene,
bis-benzoxazole, bis-p-oxazolyl benzene, 1,2-benzophenazine,
retinol, bis-3-aminopyridinium salts, hellebrigenin, tetracycline,
sterophenol, benzimidazolylphenylamine, 2-oxo-3-chromen, indole,
xanthene, 7-hydroxycoumarin, 4,5-benzimidazoles, phenoxazine,
salicylate, strophanthidin, porphyrins, triarylmethanes, flavin and
rare earth chelates, oxides, and salts. Exemplary fluorescers are
enumerated in U.S. Pat. No. 4,318,707, columns 7 and 8, the
disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
[0069] Energy absorbers or quenchers can be employed either
separately or in conjunction with one another. The absorber or
quencher can additionally be bound to a solid insoluble particle of
at least about 50 nm in diameter. When the distance between the
absorber and the quencher resulting from specific binding events
(such as antibody-antigen binding) too small, the fluorescence of
the absorber is quenched by the quencher. The quencher may be the
same or different, usually different, from the fluorescer.
[0070] An alternative source of light as a detectable signal is a
chemiluminescent source, and, therefore, a label can be a
chemiluminescent compound. The chemiluminescent source involves a
compound, which becomes electronically excited by a chemical
reaction and may then emit light which serves as the detectable
signal or donates energy to a fluorescent acceptor.
[0071] A diverse number of families of compounds have been found to
provide chemiluminescence under a variety of conditions. One family
of compounds is 2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione. The most popular
compound is luminol, which is the 5-amino analog of the above
compound. Other members of the family include the
5-amino-6,7,8-trimethoxy- and the dimethylamine-[ca]benzo analog.
These compounds can be made to luminesce with alkaline hydrogen
peroxide or calcium hypochlorite and base. Another family of
compounds is the 2,4,5-triphenylimidazoles, with lophine as the
common name for the parent product. Chemiluminescent analogs
include para-dimethylamino- and para-methoxy-substituents.
Chemiluminescence may also be obtained with geridinium esters,
dioxetanes, and oxalates, usually oxalyl active esters, e.g.,
p-nitrophenyl and a peroxide, e.g., hydrogen peroxide, under basic
conditions. Alternatively, luciferins may be used in conjunction
with luciferase or lucigenins.
[0072] Conjugate--A conjugate is a molecule comprised of two or
more subunits bound together, optionally through a linking group,
to form a single structure. The binding can be made either by a
direct connection (e.g. a chemical bond) between the subunits or by
use of a linking group. For example, in one context of the present
invention, a peptide antigen is conjugated, optionally through a
linking group, a detectable label. In a second context, the peptide
antigen is conjugated to a member of a high-affinity binding pair
(i.e. preferably a ligand-binding moiety).
[0073] Conjugation--Conjugation is any process wherein two subunits
are linked together to form a conjugate. The conjugation process
can be comprised of any number of steps.
[0074] Receptor--A receptor is any compound or composition capable
of recognizing a particular spatial and polar organization of a
molecule. These organized areas of a molecule are referred to as
epitopic or determinant sites. Illustrative naturally occurring
receptors include antibodies, enzymes, fab fragments, poly(nucleic
acids), complement component, i.e. thyroxine binding globulin,
lectins, protein A, and the like. Receptors are also referred to as
antiligands. A natural receptor exists that binds specifically to
cyclosporin.
[0075] Ligand--A ligand is any organic molecule for which a
receptor naturally exists or can be prepared. For example biotin is
a high-affinity ligand which binds to avidin (or strepavidin).
[0076] Hapten--Haptens are capable of binding specifically to
corresponding antibodies, but do not themselves act as immunogens
(or antigens) for preparation of the antibodies. Antibodies which
recognize a hapten can be prepared against compounds comprised of
the hapten linked to an immunogenic (or antigenic) carrier. Haptens
are a subset of ligands.
[0077] Member of a specific binding pair--A member of a specific
binding pair (sbp member) is one of two different molecules, having
an area on the surface or in a cavity, which specifically binds to
and is thereby defined as complementary with a particular spatial
and polar organization of the other molecule. The members of the
specific binding pair are referred to as ligand and receptor
(antiligand). For example, avidin and biotin form a preferred
specific binding pair. The specific binding pair may also be
members of an immunological pair such as antigen-antibody, although
other specific binding pairs, such as biotin-avidin,
hormones-hormone receptors, nucleic acid duplexes, IgG-protein A,
DNA-DNA, DNA-RNA, and the like, are not immunological pairs but are
specific binding pairs.
[0078] A solid phase (or support or surface)--A solid phase is a
porous or non-porous water insoluble material. The solid phase can
be hydrophilic or capable of being rendered hydrophilic and
includes inorganic powders such as silica, magnesium sulfate, and
alumina; natural polymeric materials, particularly cellulosic
materials and materials derived from cellulose, such as fiber
containing papers, e.g., filter paper, chromatographic paper, etc.;
synthetic or modified naturally occurring polymers, such as
nitrocellulose, cellulose acetate, poly(vinyl chloride),
polyacrylamide, cross linked dextran, agarose, polyacrylate,
polyethylene, polypropylene, poly(4-methylbutene), polystyrene,
polymethacrylate, poly(ethylene terephthalate), nylon, poly(vinyl
butyrate), etc.; either used by themselves or in conjunction with
other materials; glass available as Bioglass, ceramics, metals, and
the like. Natural or synthetic assemblies such as liposomes,
phospholipid vesicles, and cells can also be employed. Other
materials, which can be employed, are described above in the
definition of immunogenic carrier particles and below in the
definition of a signal producing system. Other preferred solid
phase membrane materials are described below in the examples.
[0079] The binding of members to the support or surface may be
accomplished by well-known techniques, commonly available in the
literature, and described above in the definition of immunogenic
carrier particles. The surface can have any one of a number of
shapes, such as strip, rod, particle, including bead, and the like.
The surface will usually be polyfunctional or be capable of being
polyfunctionalized or be capable of binding an sbp member through
specific or non-specific covalent or non-covalent interactions. A
wide variety of functional groups for linking are described in the
definition of immunogenic carrier particles.
[0080] The length of a linking group or chemical linker" to the
peptide antigen or ligand may vary widely, depending upon the
nature of the compound being linked, the effect of the distance
between the compound being linked and the support on the assay and
the like.
[0081] Signal producing system--The function of the signal
producing system is to produce a product, which provides a
detectable signal related to the amount of bound and/or unbound
label. The signal producing system may have one or more components,
at least one component being a label. The signal producing system
includes all of the reagents required to produce a measurable
signal including signal producing means capable of interacting with
the label to produce a signal. The signal producing system provides
a signal detectable by external means, normally by measurement of
electromagnetic radiation, desirably by visual examination. For the
most part, the signal producing system includes a chromophoric
substrate and enzyme, where chromophoric substrates are
enzymatically converted to dyes, which absorb light in the
ultraviolet or visible region, phosphors, or fluorescers.
[0082] The signal producing means is capable of interacting with
the label to produce a detectable signal. Such means include, for
example, electromagnetic radiation, heat, chemical reagents, and
the like. Where chemical reagents are employed, some of the
chemical reagents can be included as part of a developer solution.
The chemical reagents can include substrates, coenzymes, enhancers,
second enzymes, activators, cofactors, inhibitors, scavengers,
metal ions, specific binding substances required for binding of
signal generating substances, and the like. Some of the chemical
reagents such as coenzymes, substances that react with enzymic
products, other enzymes and catalysts, and the like can be bound to
other molecules or to a support.
[0083] The signal producing system including the label can include
one or more particles, which are insoluble particles of at least
about 50 nm and not more than about 50 microns, usually at least
about 100 nm and less than about 25 microns, preferably from about
0.2 to 5 microns, diameter. The particle may be organic or
inorganic, porous or non-porous, preferably of a density
approximating water, generally from about 0.7 to about 1.5 g/mL,
and composed of material that can be transparent, partially
transparent, or opaque. Generally, particles utilized as a label
will have similar characteristics to those described above in the
definitions of an immunogenic carrier and a support or surface.
[0084] Many different types of particles may be employed for
modulating light emission. Of particular interest are carbon
particles, such as charcoal, lamp black, graphite, colloidal carbon
and the like. Besides carbon particles metal sols may also find
use, particularly of the noble metals, gold, silver, and platinum.
Other metal-derived particles may include metal sulfides, such as
lead, silver, or copper sulfides or metal oxides, such as iron or
copper oxide.
[0085] Fluoresceinated latex particles are taught in U.S. Pat. No.
3,853,987 and are available commercially as Covaspheres from
Covalent Technology Corp.
[0086] Quantitative, semiquantitative, and qualitative methods as
well as all other methods for determining antibody or antigen are
considered to be methods of detecting the antibody or antigen. For
example, a method that merely detects the presence or absence of an
antibody in a sample suspected of containing the antibody is
considered to be included within the scope of the present
invention.
[0087] Synonyms for the phrase "measuring the amount of antibody",
which are contemplated within the scope of the present invention
include, but are not limited to, detecting, measuring, or
determining antibody; detecting, measuring, or determining the
presence of antibody; and detecting, or determining the amount of
antibody. The same principle applies to the phrase "measuring the
amount of antigen".
[0088] An "antibody sample" is a sample suspected of containing an
antibody--i.e. any sample, which is reasonably suspected of
containing an antibody, can be analyzed by the method of the
present invention. Such samples can include human, animal, or
man-made samples. The sample can be prepared in any convenient
medium, which does not interfere with the assay. Typically, the
sample is an aqueous solution or a natural fluid, preferably,
urine, whole blood, serum, plasma, or saliva more preferably, whole
blood.
[0089] In the methods of the invention the antibody to be detected
is a specific immunoglobulin, preferably a specific IgA, IgD, IgE,
IgG, IgM, and subclasses thereof, and more preferably a specific
IgE, or a class of antibodies, such as immunoglobulins, preferably
selected from the group consisting of total IgA, total Igd, total
IgE, total IgG, total IgM and isotypes thereof, most prefer ably
total IgE.
[0090] The ligand antigen, antibody or hapten bound to biotin can
be any immunologically active substance, such as an allergen,
antibodies, such as polyclonal antibodies, monoclonal antibodies
including recombinant antibodies or fragmented antibodies,
preferably an allergen and/or a polyclonal anti-immunoglobulin,
such as goat anti-human polyclonal serum supplied by Ventrex
Laboratories, Inc., Portland, Me., Catalog No. 77660. In the
reference immuno-assay said antibody is preferably directed against
the constant portion of the class of antibodies to be measured,
i.e. an antibody directed against the IgE-antibodies.
[0091] By biological fluid is meant any clinical sample, such as
blood, plasma, serum, urine or saliva, which also includes any
biological fluid which is excreted, secreted or transported
internally in an organism.
EXAMPLE
[0092] The following detailed guidance and examples are provided to
further illustrate and define preferred aspects of the
invention.
Detecting Anti-Lyme Disease Antibodies
[0093] Affinity-purified anti-peptide antibodies were isolated
(Example 6) from two different patient sera pools--one from
patients with late Lyme disease, which contained only IgG
antibodies against the C6 peptide, and the second from patients at
early stage of Lyme disease containing both IgG and IgM classes of
antibodies against C6 and C 10 peptides. Affinity purification was
conducted according to conventional ELISA test with solid-phase
immobilized peptides (see Example 13). A series of C6-BSA, C10-BSA,
C6-StrAv and C10-StrAv conjugates at various ratios of peptide/BSA
(from 1:1 to 8:1) have been synthesized and tested for inhibitory
activity for IgG and IgM antibodies in preparations of affinity
purified anti C6 and anti-C10 antibodies (see Examples 7 and 14).
Table 1 below illustrates the differences in inhibitory activity
(which reflects affinity) seen with non-conjugated peptides and
with peptides having various molar ratios of peptide/BSA as well as
the source of the antibody--i.e. early or late stage of disease.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Concentrations of non-conjugated peptides
and peptide-BSA conju- gates which induce 50% inhibition of binding
of anti-peptide antibodies with solid-phase immobilized peptides
Anti-C6 IgG Anti-C6 IgG Anti-C6 IgM High affinity Low affinity Low
affinity C6 non-conjugated 1-1.5 ng/ml 10-15 ng/ml 5-8 ug/ml C6-BSA
1:1 0.6-0.8 ng/ml 5-10 ng/ml 10-20 ng/ml C6-BSA 2:1 0.6-0.8 ng/ml
1.5-2.0 ng/ml 5-10 ng/ml C6-BSA 4:1 0.6-0.8 ng/ml 0.8-1.0 ng/ml 2-4
ng/ml C6-BSA 8:1 0.6-0.8 ng/ml 0.4-0.6 ng/ml 1-2 ng/ml Anti-C10 IgG
Anti-C10 IgM Low affinity Low affinity C10 non-conjugated 50-80
ug/ml 80-100 ug/ml C10-BSA 1:1 3-4 ug/ml 3-4 ug/ml C10-BSA 2:1
1.5-2.0 ug/ml 1-2 ug/ml C10-BSA 4:1 0.6-1.0 ug/ml 1-2 ug/ml C10-BSA
8:1 0.1-0.2 ug/ml 30-60 ng/ml
[0094] The binding of anti-C6 IgG antibodies isolated from late
serum with solid-phase immobilized peptide inhibited with almost
equal efficiency to non-conjugated C6 peptide and all C6-BSA
conjugates. For anti-C6 antibodies isolated from serum of patient
at early stage of Lyme disease inhibitory activity (affinity) of
non-conjugated C6 peptide and C6-BSA conjugates differ
significantly. There was a direct relationship between the amount
of peptide in BSA conjugates and its activity as an inhibitors of
IgG and IgM anti-C6 antibody activity in solution. Even more
significant is the difference between non-conjugated peptide and
BSA-C10 conjugates in inhibition of IgG and IgM anti-C10
antibodies. Almost three order of magnitude difference between the
concentration of non-conjugated C10 and C10-BSA 8:1 conjugate was
required to reduce the binding of anti-C10 antibodies by 50% in
solution with solid-phase immobilized peptide. These results
demonstrate that, optimally, more than one peptide should be
present in peptide conjugates to optimize binding in solution with
specific anti-peptide antibodies having low affinity to peptide
epitopes.
[0095] In contrast, for the formation of complexes with high
affinity antibodies one peptide in the peptide conjugate may be
enough (FIG. 1). Conjugates of C6 and C10 peptides with detector
label (HRP) were prepared two ways. First, conjugates containing 1
or less molecules of peptide per HRP molecule were prepared by
direct reaction of Cys-peptides with maleimide activated HRP (see
Examples 7 and 8). HRP does not have enough amino groups to
introduce more maleimide groups conveniently. Conjugates of
peptide-HRP with more than one peptide were prepared by conjugation
of peptide-BSA conjugates having reactive maleimide groups with
thyolated HRP, prepared as described in Example 4. The presence of
approximately one SH groups in HRP in this case favors formation of
conjugates without cross-linking problem. Conjugates containing up
to 4.5 HRP molecules per one peptide_BSA-maleimide were prepared
(Example 8).
[0096] As a major component of solid phase capture system the
current invention describes biotinylated BSA where biotin is
attached to BSA through a PEG spacer with MW3500 (Example 5).
Biotechnical and biomedical application of PEG is known in the art
[see, e.g., Poly(ethylene glycol) chemistry Ed by J. M. Harris,
Plenum Press, New York, 1992]. The characteristics of PEG which
favor its use as a spacer or linker for use in the present
invention include its: hydrophilic characteristics, absence of
charge, flexibility, stabilizing effect on proteins, and reduction
of immunogenic properties of proteins. Accordingly, Bi-PEG-BSA is
versatile reagent for adsorption on various solid phases,
polystirol plates, NC and other membranes in this invention (in
which high binding capacity to biotin-binding proteins and reduced
non-specific adsorption effect are optimal). Bi-PEG-BSA provides
enhanced affinity to the solid phase, stable adsorption, and can be
applied at a concentration which may be enough for simultaneously
efficient blocking of the solid phase, thereby eliminating
requirement for secondary blocking reagents. As a result, the
procedure for preparation of coated devices become very simple and
inexpensive.
[0097] In one of embodiments of this invention the application of
PEG-modified streptavidin is described in the examples which
follow. The PEG-modified streptavidin may be used to enhance
adsorption on various solid phases with reduced NSB reactions.
StrAv, modified through amino groups with PNC activated StrAv MW
5000 has enhanced and stable adsorption on polystirol plates and NC
membranes, non-specific adsorption of immunoglobulins from sera
samples was also reduced and potential immunogenic epitopes on
streptavidin also appear to be sheltered. Another application of
PEG-modified StrAv, where effect of modification is very pronounced
is adsorption on colloidal gold particles. PEG-StrAv contrary to
non-modified StrAv adsorbs on colloidal particles at neutral pH at
lower protecting concentration with formation stable and more
active conjugates than colloidal gold conjugates prepared by
adsorption of native streptavidin at optimal pH.
[0098] An important advantage of a method with dual labeled antigen
is reduction of the nonspecific reactions and some cross-reactive
reactions, which can contribute to false-positive results in
conventional tests. The application of new peptides conjugates for
analysis of a big population of normal sera samples have shown that
OD values in new test are significantly lower than for the same
population tested in conventional ELISA tests. For most sera tested
as undiluted samples OD values were equal to the blank reagent. Low
cutoff values can be calculated for new tests using various
approaches, demonstrating that dual labeled antigen method better
discriminate positive and negative results (see FIG. 12)
[0099] The formation of triple complex of anti-peptide antibody
with two different peptide conjugates depends on several factors
including antibody affinity, antibody class, concentration and the
amount of peptide in the conjugates as well as the molar ratio of
peptides and antibodies in the sample. To initiate specific complex
formation in solution the two conjugates sample should be mixed to
obtain a solution containing both conjugates. Several reaction
products will be formed including: first, a complex of antibodies
with peptide-detector label (complex 1), second, a complex of
antibody with peptide conjugates of the second component of the
bioaffinity pair (complex 2), and, finally, a triple complex of
antibody with the two different peptide conjugates (complex 3).
Complex 1 contains label, but can not be captured on solid phase,
while complex 2 can be captured but does not contains label and can
not detected after washing. Only triple complex 3 can be captured
and detected. Antibody with only two antigen-combining sites (IgG,
IgE) can be captured and detected only in complex with equal amount
of both conjugates. Complexes of antibodies having four or more
antigen-combining sites can be captured and detected at any ratio
of conjugates in complex allowed by antibody structure at the
condition that at least one of each should be present in the
complex. For, example, antibodies of the IgM class containing up to
10 antigen-combining sites conditions which allow for complex
formation with one molecule of peptide conjugate needed for capture
and several of the peptide conjugates with label will provide for
higher sensitivity of antibody detection because more label will
present per each antibody in captured complex (see FIG. 6). This is
only simple schematic picture.
[0100] Other combinations of dually-labeled antigens with
antibodies are also possible--especially for conjugates containing
more than one antigen molecule, when more than one antibody can be
involved in complex with one polyepitopic (multiantigenic)
conjugate. According to this scheme the likelihood (statistical
probability) of formation of a triple immune complex is higher when
total antigen concentration (amount) exceed the amount of specific
antibodies--i.e. the method of the invention is particularly well
suited for antibody detection in low titer samples. When antibody
concentration in the antibody sample increases at a constant
concentration of antigen in the conjugates, the relative ratio of
complex of one type of conjugate/triple immune complex (portion of
complexes with only one conjugates) increases--which can lead at
appropriate ratios to formation of small amounts of triple complex
and as a result to a decrease in the signal for samples with high
concentration of antibodies (high dose hook effect). Using affinity
purified anti-peptide antibodies spiked into normal human serum, it
was found that high dose hook effect can be observed for high
affinity antibodies at concentrations which significantly exceed
concentration in the linear range for OD/concentration (see FIG.
10). This effect can not lead to false negative results, because it
is observed at concentrations rarely present in patient samples and
signals do not drops to very low levels. The sensitivity of
antibody detection depends on the ratio between capture capacity of
the solid phase in respect to the bioaffinity partner and the
concentration of conjugate of antigen with the affinity
counterpart. If the binding capacity of the solid phase with
immobilized affinity partner is significantly less than the amount
of conjugated counterpart in the sample, then reduction of
sensitivity may arise as result of competition between conjugates
not involved in immune complex formation and involved in triple or
dual immune complex. Decreasing the conjugate concentration can
minimize this effect, but at the same time sensitivity may drop as
a result of the lowering of concentration of reagents with a
concomitant reduction of antibody concentration range which can
tolerate the high dose hook effect. Accordingly, by these
considerations, a solid phase which can except large amounts of
capture reagent, exceeding the amount of reagents in solution and
not a limiting factor for selection of conjugate concentration, can
provide for the highest levels of sensitivity.
[0101] Various membrane formats including dot-blot, flow-through
and lateral flow formats which use membranes with high binding
capacity are potentially good formats for application of the method
of the current invention. Several membrane formats were developed
for antibody detection using Bi-PEG-BSA as a capture reagent and
peptide-StrAv, peptide-HRP and peptide-colloidal gold conjugates to
demonstrate the advantages of dual labeled antigen method (see
Examples 10, 11, 15, 16, 17, 18). Both membrane tests using HRP as
a detector label, dot-blot (Example 17) and flow-through (Example
15) have shown analytical sensitivity exceeding the sensitivity of
conventional IgG/IgM ELISA (Example 13) according to a comparison
of detection limits for serially diluted positive sera. Membrane
versions with colloidal gold conjugates (see Examples 16 and 17)
also work well and clearly discriminate negative and positive sera.
Colloidal gold conjugates of C6 peptide with C6-StrAv were also
applied in lateral flow format as dry reagents in conjugate pad and
Bi-PEG-BSA striped on membrane as capture line. Clear
discrimination between negative and positive sera have been
found.
[0102] The method of the current invention accepts that formation
of the immune complex with dual-labeled antigens and its capture
can proceed as a single step when samples containing antibody are
mixed directly with conjugates in coated solid phase. This then
requires a single washing step after incubation. The process of
specific complex formation and its capture can also be carried out
in two steps. In this case, the sample is first incubated with
conjugates and subsequently transferred into solid phase with
capture reagent (see FIG. 9). Simultaneous incubation of the sample
with peptide conjugates and a single washing step was especially
advantageous in various tests using plates, tubes, and balls as a
solid phase. Significant simplification and shortening of assay
procedures for antibody detection can be achieved. As a further
optimization of assay procedure, agitation may be used for
acceleration of a capture process that further shortens the assay
time and improves linearity of the dependence of signal/antibody
concentrations. In membrane based tests, preincubation of sample
with conjugates can be the procedure of choice. In rapid lateral
flow tests, conjugates can be used as one reagent dried on one
conjugate pad material or two antigen conjugates can be distributed
among two separate conjugate pads. The formation of a specific
immune complex in this last cases will precede by binding on
capture line or membrane area with the applied capture reagent.
[0103] One of the embodiments of the current invention utilizes
peptide (antigen) conjugates containing more than one peptide or
polypeptide (antigen type) in the conjugate with detector label and
bioaffinity partner. Conjugates containing various antigens can be
also mixed and used as single reagent for detection of several
antibodies in a single sample (see FIG. 8). When necessary,
multiple antibody classes involved in specific immune complex can
be analyzed by adding a step of incubation with class-specific
antibody into solid phase containing captured immune complex with
dual labeled antigens as described in Example 20. Repeating this
with detection antibodies specific to all the various antibody
classes provides a detailed picture of the immune status of
antibody production in a patient antibody sample.
[0104] Reagents and assay principles developed in current invention
can also be applied for the detection of components of infectious
agents bearing epitopes used for antibody detection i.e. for
antigen detection. In this case (Example 19), sample, containing
the antigen is first incubated with a small amount of
epitope-specific antibody (this may be affinity purified using
anti-peptide antibody or whole sera containing peptide-specific
antibody), then the mixture is contacted with the solid phase
containing the capture reagent and peptide conjugate components
described above. The epitope-bearing substance in the sample
competes with the peptide conjugates for antibody binding and
reduces the signal in concentration dependent manner. Standard
curves may be generated using known quantities of the epitope
bearing substance (i.e. peptide or polypeptide or protein bearing
the antigen). FIG. 14 shows examples of detection of whole
recombinant VLSe protein using this approach--which demonstrates
that ng amount of antigenic substance can be readily detected.
[0105] The following Examples and accompanying drawings are given
for the purpose of illustrating the present invention.
C6 and C10 Peptides, Sequences and Synthesis Procedure
[0106] Peptides C6 (26 AA) and C10 (12AA) were synthesized by
automatic solid phase synthesis with the fluor-etylmetoxycarbonyl
(Fmoc) strategy, followed by purification by HPLC and sequence
verification by mass spectroscopy. Purity of peptides was >90%.
N-terminal Cys was included into both peptides and biotin also was
included into N-terminal Cys of C10 peptide during synthesis. C10
peptide also contains serine residue between N-terminal Cys and a
sequence of ten aminoacids corresponding to C-terminal fragment of
OspC. Biotinylated C6 peptide was prepared from pure Cys-C6 by
modification with Biotin-PEG-Maleimid MW 3500 (Shearwater Polymers,
Inc) at equimolar ratio Cys and Maleimide in 0.1M sodium phosphate
buffer, pH 7.0. The structure and immunogenic properties of both
peptides are well known in the art.
Example 1
Procedure for Detection of SH Groups in Peptides and Thiolated
Proteins
[0107] The presence of SH groups in peptides, thyolated proteins
and products of conjugate synthesis through maleimide-sulfhydril
cross-linking, and also the immobilization of peptides on gels were
analyzed using known DTNB method in Tris buffer, pH 8.0, using
molar absorbance E.sub.412 TNB2-=1.37.times.10.sup.4 cm.sup.-1
M.sup.-1.
Example 2
Conversion of Amino Groups of BSA, StrAv and HRP into Maleimide
Groups
[0108] Maleimide groups were introduced into BSA (Sigma), StrAv
(Scipps Lab) and HRP(Scripps Lab) using GMBS
(N-(gamma-Maleimidobutiryloxy)succinimide N-Succinimidyl
4-maleimidobutyrate) in 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.5,
containing 1 mM EDTA at molar ratio maleimide/protein of 20:1 to
40:1 with dialysis against the same buffer with pH 6.5 as a
purification step. For quantitation of the number of maleimide
groups, the maleimide-modified proteins were incubated with excess
of DTT and after exhaustive dialysis analyzed for presence of
thiols in DTNB reaction.
[0109] The average number of maleimide groups introduced per each
protein molecule was as follows: BSA-11, StrAv-7, HRP-1.1
(moles/mol protein). Protein concentration was determined
spectrophotometrically using adsorption coefficients E.sub.280 nm,
1 cm, 1 mg/ml=0.66 and 3.0 for BSA and StrAv, respectively, and
E.sub.403 nm, 1 cm, 1 mg/ml=2.26 for HRP.
Example 3
Blocking of SH Groups in Peptides with Maleimide
[0110] To protect Cys-peptides from oxidation and dimer formation,
fresh solutions of peptides were modified with N-ethylmaleimide in
0.1M sodium phosphate, pH 6.5, with two-molar excess of maleimide.
Maleimide-protected C6 and C10 were used in competition experiments
as non-conjugated peptide preparations.
Example 4
Preparation of HRP with Protected Sulfhydryls and Release of Latent
SH Groups
[0111] Latent SH groups were introduced into HRP using
N-Succinimidyl S-acetylthiolacton (SATA) at 20-30 molar excess over
HRP. Thiol groups were released using treatment with hydroxylamine
hydrochloride (20 mM) with subsequent dialysis overnight against
0.1M sodium phosphate, 1 mM EDTA, pH 6.5. Thiolated HRP after
analysis of SH group content was used immediately for conjugation.
The average number of SH groups was 1.2 moles/mol HRP.
Example 5
Modification of BSA with Biotin and Biotin-PEG
[0112] BSA was biotinylated with Biotinamidohexanoic acid
N-hydroxysuccinimidide ester at molar ratio biotin/BSA of 40:1 and
with Biotin-PEG-N-hydroxisuccinimide at weight ratio
BSA/Biotin-PEG-NHS of 2:1 at BSA concentration 50-100 mg/ml in 0.1
M sodium phosphate, pH 8.1. Biotinylated BSA preparations were
purified by dialysis against PBS-sodium azide using dialysis
membrane with cut-off 25,000 D.
Example 6
Preparation of C6-Peptide and C10 Peptide Affinity Sorbents and
Procedure for Affinity Antibody Purification
[0113] Affinity sorbents containing C6 and C10 peptides were
synthesized by coupling Cys-peptides with thiol-specific Ultralink
iodoacetyl gel (Pierce) in accordance with manufacturer's
recommendations. Ligand density was 0.24 mg/ml gel for C6 peptide
and 0.4 mg/ml for C10 peptide.
[0114] Anti-peptide affinity antibodies were purified by passing
high titer human serum (40-50 ml) from patients with Lyme disease,
diluted two times with PBS-sodium azide buffer, through a column
containing 34 ml of affinity gel at flow rate of 30 ml/hour.
Columns were washed with PBS-sodium azide and bound anti-peptide
antibodies eluted with Gentle.TM. Ag/Ab elution buffer (Pierce).
Elution buffer was removed by dialysis against PBS-sodium azide or
desalting on Sephadex G-25 column. Concentration of affinity
antibodies was estimated spectrofotometrically using A.sub.280=1.4
and 1.18 of 1 mg/ml solution of IgG and IgM, respectively. The
yield of antibodies was 4-6 mg from 40-50 ml serum. Purity and
integrity of antibody preparations was confirmed by SDS-PAGE
analysis and sandwich ELISA test for detection of human IgG and
IgM, using highly purified antibody calibrators (standards).
Antibodies were stored at 4.degree. C. as sterile microfiltered
solutions.
Example 7
Synthesis of Peptide Conjugates with BSA, StrAv and HRP
[0115] Solutions of Maleimide-BSA (50-100 mg/ml), Maleimide-StrAv
(5-7 mg/ml) and Maleimide-HRP (11-15 mg/ml) in 0.1 M sodium
phosphate, 1 mM EDTA, pH 6.5, were mixed at appropriate molar ratio
(in range of 0.5:1 to 8:1) with freshly prepared peptide solution
in water (10 mg/ml). Molar ratio peptide/protein was calculated on
the basis of peptide concentration adjusted for the content of
reactive thiol groups determined in DTNB test (40-80% of total
peptide). For C6 peptide (MW 2,780) 1:1 molar ratio was equivalent
to 46.3 ug/mg BSA or StrAv (MW 60,000 for either protein) and 69.5
ug/mg HRP (MW 40,000). For C10 peptide (MW 1,241) 1:1 molar ratio
was at 20.6 ug/mg BSA or StrAv and 31 ug/mg HRP. Mixtures were
incubated for 30-60 min at room temperature. Almost 100% of
thiol-peptides reacted with maleimide, as judged by DTNB test of
reaction mixtures. Then, solution of beta-mercaptoethanol, 10 mg/ml
in water, was added at 3-5-fold molar excess over residual
maleimide groups. Conjugates were purified by dialysis against 0.1M
sodium phosphate, 1 mM EDTA, pH 6.5 using dialysis membrane with
cut-off 12,000-14,000 Da (to remove the fraction of unconjugated
peptides that do not have reactive thiols). After dialysis, protein
concentration was determined using A.sub.280 or A.sub.403
coefficients shown in the example. Peptide concentration in
conjugate solutions was calculated assuming that all added peptide
with reactive SH groups has reacted with maleimide-activated
proteins (as confirmed by DTNB test), using the values of weigh
ratios shown above.
Example 8
Synthesis of Peptide-BSA-HRP Conjugates
[0116] Peptide-BSA-HRP conjugates were prepared using peptide-BSA
conjugates synthesized as described above, but without inactivation
of residual maleimide groups with beta-mercaptoethanol. Peptide-BSA
conjugates were mixed with thiolated HRP solution containing approx
1.2 SH groups per HRP molecule, prepared as described in Example 1.
Molar ratios HRP/BSA were 1:1, 2:1, 3:1 and 4.5:1, based on weight
ratio of 0.66 mg HRP per mg BSA for 1:1 ratio. Mixtures were
incubated for 30 min, then solution of N-ethylmaleimide (1 mg/ml in
water) was added in amount equivalent to amount of original thiol
content in SH-HRP. Mixtures were incubated 10 min more, and finally
residual maleimide groups were inactivated by addition of
beta-mercaptoethanol solution (10 mg/ml in water), in slight excess
to total amount of maleimide groups in reaction mixture. The
concentration of peptides in conjugates was calculated from amount
of peptides added into reaction as a peptide-BSA conjugate.
Example 9
Plate Coating Procedures for Bi-BSA, Bi-PEG-BSA, Peptide-BSA,
StrAv-Biotin-Peptide
[0117] Polystyrol plates (Costar HB) were coated with capture
reagents from PBS-sodium azide overnight at 4-8.degree. C. Bi-BSA
and Bi-PEG-BSA (0.5-4 ug/ml) were adsorbed at 200-250 ul/well,
peptide-BSA reagents (0.5-2 ug BSA/ml) and StrAv (1-2 ug/ml) were
adsorbed at 100 ul/well. For blocking, PBS-0.05% Tween-20 was used
for plates with biotinylated BSA, and 1% Casein-4% sucrose, pH 8.0,
was used for plates with peptide-BSA or peptide-StrAv. Biotinylated
peptides were immobilized on plates coated with StrAv at 0.5 ug/ml
(100 ul/well) in the casein-sucrose blocking buffer. Plates were
dried at room temperature overnight and stored in bags with
desiccant.
Example 10
Adsorption of Capture Reagent on NC Membranes
[0118] Biotin-PEG-BSA was applied on dicks of NC membrane of 0.45
um or 1.2 um pore size (Schleicher&Schuell) installed into
filtration device. Solution was prepared in PBS-azide with
concentration of BSA 0.05-0.2 mg/ml, and 0.5 ml was used per 14-mm
diameter disc. After aspiration of applied aliquots, discs were
washed two times with 1.0 ml of PBS-0.05% Tween-20.
[0119] Biotin-PEG-BSA was striped on NC membrane (0.45 um) using
Bio-Dot dispenser from PBS-azide solution at concentration 0.2-1.0
mg/ml at pump flow rate 2 ul/cm and platform speed 50 mm/sec.
Membranes was dried 30-60 min at room temperature, blocked in
PBS-0.05% Tween-20 for 1 hour, and dried again.
Example 11
Preparation of C6-BSA Colloidal Gold Conjugates
[0120] Colloidal gold particles (30 nm size) were prepared using
standard citrate method (De Mey, 1986), pH was adjusted to 7.5 with
0.2 M potassium carbonate. Colloidal gold/C6-BSA conjugates were
prepared from C6-BSA conjugates synthesized as described in
Example, with beta-mercaptoehanol treatment to inactivate residual
maleimide groups. C6-BSA conjugates were adsorbed at 0.5-2 ug/ml,
and then blocked using PEG 15,000/BSA mixture. Amount of C6-BSA
used for adsorption was slightly less than the maximum protecting
concentration. Amount of bound C6-BSA was calculated assuming that
all added conjugate was bound to gold particles using OD518 nm
values as a measure of colloidal gold concentrations.
Example 12
Basic Format for SICS-DLA ELISA (Antibody Assay in SICS-DLA
ELISA)
[0121] Test samples (0.05 ml), which may be undiluted or diluted
sera, purified anti-peptide antibodies in various diluents (normal
human or calf serum, PBS with casein-Tween-20), were added into
wells of plates coated with biotinylated BSA as described in
Example 5. Conjugate solution (0.05 ml) containing mixture of
Peptide-StrAv and Peptide-HRP or Peptide-BSA-HRP (range of peptide
concentration 0.01-0.16 ug/ml) in HRP/Protein Stabilizer
(SurModics, Inc) was added. Plates were incubated with agitation on
plate shaker/agitator for 25 min and washed four times with
PBS-Tween-20. TMB substrate solution (Moss, Inc) was added (0.1 ml)
and plates incubated for 4 min with agitation. Stop solution (0.1
ml of 0.1 N sulfuric acid) was added and absorbance at 450 nm was
determined in ELISA plate reader blanked on air.
[0122] FIG. 1 shows the results. Highest sensitivity was obtained
at ratio 0.5 Mol C6 peptide:1 Mol StrAv (0.5:1) and C6-HRP
conjugates at ratio 1 Mol C6 peptide: 1 Mol HRP (1:1). The
concentration of C6 peptide in conjugates mixture was 0.03 ug/ml
for C6-StrAv conjugates and 0.05 ug/ml for C6-HRP conjugates. The
figure insert demonstrates linearity in the dynamic range of the
ELISA reader. The detection limit, calculated as antibody
concentration at OD=Blank OD+50%=30 ng/ml. The total assay time was
approximately 35 min.
[0123] FIG. 12 shows scatter plots of OD for a panel of normal
blood donors (412 samples) tested in parallel in conventional
IgG/IgM C6 ELISA (at dilution 1:20) with C6 peptide immobilized on
solid phase and new test on undiluted sera as described in above.
Very low OD values obtained for these normal samples in the new
test were practically indistinguishable from the OD of the blank.
Cutoff values were calculated as average OD plus 3 standard
deviations. The cutoff value for the new test was 0.11 and 0.35 for
conventional test.
Example 13
Basic Format for Conventional ELISA Using Anti-Human IgG/IgM
Conjugates
[0124] Test samples (0.1 ml) containing 1:20 diluted sera in
casein-Tween-20 diluent were added into plates coated with
peptide-BSA conjugates or biotinylated peptides through StrAv
bridge as described in Examples 9. Plates were incubated still at
room temperature for 30 min and washed three times with
PBS-Tween-20. Conjugate solution (0.1 ml) containing goat
anti-human IgG, IgM or IgG/IgM (Jackson Immunoresearch Lab) at 0.16
ug/ml in StabilZyme HRP (SurModics, Inc) was added. Plates were
incubated for 20 min at room temperature and washed four times. TMB
ELISA substrate (0.1 ml) was added and plates were incubated for 4
min before stopping with 0.1 ml of 0.1 N sulfuric acid. Absorbance
at 450 nm was measured in plate reader blanked on air.
Example 14
Analysis of Competition Between Immobilized Peptides and Peptides
in Solution for Binding to Anti-Peptide Antibodies
[0125] Plates were coated with peptide-BSA conjugates at molar
ratio peptide-BSA of 2:1 as described in Example 7. Samples
containing known amount of anti-peptide antibodies (in a range
0.1-1.6 ug/ml) were first pre-incubated in separate tubes for 20
min with serially diluted peptides or peptide conjugates (in a
peptide concentration range 0.006-280 ug/ml). Than, 0.1 ml aliquots
were transferred into plates coated with peptide conjugates. Plates
were incubated for 30 min and washed three times. Conjugate
solution containing human IgG- or IgM-specific conjugate was added
as described in Example 13. Further steps were as in Example
13.
Example 15
Procedure for Flow-Through Test with HRP Label
[0126] Samples (200 ul) were prepared from microfiltered Positive
control serum of IgG/IgM C6 ELISA test (Immunetics) by dilution
with normal calf serum. Equal volume of C6 conjugate mixture
(C6-StrAv, 0.5:1, 0.03 ug/ml, and C6-HRP, 1:1, 0.05 ug/ml) was
added to samples. After incubation for 5-10 min, the
sample-conjugates mixture was applied on discs of NC membrane (0.45
um) coated with Bi-PEG-BSA as described in Example 9. After short
incubation (1 min), liquid was filtered through membrane by
applying positive pressure on the top. Membranes were washed three
times with 1 ml PBS-Tween-20. Then, 0.5 ml of TMB precipitating
membrane substrate (Moss, Inc) was added. After 2 min, the
substrate was filtered and membranes washed with water.
Example 16
Procedure for Flow-Through Test with Colloidal Gold Label
[0127] Samples described in Example 15 were mixed with conjugates
(C6-StrAv, 0.5:1, 0.1 ug/ml and C6-BSA (2:1)-Gold, 0.05 ug/ml) and
incubated for 30 min with agitation. Mixtures were then applied on
discs of NC membrane (1.2 um), coated with Bi-PEG-BSA as described
in Example 10, installed into filtration device and incubated for
another 5 min before completion of filtration. Discs were washed
two times with PBS-Tween-20.
Example 17
Procedure for Dot-Blot Test with HRP Label
[0128] Samples (0.25 ml) were mixed with equal volume of C6
conjugates as described in Example 15, and placed in a microtray.
Strips of NC membrane with applied Bi-PEG-BSA as described in
Example 10 were placed into sample-conjugate mixtures and incubated
with agitation for 30 min. After complete aspiration of liquid,
strips were washed three times with 2 ml PBS-Tween-20 and once with
water. TMB membrane ELISA substrate was added and strips incubated
for 4 min with agitation. Finally, the substrate was aspirated and
membranes rinsed with water.
Example 18
Procedure for Dot-Blot Test with Colloidal Gold Label
[0129] Strips containing Bi-PEG-BSA lines were prepared as in
Example 10 and were placed into microtrays containing 0.5 ml sera
samples prepared from Positive control as in Example 15. A mixture
of C6-StrAv and C6-BSA-Gold conjugates was added. Final
concentration of C6 peptide was as described in Example 16.
Mixtures were incubated with agitation for 45 min, than washed with
PBS-tween-20.
Example 19
Competitive Assay for Antigen Detection Using Peptide
Conjugates
[0130] Samples containing known amount of recombinant VLSe (0.045
ml) were placed into wells coated with Bi-PEG-BSA as described in
Example 9. Solution of anti-C6 IgG (10 ug/ml was added at 0.05
ul/well. Mixtures were incubated for 10 min with agitation and 0.05
ml of conjugate solution containing 0.03 ug/ml C6-StrAv (0.5:1) and
0.05 ug/ml C6-HRP (1:1) was added. Plates were incubated with
agitation for 25 min, washed four times with PBS-tween-20, and
bound HRP was detected as described in Example 13.
Example 20
Analysis of Antibody Classes Involved in Specific Immune Complex
with Labeled Peptide Antigens
[0131] Samples of human patients sera (0.05 ul) were diluted in
coated well prepared as described in Example 12 with 0.045 ml calf
serum (Sigma) or Casein-tween-20 diluent. Conjugate solution (0.05
ml) containing mixture of peptide-StrAv plus peptide-HRP at
concentration described in Example 12 was added. The mixture were
incubated for 25 min and agitation, aspirated and washed 3 times
with PBS-tween. Solution of Goat-anti-human IgG or IgM-HRP at
concentration 0.08 ug/ml was added and plates were incubated for 15
min at agitation. After washing (four times) bound HRP was detected
using standard procedure for TMB ELISA substrate as described in
Example 13.
EQUIVALENTS
[0132] Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to
ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, numerous
equivalents to the specific polypeptides, nucleic acids, methods,
assays and reagents described herein. Such equivalents are
considered to be within the scope of this invention and are covered
by the following claims.
* * * * *