U.S. patent application number 11/607799 was filed with the patent office on 2007-06-28 for method and apparatus for pharmaceutical management and tracking.
This patent application is currently assigned to ASD SPECIALTY HEALTHCARE, INC.. Invention is credited to Dale Danilewitz.
Application Number | 20070145130 11/607799 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 38092793 |
Filed Date | 2007-06-28 |
United States Patent
Application |
20070145130 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Danilewitz; Dale |
June 28, 2007 |
Method and apparatus for pharmaceutical management and tracking
Abstract
A product inventory management cabinet including a cabinet
chassis configured to contain an inventory of product units having
RFID tags, a reader configured to wirelessly detect the RFID tags,
and a data processing system connected to communicate with the
reader and to maintain a product inventory list and a consumed
product list according to the detected RFID tags. There is also a
method for product inventory management, including detecting a
plurality of RFID tags in a cabinet, each RFID tag associated with
a product unit and creating a current inventory list comprising
identifiers corresponding to the detected plurality of RFID
tags.
Inventors: |
Danilewitz; Dale; (Dallas,
TX) |
Correspondence
Address: |
DOCKET CLERK
P.O. DRAWER 800889
DALLAS
TX
75380
US
|
Assignee: |
ASD SPECIALTY HEALTHCARE,
INC.
Addison
TX
|
Family ID: |
38092793 |
Appl. No.: |
11/607799 |
Filed: |
December 1, 2006 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
60741631 |
Dec 2, 2005 |
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
235/385 ;
340/5.92; 340/572.1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G06K 7/10366 20130101;
G07F 9/026 20130101; G06K 7/1417 20130101; G07G 1/009 20130101;
G16H 40/20 20180101; G08B 13/2434 20130101; G06K 19/06037 20130101;
G16H 40/63 20180101; G06K 7/1413 20130101; G06F 16/9554 20190101;
G07G 1/0036 20130101; G06Q 10/087 20130101; G06K 19/0723 20130101;
G16H 20/10 20180101; G08B 13/2462 20130101; G06Q 30/04 20130101;
G06Q 10/08 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
235/385 ;
340/572.1; 340/005.92 |
International
Class: |
G06Q 30/00 20060101
G06Q030/00; G05B 19/00 20060101 G05B019/00; G08B 13/14 20060101
G08B013/14 |
Claims
1. A product inventory management cabinet, comprising: a cabinet
chassis configured to contain an inventory of product units having
RFID tags; a reader configured to wirelessly detect the RFID tags;
and a data processing system connected to communicate with the
reader and to maintain a product inventory list and a consumed
product list according to the detected RFID tags.
2. The product inventory management cabinet of claim 1, wherein the
product inventory list comprises identifiers corresponding to
detected RFID tags.
3. The product inventory management cabinet of claim 1, wherein the
consumed product list comprises identifiers corresponding to RFID
tags previously on the product inventory list that are not detected
by the reader.
4. The product inventory management cabinet of claim 1, wherein the
cabinet includes a door that is at least partially transparent.
5. The product inventory management cabinet of claim 1, further
comprising a network interface connected to the data processing
system to enable the data processing system to communicate with a
server system over a network.
6. The product inventory management cabinet of claim 1, further
comprising a sensor device connected to communicate with the data
processing system.
7. The product inventory management cabinet of claim 1, wherein the
data processing system is configured to transmit the product
inventory list to a server system.
8. The product inventory management cabinet of claim 1, wherein the
data processing system is configured to receive cabinet control
instructions from a server system.
9. The product inventory management cabinet of claim 1, wherein the
consumed product list comprises identifiers corresponding to RFID
tags previously on the product inventory list that are not detected
by the reader for at least 24 hours.
10. The product inventory management cabinet of claim 1, wherein
the product units are pharmaceuticals.
11. A method for product inventory management, comprising:
detecting a plurality of RFID tags in a cabinet, each RFID tag
associated with a product unit; creating a current inventory list
comprising identifiers corresponding to the detected plurality of
RFID tags.
12. The method of claim 11, further comprising creating a consumed
product list comprising identifiers corresponding to RFID tags
previously on the product inventory list that are not detected as
one of the plurality of RFID tags.
13. The method of claim 11, further comprising receiving a
notification, from the cabinet, that product units have been added
or removed from the cabinet inventory.
14. The method of claim 11, further comprising communicating with a
server system over a network.
15. The method of claim 11, creating a consumed product list
comprising identifiers corresponding to RFID tags previously on the
product inventory list that are not detected as one of the
plurality of RFID tags for a predetermined amount of time.
16. The method of claim 11, further comprising sending cabinet
status data to a server system.
17. The method of claim 11, further comprising receiving cabinet
control instructions from a server system.
18. The method of claim 11, further comprising receiving sensor
data from at least one sensor device.
19. The method of claim 11, further comprising sending the product
inventory list to a server system.
20. The method of claim 11, further comprising sending the consumed
product list to a server system.
21. The method of claim 11, wherein the product units are
pharmaceuticals.
Description
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application claims the benefit of the filing date of
U.S. Provisional Patent Application 60/741,631, filed Dec. 2, 2005,
which is hereby incorporated by reference. This application also
includes some common text and/or figures as, but is otherwise
unrelated to, concurrently filed U.S. patent application ______
(Docket number AMER01-00019), which is hereby incorporated by
reference.
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0002] The present disclosure is directed, in general, to inventory
management and tracking systems, and in particular to
pharmaceutical management and tracking.
BACKGROUND
[0003] Product tracking is of importance to any manufacturing,
distribution, or sales enterprise. It can be particularly important
in the pharmaceutical area, where many products must be carefully
identified and tracked from manufacture until administered to a
patient. Typical known means of tracking pharmaceuticals involve
manual record keeping and identifying products according to written
labels. Inventory management and distribution also typically rely
on a manual process of taking a physical inventory of product and
manually ordering refills or restocking, while also eliminating
product that is nearing or passed its expiry.
[0004] Another significant issue with pharmaceuticals is the very
high cost of maintaining an inventory of expensive drugs. Some
drugs can cost several thousand dollars per dose, and be relatively
rarely needed, but these same drugs, when needed, are needed
immediately. Pre-purchasing and stocking such drugs is a great
expense for pharmacies and hospitals. Further, because of the high
cost of these drugs, managing and tracking each product becomes
essential.
[0005] There is, therefore, a need in the art for improved systems,
methods, and apparatuses for inventory management and tracking
systems, and in particular for pharmaceutical management and
tracking.
SUMMARY
[0006] One disclosed embodiment includes a product inventory
management cabinet including a cabinet chassis configured to
contain an inventory of product units having RFID tags, a reader
configured to wirelessly detect the RFID tags, and a data
processing system connected to communicate with the reader and to
maintain a product inventory list and a consumed product list
according to the detected RFID tags.
[0007] Another disclosed embodiment includes a method for product
inventory management, including detecting a plurality of RFID tags
in a cabinet, each RFID tag associated with a product unit and
creating a current inventory list comprising identifiers
corresponding to the detected plurality of RFID tags.
[0008] The foregoing has outlined rather broadly the features and
technical advantages of the present invention so that those skilled
in the art may better understand the detailed description of the
invention that follows. Additional features and advantages of the
invention will be described hereinafter that form the subject of
the claims of the invention. Those skilled in the art will
appreciate that they may readily use the conception and the
specific embodiment disclosed as a basis for modifying or designing
other structures for carrying out the same purposes of the present
invention. Those skilled in the art will also realize that such
equivalent constructions do not depart from the spirit and scope of
the invention in its broadest form.
[0009] Before undertaking the DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
below, it may be advantageous to set forth definitions of certain
words or phrases used throughout this patent document: the terms
"include" and "comprise," as well as derivatives thereof, mean
inclusion without limitation; the term "or" is inclusive, meaning
and/or; the phrases "associated with" and "associated therewith,"
as well as derivatives thereof, may mean to include, be included
within, interconnect with, contain, be contained within, connect to
or with, couple to or with, be communicable with, cooperate with,
interleave, juxtapose, be proximate to, be bound to or with, have,
have a property of, or the like; and the term "controller" means
any device, system or part thereof that controls at least one
operation, whether such a device is implemented in hardware,
firmware, software or some combination of at least two of the same.
It should be noted that the functionality associated with any
particular controller may be centralized or distributed, whether
locally or remotely. Definitions for certain words and phrases are
provided throughout this patent document, and those of ordinary
skill in the art will understand that such definitions apply in
many, if not most, instances to prior as well as future uses of
such defined words and phrases.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0010] For a more complete understanding of the present invention,
and the advantages thereof, reference is now made to the following
descriptions taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings,
wherein like numbers designate like objects, and in which:
[0011] FIG. 1 depicts a simplified block diagram of a cabinet in
accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
[0012] FIG. 2 illustrates a product unit as can be used in various
embodiments of the present invention;
[0013] FIG. 3 depicts a simplified diagram of an inventory
management system in accordance with an embodiment of the present
invention; and
[0014] FIG. 4 depicts a flowchart of a process in accordance with a
disclosed embodiment.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0015] FIGS. 1 through 4, discussed below, and the various
embodiments used to describe the principles of the present
invention in this patent document are by way of illustration only
and should not be construed in any way to limit the scope of the
invention. Those skilled in the art will understand that the
principles of the present invention may be implemented in any
suitably arranged device. The numerous innovative teachings of the
present application will be described with particular reference to
the presently preferred embodiment.
[0016] Various embodiments include a system and method for managing
pharmaceutical inventories, and in particular to managing consigned
pharmaceuticals in third-party facilities, such as hospital
pharmacies. Various embodiments can use a product-management
cabinet capable of tracking product inventory, and corresponding
products. Before describing overall processes, it will be helpful
to discuss various aspects of cabinets and products that can be
used in implementing the processes.
[0017] One aspect of the disclosed embodiments concerns an
innovative pharmaceutical cabinet used to store pharmaceutical
inventory. FIG. 1 depicts a simplified block diagram of a cabinet
that can be used to implement the processes described herein.
[0018] The cabinet 100, in a some embodiments, includes a
refrigerated chassis 110, but chassis 110 can be held at any
required temperature, including cooled, frozen, ambient
temperature, or even heated, using conventional means. For
refrigerated or ambient-temperature use, a conventional
refrigerator unit can be modified as described herein to function
as the cabinet. For ambient-temperature use, a non-refrigerated
cabinet can be used, or the refrigeration unit can be turned off or
disconnected. In some embodiments, the cabinet includes a door that
is substantially (or at least partially) transparent, or including
a window, so that the product unit inventory can be easily viewed
without opening the cabinet. The chassis 110 is configured to
contain an inventory of product units having RFID tags.
[0019] The cabinet 100 also includes a reader 120 to wirelessly and
automatically detect and identify the contents of the cabinet.
Preferably, this is a radio-frequency identification (RFID) reader,
known to those of skill in the art. The cabinet 100 includes one or
more RFID antennas 130 connected to RFID reader 120 to scan the
contents of the cabinet.
[0020] Preferably, the cabinet 100 also includes one or more
optional sensor devices 140, such as a thermometer, a door-open
sensor; a power-failure sensor and optional backup power supply; a
GPS locating device; and other devices, and one or more sensor
devices 140 may communicate sensor data to the data processing
system described below. In some embodiments, cabinet 100 also has
an attached RFID tag.
[0021] The cabinet also includes a data processing system 150
capable of communicating with and controlling the RFID reader 120.
The cabinet data processing system 150 also includes communications
software for communicating as described more fully below. The
cabinet data processing system 150 is also preferably connected to
communicate with and control the optional sensor devices 140
described above.
[0022] Cabinet data processing system 150 can be implemented using
any appropriate technology and components, capable of operating as
described herein, as known to those of skill in the art. The
cabinet data processing system 150 generally includes at least a
processor or controller and an accessible memory for storing data
as described herein. The data processing system 150 connected to
communicate with the reader 120 and to maintain a product inventory
list and a consumed product list according to the detected RFID
tags as described herein.
[0023] Cabinet data processing system 150 is also connected to
communicate with other devices using network interface 160, which
can be implemented using wired communications such as Ethernet or a
telephone modem, or wireless communications such as GSM or IEEE
802.11, or a cable modem system, or otherwise, or a combination of
these. Preferably, network interface 160 communicates using
Internet Protocol. Network interface 160 allows the cabinet data
processing system 150 to communicate with a server system such as
the inventory management system, described below, and optionally
with other cabinets 100 using mesh networking, direct cabling, or
other technologies known to those of skill in the art.
Communications between cabinet data processing system 150 and the
inventory management system can be implemented using any suitable
data communications technology, or a combination of them. In
embodiments where multiple cabinets 100 communicate with each
other, these can be configured to communicate with the inventory
management system as a single unit with a combined inventory.
[0024] In use, the cabinet data processing system 150 will make
periodic inventory scans, using the RFID reader 120, to uniquely
identify each product unit 200 (as shown in FIG. 2) stored in the
cabinet. If a new identifier is found during any scan, the cabinet
data processing system 150 notes the identifier and stores it to a
current inventory list for that cabinet. Similarly, if a specific
identifier is no longer detected during a periodic scan, because
the product has been removed or the RFID tag has been destroyed,
the cabinet data processing system 150 notes the missing identifier
and removes it from the current inventory list for the cabinet. The
identifiers of such removed products are also stored in a "consumed
product" list in the cabinet data processing system.
[0025] The product inventory list comprises identifiers
corresponding to detected RFID tags. The consumed product list
comprises identifiers corresponding to RFID tags previously on the
product inventory list that are not detected by the reader either
immediately or after a predetermined amount of time.
[0026] In this way, the cabinet is configured to monitor the
inventory by wirelessly detecting the RFID tags. The cabinet
performs a periodic wireless scan to determine the current product
units in the inventory, and can determine that a product unit has
been removed from the inventory when the RFID tag corresponding to
the product unit is not detected for a predetermined amount of
time.
[0027] Of course, the references herein to the inventory list and
consumed product list are not intended to specify a data structure
for this information, as this information can be stored in any
number of forms within the scope of the disclosed embodiments.
"Lists" is simply used for convenient reference.
[0028] In alternate embodiments, cabinet 100 can also include a
locking mechanism, or one or more individual locking compartments,
to control access to the product. These locks can be any known
technology, including keylocks, digital keypad locks, biometric
locks, etc. Preferably, any locking device can also be opened
remotely if the cabinet data processing system 150 receives such a
command from the inventory management system.
[0029] Cabinet 100 can also include marketing or informational
displays, either as a fixed display, or as a customizable
electronic display. Similarly, cabinet 100 can include a display
connected to cabinet data processing system 150 that is capable of
displaying status or informational messages related to the status
of the cabinet or the product inventory.
[0030] Preferably, cabinet 100 includes a power-failure detection
device and a backup power supply. When a power failure is detected,
cabinet 100 can sound an audible alarm, and can communicate with
the inventory management system to notify it of a problem.
[0031] Product: In a preferred embodiment, the product consists of
packaged pharmaceuticals, but of course the systems and methods
described herein can be applied to other products. FIG. 2 shows a
simple illustration of a product unit 200 as can be used in various
embodiments of the present invention. An important feature of the
products, in a preferred embodiment, is that each product unit 200
includes an RFID tag 230 affixed to the product or its packaging,
where the RFID tag 230 includes identifying information capable of
being read by the RFID reader.
[0032] In a typical implementation, an individual product unit 200
includes the product 210 itself in an appropriate packaging 220,
such as a box. The packaging includes the RFID tag 230, which seals
the package. The RFID tag has at least a unique identifier, such as
a serial number, that can be read by the RFID reader. Preferably,
to open the package 220 to use the product 210, the RFID tag 230 is
destroyed, at which point it can no longer be read by the RFID
reader.
[0033] For ease of reference, the term "serial number" will be used
herein to refer to the unique identifier, although those of skill
in the art will recognize that any other style of unique identifier
can be used.
[0034] As will be understood by those of skill in the art, the
product unit 200 represents a generic product. There can be one or
more actual products 210 identified as a product unit 200, and
preferably packaged together. For example, in the pharmaceutical
context, a single dose, pill, or pre-filled syringe can be a single
product 210, but multiple ones of these can be packaged together as
a single product unit 200, depending on the requirements for using,
dispensing, or billing for the product 210.
[0035] Inventory management system: An inventory management system
300 is used to control the inventory in multiple cabinets 100. FIG.
3 depicts a simplified diagram of an inventory management system
300, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention,
including server system 310, warehouse system 320, management
system 330, and multiple cabinets 100, all communicating via
network 340. Network 340 can be implemented using any known
networking technology, as a public or private network or as direct
communications, and is preferably implemented using the Internet to
communicate between each system. Network 340 can be implemented
using multiple technologies, and can be implemented using multiple
separate networks.
[0036] Server system 310, warehouse system 320, management system
330, while depicted as single, individual systems in this
simplified figure, can each be implemented using one or more data
processing systems, which can be commonly located but are not
necessarily so. For example, as known to those of skill in the art,
different functions of server system 310 may be more efficiently
performed using separate data processing systems, each performing
specific tasks but connected to communicate with each other in such
a way as to together perform the functions described herein for the
server system 310 as a whole. Similarly, one or more of server
system 310, warehouse system 320, and management system 330 could
be implemented as an integrated system as opposed to distinct and
separate systems.
[0037] Server system 310 performs overall inventory management
functions for multiple cabinets 100, as described in more detail
below with regard to the overall process. In general, server system
310 communicates with cabinets 100 to monitor the inventory of each
cabinet 100 on a regular basis. Server system 310 can also monitor
other status information of each cabinet 100 according to sensor
devices 140. Server system 310 includes a database of the current
inventory of each cabinet 100, the product inventory assigned to
each cabinet 100, and other information regarding the cabinets
100.
[0038] Server system 310 also tracks all product units 200 from
time of purchase and receiving into a warehouse, to shipment
placement in a cabinet 100, to storage in cabinet 100, to removal
from cabinet 100. Server system 310 will periodically receive
communications from each cabinet 100 including the current
inventory list, the consumed product list, and other information.
These communications can be initiated by server system 310, by
polling each of the cabinets 100, or can be initiated by the
cabinets 100.
[0039] Server system 310 preferably includes a web server interface
to allow management using a standard web browser interface.
Preferably, at least some data sent and received by server system
310 is in XML format. Server system 310 maintains at least one
database for product inventory data; in a preferred embodiment,
this database is an SQL database.
[0040] Server system 310 can also generate billing and invoice data
according to the reports from cabinets 100 of product units 200
that are delivered (added to the current inventory list) or
consumed (added to the consumed inventory list).
[0041] In various embodiments, the server system 310 is capable of
creating an order to have additional product units added to the
cabinet according to the cabinet inventory. In some cases, the
product units in the cabinet inventory are consignment product
units, and the server system 310 creates an invoice when the
product units are removed from the inventory. The server system 310
is further capable, in some embodiments, of receiving cabinet
status data from the cabinet, and sending cabinet control
instructions to the cabinet. The server system 310 is further
capable, in some embodiments, of analyzing product consumption data
according to inventory data received from the cabinet, as described
below.
[0042] Warehouse system 320 is connected to communicate with server
system 310. Warehouse system 320 is configured to receive inventory
management orders from server system 310, to have inventory shipped
or delivered for placement in a cabinet 100. Warehouse system 320
is also preferably capable of reading the RFID tags of the product
units 200 to identify exactly which product units are being shipped
to a given destination. In alternate embodiments, warehouse system
320 is also configured to produce RFID tags for labeling product
units 200.
[0043] Management system 330 is preferably a data processing system
configured to connect with server system 310 to allow a user to
manage the functions of server system 310 and the processes it
controls. Management system 330 can preferably be implemented using
a common data processing system including a standard internet
browser, connected to allow the user to connect to a web server
interface on server system 310.
[0044] FIG. 4 depicts a flowchart of a process in accordance with a
disclosed embodiment. Various embodiments include an inventory
management process that provides monitoring, tracking, and billing
functions for product units 200 in cabinets 100. In this way, each
cabinet 100 can function as a "virtual warehouse" of product units
200 located at each product location, such as hospital pharmacies.
This process is particularly useful when the product is not sold
when shipped for placement in a cabinet, but rather is held on
consignment in the cabinet, and considered sold when removed from
the cabinet or the product packaging.
[0045] In particular, the embodiments described herein can be used
for high-dollar injectable pharmaceuticals, which a pharmacy may
desire to have readily available but may not be willing or able to
pre-purchase. In this case, the consignment product in the "virtual
warehouse" cabinet functions to answer a significant and immediate
need in the industry.
[0046] In a disclosed process, at some point product units 200 are
delivered to and placed within cabinet 100 at a customer site (step
405). Cabinet 100 wirelessly scans its contents to detect the
serial numbers of the RFID tags of each of the product units (step
410), and add those to the current inventory list (step 415).
Cabinet 100 will communicate the current inventory list to server
system 310 (step 420). Cabinet 100 will also communicate the
consumed inventory list to server system 310 (step 425). Server
system 310 will update a status record for each corresponding
serial number (step 430).
[0047] In implementations where there is a direct sale of the
product, server system 310 can generate a billing invoice for the
customer either when the product units 200 are shipped or when they
are detected within cabinet 100, depending on the terms of the
customer contract, or at another appropriate time.
[0048] Cabinet 100 continues to periodically wirelessly scan its
contents as in step 405 above. When the cabinet 100 no longer
detects a given RFID serial number of a product unit 200, that
serial number is added to the consumed product list (step 435), and
can be removed from the current inventory list. The consumed list
and updated current inventory list are eventually reported to
server system 310, as described above (step 440). Typically, this
will be when the product unit 100 is opened and the product is
consumed, but it can also happen when the RFID tag is destroyed
when the packaging is opened, or if the product is otherwise
removed, stolen, destroyed, etc.
[0049] In some embodiments, a particular product unit is not moved
to the consumed product list immediately when it is not detected,
but only when it has not been detected for a significant period,
such as 24, 48, or 72 hours. This is to accommodate the event that
the product unit 200 is removed from cabinet 100 in anticipation of
use, but is not actually consumed, and so is returned to the
cabinet 100 and is thereafter detected by cabinet 100.
[0050] In some embodiments, the temperature and other parameters of
the cabinet 100 can be directly modified by cabinet data processing
system 150. Further, server system 310 can send appropriate
commands to cabinet data processing system 150 to change the
cabinet parameters. In this way, for example, server system 310 can
determine the optimal cabinet parameters according to the current
cabinet inventory, and thereafter modify the parameters
accordingly. Cabinet 100 sends cabinet status data to server system
310 (step 445) indicating the current status of the cabinet and
inventory, such as that determined by any sensor devices 140.
Cabinet 100 receives cabinet control instructions from server 310
(step 450), and adjusts the cabinet parameters accordingly (step
455).
[0051] In various embodiments, a cabinet's current inventory list
is reconstructed each time the cabinet scans its contents. The
consumed inventory list is not routinely cleared by the cabinet
until its contents have been sent to the server system. In some
embodiments, the cabinet will receive an instruction from the
server to clear the consumed inventory list, and will do so (step
460).
[0052] The systems and techniques described herein, while
particularly described in a pharmaceutical context, are of course
not limited to pharmaceuticals. Those of skill in the art will
recognize that these techniques can be applied to any number of
other products, with particular utility in managing inventory of
consumable products such as drugs, foods, drinks, liquors, etc.
[0053] Those skilled in the art will recognize that, for simplicity
and clarity, the full structure and operation of all systems
suitable for use with the present invention is not being depicted
or described herein. Instead, only so much of a data processing
system as is unique to the present invention or necessary for an
understanding of the present invention is depicted and described.
The remainder of the construction and operation of these systems
may conform to any of the various current implementations and
practices known in the art.
[0054] It is important to note that while the present invention has
been described in the context of a fully functional system, those
skilled in the art will appreciate that at least portions of the
mechanism of the present invention are capable of being distributed
in the form of a instructions contained within a machine usable
medium in any of a variety of forms, and that the present invention
applies equally regardless of the particular type of instruction or
signal bearing medium utilized to actually carry out the
distribution. Examples of machine usable mediums include:
nonvolatile, hard-coded type mediums such as read only memories
(ROMs) or erasable, electrically programmable read only memories
(EEPROMs), user-recordable type mediums such as floppy disks, hard
disk drives and compact disk read only memories (CD-ROMs) or
digital versatile disks (DVDs), and transmission type mediums such
as digital and analog communication links.
[0055] Although an exemplary embodiment of the present invention
has been described in detail, those skilled in the art will
understand that various changes, substitutions, variations, and
improvements of the invention disclosed herein may be made without
departing from the spirit and scope of the invention in its
broadest form.
[0056] None of the description in the present application should be
read as implying that any particular element, step, or function is
an essential element which must be included in the claim scope: THE
SCOPE OF PATENTED SUBJECT MATTER IS DEFINED ONLY BY THE ALLOWED
CLAIMS. Moreover, none of these claims are intended to invoke
paragraph six of 35 USC .sctn.112 unless the exact words "means
for" are followed by a participle.
* * * * *