U.S. patent application number 11/484198 was filed with the patent office on 2007-05-31 for optimized proteins that target ep-cam.
This patent application is currently assigned to XENCOR, INC.. Invention is credited to Aaron K. Chamberlain, John R. Desjarlais, Gregory Alan Lazar.
Application Number | 20070122406 11/484198 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 37637915 |
Filed Date | 2007-05-31 |
United States Patent
Application |
20070122406 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Chamberlain; Aaron K. ; et
al. |
May 31, 2007 |
Optimized proteins that target Ep-CAM
Abstract
Humanized Ep-CAM-targeting antibodies and methods of making and
using the same are provided.
Inventors: |
Chamberlain; Aaron K.;
(Pasadena, CA) ; Desjarlais; John R.; (Pasadena,
CA) ; Lazar; Gregory Alan; (Arcadia, CA) |
Correspondence
Address: |
MORGAN, LEWIS & BOCKIUS, LLP
ONE MARKET SPEAR STREET TOWER
SAN FRANCISCO
CA
94105
US
|
Assignee: |
XENCOR, INC.
|
Family ID: |
37637915 |
Appl. No.: |
11/484198 |
Filed: |
July 10, 2006 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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60745078 |
Apr 18, 2006 |
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60779961 |
Mar 6, 2006 |
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60741966 |
Dec 2, 2005 |
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60697768 |
Jul 8, 2005 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
424/144.1 ;
530/388.22 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C07K 2317/732 20130101;
C07K 2317/92 20130101; C07K 16/30 20130101; C07K 2317/72 20130101;
C07K 16/465 20130101; C07K 2317/24 20130101; C07K 2317/41
20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
424/144.1 ;
530/388.22 |
International
Class: |
A61K 39/395 20060101
A61K039/395; C07K 16/28 20060101 C07K016/28 |
Claims
1. A variant anti-Ep-CAM antibody comprising a variant human Fc
domain, said variant human Fc domain comprising at least one
modification that alters binding of said antibody to an Fc receptor
compared to a parent human Fc domain.
2. The antibody of claim 1, wherein said at least one modification
alters binding to an Fcgamma receptor.
3. The antibody of claim 2, wherein said at least one modification
comprises at least one substitution selected from the group
consisting of: 236A, 239D, 268E, 298A, 298D, 326D, 326E, 330L,
330Y, 332E, 333A, 334A, and 396L, wherein the numbering is
according to the EU index in Kabat et al.
4. The antibody of claim 1, wherein said at least one modification
includes an altered glycoform.
5. The antibody of claim 4, wherein said at least one modification
includes defucosylation.
6. The antibody of claim 1, wherein said at least one modification
alters binding to the Fc receptor, FcRn.
7. The antibody of claim 6, wherein said modification is a
substitution selected from the group consisting of: 250Q, 257L,
257N, 311A, 311V, 428L, 434A, and 434Y, wherein the numbering is
according to the EU index in Kabat et al.
8. A variant anti-Ep-CAM antibody comprising at least one
modification that alters an effector function of said variant
antibody compared to an unmodified anti-Ep-CAM antibody.
9. The antibody of claim 8, wherein said effector function of said
anti-Ep-CAM antibody is antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity
(ADCC).
10. The antibody of claim 9, wherein said anti-Ep-CAM antibody
comprises an Fc domain comprising at least one substitution
selected from the group consisting of: 236A, 239D, 268E, 298A,
298D, 326D, 326E, 330L, 330Y, 332E, 333A, 334A, and 396L, wherein
the numbering is according to the EU index in Kabat et al.
11. The antibody of claim 8, wherein said anti-Ep-CAM antibody
comprises an altered glycoform.
12. The antibody of claim 11, wherein said anti-Ep-CAM antibody
comprises an Fc region lacking a fucose moiety.
13. The antibody of claim 8, wherein said effector function is
complement-dependent cytoxicity.
14. The antibody of claim 13, wherein said anti-Ep-CAM antibody
comprises an Fc domain comprising at least one substitution
selected from the group consisting of: K326W, K326Y, and E333S,
wherein the numbering is according to the EU index in Kabat et
al.
15. The antibody of claim 1, wherein said modification increases
the affinity of said antibody for Fc.gamma.RIIIa compared to a
parent antibody.
16. The antibody of claim 15, wherein said modification increases
the affinity of said antibody for Fc.gamma.RIIIa at least 2-fold
compared to a parent antibody.
17. The antibody of claim 15, wherein said modification increases
the affinity of said antibody for Fc.gamma.RIIIa at least 5-fold
compared to a parent antibody.
18. The antibody of claim 1, wherein said modification comprises a
substitution selected from the group consisting of: 239D and 332E,
wherein the numbering is that of the EU index in Kabat et al.
19. The antibody of claim 1, wherein said modification decreases
the affinity of said antibody for Fc.gamma.RIIIa compared to a
parent antibody.
20. The antibody of claim 19, wherein said modification decreases
the affinity of said antibody for Fc.gamma.RIIIa by at least 10fold
compared to a parent antibody.
21. The antibody of claim 19, wherein said modification comprises a
substitution selected from the group consisting of: 235G and 236R,
wherein the numbering is that of the EU index in Kabat et al.
22. The antibody of claim 1, wherein said modification increases
the Fc.gamma.RIIa:Fc.gamma.RIIb specificity for said antibody.
23. The antibody of claim 22 wherein said modification increases
the Fc.gamma.RIIa:Fc.gamma.RIIb specificity for said antibody by at
least 2.
24. The antibody of claim 22, wherein said modification increases
the Fc.gamma.RIIa:Fc.gamma.RIIb specificity for said antibody by at
least 8.
25. The antibody of claim 22, wherein said modification increases
the Fc.gamma.RIIa:Fc.gamma.RIIb specificity between 7 to 11.
26. The antibody of claim 1, wherein said modification specifically
increases maturation or activation of monocytes, macrophages,
neutrophils, or dendritic cells by said antibody compared to
activation of natural killer (NK) cells by said antibody.
27. The antibody of claim 26, wherein said modification
specifically increases activation of neutrophils by said antibody
compared to activation of natural killer (NK) cells by said
antibody.
28. The antibody of claim 26, wherein said modification does not
substantially increase activation of natural killer cells.
29. The antibody of claim 26, wherein said modification
specifically increases activation by said antibody of dendritic
cells.
30. The antibody of claim 1, wherein said modification increases
binding to an activating Fc receptor and does not increase binding
to Fc.gamma.RIIb.
31. The antibody of claim 1, wherein said modification specifically
increases monocyte or macrophage phagocytosis.
Description
[0001] This application claims benefit under 35 U.S.C. .sctn.119(e)
to U.S. Ser. No. 60/697,768 filed Jul. 8, 2005, U.S. Ser. No.
60/741,966 filed Dec. 2, 2005, U.S. Ser. No. 60/779,961 filed Mar.
6, 2006, and U.S. Ser. No. 60/745,078 filed Apr. 18, 2006, each of
which is expressly incorporated by reference in its entirety.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The present invention relates to optimized proteins that
target the epithelial cell adhesion molecule (Ep-CAM), and their
applications, particularly for therapeutic purposes.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] Epithelial cell adhesion molecule, also known as epithelial
glycoprotein 40 [EGP40], epithelial protein 2 [EGP-2], GA733-2,
ESA, KSA, 17-1A antigen or other names) is an epithelial
transmembrane protein encoded by the GA 733-2 gene (Gottlinger, H.
G. et al. 1986, Int. J. Cancer. 15: 47-53; Linnenbach, A. J. et al.
1989, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 86:27-31; Armstrong, A. and Eck,
S. 2003. Cancer Biol. Ther. 2: 320-325, Linnenbach, A. J. et al.
1993. Mol. Cel. Biol. 13:1507-1515; all expressly incorporated by
reference). The current model of the tertiary extracellular
structure of Ep-CAM indicates the presence of three domains,
including an N-terminal EGF-like domain (Armstrong, A. and Eck, S.
2003. Cancer Biol. Ther. 2: 320-325, expressly incorporated by
reference), Ep-CAM is present in some normal and most neoplastic
ephitelial cells (Armstrong, A. and Eck, S. 2003. Cancer Biol.
Ther. 2: 320-325). Most carcinomas express Ep-CAM on their
surfaces, including breast cancer, ovarian carcinoma, uterus cervix
cancer, prostate cancer, kidney cancer, lung cancer, and colon
cancer (Drapkin R. et al. 2004. Hum. Pathology. 35: 1014-1021;
Gastl G. et al. 2000. The Lancet. 356: 1981-1982; Osta, W. et al.
2004. Cancer Res. 64: 5818-5824; Went, P. T. H. et al. 2004. Hum.
Pathology. 35: 122-128; all expressly incorporated by reference).
The GA733-2 gene is expressed on the baso-lateral cell surface in
most human normal epithelium (Litvinov et al. 1994. J. Cell Biol.
125: 437-446, expressly incorporated by reference). It has been
postulated that the differential localization of Ep-CAM in normal
cells (baso-lateral surface) as compared with cancer cells,
accounts for limited in vivo accessibility of Ep-CAM in normal
tissues (McLaughlin et al. 2001. Cancer Res. 61: 4105-4111,
expressly incorporated by reference).
[0004] Monoclonal antibodies are a common class of therapeutic
proteins. A number of favorable properties of antibodies, including
but not limited to specificity for target, ability to mediate
immune effector mechanisms, and long half-life in serum, make
antibodies powerful therapeutics. A number of antibodies that
target Ep-CAM have been evaluated in pre-clinical studies with cell
lines and/or xenograft models or in clinical trials for the
treatment of cancers. These anti-EpCAM antibodies include but are
not limited to MT201 (HD69 or adecatumumab; Naundorf, S. 2002. Int.
J. Cancer. 100; 101-110; Prang, N. et al. 2005. Br. J. Cancer. 92:
342-349; Raum, T. et al. 2001. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 50:
141-150), UBS-54 (Huls et al. 1999. Nature Biotech. 17: 276-281),
Edrecolomab (Panorex or Mab 17-1A; Punt et al. 2002. The Lancet.
360: 671-677; Veronese, M. L. et al. 2004. Eur. J. Cancer. 40:
1229-1301; Schwartzberg, L. S. 2001. Critical Rev. Oncol./Hematol.
40: 17-24), and chimeric 17-1A mAb (LoBuglio, A. 1989. Proc. Natl.
Acad. Sci. USA. 86: 4220-4224); all expressly incorporated by
reference.
[0005] Antibodies are immunological proteins that bind a specific
antigen. In most mammals, including humans and mice, antibodies are
constructed from paired heavy and light polypeptide chains. Each
chain is made up of individual immunoglobulin (Ig) domains, and
thus the generic term immunoglobulin is used for such proteins.
Each chain is made up of two distinct regions, referred to as the
variable and constant regions. The light and heavy chain variable
regions show significant sequence diversity between antibodies, and
are responsible for binding the target antigen. The constant
regions show less sequence diversity, and are responsible for
binding a number of natural proteins to elicit important
biochemical events. In humans there are five different classes of
antibodies including IgA (which includes subclasses IgA1 and IgA2),
IgD, IgE, IgG (which includes subclasses IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and
IgG4), and IgM. The distinguishing features between these antibody
classes are their constant regions, although subtler differences
may exist in the V region. IgG antibodies are tetrameric proteins
composed of two heavy chains and two light chains. The IgG heavy
chain is composed of four immunoglobulin domains linked from N- to
C-terminus in the order V.sub.H-CH1-CH2-CH3, referring to the heavy
chain variable domain, heavy chain constant domain 1, heavy chain
constant domain 2, and heavy chain constant domain 3 respectively
(also referred to as V.sub.H-C.gamma.1-C.gamma.2-C.gamma.3,
referring to the heavy chain variable domain, constant gamma 1
domain, constant gamma 2 domain, and constant gamma 3 domain
respectively). The IgG light chain is composed of two
immunoglobulin domains linked from N- to C-terminus in the order
V.sub.L-C.sub.L, referring to the light chain variable domain and
the light chain constant domain respectively.
[0006] The variable region of an antibody contains the antigen
binding determinants of the molecule, and thus determines the
specificity of an antibody for its target antigen. The variable
region is so named because it is the most distinct in sequence from
other antibodies within the same class. The majority of sequence
variability occurs in the complementarity determining regions
(CDRs). There are 6 CDRs total, three each per heavy and light
chain, designated V.sub.H CDR1, V.sub.H CDR2, V.sub.H CDR3, V.sub.L
CDR1, V.sub.L CDR2, and V.sub.L CDR3. The variable region outside
of the CDRs is referred to as the framework (FR) region. Although
not as diverse as the CDRs, sequence variability does occur in the
FR region between different antibodies. Overall, this
characteristic architecture of antibodies provides a stable
scaffold (the FR region) upon which substantial antigen binding
diversity (the CDRs) can be explored by the immune system to obtain
specificity for a broad array of antigens. A number of
high-resolution structures are available for a variety of variable
region fragments from different organisms, some unbound and some in
complex with antigen. The sequence and structural features of
antibody variable regions are well characterized (Morea et al.,
1997, Biophys Chem 68:9-16; Morea et al., 2000, Methods 20:267-279,
expressly incorporated by reference), and the conserved features of
antibodies have enabled the development of a wealth of antibody
engineering techniques (Maynard et al., 2000, Annu Rev Biomed Eng
2:339-376, expressly incorporated by reference). Fragments
comprising the variable region can exist in the absence of other
regions of the antibody, including for example the antigen binding
fragment (Fab) comprising V.sub.H-C.gamma.1 and V.sub.H-C.sub.L,
the variable fragment (Fv) comprising V.sub.H and V.sub.L, the
single chain variable fragment (scFv) comprising V.sub.H and
V.sub.L linked together in the same chain, as well as a variety of
other variable region fragments (Little et al., 2000, Immunol Today
21:364-370, expressly incorporated by reference).
[0007] The Fc region of an antibody interacts with a number of Fc
receptors and ligands, imparting an array of important functional
capabilities referred to as effector functions. For IgG the Fc
region comprises Ig domains C.gamma.2 and C.gamma.3 and the
N-terminal hinge leading into C.gamma.2. An important family of Fc
receptors for the IgG class are the Fc gamma receptors
(Fc.gamma.Rs). These receptors mediate communication between
antibodies and the cellular arm of the immune system (Raghavan et
al., 1996, Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 12:181-220; Ravetch et al., 2001,
Annu Rev Immunol 19:275-290; both expressly incorporated by
reference). In humans this protein family includes Fc.gamma.RI
(CD64), including isoforms Fc.gamma.RIa, Fc.gamma.RIb, and
Fc.gamma.RIc; Fc.gamma.RII (CD32), including isoforms Fc.gamma.RIIa
(including allotypes H131 and R131), Fc.gamma.RIIb (including
Fc.gamma.RIIb-1 and Fc.gamma.RIIb-2), and Fc.gamma.RIIc; and
Fc.gamma.RIII (CD16), including isoforms Fc.gamma.RIIIa (including
allotypes V158 and F158) and Fc.gamma.RIIIb (including allotypes
Fc.gamma.RIIIb-NA1 and Fc.gamma.RIIIb-NA2) (Jefferis et al., 2002,
Immunol Lett 82:57-65, expressly incorporated by reference). These
receptors typically have an extracellular domain that mediates
binding to Fc, a membrane spanning region, and an intracellular
domain that may mediate some signaling event within the cell. These
receptors are expressed in a variety of immune cells including
monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, eosinophils,
mast cells, platelets, B cells, large granular lymphocytes,
Langerhans' cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and T cells.
Formation of the Fc/Fc.gamma.R complex recruits these effector
cells to sites of bound antigen, typically resulting in signaling
events within the cells and important subsequent immune responses
such as release of inflammation mediators, B cell activation,
endocytosis, phagocytosis, and cytotoxic attack. The ability to
mediate cytotoxic and phagocytic effector functions is a potential
mechanism by which antibodies destroy targeted cells. The
cell-mediated reaction wherein nonspecific cytotoxic cells that
express Fc.gamma.Rs recognize bound antibody on a target cell and
subsequently cause lysis of the target cell is referred to as
antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) (Raghavan et
al., 1996, Annu Rev Ceal Dev Biol 12:181-220; Ghetie et al., 2000,
Annu Rev Immunol 18:739-766; Ravetch et al., 2001, Annu Rev Immunol
19:275-290; all expressly incorporated by reference). The
cell-mediated reaction wherein nonspecific cytotoxic cells that
express Fc.gamma.Rs recognize bound antibody on a target cell and
subsequently cause phagocytosis of the target cell is referred to
as antibody dependent cell-mediated phagocytosis (ADCP).
[0008] The different IgG subclasses have different affinities for
the Fc.gamma.Rs, with IgG1 and IgG3 typically binding substantially
better to the receptors than IgG2 and IgG4 (Jefferis et al., 2002,
Immunol Lett 82:57-65, expressly incorporated by reference). All
Fc.gamma.Rs bind the same region on IgG Fc, yet with different
affinities: the high affinity binder Fc.gamma.RI has a Kd for IgG1
of 10.sup.-8 M.sup.-1, whereas the low affinity receptors
Fc.gamma.RII and Fc.gamma.RIII generally bind at 10.sup.-6 and
10.sup.-5 respectively. The extracellular domains of Fc.gamma.RIIIa
and Fc.gamma.RIIIb are 96% identical, however Fc.gamma.RIIIb does
not have an intracellular signaling domain. Furthermore, whereas
Fc.gamma.RI, Fc.gamma.RIIa/c, and Fc.gamma.RIIIa are positive
regulators of immune complex-triggered activation, characterized by
having an intracellular domain that has an immunoreceptor
tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM), Fc.gamma.RIIb has an
immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif (ITIM) and is
therefore inhibitory. Thus the former are referred to as activation
receptors, and Fc.gamma.RIIb is referred to as an inhibitory
receptor. The receptors also differ in expression pattern and
levels on different immune cells. Yet another level of complexity
is the existence of a number of Fc.gamma.R polymorphisms in the
human proteome. A particularly relevant polymorphism with clinical
significance is V158/F158 Fc.gamma.RIIIa. Human IgG1 binds with
greater affinity to the V158 allotype than to the F158 allotype.
This difference in affinity, and presumably its effect on ADCC
and/or ADCP, has been shown to be a significant determinant of the
efficacy of the anti-CD20 antibody rituximab (Rituxan.RTM., a
registered trademark of IDEC Pharmaceuticals Corporation). Patients
with the V158 allotype respond favorably to rituximab treatment;
however, patients with the lower affinity F158 allotype respond
poorly (Cartron et al., 2002, Blood 99:754-758, expressly
incorporated by reference). Approximately 10-20% of humans are
V158/V158 homozygous, 45% are V158/F158 heterozygous, and 35-45% of
humans are F158/F158 homozygous (Lehrnbecher et al., 1999, Blood
94:4220-4232; Cartron et al., 2002, Blood 99:754-758; both
expressly incorporated by reference). Thus 80-90% of humans are
poor responders, that is they have at least one allele of the F158
Fc.gamma.RIIIa.
[0009] An overlapping but separate site on Fc, serves as the
interface for the complement protein C1q. In the same way that
Fc/Fc.gamma.R binding mediates ADCC, Fc/C1q binding mediates
complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). A site on Fc between the
C.gamma.2 and C.gamma.3 domains, mediates interaction with the
neonatal receptor FcRn, the binding of which recycles endocytosed
antibody from the endosome back to the bloodstream (Raghavan et
al., 1996, Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 12:181-220; Ghetie et al., 2000,
Annu Rev Immunol 18:739-766; both expressly incorporated by
reference). This process, coupled with preclusion of kidney
filtration due to the large size of the full length molecule,
results in favorable antibody serum half-lives ranging from one to
three weeks. Binding of Fc to FcRn also plays a key role in
antibody transport. The binding site for FcRn on Fc is also the
site at which the bacterial proteins A and G bind. The tight
binding by these proteins is typically exploited as a means to
purify antibodies by employing protein A or protein G affinity
chromatography during protein purification. A key feature of the Fc
region is the conserved N-linked glycosylation that occurs at N297.
This carbohydrate, or oligosaccharide as it is sometimes referred,
plays a critical structural and functional role for the antibody,
and is one of the principle reasons that antibodies must be
produced using mammalian expression systems.
[0010] In addition to antibodies, an antibody-like protein that is
finding an expanding role in research and therapy is the Fc fusion
(Chamow et al., 1996, Trends Biotechnol 14:52-60; Ashkenazi et al.,
1997, Curr Opin Immunol 9:195-200; both expressly incorporated by
reference). An Fc fusion is a protein wherein one or more
polypeptides is operably linked to Fc. An Fc fusion combines the Fc
region of an antibody, and thus its favorable effector functions
and pharmacokinetics, with the target-binding region of a receptor,
ligand, or some other protein or protein domain. The role of the
latter is to mediate target recognition, and thus it is
functionally analogous to the antibody variable region. Because of
the structural and functional overlap of Fc fusions with
antibodies, the discussion on antibodies in the present invention
extends directly to Fc fusions.
[0011] There are a number of possible mechanisms by which
antibodies destroy tumor cells, including anti-proliferation via
blockage of needed growth pathways, intracellular signaling leading
to apoptosis, enhanced down regulation and/or turnover of
receptors, CDC, ADCC, ADCP, and promotion of an adaptive immune
response (Cragg et al., 1999, Curr Opin Immunol 11:541-547; Glennie
et al., 2000, Immunol Today 21:403-410; both expressly incorporated
by reference). Anti-tumor efficacy may be due to a combination of
these mechanisms, and their relative importance in clinical therapy
appears to be cancer dependent. Despite this arsenal of anti-tumor
weapons, the potency of curretly available antibodies as
anti-cancer agents is unsatisfactory, particularly given their high
cost. Patient tumor response data show that monoclonal antibodies
provide only a small improvement in therapeutic success over normal
single-agent cytotoxic chemotherapeutics. For example, just half of
all relapsed low-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma patients respond to
the anti-CD20 antibody rituximab (McLaughlin et al., 1998, J Clin
Oncol 16:2825-2833, expressly incorporated by reference). Of 166
clinical patients, 6% showed a complete response and 42% showed a
partial response, with median response duration of approximately 12
months. Trastuzumab (Herceptin.RTM., a registered trademark of
Genentech), an anti-HER2/neu antibody for treatment of metastatic
breast cancer, has less efficacy. The overall response rate using
trastuzumab for the 222 patients tested was only 15%, with 8
complete and 26 partial responses and a median response duration
and survival of 9 to 13 months (Cobleigh et al., 1999, J Clin Oncol
17:2639-2648, expressly incorporated by reference). Despite the
fact that Ep-CAM is expressed on up to 77 percent of colorectal
cancer tumors, combination therapy with cetuximab (Erbitux.RTM.,
Imclone/BMS) had an objective response rate of 22.5% with a median
duration of response of 84 days (Saltz et al., 2001, Proc. Am. Soc.
Clin. Oncol. 20, 3a); results of the cetuximab single agent
treatment group were even worse. Currently for anticancer therapy,
any small improvement in mortality rate defines success. Thus there
is a significant need to enhance the capacity of antibodies to
destroy targeted cancer cells.
[0012] A promising means for enhancing the anti-tumor potency of
antibodies is via enhancement of their ability to mediate cytotoxic
effector functions such as ADCC, ADCP, and CDC. The importance of
Fc.gamma.R-mediated effector functions for the anti-cancer activity
of antibodies has been demonstrated in mice (Clynes et al., 1998,
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95:652-656; Clynes et al., 2000, Nat Med
6:443-446; both expressly incorporated by reference), and the
affinity of interaction between Fc and certain Fc.gamma.Rs
correlates with targeted cytotoxicity in cell-based assays (Shields
et al., 2001, J Biol Chem 276:6591-6604; Presta et al., 2002,
Biochem Soc Trans 30:487-490; Shields et al., 2002, J Biol Chem
277:26733-26740; all expressly incorporated by reference).
Additionally, a correlation has been observed between clinical
efficacy in humans and their allotype of high (V158) or low (F158)
affinity polymorphic forms of Fc.gamma.RIIIa (Cartron et al., 2002,
Blood 99:754-758; Weng & Levy, 2003, Journal of Clinical
Oncology, 21:3940-3947; both expressly incorporated by reference).
Together these data suggest that an antibody that is optimized for
binding to certain Fc.gamma.Rs may better mediate effector
functions and thereby destroy cancer cells more effectively in
patients. The balance between activating and inhibiting receptors
is an important consideration, and optimal effector function may
result from an antibody that has enhanced affinity for actvation
receptors, for example Fc.gamma.RI, Fc.gamma.RIIa/c, and
Fc.gamma.RIIIa, yet reduced affinity for the inhibitory receptor
Fc.gamma.RIIb. Furthermore, because Fc.gamma.Rs can mediate antigen
uptake and processing by antigen presenting cells, enhanced
Fc.gamma.R affinity may also improve the capacity of antibody
therapeutics to elicit an adaptive immune response. With respect to
Ep-CAM, ADCC has been implicated as an important effector mechanism
for the anti-tumor cytotoxic capacity of some anti-Ep-CAM
antibodies (Bleeker et al., 2004, J Immunol. 173(7):4699-707; Bier
et al., 1998, Cancer Immunol Immunother 46:167-173, both expressly
incorporated by reference).
[0013] Mutagenesis studies have been carried out on Fc towards
various goals, with substitutions typically made to alanine
(referred to as alanine scanning) or guided by sequence homology
substitutions (Duncan et al., 1988, Nature 332:563-564; Lund et
al., 1991, J Immunol 147:2657-2662; Lund et al., 1992, Mol Immunol
29:53-59; Jefferis et al., 1995, Immunol Lett 44:111-117; Lund et
al., 1995, Faseb J 9:115-119; Jefferis et al., 1996, Immunol Lett
54:101-104; Lund et al., 1996, J Immunol 157:4963-4969; Armour et
al., 1999, Eur J Immunol 29:2613-2624; Shields et al., 2001, J Biol
Chem 276:6591-6604; Jefferis et al., 2002, Immunol Lett 82:57-65;
U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,624,821; 5,885,573; PCT WO 00/42072; PCT WO
99/58572; all expressly incorporated by reference). Most
substitutions reduce or ablate binding with Fc.gamma.Rs. However
some success has been achieved at obtaining Fc variants with
selectively enhanced binding to Fc.gamma.Rs, and in some cases
these Fc variants have been shown to provide enhanced potency and
efficacy in cell-based effector function assays. See for example
U.S. Pat. No. 5,624,821, PCT WO 00/42072, U.S. Pat. No. 6,737,056,
U.S. Ser. No. 10/672,280, PCT US03/30249, and U.S. Ser. No.
10/822,231, and U.S. Ser. No. 60/627,774, filed Nov. 12, 2004 and
entitled "Optimized Fc Variants"; all expressly incorporated by
reference. Enhanced affinity of Fc for Fc.gamma.R has also been
achieved using engineered glycoforms generated by expression of
antibodies in engineered or variant cell lines (Umana et al., 1999,
Nat Biotechnol 17:176-180; Davies et al., 2001, Biotechnol Bioeng
74:288-294; Shields et al., 2002, J Bio Chem 277:26733-26740;
Shinkawa et al., 2003, J Biol Chem 278:3466-3473; all expressly
incorporated by reference).
[0014] The present invention provides variants of Ep-CAM targeting
proteins that comprise one or more amino acid modifications that
provide enhanced effector function and humanized light and heavy
variable regions.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0015] The present invention is directed to humanized
Ep-CAM-targeting antibodies including first and/or second amino
acid sequences corresponding to the heavy and light chains of the
antibodies, respectively, as well as methods of using the same. In
various aspects, the first and second amino acid sequences can
include sequences corresponding to CDR3, CDR2, or CDR1 of the
humanized Ep-CAM antibody heavy and light chains. Such sequences
can be independent, or can be combined.
[0016] In a first aspect, the first and second amino acid sequences
comprise a sequence corresponding to CDR3 of the humanized Ep-CAM
heavy and light chains. In one embodiment, the present invention is
directed to a humanized anti-Ep-CAM antibody, wherein said antibody
comprises A) a first amino acid sequence comprising i)
DGPWX.sub.1AY (SEQ ID NO:160), wherein X.sub.1 is selected from the
group consisting of F and Y; or ii) a sequence selected from the
group consisting of SEQ ID NOS:129-130; and/or B) a second amino
acid sequence comprising i) X.sub.1YSYPYT (SEQ ID NO:161), wherein
X.sub.1 is selected from the group consisting of G and Y; or ii) a
sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS:135-136.
In certain variations, these sequences correspond to CDR3 of the
heavy and light chains of the antibody.
[0017] In a further aspect, the first amino acid sequence further
comprises an amino acid sequence of i)
X.sub.1X.sub.2FX.sub.3X.sub.4YL (SEQ ID NO:162), wherein X.sub.1 is
selected from the group consisting of Y and F; X.sub.2 is selected
from the group consisting of A and S; X.sub.3 is selected from the
group consisting of T and S; and X.sub.4 is selected from the group
consisting of N and D; and ii) a sequence selected from the group
consisting of SEQ ID NOS:122-126; iii) NPGSGX.sub.1 (SEQ ID
NO:163), wherein X.sub.1 is selected from the group consisting of G
and A; iv) the sequence of SEQ ID NOS:131-132. The second amino
acid sequence further comprises i) X.sub.1NVVTY (SEQ ID NO:164),
wherein X.sub.1 is selected from the group consisting of E and Q;
ii) a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS:
127-128; iii) X.sub.1ASNRYT (SEQ ID NO:165), wherein X.sub.1 is
selected from the group consisting of G and D; or iv) an amino acid
sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 133-134.
In certain variations, these sequences correspond to CDR1 and CDR2
of the heavy and light chains of the antibody.
[0018] In a further aspect, the first and second amino acid
sequences part of the same amino acid sequence. In a still further
aspect, the first amino acid sequence does not comprise a sequence
selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 122, 127, and
129, and said second amino acid sequence does not comprise a
sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 131,
133, and 135.
[0019] In certain variations, the first amino acid sequence does
not comprise SEQ ID NO:1, and the second amino acid sequence does
not comprise SEQ ID NO:105.
[0020] In another embodiment, the humanized, the heavy chain
variable region comprises a heavy chain framework region selected
from the framework regions found in the group consisting of SEQ ID
NOS:2-104. The second amino acid comprises a light chain framework
region selected from the framework regions found in the group
consisting of SEQ ID NOS:106-121.
[0021] In another aspect, the antibody comprises a heavy chain
variable region selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NOS:
3, 15, 27, 56 and 97, and/or the light chain variable region of SEQ
ID NO:108.
[0022] In a further aspect, the first amino acid sequence is
selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 2-104, and the
second amino acid sequence is selected from the group consisting of
SEQ ID NOS: 106-121.
[0023] In a further aspect, the antibody has an IgG1 Fc domain, or
a hybrid IgG1, IgG2 Fc domain.
[0024] In another aspect, the present invention is directed to a
variant anti-Ep-CAM antibody comprising a variant human Fc domain,
the variant human Fc domain comprising at least one modification
that alters binding of the antibody to an Fc receptor compared to a
parent human Fc domain. In one aspect, the one modification alters
binding to an Fcgamma receptor. In certain variations, the
modification comprises at least one substitution selected from the
group consisting of: 236A, 239D, 268E, 298A, 298D, 326D, 326E,
330L, 330Y, 332E, 333A, 334A, and 396L, wherein the numbering is
according to the EU index in Kabat et al.
[0025] In certain variations, the modification includes an altered
glycoform, such as defucosylation or lacking a fucose moiety.
[0026] In certain additional variations, the modifications can
alter binding to FcRn.
[0027] In certain aspects, the variant anti-Ep-CAM antibody
comprise at least one modification that alters an effector function
of the variant antibody compared to an unmodified anti-Ep-CAM
antibody. In certain variations, the effector function is
antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) or
complement-dependent cytoxicity (CDC).
[0028] In certain aspects, the Fc substitution comprises a
substitution selected from the group consisting of: 239D and 332E,
wherein the numbering is that of the EU index in Kabat et al. In
certain other aspects, the anti-Ep-CAM antibody comprises an Fc
domain comprising at least one substitution selected from the group
consisting of: K326W, K326Y, and E333S, wherein the numbering is
according to the EU index in Kabat et al.
[0029] In further aspects, the modification increases the affinity
of the antibody for Fc.gamma.RIIIa compared to a parent antibody.
In some variations, the modification increases the affinity of the
antibody for Fc.gamma.RIIIa at least 2-fold compared to a parent
antibody. In other variations the modification increases the
affinity of the antibody for Fc.gamma.RIIIa at least 5-fold
compared to a parent antibody.
[0030] In further aspects, the Fc modification decreases the
affinity of the antibody for Fc.gamma.RIIIa compared to a parent
antibody. In some embodiments, the modification decreases the
affinity of the antibody for Fc.gamma.RIIIa by at least 10-fold
compared to a parent antibody. The modification can also comprise a
substitution selected from the group consisting of: 235G and 236R,
wherein the numbering is that of the EU index in Kabat et al.
[0031] In further aspects, the Fc modification increases the
Fc.gamma.RIIa:Fc.gamma.RIIb specificity for the antibody. In some
embodiments, the modification increases the
Fc.gamma.RIIa:Fc.gamma.RIIb specificity for the antibody by at
least 2. In further embodiments, the modification increases the
Fc.gamma.RIIa:Fc.gamma.RIIb specificity for the antibody by at
least 8. In still further embodiments, the modification increases
the Fc.gamma.RIIa:Fc.gamma.RIIb specificity between 7 to 11.
[0032] In other aspects, the Fc modification specifically increases
maturation or activation of monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, or
dendritic cells by the antibody compared to activation of natural
killer (NK) cells by the antibody. In some variations, the
modification specifically increases activation of neutrophils by
the antibody compared to activation of natural killer (NK) cells by
the antibody.
[0033] In other aspects, the Fc modification not substantially
increase activation of natural killer cells or specifically
increases activation by the antibody of dendritic cells.
[0034] In further aspects, the modification increases binding to an
activating Fc receptor and does not increase binding to
Fc.gamma.RIIb. In cerain aspects, the modification specifically
increases monocyte or macrophage phagocytosis.
[0035] The present invention provides variant Ep-CAM targeting
proteins that are optimized for a number of therapeutically
relevant properties. A variant Ep-CAM targeting protein comprises
one or more amino acid modifications relative to a parent Ep-CAM
targeting protein, wherein the amino acid modification(s) provide
one or more optimized properties.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS AND TABLES
[0036] FIGS. 1A and 1B. Sequences of the heavy chain variable
region of the original 17-1A antibody and select antibodies of the
present invention with reduced potential for immunogenicity (SEQ ID
NOS:1-104 and SEQ ID NOS:122-130).
[0037] FIGS. 2A and 2B. Sequences of the light chain variable
region of the original 17-1A antibody and select antibodies of the
present invention with reduced potential for immunogenicity (SEQ ID
NOS:105-121 and SEQ ID NOS:13-136).
[0038] FIG. 3. Sequences of the constant regions of the original
17-1A antibody and select antibodies of the present invention (SEQ
ID NOS:137-143).
[0039] FIG. 4. Expression yields of select anti-Ep-CAM antibodies
of the present invention.
[0040] FIG. 5. SDS gels of some anti-Ep-CAM antibodies of the
present invention.
[0041] FIG. 6. An SDS gel of an anti-Ep-CAM antibody purified after
expression in lec13 cells. The resulting antibody has an engineered
glycoform, that is, it is defucosylated.
[0042] FIG. 7. Schematic representation of the AlphaScreen.TM.
methods used to measure relative binding affinity in the present
study.
[0043] FIG. 8. AlphaScreen.TM. data showing the relative binding
affinity of antibodies of the present invention to the antigen,
Ep-CAM, and to protein A.
[0044] FIG. 9. Summary of AlphaScreen.TM. data showing the relative
binding properties of antibodies of the present invention to the
antigen, Ep-CAM, and to protein A.
[0045] FIG. 10. AlphaScreen.TM. data showing the relative binding
affinity of antibodies of the present invention to (7A) the
antigen, Ep-CAM or (7B) the Fc gamma receptor IIIa (FcgRIIIaV).
[0046] FIG. 11. Summary of AlphaScreen.TM. data showing the
relative binding properties of antibodies of the present invention
to the antigen, Ep-CAM.
[0047] FIG. 12. Physicochemical properties of some humanized
anti-Ep-CAM antibodies and controls. Humanized variable regions
were expressed with human IgG1. H0L0 represent the variable regions
of murine 17-1A. IgG1-H0L0 is a chimeric human IgG1 with mouse
variable regions. IgG2a-H0L0 contains H0L0 variable domains and
mouse kappa/IgG2a constant domains.
[0048] FIG. 13. Binding measurements of anti-Ep-CAM proteins to
Ep-CAM and to FcgammaRIIIa.
[0049] FIG. 14. Binding data for anti-Ep-CAM antibodies measured by
surface plasmon resonance (SPR).
[0050] FIG. 15. Binding data for anti-Ep-CAM antibodies measured by
surface plasmon resonance (SPR).
[0051] FIG. 16. Binding data for anti-Ep-CAM antibodies measured by
surface plasmon resonance (SPR).
[0052] FIG. 17. Relative expression levels of Ep-CAM and Her2 on
the cell lines KATO III and SkBr3.
[0053] FIG. 18. ADCC activities of anti-Ep-CAM antibodies with the
KATO III cell line. Variable regions were expressed with human
IgG1.
[0054] FIG. 19. ADCC activities of anti-Ep-CAM antibodies with the
KATO III cell line. Variable regions were expressed with human
IgG1. (A) to (C) represent variants in direct comparison with 17-1A
H3L3 and 17-1A H2L3.
[0055] FIG. 20. ADCC activities of anti-Ep-CAM antibodies with (a)
the LS180 cell line and (b) the LS180 and HT29 cell line.
[0056] FIG. 21. Potency and binding affinity of anti-Ep-CAM
monoclonal antibodies. (A) ADCC activity with the KATO III cell
line; (B) Binding to Ep-CAM; (C) Binding to Fc.gamma.RIIIaV. ADCC
activity was determined with the Europium method. Binding was
determined with AlphaScreen. 17-1A H2L3 I332E and 17-1A H2L3
S239D/I332E are shown.
[0057] FIG. 22. Potency and binding affinity of anti-Ep-CAM
monoclonal antibodies. (A) ADCC activity with the KATO III cell
line, (B) Binding to Ep-CAM; (C) Binding to Fc.gamma.RIIIaV. ADCC
activity was determined with the Europium method. Binding was
determined with AlphaScreen. 17-1A H3L3 I332E and 17-1A H3L3
S239D/I332E are shown.
[0058] FIG. 23. ADCC activity of anti-Ep-CAM antibodies with the
SkBr3 cell line. Variable regions were expressed with human
IgG1.
[0059] FIG. 24. ADCC activity of anti-Ep-CAM antibodies with the
KATO III cell line. Variable regions were of variants expressed
with human IgG1.
[0060] FIG. 25. FcgammaRIIIa binding to an anti-Ep-CAM protein with
a typical carbohydrate attached to an Fc domain and to an
anti-Ep-CAM protein with a defucosylated Fc domain. The glycoform
variant (lower panel) has stronger binding to the Fc receptor than
the protein containing the typical carbohydrate.
[0061] FIG. 26. Binding affinity of wild-type and variant
Ep-CAM-targeting antibodies to various Fc.gamma.R's, Fc gamma
receptors. Data shown are collected with H3.77 and L3 variable
domains. Constant regions were based on either human IgG1 or a
hybrid of human IgG1 and IgG2 sequences. The binding affinity is
plotted as -log(KD) in molar units. Larger numbers demonstrate
tighter binding and a change of 1 unit on the ordinate demonstrates
a 10-fold change in binding affinity.
[0062] FIG. 27. Binding affinities of modified Ep-CAM-targeting
antibodies to Fc receptors. Surface plasmon resonance measurements
were used to test the strength of binding, which is reported as KD
values in molar units. Also shown are the fold-change in binding of
each antibody relative to the WT IgG1 binding affinity and the
log(1/KD) values, or -log(KD), which are also plotted in FIG. 26.
The relative binding of each variant to Fc.gamma.RIIa compared to
Fc.gamma.RIIB are shown in the last column. A value of zero shows
equal binding of the antibody to Fc.gamma.RIIa and Fc.gamma.RIIb,
whereas a value of one shows 10fold tighter binding of the antibody
to Fc.gamma.RIIa than to Fc.gamma.RIIb.
[0063] FIG. 28. (a) Common allotypes of human IgGs. (b) Alternative
allotypic versions of anti-Ep-CAM IgG antibodies.
[0064] FIG. 29. Sequences of Ep-CAM-targeting antibodies, including
both heavy and light chain sequences (SEQ ID NOS:144-159).
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0065] The present invention is directed to humanized
Ep-CAM-targeting antibodies including first and/or second amino
acid sequences corresponding to the heavy and light chains of the
antibodies, respectively, as well as methods of using the same. In
various aspects, the first and second amino acid sequences can
include sequences corresponding to CDR3, CDR2, or CDR1 of the
humanized Ep-CAM antibody heavy and light chains. Such sequences
can be independent, or can be combined. Additionally, the Ep-CAM
targeting antibodies can be combined with variant Fc regions
designed to alter effector function, including those of U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 11/124,620 filed May 5, 2005, ser. 10/822,231
filed Mar. 26, 2004, and ser. No. 10/379,392, filed Mar. 3, 2003,
each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its
entirety.
[0066] In order that the invention may be more completely
understood, several definitions are set forth below. Such
definitions are meant to encompass grammatical equivalents.
[0067] By "ADCC" or "antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity"
as used herein is meant the cell-mediated reaction wherein
nonspecific cytotoxic cells that express Fc.gamma.Rs recognize
bound antibody on a target cell and subsequently cause lysis of the
target cell.
[0068] By "ADCP" or antibody dependent cell-mediated phaqocytosis
as used herein is meant the cell-mediated reaction wherein
nonspecific cytotoxic cells that express Fc.gamma.Rs recognize
bound antibody on a target cell and subsequently cause phagocytosis
of the target cell.
[0069] By "amino acid modification" herein is meant an amino acid
substitution, insertion, and/or deletion in a polypeptide sequence.
The preferred amino acid modification herein is a substitution. By
"amino acid substitution" or "substitution" herein is meant the
replacement of an amino acid at a particular position in a parent
polypeptide sequence with another amino acid. For example, the
substitution 1332E refers to a variant polypeptide, in this case an
Fc variant, in which the isoleucine at position 332 is replaced
with a glutamic acid.
[0070] By "amino acid" and "amino acid identity" as used herein is
meant one of the 20 naturally occurring amino acids or any
non-natural analogues that may be present at a specific, defined
position. By "protein" herein is meant at least two covalently
attached amino acids, which includes proteins, polypeptides,
oligopeptides and peptides. The protein may be made up of naturally
occurring amino acids and peptide bonds, or synthetic
peptidomimetic structures, i.e. "analogs", such as peptoids (see
Simon et al., 1992, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89(20):9367)
particularly when LC peptides are to be administered to a patient.
Thus "amino acid", or "peptide residue", as used herein means both
naturally occurring and synthetic amino acids. For example
homophenylaianine, citrulline and noreleucine are considered amino
acids for the purposes of the invention. "Amino acid" also includes
imino acid residues such as proline and hydroxyproline. The side
chain may be in either the (R) or the (S) configuration. In the
preferred embodiment, the amino acids are in the (S) or
L-configuration. If non-naturally occurring side chains are used,
non-amino acid substituents may be used, for example to prevent or
retard in vivo degradation.
[0071] By "affinity" or "binding affinity" as used herein is meant
the strength of interaction between two molecules. The strength of
affinity is often reported with a dissociation constant, Kd or KD,
such as 1*10.sup.-7 M, or a log(Kd), such as -7.0, or -log(Kd),
such as 7.0. As is known in the art, lower values of Kd correspond
to tighter binding and higher affinity. Higher values of Kd
correspond to weaker binding and lower affinity.
[0072] The binding "specificity" may be defined as the relative
strength of binding of a first molecule to a second molecule
compared to the strength of the first molecule to a third molecule.
Specificity may be reported as a ratio or quotient of binding
constants for the two binding reactions. For example, a
Fc.gamma.RIIa:Fc.gamma.RIIb specificity of 10 for Antibody A, means
that Antibody A binds to Fc.gamma.RIIa ten-fold more strongly than
it binds to Fc.gamma.RIIb. An additional way to express the same
Fc.gamma.RIIa:Fc.gamma.RIIb specificity for Antibody A is that the
Kd of Fc.gamma.RIIb is 10-fold higher than the Kd of
Fc.gamma.RIIa.
[0073] By "effector function" as used herein is meant a biochemical
event that results from the interaction of an antibody Fc region
with an Fc receptor or ligand. Effector functions include but are
not limited to ADCC, ADCP, and CDC. By "effector cell" as used
herein is meant a cell of the immune system that expresses one or
more Fc receptors and mediates one or more effector functions.
Effector cells include but are not limited to monocytes,
macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, eosinophils, mast cells,
platelets, B cells, large granular lymphocytes, Langerhans' cells,
natural killer (NK) cells, and .gamma..gamma. T cells, and may be
from any organism including but not limited to humans, mice, rats,
rabbits, and monkeys. By "library" herein is meant a set of Fc
variants in any form, including but not limited to a list of
nucleic acid or amino acid sequences, a list of nucleic acid or
amino acid substitutions at variable positions, a physical library
comprising nucleic acids that encode the library sequences, or a
physical library comprising the Fc variant proteins, either in
purified or unpurified form.
[0074] By "Ep-CAM targeting protein" as used herein is meant a
protein that binds to Ep-CAM, also known as epithelial glycoprotein
40 [EGP40], epithelial protein 2 [EGP-2], GA733-2, ESA, KSA, 17-1A
antigen and other names. The EQCAM targeting protein of the present
invention may be an antibody, Fc fusion, or any other protein that
binds Ep-CAM. An Ep-CAM targeting protein of the present invention
may bind any epitope or region on Ep-CAM, and may be specific for
fragments, splice forms, or aberrent forms of Ep-CAM. Preferred
proteins are antibodies, including the antibodies described
herein.
[0075] By "Fc" or "Fc region", as used herein is meant the
polypeptide comprising the constant region of an antibody excluding
the first constant region immunoglobulin domain. Thus Fc refers to
the last two constant region immunoglobulin domains of IgA, IgD,
and IgG, and the last three constant region immunoglobulin domains
of IgE and IgM, and the flexible hinge N-terminal to these domains.
For IgA and IgM, Fc may include the J chain. For lgG, Fc comprises
immunoglobulin domains Cgamma2 and Cgamma3 (C.gamma.2 and
C.gamma.3) and the hinge between Cgamma1 (C.gamma.1) and Cgamma2
(C.gamma.2). Although the boundaries of the Fc region may vary, the
human IgG heavy chain Fc region is usually defined to comprise
residues C226 or P230 to its carboxyl-terminus, wherein the
numbering is according to the EU index as in Kabat. Fc may refer to
this region in isolation, or this region in the context of an Fc
polypeptide, as described below. By "Fc polypeptide" as used herein
is meant a polypeptide that comprises all or part of an Fc region.
Fc polypeptides include antibodies, Fc fusions, isolated Fcs, and
Fc fragments.
[0076] By "Fc fusion" as used herein is meant a protein wherein one
or more polypeptides or small molecules is operably linked to an Fc
region or a derivative thereof. Fc fusion is herein meant to be
synonymous with the terms "immunoadhesin", "Ig fusion", "Ig
chimera", and "receptor globulin" (sometimes with dashes) as used
in the prior art (Chamow et al., 1996, Trends Biotechnol 14:52-60;
Ashkenazi et al., 1997, Curr Opin Immunol 9:195-200; both expressly
incorporated by reference). An Fc fusion combines the Fc region of
an immunoglobulin with a fusion partner, which in general can be
any protein or small molecule. The role of the non-Fc part of an Fc
fusion, i.e. the fusion partner, is often but not always to mediate
target binding, and thus it is functionally analogous to the
variable regions of an antibody. A variety of linkers, defined and
described below, may be used to covalently link Fc to a fusion
partner to generate an Fc fusion.
[0077] By "Fc gamma receptor" or "Sc.gamma.R" as used herein is
meant any member of the family of proteins that bind the IgG
antibody Fc region and are substantially encoded by the Fc.gamma.R
genes. In humans this family includes but is not limited to
Fc.gamma.RI (CD64), including isoforms Fc.gamma.RIa, Fc.gamma.RIb,
and Fc.gamma.RIc; Fc.gamma.RII (CD32), including isoforms
Fc.gamma.RIIa (including allotypes H131 and R131), Fc.gamma.RIIb
(including Fc.gamma.RIIb-1 and Fc.gamma.RIIb-2), and Fc.gamma.RIIc;
and Fc.gamma.RIII (CD16), including isoforms Fc.gamma.RIIIa
(including allotypes V158 and F158) and Fc.gamma.RIIIb (including
allotypes Fc.gamma.RIIIb-NA1 and Fc.gamma.RIIIb-NA2) (Jefferis et
al., 2002, Immunol Lett 82:57-65, expressly incorporated by
reference), as well as any undiscovered human Fc.gamma.Rs or
Fc.gamma.R isoforms or allotypes. An Fc.gamma.R may be from any
organism, including but not limited to humans, mice, rats, rabbits,
and monkeys. Mouse Fc.gamma.Rs include but are not limied to
Fc.gamma.RI (CD64), Fc.gamma.RII (CD32), Fc.gamma.RIII (CD16), and
Fc.gamma.RIII-2 (CD16-2), as well as any undiscovered mouse
Fc.gamma.Rs or Fc.gamma.R isoforms or allotypes.
[0078] By "Fc ligand" as used herein is meant a molecule,
preferably a polypeptide, from any organism that binds to the Fc
region of an antibody to form an Fc-ligand complex. Fc ligands
include but are not limited to Fc.gamma.Rs, Fc.gamma.Rs,
Fc.gamma.Rs, FcRn, C1q, C3, mannan binding lectin, mannose
receptor, staphylococcal protein A, streptococcal protein G, and
viral Fc.gamma.R. Fc ligands also include Fc receptor homologs
(FcRH), which are a family of Fc receptors that are homologous to
the Fc.gamma.Rs (Davis et al., 2002, Immunological Reviews
190:123-136, expressly incorporated by reference). Fc ligands may
include undiscovered molecules that bind Fc.
[0079] By "IgG" as used herein is meant a polypeptide belonging to
the class of antibodies that are substantially encoded by a
recognized immunoglobulin gamma gene. In humans this class
comprises IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4. In mice this class comprises
IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG3. Also included are hybrids of IgG proteins
in which amino acids for one IgG protein substituted for amino
acids of a different IgG protein (e.g. IgG1/IgG2 hybrids. By
"immunoglobulin (Ig)" herein is meant a protein consisting of one
or more polypeptides substantially encoded by immunoglobulin genes.
Immunoglobulins include but are not limited to antibodies.
Immunoglobulins may have a number of structural forms, including
but not limited to full length antibodies, antibody fragments, and
individual immunoglobulin domains. By "immunoglobulin (Ig) domain"
herein is meant a region of an immunoglobulin that exists as a
distinct structural entity as ascertained by one skilled in the art
of protein structure. Ig domains typically have a characteristic
.beta.-sandwich folding topology. The known Ig domains in the IgG
class of antibodies are V.sub.H, C.gamma.1, C.gamma.2, C.gamma.3,
V.sub.L, and C.sub.L.
[0080] By "parent polypeptide" or "precursor polypeptide"
(including Fc parent or precursors) as used herein is meant a
polypeptide that is subsequently modified to generate a variant.
The parent polypeptide may be a naturally occurring polypeptide, or
a variant or engineered version of a naturally occurring
polypeptide. Parent polypeptide may refer to the polypeptide
itself, compositions that comprise the parent polypeptide, or the
amino acid sequence that encodes it. Accordingly, by "parent Fc
polypeptide" as used herein is meant a Fc polypeptide that is
modified to generate a variant, and by "parent antibody" as used
herein is meant an antibody that is modified to generate a variant
antibody.
[0081] As outlined above, certain positions of the Fc molecule can
be altered. By "position" as used herein is meant a location in the
sequence of a protein. Positions may be numbered sequentially, or
according to an established format, for example the EU index as in
Kabat. For example, position 297 is a position in the human
antibody IgG1. Corresponding positions are determined as outlined
above, generally through alignment with other parent sequences.
[0082] By "residue" as used herein is meant a position in a protein
and its associated amino acid identity. For example, Asparagine 297
(also referred to as Asn297, also referred to as N297) is a residue
in the human antibody IgG1.
[0083] By "target antigen" as used herein is meant the molecule
that is bound specifically by the variable region of a given
antibody. A target antigen may be a protein, carbohydrate, lipid,
or other chemical compound.
[0084] By "target cell" as used herein is meant a cell that
expresses a target antigen,
[0085] By "variable region" as used herein is meant the region of
an immunoglobulin that comprises one or more Ig domains
substantially encoded by any of the V.sub.K, V.lamda., and/or
V.sub.H genes that make up the kappa, lambda, and heavy chain
immunoglobulin genetic loci respectively.
[0086] By "variant protein", "protein variant", "variant
polypeptide", or "polypeptide variant" as used herein is meant a
polypeptide sequence that differs from that of a parent polypeptide
sequence by virtue of at least one amino acid modification. Variant
polypeptide may refer to the polypeptide itself, a composition
comprising the polypeptide, or the amino sequence that encodes it.
Preferably, the variant polypeptide has at least one amino acid
modification compared to the parent polypeptide, e.g. from about
one to about ten amino acid modifications, and preferably from
about one to about five amino acid modifications compared to the
parent. The variant polypeptide sequence herein will preferably
possess at least about 80% homology with a parent polypeptide
sequence, and most preferably at least about 90% homology, more
preferably at least about 95% homology. Accordingly, by "variant
Fc" or "Fc variant" as used herein is meant an Fc sequence that
differs from that of a parent Fc sequence by virtue of at least one
amino acid modification. An Fc variant may only encompass an Fc
region, or may exist in the context of an antibody, Fc fusion, or
other polypeptide that is substantially encoded by Fc. Fc variant
may refer to the Fc polypeptide itself compositions comprising the
Fc variant polypeptide, or the amino acid sequence that encodes it.
Also included are Fc variants disclosed in U.S. patent application
Ser. No. 11/124,620 filed May 5, 2005, Ser. No. 10/822,231 filed
Mar. 26, 2004, and Ser. No. 10/379,392, filed Mar. 3, 2003, each of
which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
Accordingly, by "variant EP-CAM targeting protein" or "Eq-CAM
targeting protein variant" as used herein is meant an Ep-CAM
targeting protein, as defined above, that differs in sequence from
that of a parent Ep-CAM targeting protein sequence by virtue of at
least one amino acid modification. Variant Ep-CAM targeting protein
may refer to the protein itself, compositions comprising the
protein, or the amino acid sequence that encodes it.
[0087] For all immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region positions
discussed in the present invention, numbering is according to the
EU index as in Kabat (Kabat et al., 1991, Sequences of Proteins of
Immunological Interest, 5th Ed., United States Public Health Svice,
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda). The "EU index as in
Kabat" refers to the residue numbering of the human IgG1 EU
antibody.
Antibodies
[0088] Accordingly, the present invention provides variant
antibodies.
[0089] Traditional antibody structural units typically comprise a
tetramer. Each tetramer is typically composed of two identical
pairs of polypeptide chains, each pair having one "light"
(typically having a molecular weight of about 25 kDa) and one
"heavy" chain (typically having a molecular weight of about 50-70
kDa). Human light chains are classified as kappa and lambda light
chains. Heavy chains are classified as mu, delta, gamma, alpha, or
epsilon, and define the antibody's isotype as IgM, IgD, IgG, IgA,
and IgE, respectively. IgG has several subclasses, including, but
not limited to IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4. IgM has subclasses,
including, but not limited to, IgM1 and IgM2. Thus, "isotype" as
used herein is meant any of the subclasses of immunoglobulins
defined by the chemical and antigenic characteristics of their
constant regions. The known human inmunoglobulin isotypes are IgG1,
IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA1, IgA2, IgM1, IgM2, IgD, and IgE.
[0090] The amino-terminal portion of each chain includes a variable
region of about 100 to 110 or more amino acids primarily
responsible for antigen recognition. In the variable region, three
loops are gathered for each of the V domains of the heavy chain and
light chain to form an antigen-binding site. Each of the loops is
referred to as a complementarity-determining region (hereinafter
referred to as a "CDR"), in which the variation in the amino acid
sequence is most significant.
[0091] The carboxy-terminal portion of each chain defines a
constant region primarily responsible for effector function. Kabat
et al. collected numerous primary sequences of the variable regions
of heavy chains and light chains. Based on the degree of
conservation of the sequences, they classified individual primary
sequences into the CDR and the framework and made a list thereof
(see SEQUENCES OF IMMUNOLOGICAL INTEREST, 5th edition, NIH
publication, No. 91-3242, E. A. Kabat et al.).
[0092] In the IgG subclass of immunoglobulins, there are several
immunoglobulin domains in the heavy chain. By "immunoglobulin (Ig)
domain" herein is meant a region of an immunoglobutin having a
distinct tertiary structure. Of interest in the present invention
are the heavy chain domains, including, the constant heavy (CH)
domains and the hinge domains. In the context of IgG antibodies,
the IgG isotypes each have three CH regions . Accordingly, "CH"
domains in the context of IgG are as follows: "CH1" refers to
positions 118-220 according to the EU index as in Kabat. "CH2"
refers to positions 237-340 according to the EU index as in Kabat,
and "CH3" refers to positions 341-447 according to the EU index as
in Kabat.
[0093] Another type of Ig domain of the heavy chain is the hinge
region. By "hinge" or "hinge region" or "antibody hinge region" or
"immunoglobulin hinge region" herein is meant the flexible
polypeptide comprising the amino acids between the first and second
constant domains of an antibody. Structurally, the IgG CH1 domain
ends at EU position 220, and the IgG CH2 domain begins at residue
EU position 237. Thus for IgG the antibody hinge is herein defined
to include positions 221 (D221 in IgG1) to 236 (G236 in IgG1),
wherein the numbering is according to the EU index as in Kabat. In
some embodiments, for example in the context of an Fc region, the
lower hinge is included, with the "lower hinge" generally referring
to positions 226 or 230.
[0094] Of particular interest in the present invention are the Fc
regions. By "Fc" or "Fc region", as used herein is meant the
polypeptide comprising the constant region of an antibody excluding
the first constant region immunoglobulin domain and in some cases,
part of the hinge. Thus Fc refers to the last two constant region
immunoglobulin domains of IgA, IgD, and IgG, and the last three
constant region immunoglobulin domains of IgE and IgM, and the
flexible hinge N-terminal to these domains. For IgA and IgM, Fc may
include the J chain. For IgG, as illustrated in FIG. 1, Fc
comprises immunoglobulin domains Cgamma2 and Cgamma3 (Cg2 and Cg3)
and the lower hinge region between Cgamma1 (Cg1) and Cgamma2 (Cg2).
Although the boundaries of the Fc region may vary, the human IgG
heavy chain Fc region is usually defined to include residues C226
or P230 to its carboxyl-terminus, wherein the numbering is
according to the EU index as in Kabat. Fc may refer to this region
in isolation, or this region in the context of an Fc polypeptide,
as described below. By "Fc polypeptide" as used herein is meant a
polypeptide that comprises all or part of an Fc region. Fc
polypeptides include antibodies, Fc fusions, isolated Fcs, and Fc
fragments.
[0095] In some embodiments, the antibodies are full length. By
"full length antibody" herein is meant the structure that
constitutes the natural biological form of an antibody, including
variable and constant regions, including one or more modifications
as outlined herein.
[0096] Alternatively, the antibodies can be a variety of
structures, including, but not limited to, antibody fragments,
monoclonal antibodies, bispecific antibodies, minibodies, domain
antibodies, synthetic antibodies (sometimes referred to herein as
"antibody mimetics"), chimeric antibodies, humanized antibodies,
antibody fusions (sometimes referred to as "antibody conjugates"),
and fragments of each, respectively.
[0097] Antibody Fragments
[0098] In one embodiment, the antibody is an antibody fragment. Of
particular interest are antibodies that comprise Fc regions, Fc
fusions, and the constant region of the heavy chain
(CH1-hinge-CH2-CH3), again also including constant heavy region
fusions.
[0099] Specific antibody fragments include, but are not limited to,
(i) the Fab fragment consisting of VL, VH, CL and CH1 domains, (ii)
the Fd fragment consisting of the VH and CH1 domains, (iii) the Fv
fragment consisting of the VL and VH domains of a single antibody;
(iv) the dAb fragment (Ward et al., 1989, Nature 341:544-546) which
consists of a single variable, (v) isolated CDR regions, (vi)
F(ab')2 fragments, a bivalent fragment comprising two linked Fab
fragments (vii) single chain Fv molecules (scFv), wherein a VH
domain and a VL domain are linked by a peptide linker which allows
the two domains to associate to form an antigen binding site (Bird
et al., 1988, Science 242:423-426, Huston et al., 1988, Proc. Natl.
Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 85:5879-5883), (viii) bispecific single chain Fv
dimers (PCT/US92/09965) and (ix) "diabodies" or "triabodies",
multivalent or multispecific fragments constructed by gene fusion
(Tomlinson et. al., 2000, Methods Enzymol. 326:461-479; WO94/13804;
Holliger et al., 1993, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90:6444-6448,
each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirey).
The antibody fragments may be modified. For example, the molecules
may be stabilized by the incorporation of disulphide bridges
linking the VH and VL domains (Reiter et al., 1996, Nature Biotech.
14:1239-1245).
Chimeric and Humanized Antibodies
[0100] In some embodiments, the scaffold components can be a
mixture from different species. For example, if the antibody is a
mixture of a human antibody and a mouse antibody, such an antibody
may be a chimeric antibody and/or a humanized antibody. In general,
both "chimeric antibodies" and "humanized antibodies" refer to
antibodies that combine regions from more than one species. For
example, "chimeric antibodies" traditionally comprise variable
region(s) from a mouse (or rat, in some cases) and the constant
region(s) from a human. "Humanized antibodies" generally refer to
non-human antibodies that have had the variable-domain framework
regions swapped for sequences found in human antibodies. Generally,
in a humanized antibody, the entire antibody, except the CDRs, is
encoded by a polynucleotide of human origin or is identical to such
an antibody except within its CDRs. The CDRs, some or all of which
are encoded by nucleic acids originating in a non-human organism,
are grafted into the beta-sheet framework of a human antibody
variable region to create an antibody, the specificity of which is
determined by the engrafted CDRs. The creation of such antibodies
is described in, e.g., WO 92/11018, Jones, 1986, Nature
321:522-525, Verhoeyen et al., 1988, Science 239:1534-1536.
"Backmutation" of selected acceptor framework residues to the
corresponding donor residues is often required to regain affinity
that is lost in the initial grafted construct (U.S. Pat. Nos.
5,530,101; 5,585,089; 5,693,761; 5,693,762; 6,180,370; 5,859,205;
5,821,337; 6,054,297; 6,407,213). The humanized antibody optimally
also will comprise at least a portion of an immunoglobulin constant
region, typically that of a human immunoglobulin, and thus will
typically comprise a human Fc region. Humanized antibodies can also
be generated using mice with a genetically engineered immune
system. Roque et al., 2004, Biotechnol. Prog. 20:639-654. A variety
of techniques and methods for humanizing and reshaping non-human
antibodies are well known in the art (See Tsurushita & Vasquez,
2004, Humanization of Monoclonal Antibodies, Molecular Biology of B
Cells, 533-545, Elsevier Science (USA), and references cited
therein). Humanization methods include but are not limited to
methods described in Jones et al., 1986, Nature 321:522-525;
Riechmann et al., 1988; Nature 332:323-329; Verhoeyen et al., 1988,
Science, 239:1534-1536; Queen et al., 1989, Proc Natl Acad Sci, USA
86:10029-33; He et al., 1998, J. Immunol. 160: 1029-1035; Carter et
al., 1992, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:4285-9, Presta et al., 1997,
Cancer Res.57(20):4593-9; Gorman et al., 1991, Proc. Natl. Acad.
Sci. USA 88:4181-4185; O'Connor at al., 1998, Protein Eng 11:321-8.
Humanization or other methods of reducing the immunogenicity of
nonhuman antibody variable regions may include resurfacing methods,
as described for example in Roguska et al., 1994, Proc. Natl. Acad.
Sci. USA 91:969-973. In one embodiment, the parent antibody has
been affinity matured, as is known in the art. Structure-based
methods may be employed for humanization and affinity maturation,
for example as described in U.S. Ser. No. 11/004,590. Selection
based methods may be employed to humanize and/or affinity mature
antibody variable regions, including but not limited to methods
described in Wu et al., 1999, J. Mol. Biol. 294:151-162; Baca et
al. 1997, J. Biol. Chem. 272(16):10678-10684; Rosok et al., 1996,
J. Biol. Chem. 271(37): 22611-22618; Rader et al., 1998, Proc.
Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95: 8910-8915; Krauss et al., 2003, Protein
Engineering 16(10):753-759. Other humanization methods may involve
changing both CDR and non-CDR regions, including but not limited to
methods described in U.S. Ser. No. 09/810,502; Tan et al., 2002, J.
Immunol. 169:1119-1125; De Pascalis et al., 2002, J. Immunol.
169:3076-3084.
Bispecific Antibodies
[0101] In one embodiment, the antibodies of the invention
multispecific antibody, and notably a bispecitic antibody, also
sometimes referred to as "diabodies". These are antibodies that
bind to two (or more) different antigens. Diabodies can be
manufactured in a variety of ways known in the art (Holliger and
Winter, 1993, Current Opinion Biotechnol. 4:446-449), e.g.,
prepared chemically or from hybrid hybridomas.
Minibodies
[0102] In one embodiment, the antibody is a minibody. Minibodies
are minimized antibody-like proteins comprising a scfv joined to a
CH3 domain. Hu et al., 1996, Cancer Res. 56:3055-3061. In some
cases, the scFv can be joined to the Fc region, and may include
some or all of the hinge region.
Human Antibodies
[0103] In one embodiment, the antibody is a fully human antibody
with at least one modification as outlined herein. "Fully human
antibody " or "complete human antibody" refers to a human antibody
having the gene sequence of an antibody derived from a human
chromosome with the modifications outlined herein.
Antibody Fusions
[0104] In one embodiment, the antibodies of the invention are
antibody fusion proteins (sometimes referred to herein as an
"antibody conjugate"). One type of antibody fusions are Fc fusions,
which join the Fc region with a conjugate partner. By "Fc fusion"
as used herein is meant a protein wherein one or more polypeptides
is operably linked to an Fc region. Fc fusion is herein meant to be
synonymous with the terms "immunoadhesin", "Ig fusion", "Ig
chimera", and "receptor globulin" (sometimes with dashes) as used
in the prior art (Chamow et al., 1996, Trends Biotechnol 14:52-60;
Ashkenazi et al., 1997, Curr Opin Immunol 9:195-200). An Fc fusion
combines the Fc region of an immunoglobulin with a fusion partner,
which in general can be any protein or small molecule. Virtually
any protein or small molecule may be linked to Fc to generate an Fc
fusion. Protein fusion partners may include, but are not limited
to, the variable region of any antibody, the target-binding region
of a receptor, an adhesion molecule, a ligand, an enzyme, a
cytokine, a chemokine, or some other protein or protein domain.
Small molecule fusion partners may include any therapeutic agent
that directs the Fc fusion to a therapeutic target. Such targets
may be any molecule, preferably an extracellular receptor, that is
implicated in disease.
[0105] In addition to Fc fusions, antibody fusions include the
fusion of the constant region of the heavy chain with one or more
fusion partners (again including the variable region of any
antibody), while other antibody fusions are substantially or
completely full length antibodies with fusion partners. In one
embodiment, a role of the fusion partner is to mediate target
binding, and thus it is functionally analogous to the variable
regions of an antibody (and in fact can be). Virtually any protein
or small molecule may be linked to Fc to generate an Fc fusion (or
antibody fusion). Protein fusion partners may include, but are not
limited to, the target-binding region of a receptor, an adhesion
molecule, a ligand, an enzyme, a cytokine, a chemokine, or some
other protein or protein domain. Small molecule fusion partners may
include any therapeutic agent that directs the Fc fusion to a
therapeutic target. Such targets may be any molecule, preferably an
extracellular receptor, that is implicated in disease.
[0106] The conjugate partner can be proteinaceous or
non-proteinaceous; the latter generally being generated using
functional groups on the antibody and on the conjugate partner. For
example linkers are known in the art; for example, homo-or
hetero-bifunctional linkers as are well known (see, 1994 Pierce
Chemical Company catalog, technical section on cross-linkers, pages
155-200, incorporated herein by reference).
[0107] Suitable conjugates include, but are not limited to, labels
as described below, drugs and cytotoxic agents including, but not
limited to, cytotoxic drugs (e.g., chemotherapeutic agents) or
toxins or active fragments of such toxins. Suitable toxins and
their corresponding fragments include diptheria A chain, exotoxin A
chain, ricin A chain, abrin A chain, curcin, crotin, phenomycin,
enomycin and the like. Cytotoxic agents also include radiochemicals
made by conjugating radioisotopes to antibodies, or binding of a
radionuclide to a chelating agent that has been covalently attached
to the antibody. Additional embodiments utilize calicheamicin,
auristatins, geldanamycin, maytansine, and duocarmycins and
analogs; for the latter, see U.S. 2003/0050331, hereby incorporated
by reference in its entirety.
Covalent Modifications of Antibodies
[0108] Covalent modifications of (e.g. attachments to) antibodies
are included within the scope of this invention, and are generally,
but not always, done post-translationally. For example, several
types of covalent attachments to the antibody are introduced into
the molecule by reacting specific amino acid residues of the
antibody with an organic derivatizing agent that is capable of
reacting with selected side chains or the N- or C-terminal
residues.
[0109] Cysteinyl residues most commonly are reacted with
.alpha.-haloacetates (and corresponding amines), such as
chloroacetic acid or chloroacetamide, to give carboxymethyl or
carboxyamidomethyl derivatives. Cysteinyl residues also are
derivatized by reaction with bromotrifluoroacetone,
.alpha.-bromo-.beta.-(5-imidozoyl)propionic acid, chloroacetyl
phosphate, N-alkylmaleimides, 3-nitro-2-pyridyl disulfide, methyl
2-pyridyl disulfide, p-chloromercuribenzoate,
2-chloromercuri-4-nitrophenol, or
chloro-7-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole.
[0110] Histidyl residues are derivatized by reaction with
diethylpyrocarbonate at pH 5.5-7.0 because this agent is relatively
specific for the histidyl side chain. Para-bromophenacyl bromide
also is useful; the reaction is preferably performed in 0.1M sodium
cacodylate at pH 6.0.
[0111] Lysinyl and amino terminal residues are reacted with
succinic or other carboxylic acid anhydrides. Derivatization with
these agents has the effect of reversing the charge of the lysinyl
residues. Other suitable reagents for derivatizing
alpha-aminocontaining residues include imidoesters such as methyl
picolinimidate; pyridoxal phosphate; pyridoxal; chloroborohydride;
trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid: O-methylisourea; 2,4-pentanedione;
and transaminase-catalyzed reaction with glyoxylate.
[0112] Arginyl residues are modified by reaction with one or
several conventional reagents, among them phenylglyoxal,
2,3-butanedione, 1,2-cyclohexanedione, and ninhydrin.
Derivatization of arginine residues requires that the reaction be
performed in alkaline conditions because of the high pKa of the
guanidine functional group. Furthermore, these reagents may react
with the groups of lysine as well as the arginine epsilon-amino
group.
[0113] The specific modification of tyrosyl residues may be made,
with particular interest in introducing spectral labels into
tyrosyl residues by reaction with aromatic diazonium compounds or
tetranitromethane. Most commonly, N-acetylimidizole and
tetranitromethane are used to form O-acetyl tyrosyl species and
3-nitro derivatives, respectively. Tyrosyl residues are iodinated
using 125I or 131I to prepare labeled proteins for use in
radioimmunoassay, the chloramine T method described above being
suitable.
[0114] Carboxyl side groups (aspartyl or glutamyl) are selectively
modified by reaction with carbodiimides (R'--N.dbd.C.dbd.N--R'),
where R and R' are optionally different alkyl groups, such as
1-cyclohexyl-3-(2-morpholinyl-4-ethyl) carbodiimide or
1-ethyl-3-(4-azonia-4,4-dimethylpentyl) carbodiimide. Furthermore,
aspartyl and glutamyl residues are converted to asparaginyl and
glutaminyl residues by reaction with ammonium ions.
[0115] Derivatization with bifunctional agents is useful for
crosslinking antibodies to a water-insoluble support matrix or
surface for use in a variety of methods, in addition to methods
described below. Commonly used crosslinking agents include, e.g.,
1,1-bis(diazoacetyl)-2-phenylethane, glutaraldehyde,
N-hydroxysuccinimide esters, for example, esters with
4-azidosalicylic acid, homobifunctional imidoesters, including
disuccinimidyl esters such as 3,3'-dithiobis
(succinimidylpropionate), and bifunctional maleimides such as
bis-N-mateimido1,8-octane. Derivatizing agents such as
methyl-3-[(p-azidophenyl)dithio]propioimidate yield
photoactivatable intermediates that are capable of forming
crosslinks in the presence of light. Alternatively, reactive
water-insoluble matrices such as cyanogen bromide-activated
carbohydrates and the reactive substrates described in U.S. Pat.
Nos. 3,969,287; 3,691,016; 4,195,128; 4,247,642; 4,229,537; and
4,330,440 are employed for protein immobilization.
[0116] Glutaminyl and asparaginyl residues are frequently
deamidated to the corresponding glutamyl and aspartyl residues,
respectively. Alternatively, these residues are deamidated under
mildly acidic conditions. Either form of these residues falls
within the scope of this invention.
[0117] Other modifications include hydroxylation of proline and
lysine, phosphorylation of hydroxyl groups of seryi or threonyl
residues, methytation of the .alpha.-amino groups of lysine,
arginine, and histidine side chains (T. E. Creighton, Proteins:
Structure and Molecular Properties, W. H. Freeman & Co., San
Francisco, pp. 79-86 [1983]), acetylation of the N-terminal amine,
and amidation of any C-terminal carboxyl group.
Glycosylation
[0118] Another type of covalent modification is glycosylation. In
another embodiment, the IgG variants disclosed herein can be
modified to include one or more engineered glycoforms. By
"engineered glycoform" as used herein is meant a carbohydrate
composition that is covalently attached to an IgG, wherein said
carbohydrate composition differs chemically from that of a parent
IgG. Engineered glycoforms may be useful for a variety of purposes,
including but not limited to enhancing or reducing effector
function. Engineered glycoforms may be generated by a variety of
methods known in the art (Umana et al., 1999, Nat Biotechnol
17:176-180; Davies et al., 2001, Biotechnol Bioeng 74:288-294;
Shields et al., 2002, J Biol Chem 277:26733-26740; Shinkawa et al.,
2003, J Biol Chem 278:3466-3473); (U.S. Pat. No. 6,602,684; U.S.
Ser. No. 10/277,370; U.S. Ser. No. 10/113,929; PCT WO 00/61739A1;
PCT WO 01/29246A1; PCT WO 02/31140A1; PCT WO 02/30954A1);
(Potelligent.TM. technology [Biowa, Inc., Princeton, N.J.];
GlycoMAb.TM. glycosylation engineering technology [GLYCART
biotechnology AG, Zurich, Switzerland]). Many of these techniques
are based on controlling the level of fucosylated and/or bisecting
oligosaccharides that are covalently attached to the Fc region, for
example by expressing an IgG in various organisms or cell lines,
engineered or otherwise (for example Lec-13 CHO cells or rat
hybridoma YB2/0 cells), by regulating enzymes involved in the
glycosylation pathway (for example FUT8
[.alpha.1,6-fucosyltranserase] and/or
.beta.1-4-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase III [GnTIII]), or by
modifying carbohydrate(s) after the IgG has been expressed.
Engineered glycoform typically refers to the different carbohydrate
or oligosaccharide; thus an IgG variant, for example an antibody or
Fc fusion, can include an engineered glycoform. Alternatively,
engineered glycoform may refer to the IgG variant that comprises
the different carbohydrate or oligosaccharide. As is known in the
art, glycosylation patterns can depend on both the sequence of the
protein (e.g., the presence or absence of particular glycosylation
amino acid residues, discussed below), or the host cell or organism
in which the protein is produced. Particular expression systems are
discussed below.
[0119] Glycosylation of polypeptides is typically either N-linked
or O-linked. N-linked refers to the attachment of the carbohydrate
moiety to the side chain of an asparagine residue. The tri-peptide
sequences asparagine-X-serine and asparagine-X-threonine, where X
is any amino acid except proline, are frequently the recognition
sequences for enzymatic attachment of the carbohydrate moiety to
the asparagine side chain. Thus. the presence of either of these
tri-peptide sequences in a polypeptide creates a potential
glycosylation site. O-linked glycosylation refers to the attachment
of one of the sugars N-acetylgalactosamine, galactose, or xylose,
to a hydroxyamino acid, most commonly serine or threonine, although
5-hydroxyproline or 5-hydroxylysine may also be used.
[0120] Addition of glycosylation sites to the antibody is
conveniently accomplished by altering the amino acid sequence such
that it contains one or more of the above-described tri-peptide
sequences (for N-linked glycosylation sites). The alteration may
also be made by the addition of, or substitution by, one or more
serine or threonine residues to the starting sequence (for O-linked
glycosylation sites). For ease, the antibody amino acid sequence is
preferably altered through changes at the DNA level, particularly
by mutating the DNA encoding the target polypeptide at preselected
bases such that codons are generated that will translate into the
desired amino acids.
[0121] Another means of increasing the number of carbohydrate
moieties on the antibody is by chemical or enzymatic coupling of
glycosides to the protein. These procedures are advantageous in
that they do not require production of the protein in a host cell
that has glycosylation capabilities for N- and O-linked
glycosylation. Depending on the coupling mode used, the sugar(s)
may be attached to (a) arginine and histidine, (b) free carboxyl
groups, (c) free sulfhydryl groups such as those of cysteine, (d)
free hydroxyl groups such as those of serine, threonine, or
hydroxyproline, (e) aromatic residues such as those of
phenylalanine, tyrosine, or tryptophan, or (f) the amide group of
glutamine. These methods are described in WO 87/05330 published
Sep. 11, 1987, and in Aplin and Wriston, 1981, CRC Crit. Rev.
Biochem., pp. 259-306.
[0122] Removal of carbohydrate moieties present on the starting
antibody may be accomplished chemically or enzymatically. Chemical
deglycosylation requires exposure of the protein to the compound
trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, or an equivalent compound. This
treatment results in the cleavage of most or all sugars except the
linking sugar (N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine), while
leaving the polypeptide intact. Chemical deglycosylation is
described by Hakimuddin et al., 1987, Arch. Biochem. Biophys.
259:52 and by Edge et al., 1981, Anal. Biochem. 118:131. Enzymatic
cleavage of carbohydrate moieties on polypeptides can be achieved
by the use of a variety of endo- and exo-glycosidases as described
by Thotakura et al., 1987, Meth. Enzymol. 138:350. Glycosylation at
potential glycosylation sites may be prevented by the use of the
compound tunicamycin as described by Duskin et al., 1982, J. Biol.
Chem. 257:3105. Tunicamycin blocks the formation of
protein-N-glycoside linkages. Additionally, modification of an
amino acid in the glycosylation motif may be used to prevent
glycosylation.
[0123] Another type of covalent modification of the antibody
comprises linking the antibody to various nonproteinaceous
polymers, including, but not limited to, various polyols such as
polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol or polyoxyalkylenes, in
the manner set forth in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,640,835; 4,496,689;
4,301,144; 4,670,417; 4,791,192 or 4,179,337. In addition, as is
known in the art, amino acid substitutions may be made in various
positions within the antibody to facilitate the addition of
polymers such as PEG. See for example, U.S. Publication No.
2005/0114037, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
Labeled Antibodies
[0124] In some embodiments, the covalent modification of the
antibodies of the invention comprises the addition of one or more
labels. In some cases, these are considered antibody fusions.
[0125] The term "labelling group" means any detectable label. In
some embodiments, the labelling group is coupled to the antibody
via spacer arms of various lengths to reduce potential steric
hindrance. Various methods for labelling proteins are known in the
art and may be used in performing the present invention.
[0126] In general, labels fall into a variety of classes, depending
on the assay in which they are to be detected: a) isotopic labels,
which may be radioactive or heavy isotopes; b) magnetic labels
(e.g., magnetic particles); c) redox active moieties; d) optical
dyes; enzymatic groups (e.g. horseradish peroxidase,
.beta.-galactosidase, luciferase, alkaline phosphatase); e)
biotinylated groups; and f) predetermined polypeptide epitopes
recognized by a secondary reporter (e.g., leucine zipper pair
sequences, binding sites for secondary antibodies, metal binding
domains, epitope tags, etc.). In some embodiments, the labelling
group is coupled to the antibody via spacer arms of various lengths
to reduce potential steric hindrance. Various methods for labelling
proteins are known in the art and may be used in performing the
present invention.
[0127] Specific labels include optical dyes, including, but not
limited to, chromophores, phosphors and fluorophores, with the
latter being specific in many instances. Fluorophores can be either
"small molecule" fluores, or proteinaceous fluores.
[0128] By "fluorescent label" is meant any molecule that may be
detected via its inherent fluorescent properties. Suitable
fluorescent labels include, but are not limited to, fluorescein,
rhodamine, tetramethylrhodamine, eosin, erythrosin, coumarin,
methyl-coumarins, pyrene, Malacite green, stilbene, Lucifer Yellow,
Cascade BlueJ, Texas Red, IAEDANS, EDANS, BODIPY FL, LC Red 640, Cy
5, Cy 5.5, LC Red 705, Oregon green, the Alexa-Fluor dyes (Alexa
Fluor 350, Alexa Fluor 430, Alexa Fluor 488, Alexa Fluor 546, Alexa
Fluor 568, Alexa Fluor 594, Alexa Fluor 633, Alexa Fluor 660, Alexa
Fluor 680), Cascade Blue, Cascade Yellow and R-phycoerythrin (PE)
(Molecular Probes, Eugene, Oreg.), FITC, Rhodamine, and Texas Red
(Pierce, Rockford, Ill.), Cy5, Cy5.5, Cy7 (Amersham Life Science,
Pittsburgh, Pa.). Suitable optical dyes, including fluorophores,
are described in Molecular Probes Handbook by Richard P. Haugland,
hereby expressly incorporated by reference.
[0129] Suitable proteinaceous fluorescent labels also include, but
are not limited to, green fluorescent protein, including a Renilla,
Ptilosarcus, or Aequorea species of GFP (Chalfie et al., 1994,
Science 263:802-805), EGFP (Clontech Laboratories, Inc., Genbank
Accession Number U55762), blue fluorescent protein (BFP, Quantum
Biotechnologies, Inc. 1801 de Maisonneuve Blvd. West, 8th Floor,
Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3H 1J9; Stauber, 1998, Biotechniques
24:462-471; Heim et al., 1996, Curr. Biol. 6:178-182), enhanced
yellow fluorescent protein (EYFP, Clontech Laboratories, Inc.),
luciferase (Ichiki et al., 1993, J. Immunol. 150:5408-5417), .beta.
galactosidase (Nolan et al., 1988, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
85:2603-2607) and Renilla (WO92/15673, WO95/07463, WO98/14605,
WO98/26277, WO99/49019, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,292,658, 5,418,155,
5,683,888, 5,741,668, 5,777,079, 5,804,387, 5,874,304, 5,876,995,
5,925,558). All of the above-cited references are expressly
incorporated herein by reference.
[0130] In certain variations, antibody may mean a protein
consisting of one or more polypeptides substantially encoded by all
or part of the recognized immunoglobulin genes. The recognized
immunoglobulin genes, for example in humans, include the kappa
(.kappa.), lambda (.lamda.), and heavy chain genetic loci, which
together comprise the myriad variable region genes, and the
constant region genes mu (.upsilon.), delta (.delta.), gamma
(.gamma.), sigma (.epsilon.), and alpha (.alpha.) which encode the
IgM, IgD, IgG (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4), IgE, and IgA (IgA1 and
IgA2) isotypes respectively. Antibody herein is meant to include
full length antibodies and antibody fragments, and may refer to a
natural antibody from any organism, an engineered antibody, or an
antibody generated recombinantly for experimental, therapeutic, or
other purposes.
[0131] EF-CAM Targeting Proteins
[0132] The Ep-CAM targeting proteins of the present invention may
be an antibody, referred to herein as "anti-Ep-CAM antibodies".
Anti-Ep-CAM antibodies of the present invention may comprise
immunoglobulin sequences that are substantially encoded by
immunoglobulin genes belonging to any of the antibody classes,
including but not limited to IgG (including human subclasses IgG1,
IgG2, IgG3, or IgG4 and hybrids thereof), IgA (including human
subclasses IgA1 and IgA2), IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM classes of
antibodies. Most preferably the antibodies of the present invention
comprise sequences belonging to the human IgG class of antibodies.
Anti-Ep-CAM antibodies of the present invention may be nonhuman,
chimeric, humanized, or fully human. As will be appreciated by one
skilled in the art, these different types of antibodies reflect the
degree of "humaness" or potential level of immunogenicity in a
human. For a description of these concepts, see Clark et al., 2000
and references cited therein (Clark, 2000, Immunol Today
21:397-402, expressly incorporated by reference). Chimeric
antibodies comprise the variable region of a nonhuman antibody, for
example VH and VL domains of mouse or rat origin, operably linked
to the constant region of a human antibody (see for example U.S.
Pat. No. 4,816,567, expressly incorporated by reference). The
nonhuman variable region may be derived from any organism as
described above, preferably mammals and most preferably rodents or
primates. In one embodiment, the antibody of the present invention
comprises monkey variable domains, for example as described in
Newman et al., 1992, Biotechnology 10:1455-1460, U.S. Pat. Nos.
5,658,570, and 5,750,105; all expressly incorporated by reference.
In a preferred embodiment, the variable region is derived from a
nonhuman source, but its immunogenicity has been reduced using
protein engineering. In a preferred embodiment, the antibodies of
the present invention are humanized (Tsurushita & Vasquez,
2004, Humanization of Monoclonal Antibodies, Molecular Biology of B
Cells, 533-545, Elsevier Science (USA), expressly incorporated by
reference). By "humanized" antibody as used herein is meant an
antibody comprising framework regions (FRs) derived from one or
more human sequences and one or more complementarity determining
regions (CDR's) from a non-human (usually mouse or rat) antibody.
One common method used in the art is called "CDR grafting" in which
a non-human antibody (the "donor") provides the CDR's and a human
antibody (the "acceptor") provides the frameworks (Winter U.S. Pat.
No. 5,225,539). In CDR grafting "backmutation" of selected acceptor
framework residues to the corresponding donor residues is often
required to regain affinity that is lost in the initial grafted
construct (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,530,101; 5,585,089, 5,693,761;
5,693,762; 6,180,370, 5,859,205; 5,821,337; 6,054,297; and
6,407,213; all expressly incorporated by reference). Optimally the
humanized antibody also will comprise at least a portion of an
immunoglobulin constant region, typically that of a human
immunoglobulin, and thus will typically comprise a human Fc region.
Alternatively, in a most preferred embodiment, and as described
more fully in Example 1, the immunogenicity of the antibody may be
reduced using a method described in U.S. Ser. No. 60/619,483, filed
Oct. 14, 2004 and U.S. Ser. No. 11/004,590, entitled "Methods of
Generating Variant Proteins with Increased Host String Content and
Compositions Thereof", filed on Dec. 6, 2004; both expressly
incorporated by reference. In an alternate embodiment, the
antibodies of the present invention may be fully human, that is the
sequences of the antibodies are completely or substantially human.
A number of methods are known in the art for generating fully human
antibodies, including the use of transgenic mice (Bruggemann et
al., 1997, Curr Opin Biotechnol 8:455-458, expressly incorporated
by reference) or human antibody libraries coupled with selection
methods (Griffiths et al., 1998, Curr Opin Biotechnol 9:102-108,
expressly incorporated by reference).
[0133] Of particular interest are techniques that allow
optimization of human and non-human components of the antibodies,
as described in U.S. Ser. No. 11/149,943 filed Jun. 9, 2005, which
are expressly incorporated by reference in their entirety.
Specifically, techniques are used that rely on the incorporation of
different human non-CDR regions to form a non-CDR region that is
composed of sequences from different human sequences (e.g.
different human germline sequences); thus, these regions comprise
sequences that are "human" to the extent that all the components
come from human sequences. These sequences can be additionally
optimized with Fc variants, CDR variants, etc.
[0134] The Ep-CAM targeting proteins of the present invention may
be an Fc fusion, referred to herein as "anti-Ep-CAM Fc fusions".
Anti-Ep-CAM Fc fusions of the present invention comprise an Fc
polypeptide operably linked to one or more fusion partners. The
role of the fusion partner typically, but not always, is to mediate
binding of the Fc fusion to a target antigen. (Chamow et al., 1996,
Trends Biotechnol 14:52-60; Ashkenazi et al., 1997, Curr Opin
Immunol 9:195-200; both expressly incorporated by reference). For
the present invention, one of the fusion partners must bind Ep-CAM.
Fusion partners may be a protein, polypeptide, or small molecule.
Virtually any polypeptide or molecule that targets Ep-CAM may serve
as a fusion partner. Undiscovered Ep-CAM ligands may serve as
fusion partners for the Ep-CAM targeting proteins of the present
invention. Anti-Ep-CAM Fc fusions of the invention may comprise
immunoglobulin sequences that are substantially encoded by
immunoglobulin genes belonging to any of the antibody classes,
including but not limited to IgG (including human subclasses IgG1,
IgG2, IgG3, or IgG4), IgA (including human subclasses IgA1 and
IgA2), IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM classes of antibodies. Most
preferably the anti-Ep-CAM Fc fusions of the present invention
comprise sequences belonging to the human IgG class of
antibodies.
[0135] Ep-CAM targeting proteins of the present invention,
including antibodies and Fc fusions, may comprise Fc fragments. An
Fc fragment of the present invention may comprise from 1-90% of the
Fc region, with 10-90% being preferred, and 30-90% being most
preferred. Thus for example, an Fc fragment of the present
invention may comprise an IgG1 C.gamma.2 domain, an IgG1 C.gamma.2
domain and hinge region, an IgG1 C.gamma.3 domain, and so forth. In
one embodiment, an Fc fragment of the present invention
additionally comprises a fusion partner, effectively making it an
Fc fragment fusion. Fc fragments may or may not contain extra
polypeptide sequence.
[0136] Ep-CAM targeting proteins of the present invention may be
substantially encoded by genes from any organism, preferably
mammals, including but not limited to humans, rodents including but
not limited to mice and rats, lagomorpha including but not limited
to rabbits and hares caeiidae including but not limited to camels,
llamas, and dromedaries, and non-human primates, including but not
limited to Prosimians, Platyrrhini (New World monkeys),
Cercopithecoidea (Old World monkeys), and Hominoidea including the
Gibbons and Lesser and Great Apes. In a most preferred embodiment,
the Ep-CAM targeting proteins of the present invention are
substantially human. The Ep-CAM targeting proteins of the present
invention may be substantially encoded by immunoglobulin genes
belonging to any of the antibody classes. In a most preferred
embodiment, the Ep-CAM targeting proteins of the present invention
comprise sequences belonging to the IgG class of antibodies,
including human subclasses IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4. In an
alternate embodiment, the Ep-CAM targeting proteins of the present
invention comprise sequences belonging to the IgA (including human
subclasses IgA1 and IgA2), IgD, IgE, IgG, or IgM classes of
antibodies. The Ep-CAM targeting proteins of the present invention
may comprise more than one protein chain. That is, the present
invention may find use in an Ep-CAM targeting protein that is a
monomer or an oligomer, including a homo- or hetero-oligomer.
[0137] In the most preferred embodiment, the anti-Ep-CAM antibodies
and Fc fusions of the invention are based on human IgG sequences,
and thus human IgG sequences are used as the "base" sequences
against which other sequences are compared, including but not
limited to sequences from other organisms, for example rodent and
primate sequences, as well as sequences from other immunoglobulin
classes such as IgA, IgE, IgGD, IgGM, and the like. It is
contemplated that, although the Ep-CAM targeting proteins of the
present invention are engineered in the context of one parent
Ep-CAM targeting protein, the variants may be engineered in or
"transferred" to the context of another, second parent Ep-CAM
targeting protein. This is done by determining the "equivalent" or
"corresponding" residues and substitutions between the first and
second Ep-CAM targeting proteins, typically based on sequence or
structural homology between the sequences of the two Ep-CAM
targeting proteins. In order to establish homology, the amino acid
sequence of a first Ep-CAM targeting protein outlined herein is
directly compared to the sequence of a second Ep-CAM targeting
protein. After aligning the sequences, using one or more of the
homology alignment programs known in the art (for example using
conserved residues as between species), allowing for necessary
insertions and deletions in order to maintain alignment (i.e.,
avoiding the elimination of conserved residues through arbitrary
deletion and insertion), the residues equivalent to particular
amino acids in the primary sequence of the first Ep-CAM targeting
protein are defined. Alignment of conserved residues preferably
should conserve 100% of such residues. However, alignment of
greater than 75% or as little as 50% of conserved residues is also
adequate to define equivalent residues. Equivalent residues may
also be defined by determining structural homology between a first
and second Ep-CAM targeting protein that is at the level of
tertiary structure for EP-CAM targeting proteins whose structures
have been determined. In this case, equivalent residues are defined
as those for which the atomic coordinates of two or more of the
main chain atoms of a particular amino acid residue of the parent
or precursor (N on N, CA on CA, C on C and O on O) are within 0.13
nm and preferably 0.1 nm after alignment. Alignment is achieved
after the best model has been oriented and positioned to give the
maximum overlap of atomic coordinates of non-hydrogen protein atoms
of the proteins. Regardless of how equivalent or corresponding
residues are determined, and regardless of the identity of the
parent Ep-CAM targeting protein in which the Ep-CAM targeting
proteins are made, what is meant to be conveyed is that the Ep-CAM
targeting proteins discovered by the present invention may be
engineered into any second parent Ep-CAM targeting protein that has
significant sequence or structural homology with the Ep-CAM
targeting protein. Thus for example, if a variant anti-Ep-CAM
antibody is generated wherein the parent anti-Ep-CAM antibody is
human IgG1, by using the methods described above or other methods
for determining equivalent residues, the variant anti-Ep-CAM
antibody may be engineered in a human IgG2 parent anti-Ep-CAM
antibody, a human IgA parent anti-Ep-CAM antibody, a mouse IgG2a or
IgG2b parent anti-Ep-CAM antibody, and the like. Again, as
described above, the context of the parent Ep-CAM targeting protein
does not affect the ability to transfer the Ep-CAM targeting
proteins of the present invention to other parent Ep-CAM targeting
proteins. For example, the variant anti-Ep-CAM antibodies that are
engineered in a human IgG1 antibody that targets one Ep-CAM epitope
may be transferred into a human IgG2 antibody that targets a
different Ep-CAM epitope, into an Fc fusion that comprises a human
IgG1 Fc region that targets yet a different Ep-CAM epitope, and so
forth.
[0138] The Ep-CAM targeting protein of the present invention may be
virtually any antibody, Fc fusion, or other protein that binds
Ep-CAM. Ep-CAM targeting proteins of the invention may display
selectivity for Ep-CAM versus alternative targets, for example
other RTKs, or selectivity for a specific form of the Ep-CAM target
versus alternative forms. Examples include full-length versus
splice variants, cell-surface vs. soluble forms, selectivity for
various polymorphic variants, or selectivity for specific
conformational forms of a target. An Ep-CAM targeting protein of
the present invention may bind any epitope or region on Ep-CAM, and
may be specific for fragments, mutant forms, splice forms, or
aberrant forms of Ep-CAM.
[0139] The Ep-CAM targeting proteins of the present invention may
find use in a wide range of products. In one embodiment the Ep-CAM
targeting protein of the invention is a therapeutic, a diagnostic,
or a research reagent. Alternatively, the Ep-CAM targeting protein
of the present invention may be used for agricultural or industrial
uses, An anti-Ep-CAM antibody of the present invention may find use
in an antibody composition that is monoclonal or polyclonal. The
Ep-CAM targeting proteins of the present invention may include
agonists, antagonists, neutralizing, inhibitory, or stimulatory. In
a preferred embodiment, the Ep-CAM targeting proteins of the
present invention are used to kill target cells that bear the
Ep-CAM target antigen, for example cancer cells. In an alternate
embodiment, the EP-CAM targeting proteins of the present invention
are used to block, antagonize, or agonize the Ep-CAM target
antigen. In an alternately preferred embodiment, the Ep-CAM
targeting proteins of the present invention are used to block,
antagonize, or agonize the target antigen and kill the target cells
that bear the target antigen.
Modifications
[0140] The present invention provides variant Ep-CAM targeting
proteins that are optimized for a number of therapeutically
relevant properties. A variant Ep-CAM targeting protein comprises
one or more amino acid modifications relative to a parent Ep-CAM
targeting protein, wherein the amino acid modification(s) provide
one or more optimized properties. Thus the Ep-CAM targeting
proteins of the present invention are variants Ep-CAM targeting
proteins. An Ep-CAM targeting protein of the present invention
differs in amino acid sequence from its parent Ep-CAM targeting
protein by virtue of at least one amino acid modification. Thus
variant Ep-CAM targeting proteins of the present invention have at
least one amino acid modification compared to the parent.
Alternatively, the variant Ep-CAM targeting proteins of the present
invention may have more than one amino acid modification as
compared to the parent, for example from about one to fifty amino
acid modifications, preferably from about one to ten amino acid
modifications, and most preferably from about one to about five
amino acid modifications compared to the parent. Thus the sequences
of the variant Ep-CAM targeting proteins and those of the parent
Ep-CAM targeting proteins are substantially homologous. For
example, the variant Ep-CAM targeting protein sequences herein will
possess about 80% homology with the parent Ep-CAM targeting protein
sequence, preferably at least about 90% homology, and most
preferably at least about 95% homology.
[0141] In a most preferred embodiment, the Ep-CAM targeting
proteins of the present invention comprise amino acid modifications
that provide optimized effector function properties relative to the
parent. Most preferred substitutions and optimized effector
function properties are described in U.S. Ser. No. 10/672,280, PCT
US03/30249, and U.S. Ser. No. 10/822,231, and U.S. Ser. No.
60/627,774, filed Nov. 12, 2004 and entitled "Optimized Fc
Variants". Properties that may be optimized include but are not
limited to enhanced or reduced affinity for an Fc.gamma.R. In a
preferred embodiment, the Ep-CAM targeting proteins of the present
invention are optimized to possess enhanced affinity for a human
activating Fc.gamma.R, preferably Fc.gamma.RI, Fc.gamma.RIIa,
Fc.gamma.RIIc, Fc.gamma.RIIIa, and Fc.gamma.RIIIb, most preferably
Fc.gamma.RIIIa. In an alternately preferred embodiment, the Ep-CAM
targeting proteins are optimized to possess reduced affinity for
the human inhibitory receptor Fc.gamma.RIIb. These preferred
embodiments are anticipated to provide Ep-CAM targeting proteins
with enhanced therapeutic properties in humans, for example
enhanced effector function and greater anti-cancer potency. In an
alternate embodiment, the Ep-CAM targeting proteins of the present
invention are optimized to have reduced or ablated affinity for a
human Fc.gamma.R, including but not limited to Fc.gamma.RI,
Fc.gamma.RIIIa, Fc.gamma.RIIb, Fc.gamma.RIIc, Fc.gamma.RIIIa, and
Fc.gamma.RIIIb. These embodiments are anticipated to provide Ep-CAM
targeting proteins with enhanced therapeutic properties in humans,
for example reduced effector function and reduced toxicity. In
other embodiments, Ep-CAM targeting proteins of the present
invention provide enhanced affinity for one or more Fc.gamma.Rs,
yet reduced affinity for one or more other Fc.gamma.Rs. For
example, an Ep-CAM targeting protein of the present invention may
have enhanced binding to Fc.gamma.RIIIa, yet reduced binding to
Fc.gamma.RIIb. Alternately, an Ep-CAM targeting protein of the
present invention may have enhanced binding to Fc.gamma.RIIa and
Fc.gamma.RI, yet reduced binding to Fc.gamma.RIIb. In yet another
embodiment, an Ep-CAM targeting protein of the present invention
may have enhanced affinity for Fc.gamma.RIIb, yet reduced affinity
to one or more activating Fc.gamma.Rs.
[0142] In certain embodiments, the Ep-CAM targeting proteins are
anti-EpCAM antibodies that comprise an Fc variant of a human Fc
polypeptide as defined in U.S. patent application Ser. No.
11/124,620, or variations thereof as derived in U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 11/149,943. The Fc variants exhibit altered
binding to an Fc ligand as compared to human Fc polypeptide. In one
embodiment, the Fc variant has the formula comprising: [0143]
Vb(221)-Vb(222)-Vb(223)-Vb(224)-Vb(225)-Fx(226)-Vb(227)-Vb(228)-Fx(229)-V-
b
(230)-Vb(231)-Vb(232)-Vb(233)-Vb(234)-Vb(235)-Vb(236)-Vb(237)-Vb(238)-Vb
(239)-Vb(240)-Vb(241)-Fx(242)-Vb(243)-Vb(244)-Vb(245)-Vb(246)-Vb(247)-Fx
(248)-Vb(249)-Fx(250-254)-Vb(255)-Fx(256-257)-Vb(258)-Fx(259)-Vb(260)-Fx
(261)-Vb(262)-Vb(263)-Vb(264)-Vb(265)-Vb(266)-Vb(267)-Vb(268)-Vb(269)-Vb
(270)-Vb(271)-Vb(272)-Vb(273)-Vb(274)-Vb(275)-Vb(276)-Fx(277)-Vb(278)-Fx
(279)-Vb(280)-Vb(281)-Vb(282)-Vb(283)-Vb(284)-Vb(285)-Vb(286)-Fx(287)-Vb
(288)-Fx(289)-Vb(290)-Vb(291)-Vb(292)-Vb(293)-Vb(294)-Vb(295)-Vb(296)-Vb
(297)-Vb(298)-Vb(299)-Vb(300)-Vb(301)-Vb(302)-Vb(303)-Vb(304)-Vb(305)-Fx
(306-312)-Vb(313)-Fx(314-316)-Vb(317)-Vb(318)-Fx(319)-Vb(320)-Fx(321)-Vb
(322)-Vb(323)-Vb(324)-Vb(325)-Vb(326)-Vb(327)-Vb(328)-Vb(329)-Vb(330)-Vb
(331)-Vb(332)-Vb(333)-Vb(334)-Vb(335)-Vb(336)-Vb(337); [0144]
wherein Vb(221) is selected from the group consisting of D, K and
Y; [0145] Vb(222) is selected from the group consisting of K, E and
Y; [0146] Vb(223) is selected from the group consisting of T, E and
K; [0147] Vb(224) is selected from the group consisting of H, E and
Y; [0148] Vb(225) is selected from the group consisting of T, E, K
and W; [0149] Fx(226) is C; [0150] Vb(227) is selected from the
group consisting of P, E, G, K, Y [0151] Vb(228) is selected from
the group consisting of P, E, G, K, Y [0152] Fx(229) is C; [0153]
Vb(230) is selected from the group consisting of P, A, E, G AND Y;
[0154] Vb(231) is selected from the group consisting of A, E, G, K,
P AND Y; [0155] Vb(232) is selected from the group consisting of P,
E, G, K AND Y; [0156] Vb(233) is selected from the group consisting
of A, D, F, G, H, I, K, L, M, N, Q, R, S, T, V, W, Y; [0157]
Vb(234) is selected from the group consisting of L, A, D, E, F, G,
H, I, K, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, Y [0158] Vb(235) is selected
from the group consisting of L, A, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, M, N, P, Q,
R, S, T, V, W, Y; [0159] Vb(236) is selected from the group
consisting of S, A, D, E, F, H, I, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W,
Y; [0160] Vb(237) is selected from the group consisting of G, D, E,
F, H, I, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, Y; [0161] Vb(238) is
selected from the group consisting of P, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, L, M,
N, Q, R, S, T, V, W, Y; [0162] Vb(239) is selected from the group
consisting of S, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, T, V, W, Y
[0163] Vb(240) is selected from the group consisting of V, A, I, M,
T; [0164] Vb(241) is selected from the group consisting of F, D, E,
L, R, S, W, Y [0165] Fx(242) is L; [0166] Vb(243) is selected from
the group consisting of F, E, H, L, Q, R, W, Y; [0167] Vb(244) is
selected from the group consisting of P, H; [0168] Vb(245) is
selected from the group consisting of P, A; [0169] Vb(246) is
selected from the group consisting of K, D, E, H, Y; [0170] Vb(247)
is selected from the group consisting of P, G, V [0171] Fx(248) is
K; [0172] Vb(249) is selected from the group consisting of D, H, O,
Y; [0173] Fx(250-254) is the sequence -(T-L-M-I-S)-(SEQ ID NO:166)
[0174] Vb(255) is selected from the group consisting of R, E, Y;
[0175] Fx(256-257) is the sequence -(T-P)-; [0176] Vb(258) is
selected from the group consisting of F, H, S, Y; [0177] Fx(259) is
V; [0178] Vb(260) is selected from the group consisting of T, D, E,
H, Y; [0179] Fx(261) is C; [0180] Vb(262) is selected from the
group consisting of V, A, E, F, I, T; [0181] Vb(263) is selected
from the group consisting of V, A, I, M, T; [0182] Vb(264) is
selected from the group consisting of V, A, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, L,
M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, W and Y; [0183] Vb(265) is selected from the
group consisting of D, F, G, H, I, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W,
Y; [0184] Vb(266) is selected from the group consisting of V, A, I,
M, T; [0185] Vb(267) is selected from the group consisting of S, D,
E, F, H, I, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, T, V, W, Y; [0186] Vb(268) is
selected from the group consisting of H, D, E, F, G, I, K, L, M, N,
P, Q, R, T, V, W, Y; [0187] Vb(269) is selected from the group
consisting of E, F, G, H, I, K, L, M, N, P, R, S, T, V, W, Y;
[0188] Vb(270) is selected from the group consisting of D, F, G, H,
I, L, M, P, Q, R, S, T, W, Y; [0189] Vb(271) is selected from the
group consisting of A, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, L, M, N, Q, R, S, T, V,
W, Y; [0190] Vb(272) is selected from the group consisting of E, D,
F, G, H, I, K, L, M, P, R, S, T, V, W, Y; [0191] Vb(273) is
selected from the group consisting of V, I; [0192] Vb(274) is
selected from the group consisting of K, D, E, F, G, H, L, M, N, P,
R, T, V, W, Y; [0193] Vb(275) is selected from the group consisting
of F, L, W; [0194] Vb(276) is selected from the group consisting of
N, D, E, F, G, H, I, L, M, P, R, S, T, V, W, Y; [0195] Fx(277) is
W; [0196] Vb(278) is selected from the group consisting of Y, D, E,
G, H, I, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W; [0197] Fx(279) is V;
[0198] Vb(280) is selected from the group consisting of D, G, K, L,
P, W; [0199] Vb(281) is selected from the group consisting of G, D,
E, K, N, P, Q, Y; [0200] Vb(282) is selected from the group
consisting of V, E, G, K, P, Y; [0201] Vb(283) is selected from the
group consisting of E, G, H, K, L, P, R, Y; [0202] Vb(284) is
selected from the group consisting of V, D, E, L, N, Q, T, Y;
[0203] Vb(285) is selected from the group consisting of H, D, E, K,
Q, W, Y; [0204] Vb(286) is selected from the group consisting of N,
E, G, P, Y; [0205] Fx(287) is selected from the group consisting of
A; [0206] Vb(288) is selected from the group consisting of K, D, E,
Y; [0207] Fx(289) is T; [0208] Vb(290) is selected from the group
consisting of K, D, H, L, N, W; [0209] Vb(291) is selected from the
group consisting of P, D, E, G, H, I, Q, T; [0210] Vb(292) is
selected from the group consisting of R, D, E, T, Y; [0211] Vb(293)
is selected from the group consisting of E, F, G, H, I, L, M, N, P,
R, S, T, V, W, Y; [0212] Vb(294) is selected from the group
consisting of E, F, G, H, I, K, L, M, P, R, S, T, V, W, Y; [0213]
Vb(295) is selected from the group consisting of Q, D, E, F, G, H,
I, M, N, P, R, S, T, V, W, Y; [0214] Vb(296) is selected from the
group consisting of Y, A, D, E, G, H, I, K, L, M, N, Q, R, S, T, V;
[0215] Vb(297) is selected from the group consisting of N, D, E, F,
G, H, I, K, L, M, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, Y; [0216] Vb(298) is
selected from the group consisting of S, D, E, F, H, I, K, M, N, Q,
R, T, W, Y; [0217] Vb(299) is selected from the group consisting of
T, A, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, V, W, Y; [0218]
Vb(300) is selected from the group consisting of Y, A, D, E, G, H,
K, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W; [0219] Vb(301) is selected from the
group consisting of R, D, E, H, Y; [0220] Vb(302) is selected from
the group consisting of V, I; [0221] Vb(303) is selected from the
group consisting of V, D, E, Y; [0222] Vb(304) is selected from the
group consisting of S, D, H, L, N, T; [0223] Vb(305) is selected
from the group consisting of V, E, T, Y, [0224] Fx(306-312) is
-(L-T-V-L-H-Q-D)-(SEQ ID NO:167); [0225] Vb(313) is selected from
the group consisting of W, F; [0226] Fx(314-316) is -(L-N-G)-;
[0227] Vb(317) is selected from the group consisting of K, E, Q;
[0228] Vb(318) is selected from the group consisting of E, H, L, Q,
R, Y; [0229] Fx(319) is Y; [0230] Vb(320) is selected from the
group consisting of K, D, F, G, H, I, L, N, P, S, T, V, W, Y;
[0231] Fx(321) is C; [0232] Vb(322) is selected from the group
consisting of K, D, F, G, H, I, P, S, T, V, W, Y; [0233] Vb(323) is
selected from the group consisting of V, I; [0234] Vb(324) is
selected from the group consisting of S, D, F, G, H, I, L, M, P, R,
T, V, W, Y; [0235] Vb(325) is selected from the group consisting of
N, A, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, L, M, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, Y; [0236]
Vb(326) is selected from the group consisting of K, I, L, P, T;
[0237] Vb(327) is selected from the group consisting of A ,D, E, F,
H, I, K, L, M, N, P, R, S, T, V, W, Y; [0238] Vb(328) is selected
from the group consisting of L, A, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, M, N, P, Q,
R, S, T, V, W, Y; [0239] Vb(329) is selected from the group
consisting of P, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, L, M, N, Q, R, S, T, V, W, Y;
[0240] Vb(330) is selected from the group consisting of A, E, F, G,
H, I, L, M, N, P, R, S, T, V, W, Y; [0241] Vb(331) is selected from
the group consisting of P, D, F, H, I, L, M, Q, R, T, V, W, Y;
[0242] Vb(332) is selected from the group consisting of I, A, D, E,
F, H, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, Y; [0243] Vb(333) is
selected from the group consisting of E, F, H, I, L, M, N, P, T, Y;
[0244] Vb(334) is selected from the group consisting of K, F, I, L,
P, T; [0245] Vb(335) is selected from the group consisting of T, D,
F, G, H, I, L, M, N, P, R, S, V, W, Y; [0246] Vb(336) is selected
from the group consisting of I, E, K, Y; [0247] Vb(337) is selected
from the group consisting of S, E, H, N.
[0248] In another embodiment, the Fc region comprises is a variant
selected from the group consisting of: S239D/I332E, S239D/G236A,
S239D/G236S, S239D/V264I, S239D/H268D, S239D/H268E, S239D/S298A,
S239D/K326E, S239D/A330L, S239D/A330Y, S239D/A330I, I332E/V264I,
I332E/H268D, I332E/H268E, I332E/S298A, I332E/K326E, I332E/A330L,
I332E/A330Y, I332E/A330I, I332E/G236A, I332E/G236A, I332D/V264I,
I332D/H268D, I332D/H268E, I332D/S298A, I332D/K326E, I332D/A330L,
I332D/A330Y, I332D/A330I, I332D/G236A, I332D/G236S,
S239D/K246H/I332E, S239D/V264I/I332E, S239D/S267E/I332E,
S239D/H268D/I332E, S239D/H268E/I332E, S239D/S298A/I332E,
S239D/S324G/I332E, S239D/S324I/I332E, S239D/K326T/I332E,
S239D/K326E/I332E, S239D/K326D/I332E, S239D/A327D/I332E,
S239D/A330L/I332E, S239D/A330Y/I332E, S239D/A330I/I332E,
S239D/K334T/I332E, S239D/K246H/T260H/I332E,
S239D/K246H/H258D/I332E, S239D/K246H/H268E/I332E,
S239D/H268D/S324G/I332E, S239D/H268E/S324G/I332E,
S239D/H268D/K326T/I332E, S239D/H268E/K326T/I332E,
S239D/H268D/A330L/I332E, S239D/H268E/A330L/I332E,
S239D/H268D/A330Y/I332E, S239D/H268E/A330Y/I332E,
S239D/S298A/S267E/I332E, S239D/S298A/H268D/I332E,
S239D/S298A/H268E/I332E, S239D/S298A/S324G/I332E,
S239D/S298A/S324I/I332E, S239D/S298A/K326T/I332E,
S239D/S298A/K326E/I332E, S239D/S298A/A327D/I332E,
S239D/S298A/A330L/I332E, S239D/S298A/A330Y/I332E,
S239D/K326T/A330Y/I332E, S239D/K326E/A330Y/I332E,
S239D/K326T/A330L/I332E, and S239D/K326E/A330L/I332E, wherein
numbering is according to the EU index.
[0249] In a further variation, the Fc variant is selected from the
group consisting of: G236S, G236A, S239D, S239E, S239N, S239Q,
S239T, K246H, T260H, K246Y, D249Y, R255Y, E258Y, V264I, S267E,
H268D, H268E, E272Y, E272I, E272H, K274E, G281D, E283L, E283H,
S304T, S324G, S3241, K326T, A327D, A330Y, A330L, A330I, I332D,
I332E, I332N, I332Q, E333Y, K334T, and K334F, wherein numbering is
according to the EU index.
[0250] In another variation, the Fc variant further comprising a
substitution selected from the group consisting of S298A, K326E,
K326D, K326A, E333A, and K334A, wherein numbering is according to
the EU index. In still other variations, the Fc variant comprising
at least one amino acid modification in the Fc region of said
parent Fc polypeptide, wherein said variant protein selectively
enhances binding to one or more Fc ligands relative to one or more
other Fc ligands, and wherein said Fc variant comprises a
substitution at a position selected from the group consisting of:
234, 235, 236, 267, 268, 292, 293, 295, 300, 324, 327, 328, 330,
and 335, wherein numbering is according to the EU index.
[0251] Preferred embodiments comprise optimization of Fc binding to
a human Fc.gamma.R, however in alternate embodiments the Ep-CAM
targeting proteins of the present invention possess enhanced or
reduced affinity for Fc.gamma.Rs from nonhuman organisms, including
but not limited to rodents and non-human primates. Ep-CAM targeting
proteins that are optimized for binding to a nonhuman Fc.gamma.R
may find use in experimentation. For example, mouse models are
available for a variety of diseases that enable testing of
properties such as efficacy, toxicity, and pharmacokinetics for a
given drug candidate. As is known in the art, cancer cells can be
grafted or injected into mice to mimic a human cancer, a process
referred to as xenografting. Testing of Ep-CAM targeting proteins
that comprise Ep-CAM targeting proteins that are optimized for one
or more mouse Fc.gamma.Rs, may provide valuable information with
regard to the efficacy of the protein, its mechanism of action, and
the like. The EPCAM targeting proteins of the present invention may
also be optimized for enhanced functionality and/or solution
properties in aglycosylated form. In a preferred embodiment, the
aglycosylated Ep-CAM targeting proteins of the present invention
bind an Fc ligand with greater affinity than the aglycosylated form
of the parent Ep-CAM targeting protein. The Fc ligands include but
are not limited to Fc.gamma.Rs, C1q, FcRn, and proteins A and G,
and may be from any source including but not limited to human,
mouse, rat, rabbit, or monkey, preferably human. In an alternately
preferred embodiment, the Ep-CAM targeting proteins are optimized
to be more stable and/or more soluble than the aglycosylated form
of the parent Ep-CAM targeting protein.
[0252] Ep-CAM targeting proteins of the invention may comprise
modifications that modulate interaction with Fc ligands other than
Fc.gamma.Rs, including but not limited to complement proteins,
FcRn, and Fc receptor homologs (FcRHs). FcRHs include but are not
limited to FcRH1, FcRH2, FcRH3, FcRH4, FcRH5, and FcRH6 (Davis et
al., 2002, Immunol. Reviews 190:123-136, expressly incorporated by
reference). The modifications that modulate FcRn binding may be
used to increase or decrease the in vivo half-life of the EP-CAM
targeting protein. Decreasing the in vivo half-life is useful in
decreasing the toxicity of a therapeutic Ep-CAM targeting protein
or in in vivo imaging procedures. More preferably, increasing the
in vivo half-life is useful to increase the potency of a
therapeutic Ep-CAM targeting protein and may be done by increasing
the FcRn binding of the Ep-CAM targeting protein at slightly acidic
pH (typically about pH 6.0). (See Burmeister et al. 1994 Nature
372:336-343; Israel et al. 1996 Immunology 89(4):573-578; Junghans
and Anderson 1996 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:5512-5516; Ghetie
et al. 1996 Eur J. Immunol. 26:690-696. Hinton et al. 2004 J. Biol.
Chem. 279(8):6213-6216; US06277375; and U.S. Ser. No. 10/822,300;
all expressly incorporated by reference).
[0253] Preferably, the Fc ligand specificity of the Ep-CAM
targeting protein of the present invention will determine its
therapeutic utility. The utility of a given Ep-CAM targeting
protein for therapeutic purposes will depend on the epitope or form
of the Ep-CAM target antigen and the disease or indication being
treated. For some targets and indications, enhanced
Fc.gamma.R-mediated effector functions may be preferable. This may
be particularly favorable for anti-cancer Ep-CAM targeting
proteins. Thus Ep-CAM targeting proteins may be used that comprise
Ep-CAM targeting proteins that provide enhanced affinity for
activating Fc.gamma.Rs and/or reduced affinity for inhibitory
Fc.gamma.Rs. For some targets and indications, it may be further
beneficial to utilize Ep-CAM targeting proteins that provide
differential selectivity for different activating Fc.gamma.Rs; for
example, in some cases enhanced binding to Fc.gamma.RIIa and
Fc.gamma.RIIIa may be desired, but not Fc.gamma.RI, whereas in
other cases, enhanced binding only to Fc.gamma.RIIa may be
preferred. For certain targets and indications, it may be
preferable to utilize Ep-CAM targeting proteins that enhance both
Fc.gamma.R-mediated and complement-mediated effector functions,
whereas for other cases it may be advantageous to utilize Ep-CAM
targeting proteins that enhance either Fc.gamma.R-mediated or
complement-mediated effector functions. For some Ep-CAM targets or
cancer indications, it may be advantageous to reduce or ablate one
or more effector functions, for example by knocking out binding to
C1q, one or more Fc.gamma.R's, FcRn, or one or more other Fc
ligands. For other targets and indications, it may be preferable to
utilize Ep-CAM targeting proteins that provide enhanced binding to
the inhibitory Fc.gamma.RIIb, yet WT level, reduced, or ablated
binding to activating Fc.gamma.Rs. This may be particularly useful,
for example, when the goal of an Ep-CAM targeting protein is to
inhibit inflammation or auto-immune disease, or modulate the immune
system in some way.
[0254] Clearly an important parameter that determines the most
beneficial selectivity of a given Ep-CAM targeting protein to treat
a given disease is the context of the Ep-CAM targeting protein,
that is, what type of Ep-CAM targeting protein is being used. Thus
the Fc ligand selectivity or specifity of a given Ep-CAM targeting
protein will provide different properties depending on whether it
composes an antibody, Fc fusion, or an Ep-CAM targeting protein
with a coupled fusion or conjugate partner. For example, toxin,
radionucleotide, or other conjugates may be less toxic to normal
cells if the Ep-CAM targeting protein that comprises them has
reduced or ablated binding to one or more Fc ligands. As another
example, in order to inhibit inflammation or auto-immune disease,
it may be preferable to utilize an Ep-CAM targeting protein with
enhanced affinity for activating Fc.gamma.Rs, such as to bind these
Fc.gamma.Rs and prevent their activation. Conversely, an Ep-CAM
targeting protein that comprises two or more Fc regions with
enhanced Fc.gamma.RIIb affinity may co-engage this receptor on the
surface of immune cells, thereby inhibiting proliferation of these
cells. Whereas in some cases an Ep-CAM targeting protein may engage
its target antigen on one cell type yet engage Fc.gamma.Rs on
separate cells from the target antigen, in other cases it may be
advantageous to engage Fc.gamma.Rs on the surface of the same cells
as the target antigen. For example, if an antibody targets an
antigen on a cell that also expresses one or more Fc.gamma.Rs, it
may be beneficial to utilize an Ep-CAM targeting protein that
enhances or reduces binding to the Fc.gamma.Rs on the surface of
that cell. This may be the case, for example when the Ep-CAM
targeting protein is being used as an anti-cancer agent, and
co-engagement of target antigen and Fc.gamma.R on the surface of
the same cell promote signalling events within the cell that result
in growth inhibition, apoptosis, or other anti-proliferative
effect. Alternatively, antigen and Fc.gamma.R co-engagement on the
same cell may be advantageous when the Ep-CAM targeting protein is
being used to modulate the immune system in some way, wherein
co-engagement of target antigen and Fc.gamma.R provides some
proliferative or anti-proliferative effect. Likewise, Ep-CAM
targeting proteins that comprise two or more Fc regions may benefit
from Ep-CAM targeting proteins that modulate Fc.gamma.R selectivity
or specifity to co-engage Fc.gamma.Rs on the surface of the same
cell.
[0255] The Fc ligand specificity of the Ep-CAM targeting proteins
of the present invention can be modulated to create different
effector function profiles that may be suited for particular Ep-CAM
epitopes, indications or patient populations. Table 1 describes
several preferred embodiments of receptor binding profiles that
include improvements to, reductions to or no effect to the binding
to various receptors, where such changes may be beneficial in
certain contexts. The receptor binding profiles in the table could
be varied by degree of increase or decrease to the specified
receptors. Additionally, the binding changes specified could be in
the context of additional binding changes to other receptors such
as C1q or FcRn, for example by combining with ablation of binding
to C1q to shut off complement activation, or by combining with
enhanced binding to C1q to increase complement activation. Other
embodiments with other receptor binding profiles are possible, the
listed receptor binding profiles are exemplary. TABLE-US-00001
TABLE 1 Receptor Receptor binding binding Therapeutic improvement
reduction Cell activity activity Solely I -- enhance dendritic cell
activity Enhancement and uptake, and subsequence cell-based
presentation of immune antigens; enhance monocyte response and
macrophage response to against antibody target IIIa Enhance ADCC
and Increased phagocytosis of broad range target cell of cell types
lysis IIIa IIb Enhance ADCC and Increased phagocytosis of broad
range target cell of cell types lysis IIb, Iic Reduction of
activity of all Enhancement FcR bearing cell types except of target
NK cells and possible cell lysis activation of NK cells via IIc
selective receptor signaling for NK cell accessible target cells
IIb, IIIa -- Possible NK cell specific Enhancement activation and
enhancement of target of NK cell mediated ADCC cell lysis selective
for NK cell accessible target cells IIIb Neutrophil mediated
Enhanced phagocytosis enhancement target cell destruction for
neutrophil accessible cells Fc.alpha.R Neutrophil mediated Enhanced
phagocytosis enhancement target cell destruction for neutrophil
accessible cells I, IIa, IIIa IIb enhance dendritic cell activity
enhance and uptake, and subsequence cell-based presentation of
antigens to T immune cells; enhance monocyte and response
macrophage response to against antibody target IIb IIIa, IIa, I
Reduction in activity of Eliminate or monocytes, macrophages,
reduce neutrophils, NK, dendritic and cell-mediated other gamma
receptor cytotoxicity bearing cells against target bearing
cells
[0256] The presence of different polymorphic forms of Fc.gamma.Rs
provides yet another parameter that impacts the therapeutic utility
of the Ep-CAM targeting proteins of the present invention. Whereas
the specificity and selectivity of a given Ep-CAM targeting protein
for the different classes of Fc.gamma.Rs signficantly affects the
capacity of an Ep-CAM targeting protein to target a given antigen
for treatment of a given disease, the specificity or selectivity of
an Ep-CAM targeting protein for different polymorphic forms of
these receptors may in part determine which research or
pre-clinical experiments may be appropriate for testing, and
ultimately which patient populations may or may not respond to
treatment. Thus the specificity or selectivity of Ep-CAM targeting
proteins of the present invention to Fc ligand polymorphisms,
including but not limited to Fc.gamma.R, C1q, FcRn, and FcRH
polymorphisms, may be used to guide the selection of valid research
and pre-clinical experiments, clinical trial design, patient
selection, dosing dependence, and/or other aspects concerning
clinical trials.
[0257] The Ep-CAM targeting proteins of the present invention may
be combined with other amino acid modifications in the Fc region
that provide altered or optimized interaction with one or more Fc
ligands, including but not limited to Fc.gamma.Rs, C1q, FcRn, FcR
homologues, and/or as yet undiscovered Fc ligands. Additional
modifications may provide altered or optimized affinity and/or
specificity to the Fc ligands. Additional modifications may provide
altered or optimized effector functions, including but not limited
to ADCC, ADCP, CDC, and/or serum half-life. Such combination may
provide additive, synergistic, or novel properties in antibodies or
Fc fusions. In one embodiment, the Ep-CAM targeting proteins of the
present invention may be combined with known Fc variants (Duncan et
al., 1988, Nature 332:563-564; Lund et al., 1991, J Immunol
147:2657-2662; Lund et al., 1992, Mol Immunol 29:53-59; Alegre et
al., 1994, Transplantation 57:1537-1543; Hutchins et al., 1995,
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 92:11980-11984; Jefferis et al., 1995,
Immunol Lett 44:111-117; Lund et al., 1995, Faseb J 9:115-119;
Jefferis et al., 1996, Immunol Lett 54:101-104; Lund et al., 1996,
J Immunol 157:4963-4969; Armour et al., 1999, Eur J Immunol
29:2613-2624; Idusogie et al., 2000, J Immunol 164:4178-4184; Reddy
et al., 2000, J Immunol 164:1925-1933; Xu et al., 2000, Cell
Immunol 200:16-26; Idusogie et al., 2001, J Immunol 166:2571-2575;
Shields et al., 2001, J Biol Chem 276:6591-6604; Jefferis et al.,
2002, Immunol Lett 82:57-65; Presta et al., 2002, Biochem Soc Trans
30:487-490; Hinton et al., 2004, J Biol Chem 279:6213-6216; U.S.
Pat. Nos. 5,624,821; 5,885,573; 6,194,551; PCT WO 00/42072; PCT WO
99/58572; US 2004/0002587 A1), U.S. Pat. No. 6,737,056, PCT
US2004/000643, U.S. Ser. No. 10/370,749, and PCT/US2004/005112; all
expressly incorporated by reference). For example, as described in
U.S. Pat. 6,737,056, PCT US2004/000643, U.S. Ser. No. 10/370,749,
and PCT/US2004/005112, the substitutions S298A, S298D, K326E,
K326D, E333A, K334A, and P396L provide optimized Fc.gamma.R binding
and/or enhanced ADCC. Furthermore, as disclosed in Idusogie et al.,
2001, J. Immunology 166:2571-2572, substitutions K326W, K326Y, and
E333S provide enhanced binding to the complement protein C1q and
enhanced CDC. Finally, as described in Hinton et al., 2004, J.
Biol. Chem. 279(8): 6213-6216, substitutions T250Q, T250E, M428L,
and M428F provide enhanced binding to FcRn and improved
pharmacokinetics.
[0258] Because the binding sites for Fc.gamma.Rs, C1q, and FcRn
reside in the Fc region, the differences between the IgGs in the Fc
region are likely to contribute to differences in Fc.gamma.R- and
C1q-mediated effector functions. It is also possible that the
modifications can be made in other non-Fc regions of an Ep-CAM
targeting protein, including for example the Fab and hinge regions
of an antibody, or the Fc fusion partner of an Fc fusion. For
example, as disclosed in U.S. Ser. No. 60/614,944; U.S. Ser. No.
60/585,328; U.S. Ser. No. 60/573,302; entitled "Immunoglobulin
Variants Outside the Fc Region with Optimized Effector Function",
the Fab and hinge regions of an antibody may impact effector
functions such as antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
(ADCC), antibody dependent cell-mediated phagocytosis (ADCP), and
complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). Thus modifications outside
the Fc region of an Ep-CAM targeting protein of the present
invention are contemplated. For example, anti-Ep-CAM antibodies of
the present invention may comprise one or more amino acid
modifications in the VL, CL, VH, CH1, and/or hinge regions of an
antibody.
[0259] Other modifications may provide additional or novel binding
determinants into an Ep-CAM targeting protein, for example
additional or novel Fc receptor binding sites, for example as
described in U.S. Ser. No. 60/531,752, filed Dec. 22, 2003,
entitled "Ep-CAM targeting proteins with novel Fc receptor binding
sites". In one embodiment, an Ep-CAM targeting protein of one
antibody isotype may be engineered such that it binds to an Fc
receptor of a different isotype. This may be particularly
applicable when the Fc binding sites for the respective Fc
receptors do not significantly overlap. For example, the structural
determinants of IgA binding to Fc.gamma.RI may be engineered into
an IgG Ep-CAM targeting protein.
[0260] The Ep-CAM targeting proteins of the present invention may
comprise modifications that modulate the in vivo pharmacokinetic
properties of an Ep-CAM targeting protein. These include, but are
not limited to, modifications that enhance affinity for the
neonatal Fc receptor FcRn (U.S. Ser. No. 10/020354;
WO2001US0048432; EP 2001000997063; U.S. Pat. No. 6,277,375; U.S.
Ser. No. 09/933497; WO1997US0003321; U.S. Pat. No. 6,737,056;
WO2000US0000973; Shields et al. J. Biol. Chem., 276(9), 6591-6604
(2001); Zhou et al. J. Mol. Biol., 332, 901-913 (2003), all
expressly incorporated by reference). These further include
modifications that modify FcRn affinity in a pH-specific manner. In
some embodiments, where enhanced in vivo half-life is desired,
modifications that specifically enhance FcRn affinity at lower pH
(5.5-6) relative to higher pH (7-8) are preferred (Hinton et al. J.
Biol. Chem. 279(8), 6213-6216 (2004); Dall' Acqua et al. J. Immuno.
169, 5171-5180 (2002); Ghetie et al. Nat. Biotechnol., 15(7),
637-640 (1997), WO2003US0033037; WO2004US0011213, all expressly
incorporated by reference). For example, as described in Hinton et
al., 2004, "Engineered Human IgG Antibodies with Longer Serum
Half-lives in Primates" J. Biol. Chem. 279(8): 6213-6216,
substitutions T250Q, T250E, M428L, and M428F provide enhanced
binding to FcRn and improved pharmacokinetics. Additionally
preferred modifications are those that maintain the wild-type Fc's
improved binding at lower pH relative to the higher pH. In
alternative embodiments, where rapid in vivo clearance is desired,
modifications that reduce affinity for FcRn are preferred. (U.S.
Pat. No. 6,165,745; WO1993US0003895; EP1993000910800;
WO1997US0021437; Medesan et al., J. Immunol., 158(5), 2211-2217
(1997); Ghetie and Ward, Annu. Rev. Immunol., 18, 739-766 (2000);
Martin et al. Molecular Cell, 7, 867-877 (2001); Kim et al. Eur. J.
Immunol. 29, 2819-2825 (1999), all expressly incorporated by
reference).
[0261] Ep-CAM targeting proteins of the present invention may
comprise one or more modifications that provide optimized
properties that are not specifically related to effector function
per se. The modifications may be amino acid modifications, or may
be modifications that are made enzymatically or chemically. Such
modification(s) likely provide some improvement in the Ep-CAM
targeting protein, for example an enhancement in its stability,
solubility, function, or clinical use. The present invention
contemplates a variety of improvements that made be made by
coupling the Ep-CAM targeting proteins of the present invention
with additional modifications.
[0262] In a preferred embodiment, the Ep-CAM targeting proteins of
the present invention may comprise modifications to reduce
immunogenicity in humans. In a most preferred embodiment, the
immunogenicity of an Ep-CAM targeting protein of the present
invention is reduced using a method described in U.S. Ser. No.
60/1619,483, filed Oct. 14, 2004 and U.S. Ser. No. 11/004,590,
entitled "Methods of Generating Variant Proteins with Increased
Host String Content and Compositions Thereof", filed on Dec. 6,
2004. In alternate embodiments, the antibodies of the present
invention are humanized (Clark, 2000, Immunol Today 21:397-402,
expressly incorporated by reference). In CDR grafting, humanization
relies principally on the grafting of donor CDRs onto acceptor
(human) VL and VH frameworks (Winter U.S. Pat. No. 5,225,539,
expressly incorporated by reference). "Backmutation" of selected
acceptor framework residues to the corresponding donor residues is
often required to regain affinity that is lost in the initial
grafted construct (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,530,101; 5,585,089; 5,693,761;
5,693,762; 6,180,370; 5,859,205; 5,821,337; 6,054,297; 6,407,213,
all expressly incorporated by reference). The humanized antibody
optimally also will comprise at least a portion of an
immunoglobulin constant region, typically that of a human
immunoglobulin, and thus will typically comprise a human Fc region.
A variety of techniques and methods for humanizing and reshaping
non-human antibodies are well known in the art (See Tsurushita
& Vasquez. 2004, Humanization of Monoclonal Antibodies,
Molecular Biology of B Cells, 533-545, Elsevier Science (USA),
expressly incorporated by reference). Humanization methods include
but are not limited to methods described in Jones et al., 1986,
Nature 321:522-525; Riechmann et al., 1988; Nature 332:323-329;
Verhoeyen et al., 1988, Science, 239:1534-1536; Queen et al., 1989,
Proc Natl Acad Sci, USA 86:10029-33; He et al., 1998, J. Immunol.
160: 1029-1035; Carter et al., 1992, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
89:4285-9, Presta et al., 1997, Cancer Res.57(20):4593-9; Gorman et
al., 1991, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:41814185; O'Connor et al.,
1998, Protein Eng 11:321-8; all expressly incorporated by
reference. Humanization or other methods of reducing the
immunogenicity of nonhuman antibody variable regions may include
resurfacing methods, as described for example in Roguska et al.,
1994, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:969-973. In one embodiment,
selection based methods may be employed to humanize and/or affinity
mature antibody variable regions, including but not limited to
methods described in Wu et al., 1999, J. Mol. Biol. 294:151-162;
Baca et al., 1997, J. Biol. Chem. 272(16):10678-10684; Rosok et
al., 1996, J. Biol. Chem. 271(37): 22611-22618, Rader et al., 1998,
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95: 8910-8915; Krauss et al., 2003,
Protein Engineering 16(10):753-759; all expressly incorporated by
reference. Other humanization methods may involve the grafting of
only parts of the CDRs, including but not limited to methods
described in U.S. Ser. No. 09/810,502; Tan et al., 2002, J.
Immunol. 169:1119-1125; De Pascalis et al., 2002, J. Immunol.
169:3076-3084; all expressly incorporated by reference.
Structure-based methods may be employed for humanization and
affinity maturation, for example as described in U.S. Ser. No.
10/153,159, expressly incorporated by reference, and related
applications.
[0263] Modifications to reduce immunogenicity may include
modifications that reduce binding of processed peptides derived
from the parent sequence to MHC proteins. For example, amino acid
modifications would be engineered such that there are no or a
minimal number of immune epitopes that are predicted to bind, with
high affinity, to any prevalent MHC alleles. Several methods of
identifying MHC-binding epitopes in protein sequences are known in
the art and may be used to score epitopes in an Ep-CAM targeting
protein of the present invention. See for example WO 98152976; WO
02/079232; WO 0013317; U.S. Ser. Nos. 09/903,378; 10/039,170,
60/222,697; 10/339788; PCT WO 01/21823; and PCT WO 02/00165;
Mallios, 1999, Bioinformatics 15: 432-439; Mallios, 2001,
Bioinformatics 17: 942-948; Sturniolo et al., 1999, Nature Biotech.
17: 555-561; WO 98/59244; WO 02/069232; WO 02/77187; Marshall et
al., 1995, J. Immunol. 154: 5927-5933; and Hammer et al., 1994, J.
Exp. Med. 180: 2353-2358; all expressly incorporated by reference.
Sequence-based information can be used to determine a binding score
for a given peptide--MHC interaction (see for example Mallios,
1999, Bioinformatics 15: 432-439; Mallios, 2001, Bioinformatics 17:
p 942-948; Sturniolo et. al., 1999, Nature Biotech. 17: 555-561,
all expressly incorporated by reference). It is possible to use
structure-based methods in which a given peptide is computationally
placed in the peptide-binding groove of a given MHC molecule and
the interaction energy is determined (for example, see WO 98/59244
and WO 02/069232, both expressly incorporated by reference). Such
methods may be referred to as "threading" methods. Alternatively,
purely experimental methods can be used; for example a set of
overlapping peptides derived from the protein of interest can be
experimentally tested for the ability to induce T-cell activation
and/or other aspects of an immune response. (see for example WO
02/77187, expressly incorporated by reference). In a preferred
embodiment, MHC-binding propensity scores are calculated for each
9-residue frame along the protein sequence using a matrix method
(see Sturniolo et. al., supra; Marshall et. al., 1995, J. Immunol.
154: 5927-5933, and Hammer et al., 1994, J. Exp. Med. 180:
2353-2358; all expressly incorporated by reference). It is also
possible to consider scores for only a subset of these residues, or
to consider also the identities of the peptide residues before and
after the 9-residue frame of interest. The matrix comprises binding
scores for specific amino acids interacting with the peptide
binding pockets in different human class II MHC molecule. In the
most preferred embodiment, the scores in the matrix are obtained
from experimental peptide binding studies, In an alternate
preferred embodiment, scores for a given amino acid binding to a
given pocket are extrapolated from experimentally characterized
alleles to additional alleles with identical or similar residues
lining that pocket. Matrices that are produced by extrapolation are
referred to as "virtual matrices". In an alternate embodiment,
additional amino acid modifications may be engineered to reduce the
propensity of the intact molecule to interact with B cell receptors
and circulating antibodies.
[0264] Anti-Ep-CAM antibodies and Fc fusions of the present
invention may comprise amino acid modifications in one or more
regions outside the Fc region, for example the antibody Fab region
or the Fc fusion partner, that provide optimal properties. In one
embodiment, the variable region of an antibody of the present
invention may be affinity matured, that is to say that amino acid
modifications have been made in the VH and/or VL domains of the
antibody to enhance binding of the antibody to its target antigen.
Likewise, modifications may be made in the Fc fusion partner to
enhance affinity of the Fc fusion for its target antigen. Such
types of modifications may improve the association and/or the
dissociation kinetics for binding to the target antigen. Other
modifications include those that improve selectivity for target
antigen vs. alternative targets. These include modifications that
improve selectivity for antigen expressed on target vs. non-target
cells. Other improvements to the target recognition properties may
be provided by additional modifications. Such properties may
include, but are not limited to, specific kinetic properties (i.e.
association and dissociation kinetics), selectivity for the
particular target versus alternative targets, and selectivity for a
specific form of target versus alternative forms. Examples include
full-length versus splice variants, cell-surface vs. soluble forms,
selectivity for various polymorphic variants, or selectivity for
specific conformational forms of the Ep-CAM target.
[0265] Ep-CAM targeting proteins of the invention may comprise one
or more modifications that provide reduced or enhanced
internalization of an Ep-CAM targeting protein. In one embodiment,
Ep-CAM targeting proteins of the present invention can be utilized
or combined with additional modifications in order to reduce the
cellular internalization of an Ep-CAM targeting protein that occurs
via interaction with one or more Fc ligands. This property might be
expected to enhance effector function, and potentially reduce
immunogenicity of the Ep-CAM targeting proteins of the invention.
Alternatively, Ep-CAM targeting proteins of the present invention
can be utilized directly or combined with additional modifications
in order to enhance the cellular internalization of an Ep-CAM
targeting protein that occurs via interaction with one or more Fc
ligands. For example, in a prefered embodiment, an Ep-CAM targeting
protein is used that provides enhanced binding to Fc.gamma.RI,
which is expressed on dendritic cells and active early in immune
response, This strategy could be further enhanced by combination
with additional modifications, either within the Ep-CAM targeting
protein or in an attached fusion or conjugate partner, that promote
recognition and presentation of Fc peptide fragments by MHC
molecules. These strategies are expected to enhance target antigen
processing and thereby improve antigenicity of the target antigen
(Bonnerot and Amigorena, 1999, Immunol Rev. 172:279-84, expressly
incorporated by reference), promoting an adaptive immune response
and greater target cell killing by the human immune system. These
strategies may be particularly advantageous when the targeted
antigen is shed from the cellular surface. An additional
application of these concepts arises with idiotype vaccine
immunotherapies, in which clone-specific antibodies produced by a
patient's lymphoma cells are used to vaccinate the patient.
[0266] In a preferred embodiment, modifications are made to improve
biophysical properties of the Ep-CAM targeting proteins of the
present invention, including but not limited to stability,
solubility, and oligomeric state. Modifications can include, for
example, substitutions that provide more favorable intramolecular
interactions in the Ep-CAM targeting protein such as to provide
greater stability, or substitution of exposed nonpolar amino acids
with polar amino acids for higher solubility. A number of
optimization goals and methods are described in U.S. Ser. No.
10/379,392, expressly incorporated by reference, that may find use
for engineering additional modifications to further optimize the
Ep-CAM targeting proteins of the present invention. The Ep-CAM
targeting proteins of the present invention can also be combined
with additional modifications that reduce oligomeric state or size,
such that tumor penetration is enhanced, or in vivo clearance rates
are increased as desired.
[0267] Other modifications to the Ep-CAM targeting proteins of the
present invention include those that enable the specific formation
or homodimeric or homomultimeric molecules. Such modifications
include but are not limited to engineered disulfides, as well as
chemical modifications or aggregation methods, which may provide a
mechanism for generating covalent homodimeric or homomultimers. For
example, methods of engineering and compositions of such molecules
are described in Kan et al., 2001, J. Immunol., 2001, 166:
1320-1326; Stevenson et al., 2002, Recent Results Cancer Res. 159:
104-12; U.S. Pat. No. 5,681,566; Caron et al., 1992, J. Exp. Med.
176:1191-1195, and Shopes, 1992, J. Immunol. 148(9):2918-22; all
expressly incorporated by reference. Additional modifications to
the variants of the present invention include those that enable the
specific formation or heterodimeric, heteromultimeric,
bifunctional, and/or multifunctional molecules. Such modifications
include, but are not limited to, one or more amino acid
substitutions in the CH3 domain, in which the substitutions reduce
homodimer formation and increase heterodimer formation. For
example, methods of engineering and compositions of such molecules
are described in Atwell et al., 1997, J. Mol. Biol. 270(1):26-35,
and Carter et al., 2001, J. Immunol. Methods 248:7-15; both
expressly incorporated by reference. Additional modifications
include modifications in the hinge and CH3 domains, in which the
modifications reduce the propensity to form dimers.
[0268] In further embodiments, the Ep-CAM targeting proteins of the
present invention comprise modifications that remove proteolytic
degradation sites. These may include, for example, protease sites
that reduce production yields, as well as protease sites that
degrade the administered protein in vivo. In a preferred
embodiment, additional modifications are made to remove covalent
degradation sites such as deamidation (i.e. deamidation of
glutaminyl and asparaginyl residues to the corresponding glutamyl
and aspartyl residues), oxidation, and proteolytic degradation
sites. Deamidation sites that are particular useful to remove are
those that have enhance propensity for deamidation, including, but
not limited to asparaginyl and gituamyl residues followed by
glycines (NG and QG motifs, respectively). In such cases,
substitution of either residue can significantly reduce the
tendency for deamidation. Common oxidation sites include methionine
and cysteine residues. Other covalent modifications, that can
either be introduced or removed, include hydroxylation of proline
and lysine, phosphorylation of hydroxyl groups of seryl or threonyl
residues, methylation of the amino groups of lysine, arginine, and
histidine side chains [T. E. Creighton, Proteins, Structure and
Molecular Properties, W.H. Freeman & Co., San Francisco, pp.
79-86 (1983), expressly incorporated by reference], acetylation of
the N-terminal amine, and amidation of any C-terminal carboxyl
group. Additional modifications also may include but are not
limited to posttranslational modifications such as N-linked or
O-linked glycosylation and phosphorylation.
[0269] Modifications may include those that improve expression
andlor purification yields from hosts or host cells commonly used
for production of biologics. These include, but are not limited to
various mammalian cell lines (e.g. CHO), yeast cell lines,
bacterial cell lines, and plants. Additional modifications include
modifications that remove or reduce the ability of heavy chains to
form inter-chain disulfide linkages. Additional modifications
include modifications that remove or reduce the ability of heavy
chains to form intra-chain disulfide linkages.
[0270] The Ep-CAM targeting proteins of the present invention may
comprise modifications that include the use of unnatural amino
acids incorporated using, for example, the technologies developed
by Schultz and colleagues, including but not limited to methods
described by Cropp & Shultz, 2004, Trends Genet. 20(12):625-30,
Anderson et al., 2004, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
101(2):7566-71, Zhang et al., 2003, 303(5656):371-3, and Chin et
al., 2003, Science 301(5635):964-7; expressly incorporated by
reference. In some embodiments, these modifications enable
manipulation of various functional, biophysical, immunological, or
manufacturing properties discussed above. In additional
embodiments, these modifications enable additional chemical
modification for other purposes. Other modifications are
contemplated herein. For example, the Ep-CAM targeting protein may
be linked to one of a variety of nonproteinaceous polymers, e.g.,
polyethylene glycol (PEG), polypropylene glycol, polyoxyalkylenes,
or copolymers of polyethylene glycol and polypropylene glycol.
Additional amino acid modifications may be made to enable specific
or non-specific chemical or posttranslational modification of the
Ep-CAM targeting proteins. Such modifications, include, but are not
limited to PEGylation and glycosylation. Specific substitutions
that can be utilized to enable PEGylation include, but are not
limited to, introduction of novel cysteine residues or unnatural
amino acids such that efficient and specific coupling chemistries
can be used to attach a PEG or otherwise polymeric moiety.
Introduction of specific glycosylation sites can be achieved by
introducing novel N-X-T/S sequences into the Ep-CAM targeting
proteins of the present invention.
[0271] In one embodiment, the Ep-CAM targeting proteins of the
present invention comprise one or more engineered glycoforms. By
"engineered glycoform" as used herein is meant a carbohydrate
composition that is covalently attached to an Ep-CAM targeting
protein, wherein the carbohydrate composition differs chemically
from that of a parent Ep-CAM targeting protein. An engineered
protein comprising a position that lacks an attached
oligosaccharide or carbohydrate may be referred to as comprising an
engineered glycoform, if its parent molecule comprises an
oligosaccharide, or carbohydrate at that position. Engineered
glycoforms may be useful for a variety of purposes, including but
not limited to enhancing or reducing effector function. Engineered
glycoforms may be generated by a variety of methods known in the
art (Umana et al., 1999, Nat Biotechnol 17:176-180; Davies et al.,
2001, Biotechnol Bioeng 74:288-294; Shields et al., 2002, J Biol
Chem 277:26733-26740; Shinkawa et al., 2003, J Biol Chem
278:3466-3473; U.S. Pat. No. 6,602,684; U.S. Ser. Nos. 10/277,370;
10/113,929; PCT WO 00/61739A1; PCT WO 01/29246A1; PCT WO
02/31140A1; PCT WO 02/30954A1; all expressly incorporated by
reference; Potelligent.TM. technology [Biowa, Inc., Princeton,
N.J.]; GlycoMAb.TM. glycosylation engineering technology [GLYCART
biotechnology AG, Zurich, Switzerland]). Many of these techniques
are based on controlling the level of fucosylated and/or bisecting
oligosaccharides that are covalently attached to the Fc region, for
example by expressing an Ep-CAM targeting protein in various
organisms or cell lines, engineered or otherwise (for example
Lec-13 CHO cells or rat hybridoma YB2/0 cells), by regulating
enzymes involved in the glycosylation pathway (for example FUT8
[.alpha.1,6-fucosyltranserase] and/or
.beta.1-4-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase III [GnTIII]), or by
modifying carbohydrate(s) after the Ep-CAM targeting protein has
been expressed. Engineered glycoform typically refers to the
different carbohydrate or oligosaccharide; thus an Ep-CAM targeting
protein, for example an anti-Ep-CAM antibody or Fc fusion, may
comprise an engineered glycoform. Alternatively, engineered
glycoform may refer to the Ep-CAM targeting protein that comprises
the different carbohydrate or oligosaccharide.
[0272] The Ep-CAM targeting proteins of the present invention may
be fused or conjugated to one or more other molecules or
polypeptides. Conjugate and fusion partners may be any molecule,
including small molecule chemical compounds and polypeptides. For
example, a variety of antibody conjugates and methods are described
in Trail et al., 1999, Curr. Opin. Immunol. 11:584-588, expressly
incorporated by reference. Possible conjugate partners include but
are not limited to cytokines, cytotoxic agents, toxins,
radioisotopes, chemotherapeutic agent, anti-angiogenic agents, a
tyrosine kinase inhibitors. and other therapeutically active
agents. In some embodiments, conjugate partners may be thought of
more as payloads, that is to say that the goal of a conjugate is
targeted delivery of the conjugate partner to a targeted cell, for
example a cancer cell or immune cell, by the Ep-CAM targeting
protein. Thus, for example, the conjugation of a toxin to an
anti-Ep-CAM antibody or Fc fusion targets the delivery of the toxin
to cells expressing the Ep-CAM antigen. As will be appreciated by
one skilled in the art, in reality the concepts and defintions of
fusion and conjugate are overlapping. The designation of an Ep-CAM
targeting protein as a fusion or conjugate is not meant to
constrain it to any particular embodiment of the present invention.
Rather, these terms are used loosely to convey the broad concept
that any Ep-CAM targeting protein of the present invention may be
linked genetically, chemically, or otherwise, to one or more
polypeptides or molecules to provide some desireable property.
[0273] In one embodiment, the Ep-CAM targeting proteins of the
present invention are fused or conjugated to a cytokine. By
"cytokine" as used herein is meant a generic term for proteins
released by one cell population that act on another cell as
intercellular mediators. For example, as described in Penichet et
al., 2001, J. Immunol. Methods 248:91-101, expressly incorporated
by reference, cytokines may be fused to antibody to provide an
array of desireable properties. Examples of such cytokines are
lymphokines, monokines, and traditional polypeptide hormones.
Included among the cytokines are growth hormone such as human
growth hormone, N-methionyl human growth hormone, and bovine growth
hormone; parathyroid hormone; thyroxine; insulin; proinsulin;
relaxin; prorelaxin; glycoprotein hormones such as follicle
stimulating hormone (FSH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), and
luteinizing hormone (LH); hepatic growth factor; fibroblast growth
factor; prolactin; placental lactogen; tumor necrosis factor-alpha
and -beta; mullerian-inhibiting substance; mouse
gonadotropin-associated peptide; inhibin; activin; vascular
endothelial growth factor; integrin; thrombopoietin (TPO); nerve
growth factors such as NGF-beta; platelet-growth factor;
transforming growth factors (TGFs) such as TGF-alpha and TGF-beta;
insulin-like growth factor-I and -II; erythropoietin (EPO);
osteoinductive factors; interferons such as interferon-alpha, beta,
and -gamma; colony stimulating factors (CSFs) such as
macrophage-CSF (M-CSF); granulocyte-macrophage-CSF (GM-CSF); and
granulocyte-CSF (G-CSF); interleukins (ILs) such as IL-1,
IL-1alpha, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, ILL7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10,
IL-11, IL-12; IL-15, a tumor necrosis factor such as TNF-alpha or
TNF-beta; C5a; and other polypeptide factors including LIF and kit
ligand (KL). As used herein, the term cytokine includes proteins
from natural sources or from recombinant cell culture, and
biologically active equivalents of the native sequence
cytokines.
[0274] In an alternate embodiment, the EpCAM targeting proteins of
the present invention are fused, conjugated, or operably linked to
a toxin, including but not limited to small molecule toxins and
enzymatically active toxins of bacterial, fungal, plant or animal
origin, including fragments and/or variants thereof. For example, a
variety of immunotoxins and immunotoxin methods are described in
Thrush et al., 1996, Ann. Rev. Immunol. 14:49-71, expressly
incorporated by reference. Small molecule toxins include but are
not limited to calicheamicin, maytansine (U.S. Pat. No. 5,208,020,
expressly incorporated by reference), trichothene, and CC1065. In
one embodiment of the invention, the anti-Ep-CAM antibody or Fc
fusion is conjugated to one or more maytansine molecules (e.g.
about 1 to about 10 maytansine molecules per antibody molecule).
Maytansine may, for example, be converted to May-SS-Me which may be
reduced to May-SH3 and reacted with modified antibody or Fc fusion
(Chari et al., 1992, Cancer Research 52: 127-131, expressly
incorporated by reference) to generate a maytansinoid-antibody or
maytansinoid-Fc fusion conjugate. Another conjugate of interest
comprises an anti-Ep-CAM antibody or Fc fusion conjugated to one or
more calicheamicin molecules. The calicheamicin family of
antibiotics are capable of producing double-stranded DNA breaks at
sub-picomolar concentrations. Structural analogues of calicheamicin
that may be used include but are not limited to
.gamma..sub.1.sup.1, .alpha..sub.2.sub.1, .alpha..sub.3,
N-acetyl-.gamma..sub.1.sup.1, PSAG, and .THETA..sup.1.sub.1,
(Hinman et al., 1993, Cancer Research 53:3336-3342; Lode et al.,
1998, Cancer Research 58:2925-2928; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,714,586;
5,712,374; 5,264,586; 5,773,001; all expressly incorporated by
reference). Dolastatin 10 analogs such as auristatin E (AE) and
monomethylauristatin E (MMAE) may find use as conjugates for the
Ep-CAM targeting proteins of the present invention (Doronina et
al., 2003, Nat Biotechnol 21(7):778-84; Francisco et al., 2003
Blood 102(4):1458-65; expressly incorporated by reference). Useful
enyzmatically active toxins include but are not limited to
diphtheria A chain, nonbinding active fragments of diphtheria
toxin, exotoxin A chain (from Pseudomonas aeruginosa), ricin A
chain, abrin A chain, modeccin A chain, alpha-sarcin, Aleurites
fordi proteins, dianthin proteins, Phytolaca americana proteins
(PAPI, PAPII, and PAP-S), momordica charantia inhibitor, curcin,
crotin, sapaonaria officinalis inhibitor, gelonin, mitogellin,
restrictocin, phenomycin, enomycin and the tricothecenes. See, for
example, PCT WO 93/21232, expressly incorporated by reference. The
present invention further contemplates a conjugate between an
Ep-CAM targeting protein of the present invention and a compound
with nucleolytic activity, for example a ribonuclease or DNA
endonuclease such as a deoxyribonuclease (Dnase).
[0275] In an alternate embodiment, an Ep-CAM targeting protein of
the present invention may be fused, conjugated, or operably linked
to a radioisotope to form a radioconjugate. A variety of
radioactive isotopes are available for the production of
radioconjugate antibodies and Fc fusions. Examples include, but are
not limited to, At211, I131, I125, Y90, Re186, Re188, Sm153, Bi212,
P32, and radioactive isotopes of Lu. See for example,
reference.
[0276] In yet another embodiment, an targeti Ep-CAM ng protein of
the present invention may be conjugated to a "receptor" (such
streptavidin) for utilization in tumor pretargeting wherein the
Ep-CAM targeting protein-receptor conjugate is administered to the
patient, followed by removal of unbound conjugate from the
circulation using a clearing agent and then administration of a
"ligand" (e.g. avidin) which is conjugated to a cytotoxic agent
(e.g. a radionucleotide). In an alternate embodiment the Ep-CAM
targeting protein is conjugated or operably linked to an enzyme in
order to employ Antibody Dependent Enzyme Mediated Prodrug Therapy
(ADEPT). ADEPT may be used by conjugating or operably linking the
Ep-CAM targeting protein to a prodrug-activating enzyme that
converts a prodrug (e.g. a peptidyl chemotherapeutic agent, see PCT
WO 81/01145) to an active anti-cancer drug. See, for example, PCT
WO 88/07378 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,975,278; both expressly
incorporated by reference. The enzyme component of the
immunoconjugate useful for ADEPT includes any enzyme capable of
acting on a prodrug in such a way so as to covert it into its more
active, cytotoxic form. Enzymes that are useful in the method of
this invention include but are not limited to alkaline phosphatase
useful for converting phosphate-containing prodrugs into free
drugs; arylsulfatase useful for converting sulfate-containing
prodrugs into free drugs; cytosine deaminase useful for converting
non-toxic 5-fluorocytosine into the anti-cancer drug,
5-fluorouracil; proteases, such as serratia protease, thermolysin,
subtilisin, carboxypeptidases and cathepsins (such as cathepsins B
and L), that are useful for converting peptide-containing prodrugs
into free drugs; D-alanylcarboxypeptidases, useful for converting
prodrugs that contain D-amino acid substituents;
carbohydrate-cleaving enzymes such as .beta.-galactosidase and
neuramimidase useful for converting glycosylated prodrugs into free
drugs; beta-lactamase useful for converting drugs derivatized with
.alpha.-lactams into free drugs; and penicillin amidases, such as
penicillin V amidase or penicillin G amidase, useful for converting
drugs derivatized at their amine nitrogens with phenoxyacetyl or
phenylacetyl groups, respectively, into free drugs. Alternatively,
antibodies with enzymatic activity, also known in the art as
"abzymes", can be used to convert the prodrugs of the invention
into free active drugs (see, for example, Massey, 1987, Nature 328:
457-458, expressly incorporated by reference). Ep-CAM targeting
protein-abzyme conjugates can be prepared for delivery of the
abzyme to a tumor cell population. A variety of additional
conjugates are contemplated for the Ep-CAM targeting proteins of
the present invention. A variety of chemotherapeutic agents,
anti-angiogenic agents, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and other
therapeutic agents are described below, which may find use as
Ep-CAM targeting protein conjugates.
[0277] Also contemplated as fusion and conjugate partners are Fc
polypeptides. Thus an Ep-CAM targeting protein may be a multimeric
Fc polypeptide, comprising two or more Fc regions. The advantage of
such a molecule is that it provides multiple binding sites for Fc
receptors with a single protein molecule. In one embodiment, Fc
regions may be linked using a chemical engineering approach. For
example, Fab's and Fc's may be linked by thioether bonds
originating at cysteine residues in the hinges, generating
molecules such as FabFc.sub.2 (Kan et al., 2001, J. Immunol, 2001,
166: 1320-1326; Stevenson et a., 2002, Recent Results Cancer Res.
159: 104-12; U.S. Pat. No. 5,681,566; expressly incorporated by
reference). Fc regions may be linked using disulfide engineering
and/or chemical cross-linking, for example as described in Caron et
al., 1992, J. Exp, Med. 176:1191-1195, and Shopes, 1992, J.
Immunol. 148(9):2918-22; both expressly incorporated by reference.
In a preferred embodiment, Fc regions may be linked genetically,
For example multiple C.gamma.2 domains have been fused between the
Fab and Fc regions of an antibody (White et al., 2001, Protein
Expression and Purification 21: 446-455, expressly incorporated by
reference). In a preferred embodiment, Fc regions in an Ep-CAM
targeting protein are linked genetically to generated tandemly
linked Fc regions as described in U.S. Ser. No. 60/531,752, filed
Dec. 22, 2003, entitled "Fc polypeptides with novel Fc receptor
binding sites", expressly incorporated by reference. Tandemly
linked Fc polypeptides may comprise two or more Fc regions,
preferably one to three, most preferably two Fc regions. It may be
advantageous to explore a number of engineering constructs in order
to obtain homo- or hetero- tandemly linked Ep-CAM targeting
proteins with the most favorable structural and functional
properties. Tandemly linked Ep-CAM targeting proteins may be homo-
tandemly linked Ep-CAM targeting proteins, that is an Ep-CAM
targeting protein of one isotype is fused genetically to another
Ep-CAM targeting protein of the same isotype. It is anticipated
that because there are multiple Fc.gamma.R, C1q, and/or FcRn
binding sites on tandemly linked Fc polypeptides, effector
functions and/or pharmacokinetics may be enhanced. In an alternate
embodiment, Ep-CAM targeting proteins from different isotypes may
be tandemly linked, referred to as hetero-tandemly linked Ep-CAM
targeting proteins. For example, because of the capacity to target
Fc.gamma.R and Fc.alpha.RI receptors, an Ep-CAM targeting protein
that binds both Fc.gamma.Rs and Fc.alpha.RI may provide a
significant clinical improvement.
[0278] Fusion and conjugate partners may be linked to any region of
an Ep-CAM targeting protein of the present invention, including at
the N- or C-termini, or at some residue in-between the termini. In
a preferred embodiment, a fusion or conjugate partner is linked at
the N- or C-terminus of the Ep-CAM targeting protein, most
preferably the Nterminus. A variety of linkers may find use in the
present invention to covalently link Ep-CAM targeting proteins to a
fusion or conjuate partner or generate an Fc fusion. By "linker",
"linker sequence", "spacer", "tethering sequence" or grammatical
equivalents thereof, herein is meant a molecule or group of
molecules (such as a monomer or polymer) that connects two
molecules and often serves to place the two molecules in a
preferred configuration. A number of strategies may be used to
covatently link molecules together. These include, but are not
limited to polypeptide linkages between N- and C-termini of
proteins or protein domains, linkage via disulfide bonds, and
linkage via chemical cross-linking reagents. In one aspect of this
embodiment, the linker is a peptide bond, generated by recombinant
techniques or peptide synthesis. Choosing a suitable linker for a
specific case where two polypeptide chains are to be connected
depends on various parameters, including but not limited to the
nature of the two polypeptide chains (e.g., whether they naturally
oligomerize), the distance between the N- and the C-termini to be
connected if known, and/or the stability of the linker towards
proteolysis and oxidation. Furthermore, the linker may contain
amino acid residues that provide flexibility. Thus, the linker
peptide may predominantly include the following amino acid
residues: Gly, Ser, Ala, or Thr. The linker peptide should have a
length that is adequate to link two molecules in such a way that
they assume the correct conformation relative to one another so
that they retain the desired activity. Suitable lengths for this
purpose include at least one and not more than 50 amino acid
residues Preferably, the linker is from about 1 to 30 amino acids
in length, with linkers of 1 to 20 amino acids in length being most
preferred. In addition, the amino acid residues selected for
inclusion in the linker peptide should exhibit properties that do
not interfere significantly with the activity of the polypeptide.
Thus, the linker peptide on the whole should not exhibit a charge
that would be inconsistent with the activity of the polypeptide, or
interfere with internal folding, or form bonds or other
interactions with amino acid residues in one or more of the
monomers that would seriously impede the binding of receptor
monomer domains. Useful linkers include glycine-serine polymers
(including, for example, (GS)n, (GSGGS)n (SEQ ID NO:168), (GGGGS)n
(SEQ ID NO:169), and (GGGS)n (SEQ ID NO:170), where n is an integer
of at least one), glycine-alanine polymers, alanine-serine
polymers, and other flexible linkers such as the tether for the
shaker potassium channel, and a large variety of other flexible
linkers, as will be appreciated by those in the art. Glycine-serine
polymers are preferred since both of these amino acids are
relatively unstructured, and therefore may be able to serve as a
neutral tether between components. Secondly, serine is hydrophilic
and therefore able to solubilize what could be a globular glycine
chain. Third, similar chains have been shown to be effective in
joining subunits of recombinant proteins such as single chain
antibodies. Suitable Linkers may also be identified by screening
databases of known three-dimensional structures for naturally
occurring motifs that can bridge the gap between two polypeptide
chains. In a preferred embodiment, the linker is not immunogenic
when administered in a human patient. Thus linkers may be chosen
such that they have low immunogenicity or are thought to have low
immunogenicity. For example, a linker may be chosen that exists
naturally in a human. In a most preferred embodiment, the linker
has the sequence of the hinge region of an antibody, that is the
sequence that links the antibody Fab and Fc regions; alternatively
the linker has a sequence that comprises part of the hinge region,
or a sequence that is substantially similar to the hinge region of
an antibody. Another way of obtaining a suitable linker is by
optimizing a simple linker, e.g., (Gly4Ser)n, through random
mutagenesis. Alternatively, once a suitable polypeptide linker is
defined, additional linker polypeptides can be created to select
amino acids that more optimally interact with the domains being
linked. Other types of linkers that may be used in the present
invention include artificial polypeptide linkers and inteins. In
another embodiment, disulfide bonds are designed to link the two
molecules. In another embodiment, linkers are chemical
cross-linking agents. For example, a variety of bifunctional
protein coupling agents may be used, including but not limited to
N-succinimidyl-3-(2-pyridyidithiol) propionate (SPDP),
succinimidyl-4-(N-maleimidomethyl) cyclohexane-1-carboxylate,
iminothiolane (IT), bifunctional derivatives of imidoesters (such
as dimethyl adipimidate HCL), active esters (such as disuccinimidyl
suberate), aldehydes (such as glutareldehyde), bis-azido compounds
(such as bis (p-azidobenzoyl) hexanediamine), bis-diazonium
derivatives (such as bis-(p-diazoniumbenzoyl)-ethylenediamine),
diisocyanates (such as tolyene 2,6-diisocyanate), and bis-active
fluorine compounds (such as 1,5-difluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene). For
example, a ricin immunotoxin can be prepared as described in
Vitetta et al., 1971, Science 238:1098, expressly incorporated by
reference. Chemical linkers may enable chelation of an isotope. For
example, Carbon-14-labeled
1-isothiocyanatobenzyl-3-methyldiethylene triaminepentaacetic acid
(MX-DTPA) is an exemplary chelating agent for conjugation of
radionucteotide to the antibody (see PCT WO 94/11026). The linker
may be cleavable, facilitating release of the cytotoxic drug in the
cell. For example, an acid-labile linker, peptidase-sensitive
linker, dimethyl linker or disulfide-containing linker (Chari et
al., 1992, Cancer Research 52: 127-131, expressly incorporated by
reference) may be used. Alternatively, a variety of
nonproteinaceous polymers, including but not limited to
polyethylene glycol (PEG), polypropylene glycol, polyoxyalkylenes,
or copolymers of polyethylene glycol and polypropylene glycol, may
find use as linkers, that is may find use to link the Ep-CAM
targeting proteins of the present invention to a fusion or
conjugate partner to generate an anti-Ep-CAM Fc fusion, or to link
the Ep-CAM targeting proteins of the present invention to a
conjugate.
Experimental Production of Ep-CAM Targeting Proteins
[0279] The present invention provides methods for producing and
experimentally testing Ep-CAM targeting proteins. The described
methods are not meant to constrain the present invention to any
particular application or theory of operation. Rather, the provided
methods are meant to illustrate generally that one or more Ep-CAM
targeting proteins may be produced and experimentally tested to
obtain variant Ep-CAM targeting proteins. General methods for
antibody molecular biology, expression, purification, and screening
are described in Antibody Engineering, edited by Duebel &
Kontermann, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 2001; and Hayhurst &
Georgiou, 2001, Curr Opin Chem Biol 5:683-689; Maynard &
Georgiou, 2000, Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2:339-76; Antibodies: A
Laboratory Manual by Harlow & Lane, New York: Cold Spring
Harbor Laboratory Press, 1988; all expressly incorporated by
reference.
[0280] In one embodiment of the present invention, nucleic acids
are created that encode the Ep-CAM targeting proteins, and that may
then be cloned into host cells, expressed and assayed, if desired.
Thus, nucleic acids, and particularly DNA, may be made that encode
each protein sequence. These practices are carried out using
well-known procedures. For example, a variety of methods that may
find use in the present invention are described in Molecular
Cloning--A Laboratory Manual, 3.sub.rd Ed. (Maniatis, Cold Spring
Harbor Laboratory Press, New York, 2001), and Current Protocols in
Molecular Biology (John Wiley & Sons); both expressly
incorporated by reference. As will be appreciated by those skilled
in the art, the generation of exact sequences for a library
comprising a large number of sequences is potentially expensive and
time consuming. Accordingly, there are a variety of techniques that
may be used to efficiently generate libraries of the present
invention. Such methods that may find use in the present invention
are described or referenced in U.S. Pat. No. 6,403,312; U.S. Ser.
Nos. 09/782,004; 09/927,790; 10/218,102; PCT WO 01/40091; and PCT
WO 02/25588; all expressly incorporated by reference. Such methods
include but are not limited to gene assembly methods, PCR-based
method and methods which use variations of PCR, ligase chain
reaction-based methods, pooled oligo methods such as those used in
synthetic shuffling, error-prone amplification methods and methods
which use oligos with random mutations, classical site-directed
mutagenesis methods, cassette mutagenesis, and other amplification
and gene synthesis methods. As is known in the art, there are a
variety of commercially available kits and methods for gene
assembly, mutagenesis, vector subcloning, and the like, and such
commercial products find use in the present invention for
generating nucleic acids that encode Ep-CAM targeting proteins.
[0281] The Ep-CAM targeting proteins of the present invention may
be produced by culturing a host cell transformed with nucleic acid,
preferably an expression vector, containing nucleic acid encoding
the Ep-CAM targeting proteins, under the appropriate conditions to
induce or cause expression of the protein. The conditions
appropriate for expression will vary with the choice of the
expression vector and the host cell, and will be easily ascertained
by one skilled in the art through routine experimentation. A wide
variety of appropriate host cells may be used, including but not
limited to mammalian cells, bacteria, insect cells, and yeast. For
example, a variety of cell lines that may find use in the present
invention are described in the ATCC.RTM. cell line catalog,
available from the American Type Culture Collection.
[0282] in a preferred embodiment, the Ep-CAM targeting proteins are
expressed in mammalian expression systems, including systems in
which the expression constructs are introduced into the mammalian
cells using virus such as retrovirus or adenovirus. Any mammalian
cells may be used, with human, mouse, rat, hamster, and primate
cells being particularly preferred. Suitable cells also include
known research cells, including but not limited to Jurkat T cells,
NIH3T3, CHO, BHK, COS, HEK293, PER C.6, HeLa, Sp2/0, NS0 cells and
variants thereof. In an alternately preferred embodiment, library
proteins are expressed in bacterial cells. Bacterial expression
systems are well known in the art, and include Escherichia coli (E.
coli), Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus cremoris, and Streptococcus
lividans. In alternate embodiments, Ep-CAM targeting proteins are
produced in insect cells (e.g. sf21/Sf9, Trichoplusia ni
Bti-Tn5b1-4) or yeast cells (e.g. S. cerevsiae, Picha, etc). In an
alternate embodiment, Ep-CAM targeting proteins are expressed in
vitro using cell free translation systems. In vitro translation
systems derived from both prokaryotic (e.g. E. coli) and eukaryotic
(e.g. wheat germ, rabbit reticulocytes) cells are available and may
be chosen based on the expression levels and functional properties
of the protein of interest. For example, as appreciated by those
skilled in the art, in vitro translation is required for some
display technologies, for example ribosome display. In addition,
the Ep-CAM targeting proteins may be produced by chemical synthesis
methods. Also transgenic expression systems both animal (e.g. cow,
sheep or goat milk, embryonated hen's eggs, whole insect larvae,
etc.) and plant (e.g. corn, tobacco, duckweed, etc.)
[0283] The nucleic acids that encode the Ep-CAM targeting proteins
of the present invention may be incorporated into an expression
vector in order to express the protein. A variety of expression
vectors may be utilized for protein expression. Expression vectors
may comprise self-replicating extra-chromosomal vectors or vectors
which integrate into a host genome. Expression vectors are
constructed to be compatible with the host cell type. Thus
expression vectors which find use in the present invention include
but are not limited to those which enable protein expression in
mammalian cells, bacteria insect cells, yeast, and in in vitro
systems. As is known in the art, a variety of expression vectors
are available, commercially or otherwise, that may find use in the
present invention for expressing Ep-CAM targeting proteins.
[0284] Expression vectors typically comprise a protein operably
linked with control or regulatory sequences, selectable markers,
any fusion partners, and/or additional elements. By "operably
linked" herein is meant that the nucleic acid is placed into a
functional relationship with another nucleic acid sequence.
Generally, these expression vectors include transcriptional and
translational regulatory nucleic acid operably linked to the
nucleic acid encoding the Ep-CAM targeting protein, and are
typically appropriate to the host cell used to express the protein.
In general, the transcriptional and translational regulatory
sequences may include promoter sequences, ribosomal binding sites,
transcriptional start and stop sequences, translational start and
stop sequences, and enhancer or activator sequences. As is also
known in the art, expression vectors typically contain a selection
gene or marker to allow the selection of transformed host cells
containing the expression vector. Selection genes are well known in
the art and will vary with the host cell used.
[0285] Ep-CAM targeting proteins may be operably linked to a fusion
partner to enable targeting of the expressed protein, purification,
screening, display, and the like. Fusion partners may be linked to
the Ep-CAM targeting protein sequence via a linker sequences. The
linker sequence will generally comprise a small number of amino
acids, typically less than ten, although longer linkers may also be
used. Typically, linker sequences are selected to be flexible and
resistant to degradation. As will be appreciated by those skilled
in the art, any of a wide variety of sequences may be used as
linkers. For example, a common linker sequence comprises the amino
acid sequence GGGGS (SEQ ID NO:169). A fusion partner may be a
targeting or signal sequence that directs Ep-CAM targeting protein
and any associated fusion partners to a desired cellular location
or to the extracellular media. As is known in the art, certain
signaling sequences may target a protein to be either secreted into
the growth media, or into the periplasmic space, located between
the inner and outer membrane of the cell. A fusion partner may also
be a sequence that encodes a peptide or protein that enables
purification and/or screening. Such fusion partners include but are
not limited to polyhistidine tags (His-tags) (for example H.sub.6
and H.sub.10 or other tags for use with Immobilized Metal Affinity
Chromatography (IMAC) systems (e.g. Ni.sup.+2 affinity columns)),
GST fusions, MBP fusions, Strep-tag, the BSP biotinylation target
sequence of the bacterial enzyme BirA, and epitope tags which are
targeted by antibodies (for example c-myc tags, flag-tags, and the
like). As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, such
tags may be useful for purification, for screening, or both. For
example, an Ep-CAM targeting protein may be purified using a
His-tag by immobilizing it to a Ni.sup.+2 affinity column, and then
after purification the same His-tag may be used to immobilize the
antibody to a Ni.sup.+2 coated plate to perform an ELISA or other
binding assay (as described below). A fusion partner may enable the
use of a selection method to screen Ep-CAM targeting proteins (see
below). Fusion partners that enable a variety of selection methods
are well-known in the art, and all of these find use in the present
invention. For example, by fusing the members of an Ep-CAM
targeting protein library to the gene III protein, phage display
can be employed (Kay et at. Phage display of peptides and proteins:
a laboratory manual, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif., 1996;
Lowman et al., 1991, Biochemistry 30:10832-10838; Smith, 1985,
Science 228:1315-1317; all expressly incorporated by reference).
Fusion partners may enable Ep-CAM targeting proteins to be labeled.
Alternatively, a fusion partner may bind to a specific sequence on
the expression vector, enabling the fusion partner and associated
Ep-CAM targeting protein to be linked covalently or noncovalently
with the nucleic acid that encodes them. For example, U.S. Ser.
Nos. 09/642,574; 10/080,376; 09/792,630; 10/023,208; 09/792,626;
10/082,671; 09/953,351; 10/097,100; 60/366,658; PCT WO 00/22906;
PCT WO 01/49058; PCT WO 02/04852; PCT WO 02/04853; PCT WO 02/08023;
PCT WO 01/28702; and PCT WO 02/07466, all expressly incorporated by
reference, describe such a fusion partner and technique that may
find use in the present invention.
[0286] The methods of introducing exogenous nucleic acid into host
cells are well known in the art, and will vary with the host cell
used. Techniques include but are not limited to dextran-mediated
transfection, calcium phosphate precipitation, calcium chloride
treatment, polybrene mediated transfection, protoplast fusion,
electroporation, viral or phage infection, encapsulation of the
polynucleotide(s) in liposomes, and direct microinjection of the
DNA into nuclei. In the case of mammalian cells, transfection may
be either transient or stable.
[0287] In a preferred embodiment, Ep-CAM targeting proteins are
purified or isolated after expression. Proteins may be isolated or
purified in a variety of ways known to those skilled in the art.
Standard purification methods include chromatographic techniques,
including ion exchange, hydrophobic interaction, affinity, sizing
or gel filtration, and reversed-phase, carried out at atmospheric
pressure or at high pressure using systems such as FPLC and HPLC.
Purification methods also include electrophoretic, immunological,
precipitation, dialysis, and chromatofocusing techniques.
Ultrafiltration and diafiltration techniques, in conjunction with
protein concentration, are also useful. As is well known in the
art, a variety of natural proteins bind Fc and antibodies, and
these proteins can find use in the present invention for
purification of Ep-CAM targeting proteins. For example, the
bacterial proteins A and G bind to the Fc region. Likewise, the
bacterial protein L binds to the Fab region of some antibodies, as
of course does the antibody's target antigen. Purification can
often be enabled by a particular fusion partner. For example,
Ep-CAM targeting proteins may be purified using glutathione resin
if a GST fusion is employed, Ni.sup.+2 affinity chromatography if a
His-tag is employed, or immobilized anti-flag antibody if a
flag-tag is used. For general guidance in suitable purification
techniques, see Protein Purification: Principles and Practice, 3rd
Ed., Scopes, Springer-Verlag, NY, 1994. The degree of purification
necessary will vary depending on the screen or use of the Ep-CAM
targeting proteins. In some instances no purification is necessary.
For example in one embodiment, if the Ep-CAM targeting proteins are
secreted, screening may take place directly from the media. As is
well known in the art, some methods of selection do not involve
purification of proteins. Thus, for example, if a library of Ep-CAM
targeting proteins is made into a phage display library, protein
purification may not be performed.
Experimental Testing of Ep-CAM Targeting Proteins
Assays
[0288] Ep-CAM targeting proteins may be screened using a variety of
methods, including but not limited to those that use in vitro
assays, in vivo and cell-based assays, and selection technologies.
Automation and high-throughput screening technologies may be
utilized in the screening procedures. Screening may employ the use
of a fusion partner or label. The use of fusion partners has been
discussed above. By "labeled" herein is meant that the Ep-CAM
targeting proteins of the invention have one or more elements,
isotopes, or chemical compounds attached to enable the detection in
a screen. In general, labels fall into three classes: a) immune
labels, which may be an epitope incorporated as a fusion partner
that is recognized by an antibody, b) isotopic labels, which may be
radioactive or heavy isotopes, and c) small molecule labels, which
may include fluorescent and colorimetric dyes, or molecules such as
biotin that enable other labeling methods. Labels may be
incorporated into the compound at any position and may be
incorporated in vitro or in vivo during protein expression.
[0289] In a preferred embodiment, the functional and/or biophysical
properties of Ep-CAM targeting proteins are screened in an in vitro
assay. In vitro assays may allow a broad dynamic range for
screening properties of interest. Properties of Ep-CAM targeting
proteins that may be screened include but are not limited to
stability, solubility, and affinity for Fc ligands, for example
Fc.gamma.Rs. Multiple properties may be screened simultaneously or
individually. Proteins may be purified or unpurified, depending on
the requirements of the assay. In one embodiment, the screen is a
qualitative or quantitative binding assay for binding of Ep-CAM
targeting proteins to a protein or nonprotein molecule that is
known or thought to bind the Ep-CAM targeting protein. In a
preferred embodiment, the screen is a binding assay for measuring
binding to the Ep-CAM target antigen. In an alternately preferred
embodiment, the screen is an assay for binding of Ep-CAM targeting
proteins to an Fc ligand, including but are not limited to the
family of Fc.gamma.Rs, the neonatal receptor FcRn, the complement
protein C1q, and the bacterial proteins A and G. The Fc ligands may
be from any organism, with humans, mice, rats, rabbits, and monkeys
preferred. Binding assays can be carried out using a variety of
methods known in the art, including but not limited to FRET
(Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer) and BRET (Bioluminescence
Resonance Energy Transfer)-based assays, AlphaScreen.TM. (Amplified
Luminescent Proximity Homogeneous Assay), Scintillation Proximity
Assay, ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay), SPR (Surface
Plasmon Resonance, also known as BIACORE.RTM.), isothermal
titration calorimetry, differential scanning calorimetry, gel
electrophoresis, and chromatography including gel filtration. These
and other methods may take advantage of some fusion partner or
label of the Ep-CAM targeting protein. Assays may employ a variety
of detection methods including but not limited to chromogenic,
fluorescent, luminescent, or isotopic labels.
[0290] The biophysical properties of Ep-CAM targeting proteins, for
example stability and solubility, may be screened using a variety
of methods known in the art. Protein stability may be determined by
measuring the thermodynamic equilibrium between folded and unfolded
states. For example, Ep-CAM targeting proteins of the present
invention may be unfolded using chemical denaturant, heat, or pH,
and this transition may be monitored using methods including but
not limited to circular dichroism spectroscopy, fluorescence
spectroscopy, absorbance spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy,
calorimetry, and proteolysis. As will be appreciated by those
skilled in the art, the kinetic parameters of the folding and
unfolding transitions may also be monitored using these and other
techniques. The solubility and overall structural integrity of an
Ep-CAM targeting protein may be quantitatively or qualitatively
determined using a wide range of methods that are known in the art,
Methods which may find use in the present invention for
characterizing the biophysical properties of Ep-CAM targeting
proteins include gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing,
capillary electrophoresis, chromatography such as size exclusion
chromatography, ion-exchange chromatography, and reversed-phase
high performance liquid chromatography, peptide mapping,
oligosaccharide mapping, mass spectrometry, ultraviolet absorbance
spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, circular dichroism
spectroscopy, isothermal titration calorimetry, differential
scanning calorimetry, analytical ultra-centrifugation, dynamic
light scattering, proteolysis, and cross-linking, turbidity
measurement, filter retardation assays, immunological assays,
fluorescent dye binding assays, protein-staining assays microscopy,
and detection of aggregates via ELISA or other binding assay.
Structural analysis employing X-ray crystallographic techniques and
NMR spectroscopy may also find use. In one embodiment, stability
and/or solubility may be measured by determining the amount of
protein solution after some defined period of time. In this assay,
the protein may or may not be exposed to some extreme condition,
for example elevated temperature, low pH, or the presence of
denaturant. Because function typically requires a stable, soluble,
and/or well-folded/structured protein, the aforementioned
functional and binding assays also provide ways to perform such a
measurement. For example, a solution comprising an Ep-CAM targeting
protein could be assayed for its ability to bind target antigen,
then exposed to elevated temperature for one or more defined
periods of time, then assayed for antigen binding again. Because
unfolded and aggregated protein is not expected to be capable of
binding antigen, the amount of activity remaining provides a
measure of the Ep-CAM targeting protein's stability and
solubility.
[0291] In a preferred embodiment, the library is screened using one
or more cell-based or in vitro assays. For such assays, Ep-CAM
targeting proteins, purified or unpurified, are typically added
exogenously such that cells are exposed to individual variants or
groups of variants belonging to a library. These assays are
typically, but not always, based on the biology of the ability of
the anti-Ep-CAM antibody or Fc fusion to bind to Ep-CAM and mediate
some biochemical event, for example effector functions like
cellular lysis, phagocytosis, ligand/receptor binding inhibition,
inhibition of growth and/or proliferation, and the like. Such
assays often involve monitoring the response of cells to Ep-CAM
targeting protein, for example cell survival, cell death, cellular
phagocytosis, cell lysis, change in cellular morphology, or
transcriptional activation such as cellular expression of a natural
gene or reporter gene. For example, such assays may measure the
ability of Ep-CAM targeting proteins to elicit ADCC, ADCP, or CDC.
For some assays additional cells or components, that is in addition
to the target cells, may need to be added, for example example
serum complement, or effector cells such as peripheral blood
monocytes (PBMCs), NK cells, macrophages, and the like. Such
additional cells may be from any organism, preferably humans, mice,
rat, rabbit, and monkey. Crosslinked or monomeric antibodies and Fc
fusions may cause apoptosis of certain cell lines expressing the
antibody's target antigen, or they may mediate attack on target
cells by immune cells which have been added to the assay. Methods
for monitoring cell death or viability are known in the art, and
include the use of dyes, fluorophores, immunochemical,
cytochemical, and radioactive reagents. For example, caspase assays
or annexin-flourconjugates may enable apoptosis to be measured, and
uptake or release of radioactive substrates (e.g. Chromium-51
release assays) or the metabolic reduction of fluorescent dyes such
as alamar blue may enable cell growth, proliferationor activation
to be monitored. In a preferred embodiment, the DELFIA.RTM.
EuTDA-based cytotoxicity assay (Perkin Elmer, MA.) is used.
Alternatively, dead or damaged target cells may be monitoried by
measuring the release of one or more natural intracellular
proteins, for example lactate dehydrogenase. Transcriptional
activation may also serve as a method for assaying function in
cell-based assays. In this case, response may be monitored by
assaying for natural genes or proteins which may be upregulated or
down-regulated, for example the release of certain interleukins may
be measured, or alternatively readout may be via a luciferase or
GFP-reporter construct. Cell-based assays may also involve the
measure of morphological changes of cells as a response to the
presence of an EP-CAM targeting protein. Cell types for such assays
may be prokaryotic or eukaryotic, and a variety of cell lines that
are known in the art may be employed. Alternatively, cell-based
screens are performed using cells that have been transformed or
transfected with nucleic acids encoding the Ep-CAM targeting
proteins.
[0292] In vitro assays include but are not limited to binding
assays, ADCC, CDC, cytotoxicity, proliferation, peroxide/ozone
release, chemotaxis of effector cells, inhibition of such assays by
reduced effector function antibodies; ranges of activities such as
>100.times. improvement or >100.times. reduction, blends of
receptor activation and the assay outcomes that are expected from
such receptor profiles.
Animal Models
[0293] The biological properties of the Ep-CAM targeting proteins
of the present invention may be characterized in cell, tissue, and
whole organism experiments. As is know in the art, drugs are often
tested in animals, including but not limited to mice, rats,
rabbits, dogs, cats, pigs, and monkeys, in order to measure a
drug's efficacy for treatment against a disease or disease model,
or to measure a drug's pharmacokinetics, toxicity, and other
properties. The animals may be referred to as disease models. With
respect to the Ep-CAM targeting proteins of the present invention,
a particular challenge arises when using animal models to evaluate
the potential for in-human efficacy of candidate polypeptides--this
is due, at least in part, to the fact that Ep-CAM targeting
proteins that have a specific effect on the affinity for a human Fc
receptor may not have a similar affinity effect with the
orthologous animal receptor. These problems can be further
exacerbated by the inevitable ambiguities associated with correct
assignment of true orthologues (Mechetina et al., Immunogenetics,
2002 54:463-468, expressly incorporated by reference), and the fact
that some orthologues simply do not exist in the animal (e g.
humans possess an FcRIIa whereas mice do not). Therapeutics are
often tested in mice, including but not limited to nude mice, SCID
mice, xenograft mice, and transgenic mice (including knockins and
knockouts). For example, an anti-Ep-CAM antibody or Fc fusion of
the present invention that is intended as an anti-cancer
therapeutic may be tested in a mouse cancer model, for example a
xenograft mouse. In this method, a tumor or tumor cell line is
grafted onto or injected into a mouse, and subsequently the mouse
is treated with the therapeutic to determine the ability of the
anti-Ep-CAM antibody or Fc fusion to reduce or inhibit cancer
growth and metastasis. An alternative approach is the use of a SCID
murine model in which immune-deficient mice are injected with human
PBLs, conferring a semi-functional and human immune--system with an
appropriate array of human FcRs--to the mice that have subsequently
been injected with antibodies or Fc-polypeptides that target
injected human tumor cells. In such a model, the Fc-polypeptides
that target the desired antigen (such as her2/neu on SkOV3 ovarian
cancer cells) interact with human PBLs within the mice to engage
tumoricidal effector functions. Such experimentation may provide
meaningful data for determination of the potential of the Ep-CAM
targeting protein to be used as a therapeutic, Any organism,
preferably mammals, may be used for testing. For example because of
their genetic similarity to humans, monkeys can be suitable
therapeutic models, and thus may be used to test the efficacy,
toxicity, pharmacokinetics, or other property of the anti-Ep-CAM
antibodies and Fc fusions of the present invention. Tests of the
Ep-CAM targeting proteins of the present invention in humans are
ultimately required for approval as drugs, and thus of course these
experiments are contemplated. Thus the Ep-CAM targeting proteins of
the present invention may be tested in humans to determine their
therapeutic efficacy, toxicity, pharmacokinetics, and/or other
clinical properties.
[0294] The Ep-CAM targeting proteins of the present invention may
confer superior performance on Fc-containing therapeutics in animal
models or in humans. The receptor binding profiles of such Ep-CAM
targeting proteins, as described in this specification, may, for
example, be selected to increase the potency of cytotoxic drugs or
to target specific effector functions or effector cells to improve
the selectivity of the drug's action. Further, receptor binding
profiles can be selected that may reduce some or all effector
functions thereby reducing the side-effects or toxicity of such
Fc-containing drug, For example, an Ep-CAM targeting protein with
reduced binding to Fc.gamma.RIIIa, Fc.gamma.RI and Fc.gamma.RIIa
can be selected to eliminate most cell-mediated effector function,
or an Ep-CAM targeting protein with reduced binding to C1q may be
selected to limit complement-mediated effector functions. In some
contexts, such effector functions are known to have potential toxic
effects, therefore eliminating them may increase the safety of the
Fc-bearing drug and such improved safety may be characterized in
animal models. In some contexts, such effector functions are known
to mediate the desirable therapeutic activity, therefore enhancing
them may increase the activity or potency of the Fc-bearing drug
and such improved activity or potency may be characterized in
animal models.
[0295] Optimized Ep-CAM targeting proteins can be tested in a
variety of orthotopic tumor models. These clinically relevant
animal models are important in the study of pathophysiology and
therapy of aggressive cancers like pancreatic, prostate and breast
cancer. Immune deprived mice including, but not limited to athymic
nude or SCID mice are frequently used in scoring of local and
systemic tumor spread from the site of intraorgan (e.g. pancreas,
prostate or mammary gland) injection of human tumor cells or
fragments of donor patients.
[0296] In preferred embodiments, EP-CAM targeting proteins of the
present invention may be assessed for efficacy in clinically
relevant animal models of various human diseases. In many cases,
relevant models include various transgenic animals for specific
tumor antigens
[0297] Relevant transgenic models such as those that express human
Fc receptors (e.g., CD16 including the gamma chain, FC.gamma.R1,
RIIa/b, and others) could be used to evaluate and test Ep-CAM
targeting protein antibodies and Fc-fusions in their efficacy. The
evalution of Ep-CAM targeting proteins by the introduction of human
genes that directly or indirectly mediate effector function in mice
or other rodents that may enable physiological studies of efficacy
in tumor toxicity or other diseases such as autoimmune disorders
and RA. Human Fc receptors such as FC.gamma.RIIIa may possess
polymorphisms such as that in position 158 V or F which would
further enable the introduction of specific and combinations of
human polymorphisms into rodents. The various studies involving
polymorphism-specific FcRs is not limited to this section, however
encompasses all discussions and applications of FcRs in general as
specficied in throughout this application. Ep-CAM targeting
proteins of the present invention may confer superior activity on
Fc-containing drugs in such transgenic models, in particular
variants with binding profiles optimized for human Fc.gamma.RIIIa
mediated activity may show superior activity in transgenic CD16
mice. Similar improvements in efficacy in mice transgenic for the
other human Fc receptors, e.g. Fc.gamma.RIIa, Fc.gamma.RI, etc.,
may be observed for Ep-CAM targeting proteins with binding profiles
optimized for the respective receptors. Mice transgenic for
multiple human receptors would show improved activity for Ep-CAM
targeting proteins with binding profiles optimized for the
corresponding multiple receptors, for example as outlined in Table
1.
[0298] Because of the difficulties and ambiguities associated with
using animal models to characterize the potential efficacy of
candidate therapeutic antibodies in a human patient, some variant
polypeptides of the present invention may find utility as proxies
for assessing potential in-human efficacy. Such proxy molecules
would preferably mimic--in the animal system--the FcR and/or
complement biology of a corresponding candidate human Ep-CAM
targeting protein. This mimicry is most likely to be manifested by
relative association affinities between specific Ep-CAM targeting
proteins and animal vs. human receptors. For example, if one were
using a mouse model to assess the potential in-human efficacy of an
Ep-CAM targeting protein that has enhanced affinity for human
FcRIIIa, an appropriate proxy variant would have enhanced affinity
for mouse FcRIII-2 (mouse CD16-2). Alternatively if one were using
a mouse model to assess the potential in-human efficacy of an
Ep-CAM targeting protein that has reduced affinity for the
inhibitory human FcRIIb, an appropriate proxy variant would have
reduced affinity for mouse FcRII. It should also be noted that the
proxy Ep-CAM targeting proteins could be created in the context of
a human Ep-CAM targeting protein, an animal Ep-CAM targeting
protein, or both.
[0299] In a preferred embodiment, the testing of Ep-CAM targeting
proteins may include study of efficacy in primates (e.g. cynomolgus
monkey model) to facilitate the evaluation of depletion of specific
target cells harboring Ep-CAM antigen. Additional primate models
include but not limited to that of the rhesus monkey and Fc
polypetides in therapeutic studies of autoimmune, transplantation
and cancer,
[0300] Toxicity studies are performed to determine the antibody or
Fc-fusion related-effects that cannot be evaluated in standard
pharmacology profile or occur only after repeated administration of
the agent. Most toxicity tests are performed in two species--a
rodent and a non-rodent--to ensure that any unexpected adverse
effects are not overlooked before new therapeutic entities are
introduced into man. In general, these models may measure a variety
of toxicities including genotoxicity, chronic toxicity,
immunogenicity, reproductive/developmental toxicity and
carcinogenicity. Included within the aforementioned parameters are
standard measurement of food consumption, bodyweight, antibody
formation, clinical chemistry, and macro- and microscopic
examination of standard organs/tissues (e.g. cardiotoxicity).
Additional parameters of measurement are injection site trauma and
the measurement of neutralizing antibodies, if any. Traditionally,
monoclonal antibody therapeutics, naked or conjugated are evaluated
for cross-reactivity with normal tissues, immunogenicity/antibody
production, conjugate or linker toxicity and "bystander" toxicity
of radiolabeled species. Nonetheless, such studies may have to be
individualized to address specific concerns and following the
guidance set by ICH S6 (Safety studies for biotechnological
products also noted above). As such, the general principles are
that the products are sufficiently well characterized and for which
impuritiestcontaminants have been removed, that the test material
is comparable throughout development, and GLP compliance.
[0301] The pharmacokinetics (PK) of the Ep-CAM targeting proteins
of the invention can be studied in a variety of animal systems,
with the most relevant being non-human primates such as the
cynomolgus, rhesus monkeys. Single or repeated i.v. or s.c.
administrations over a dose range of 6000-fold (0.05-300 mg/kg) can
be evaluated for the half-life (days to weeks) using plasma
concentration and clearance as well as volume of distribution at a
steady state and level of systemic absorbance can be measured.
Examples of such parameters of measurement generally include
maximum observed plasma concentration (Cmax), the time to reach
Cmax (Tmax), the area under the plasma concentration-time curve
from time 0 to infinity [AUC(0-inf] and apparent elimination
half-life (T1/2). Additional measured prameters could include
compartmental analysis of concentration-time data obtained
following i.v. administration and bioavailability. Examples of
pharmacological/toxicological studies using cynomolgus have been
established for Rituxan and Zevatin in which monoclonal antibodies
to CD20 are cross-reactive. Biodistribution, dosimetry (for
radiolabled antibodies or Fc fusions), and PK studies can also be
done in rodent models. Such studies would evaluate tolerance at all
doses administered, toxicity to local tissues, preferential
localization to rodent xenograft animal models, depletion of target
cells (e.g. CD20 positive cells).
[0302] The Ep-CAM targeting proteins of the present invention may
confer superior pharmacokinetics on Fc-containing therapeutics in
animal systems or in humans. For example, increased binding to FcRn
may increase the half-life and exposure of the Fc-containing drug.
Alternatively, decreased binding to FcRn may decrease the half-life
and exposure of the Fc-containing drug in cases where reduced
exposure is favorable such as when such drug has side-effects.
[0303] It is known in the art that the array of Fc receptors is
differentially expressed on various immune cell types, as well as
in different tissues. Differential tissue distribution of Fc
receptors may ultimately have an impact on the pharmacodynamic (PD)
and pharmacokinetic (PK) properties of EP-CAM targeting proteins of
the present invention. Because Ep-CAM targeting proteins of the
presentation have varying affinities for the array of Fc receptors,
further screening of the polypeptides for PD and/or PK properties
may be extremely useful for defining the optimal balance of PD, PK,
and therapeutic efficacy conferred by each candidate
polypeptide.
[0304] Pharmacodynamic studies may include, but are not limited to,
targeting specific tumor cells or blocking signaling mechanisms,
measuring depletion of target antigen expressing cells or signals,
etc. The Ep-CAM targeting proteins of the present invention may
target particular effector cell populations and thereby direct
Fc-containing drugs to recruit certain activities to improve
potency or to increase penetration into a particularly favorable
physiological compartment. For example, neutrophil activity and
localization can be targeted by an Ep-CAM targeting protein that
preferentially targets Fc.gamma.RIIIb. Such pharmacodynamic effects
may be demonstrated in animal models or in humans.
Clinical Use of EP-CAM Targeting Proteins
[0305] The Ep-CAM targeting proteins of the present invention may
be used for various therapeutic purposes. As will be appreciated by
those skilled in the art, the Ep-CAM targeting proteins of the
present invention may be used for any therapeutic purpose that
antibodies, Fc fusions. and the like may be used for. In a
preferred embodiment, the Ep-CAM targeting proteins are
administered to a patient to treat disorders including but not
limited to cancer.
[0306] A "patient" for the purposes of the present invention
includes both humans and other animals, preferably mammals and most
preferably humans. Thus the Ep-CAM targeting proteins of the
present invention have both human therapy and veterinary
applications. The term "treatment" in the present invention is
meant to include therapeutic treatment, as well as prophylactic, or
suppressive measures for a disease or disorder. Thus, for example,
successful administration of an EP-CAM targeting protein prior to
onset of the disease results in treatment of the disease. As
another example, successful administration of an optimized Ep-CAM
targeting protein after clinical manifestation of the disease to
combat the symptoms of the disease comprises treatment of the
disease. "Treatment" also encompasses administration of an
optimized Ep-CAM targeting protein after the appearance of the
disease in order to eradicate the disease. Successful
administration of an agent after onset and after clinical symptoms
have developed, with possible abatement of clinical symptoms and
perhaps amelioration of the disease, comprises treatment of the
disease. Those "in need of treatment" include mammals already
having the disease or disorder, as well as those prone to having
the disease or disorder, including those in which the disease or
disorder is to be prevented.
Diseases
[0307] In one embodiment, an Ep-CAM targeting protein of the
present invention is administered to a patient having a disease
involving inappropriate expression of a protein or other molecule.
Within the scope of the present invention this is meant to include
diseases and disorders characterized by aberrant proteins, due for
example to alterations in the amount of a protein present, protein
localization, posttranslational modification, conformational state,
the presence of a mutant or pathogen protein, etc. Similarly, the
disease or disorder may be characterized by alterations molecules
including but not limited to polysaccharides and gangliosides. An
overabundance may be due to any cause, including but not limited to
overexpression at the molecular level, prolonged or accumulated
appearance at the site of action, or increased activity of a
protein relative to normal. Included within this definition are
diseases and disorders characterized by a reduction of a protein.
This reduction may be due to any cause, including but not limited
to reduced expression at the molecular level, shortened or reduced
appearance at the site of action, mutant forms of a protein, or
decreased activity of a protein relative to normal. Such an
overabundance or reduction of a protein can be measured relative to
normal expression, appearance, or activity of a protein, and the
measurement may play an important role in the development and/or
clinical testing of the Ep-CAM targeting proteins of the present
invention.
[0308] By "cancer" and "cancerous" herein refer to or describe the
physiological condition in mammals that is typically characterized
by unregulated cell growth. Examples of cancer include but are not
limited to carcinoma, lymphoma, blastoma, sarcoma (including
liposarcoma), neuroendocrine tumors, mesothelioma, schwanoma,
meningioma, adenocarcinoma, melanoma, and leukemia or lymphoid
malignancies.
[0309] More particular examples of such cancers include hematologic
malignancies, such as Hodgkin's lymphoma; non-Hodgkin's lymphomas
(Burkitt's lymphoma, small lymphocytic lymphomalchronic lymphocytic
leukemia, mycosis fungoides, mantle cell lymphoma, follicular
lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, marginal zone lymphoma,
hairy cell leukemia and lymphoplasmacytic leukemia), tumors of
lymphocyte precursor cells, including B-cell acute lymphoblastic
leukemiallymphoma, and T-cell acute lymphoblastic
leukemiallymphoma, thymoma, tumors of the mature T and NK cells,
including peripheral T-cell leukemias, adult T-cell leukemia/T-cell
lymphomas and large granular lymphocytic leukemia, Langerhans cell
histocytosis, myeloid neoplasias such as acute myelogenous
leukemias, including AML with maturation, AML without
differentiation, acute promyelocytic leukemia, acute myelomonocytic
leukemia, and acute monocytic leukemias, myelodysplastic syndromes,
and chronic myeloproliferative disorders, including chronic
myelogenous leukemia; tumors of the central nervous system such as
glioma, glioblastoma, neuroblastoma, astrocytoma, medulloblastoma,
ependymoma, and retinoblastoma; solid tumors of the head and neck
(eg. nasopharyngeal cancer, salivary gland carcinoma, and
esophagael cancer), lung (eg. small-cell lung cancer, non-small
cell lung cancer, adenocarcinoma of the lung and squamous carcinoma
of the lung), digestive system (eg. gastric or stomach cancer
including gastrointestinal cancer, cancer of the bile duct or
biliary tract, colon cancer, rectal cancer, colorectal cancer, and
anal carcinoma), reproductive system (eq. testicular, penile, or
prostate cancer, uterine, vaginal, vulval, cervical, ovarian, and
endometrial cancer), skin (eg. melanoma, basal cell carcinoma,
squamous cell cancer, actinic keratosis), liver (eg. liver cancer,
hepatic carcinoma, hepatocellular cancer, and hepatoma), bone (eq.
osteoclastoma, and osteolytic bone cancers) additional tissues and
organs (eg. pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer, kidney or renal
cancer, thyroid cancer, breast cancer, cancer of the peritoneum,
and Kaposi's sarcoma), and tumors of the vascular system (eg.
angiosarcoma and hemagiopericytoma).
[0310] By "autoimmune diseases" herein include allogenic islet
graft rejection, alopecia areata, ankylosing spondylitis,
antiphosphoiipid syndrome, autoimmune Addison's disease,
antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies (ANCA), autoimmune
diseases of the adrenal gland, autoimmune hemolytic anemia,
autoimmune hepatitis, autoimmune myocarditis, autoimmune
neutropenia, autoimmune oophoritis and orchitis, autoimmune
thrombocytopenia, autoimmune urticaria, Behcet's disease, bullous
pemphigoid, cardiomyopathy, Castleman's syndrome, celiac
spruce-dermatitis, chronic fatigue immune disfunction syndrome,
chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, Churg-Strauss
syndrome, cicatrical pemphigoid, CREST syndrome, cold agglutinin
disease, Crohn's disease, dermatomyositis, discoid lupus, essential
mixed cryoglobulinemia, factor VIII deficiency,
fibromyalgia-fibromyositis, glomerulonephritis, Grave's disease,
Guillain-Barre, Goodpasture's syndrome, graft-versus-host disease
(GVHD), Hashiimoto's thyroiditis, hemophilia A, idiopathic
pulmonary fibrosis, idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura (ITP), IgA
neuropathy, IgM polyneuropathies, immune mediated thrombocytopenia,
juvenile arthritis, Kawasaki's disease, lichen plantus, lupus
erthematosis, Meniere's disease, mixed connective tissue disease,
multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes mellitus, myasthenia gravis,
pemphigus vulgaris, pernicious anemia, polyarteritis nodosa,
polychrondritis, polyglandular syndromes, polymyalgia rheumatica,
polymyositis and dermatomyositis, primary agammaglobinulinemia,
primary biliary cirrhosis, psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis,
Reynauld's phenomenon, Reiter's syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis,
sarcoidosis, scleroderma, Sjorgen's syndrome, solid organ
transplant rejection, stiff-man syndrome, systemic lupus
erythematosus, takayasu arteritis, temporal arteristis/giant cell
arteritis, thrombotic thrombocytopenia purpura, ulcerative colitis,
uveitis, vasculitides such as dermatitis herpetiformis vasculitis,
vitiligo, and Wegner's granulomatosis.
[0311] By "inflammatory disorders" herein include acute respiratory
distress syndrome (ARDS), acute septic arthritis, allergic
encephalomyelitis, allergic rhinitis, allergic vasculitis, allergy,
asthma, atherosclerosis, chronic inflammation due to chronic
bacterial or viral infectionis, chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease (COPD), coronary artery disease, encephalitis, inflammatory
bowel disease, inflammatory osteolysis, inflammation associated
with acute and delayed hypersensitivity reactions, inflammation
associated with tumors, peripherali nerve injury or demyelinating
diseases, inflammation associated with tissue trauma such as burns
and ischemia, inflammation due to meningitis, multiple organ injury
syndrome, pulmonary fibrosis, sepsis and septic shock,
Stevens-Johnson syndrome, undifferentiated arthropy, and
undifferentiated spondyloarthropathy.
[0312] By "infectious diseases" herein include diseases caused by
pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and
parasites. Infectious diseases may be caused by viruses including
adenovirus, cytomegalovirus, dengue, Epstein-Barr, hanta, hepatitis
A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, herpes simplex type I, herpes simplex
type II, human immunodeficiency virus, (HIV), human papilloma virus
(HPV), influenza, measles, mumps, papova virus, polio, respiratory
syncytial virus, rinderpest, rhinovirus, rotavirus, rubella, SARS
virus, smallpox, viral meningitis, and the like. Infections
diseases may also be caused by bacteria including Bacillus
antracis, Borrelia burgdorferi, Campylobacter jejuni, Chlamydia
trachomatis, Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium tetani, Diptheria,
E. coli, Legionelia, Helicobacter pylori, Mycobacterium rickettsia,
Mycoplasma nesisseria, Pertussis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, S.
pneumonia, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Vibria cholerae, Yersinia
pestis, and the like. Infectious diseases may also be caused by
fungi such as Aspergillus fumigatus, Blastomyces dermatitidis,
Candida albicans, Coccidioides immitis, Cryptococcus neoformans,
Histoplasma capsulatum, Penicillium marneffei, and the like.
Infectious diseases may also be caused by protozoa and parasites
such as chlamydia, kokzidioa, leishmania, malaria, rickettsia,
trypanosoma, and the like.
[0313] Furthermore, Ep-CAM targeting proteins of the present
invention may be used to prevent or treat additional conditions
including but not limited to heart conditions such as congestive
heart failure (CHF), myocarditis and other conditions of the
myocardium; skin conditions such as rosecea, acne, and eczema; bone
and tooth conditions such as bone loss, osteoporosis, Paget's
disease, Langerhans'cell histiocytosis, periodontal disease, disuse
osteopenia, osteomalacia, monostotic fibrous dysplasia, polyostotic
fibrous dysplasia, bone metastasis, bone pain management, humoral
malignant hypercalcemia, periodontal reconstruction, spinal cord
injury, and bone fractures; metabolic conditions such as Gaucher's
disease; endocrine conditions such as Cushing's syndrome; and
neurological conditions.
Formulation
[0314] Pharmaceutical compositions are contemplated wherein an
Ep-CAM targeting protein of the present invention and and one or
more therapeutically active agents are formulated. Formulations of
the Ep-CAM targeting proteins of the present invention are prepared
for storage by mixing the Ep-CAM targeting protein having the
desired degree of purity with optional pharmaceutically acceptable
carriers, excipients or stabilizers (Remington's Pharmaceutical
Sciences 16th edition, Osol, A. Ed., 1980, expressly incorporated
by reference), in the form of lyophilized formulations or aqueous
solutions. Acceptable carriers, excipients, or stabilizers are
nontoxic to recipients at the dosages and concentrations employed,
and include buffers such as phosphate, citrate, acetate, and other
organic acids; antioxidants including ascorbic acid and methionine;
preservatives (such as octadecyidiimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride;
hexamethonium chloride; benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium
chloride; phenol, butyl orbenzyl alcohol; alkyl parabens such as
methyl or propyl paraben; catechol; resorcinol; cyclohexanol;
3-pentanol; and m-cresol); low molecular weight (less than about 10
residues) polypeptides; proteins, such as serum albumin, gelatin,
or immunoglobulins; hydrophilic polymers such as
polyvinylpyrrolidone; amino acids such as glycine, glutamine,
asparagine, histidine, arginine, or lysine; monosaccharides,
disaccharides, and other carbohydrates including glucose, mannose,
or dextrins; chelating agents such as EDTA; sugars such as sucrose,
mannitol, trehalose or sorbitol; sweeteners and other flavoring
agents; fillers such as microcrystalline cellulose, lactose corn
and other starches; binding agents; additives; coloring agents;
salt-forming counter-ions such as sodium, metal complexes (erg.
Zn-protein complexes); and/or non-ionic surfactants such as
TWEEN.TM., PLURONICS.TM. or polyethylene glycol (PEG). In a
preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition that comprises
the Ep-CAM targeting protein of the present invention may be in a
water-soluble form, such as being present as pharmaceutically
acceptable salts, which is meant to include both acid and base
addition salts. "Pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt"
refers to those salts that retain the biological effectiveness of
the free bases and that are not biologically or otherwise
undesirable, formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid,
hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid and
the like, and organic acids such as acetic acid, propionic acid,
glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, malonic
acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, citric acid,
benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid,
ethanesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, salicylic acid and the
like. "Pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts" include
those derived from inorganic bases such as sodium, potassium,
lithium, ammonium, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper,
manganese, aluminum salts and the like. Particularly preferred are
the ammonium, potassium, sodium, calcium, and magnesium salts.
Salts derived from pharmaceutically acceptable organic non-toxic
bases include salts of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines,
substituted amines including naturally occurring substituted
amines, cyclic amines and basic ion exchange resins, such as
isopropylamine, trimethylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine,
tripropylamine, and ethanolamine. The formulations to be used for
in vivo administration are preferrably sterile. This is readily
accomplished by filtration through sterile filtration membranes or
other methods.
[0315] The Ep-CAM targeting proteins disclosed herein may also be
formulated as immunoliposomes. A liposome is a small vesicle
comprising various types of lipids, phospholipids and/or surfactant
that is useful for delivery of a therapeutic agent to a mammal.
Liposomes containing the Ep-CAM targeting protein are prepared by
methods known in the art, such as described in Epstein et al.,
1985, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 82:3688; Hwang et at., 1980, Proc
Natl Acad Sci USA, 77:4030; U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,485,045; 4,544,545;
and PCT WO 97/38731, all expressly incorporated by reference.
Liposomes with enhanced circulation time are disclosed in U.S. Pat.
No. 5,013,556, expressly incorporated by reference. The components
of the liposome are commonly arranged in a bilayer formation,
similar to the lipid arrangement of biological membranes.
Particularly useful liposomes can be generated by the reverse phase
evaporation method with a lipid composition comprising
phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol and PEG-derivatized
phosphatidylethanolamine (PEG-PE). Liposomes are extruded through
filters of defined pore size to yield liposomes with the desired
diameter. A chemotherapeutic agent or other therapeutically active
agent is optionally contained within the liposome (Gabizon et al.,
1989, J National Cancer Inst 81:1484, expressly incorporated by
reference).
[0316] The Ep-CAM targeting protein and other therapeutically
active agents may also be entrapped in microcapsules prepared by
methods including but not limited to coacervation techniques,
interfacial polymerization (for example using
hydroxymethylcellulose or gelatin-microcapsules, or
poly-(methylmethacylate) microcapsules), colloidal drug delivery
systems (for example, liposomes, albumin microspheres,
microemulsions, nano-particles and nanocapsules), and
macroemulsions. Such techniques are disclosed in Remington's
Pharmaceutical Sciences 16th edition, Osol, A. Ed. 1980.
Sustained-release preparations may be prepared. Suitable examples
of sustained-release preparations include semipermeable matrices of
solid hydrophobic polymer, which matrices are in the form of shaped
articles, e.g. films, or microcapsules. Examples of
sustained-release matrices include polyesters, hydrogels (for
example poly(2-hydroxyethyl-methacrylate), or poly(vinylalcohol)),
polylactides (U.S. Pat. No. 3,773,919), copolymers of L-glutamic
acid and gamma ethyl-L-glutamate, non-degradable ethylene-vinyl
acetate, degradable lactic acid-glycolic acid copolymers such as
the Lupron Depot.RTM. (which are injectable microspheres composed
of lactic acid-glycolic acid copolymer or lactic acid polymer and
leuprolide acetate), poly-D-(-)-3-hydroxybutyric acid, and
ProLease.RTM. (commercially available from Alkermes, which is a
microsphere-based delivery system composed of the desired bioactive
molecule incorporated into a matrix of poly-DL-lactide-co-glycolide
(PLG)).
Administration
[0317] Administration of the pharmaceutical composition comprising
an Ep-CAM targeting protein of the present invention, preferably in
the form of a sterile aqueous solution, may be done in a variety of
ways, including, but not limited to orally, subcutaneously,
intravenously, intranasally, intraotically, transdermally,
topically (eg., gels, salves, lotions, creams, etc.),
intraperitoneally, intramuscularly, intrapulmonary, vaginally,
parenterally, rectally, or intraocularly. In some instances, for
example for the treatment of wounds, inflammation, etc., the EpCAM
targeting protein may be directly applied as a solution or spray.
As is known in the art, the pharmaceutical composition may be
formulated accordingly depending upon the manner of
introduction.
[0318] Subcutaneous administration may be preferable in some
circumstances because the patient may self-administer the
pharmaceutical composition. Many protein therapeutics are not
sufficiently potent to allow for formulation of a therapeutically
effective dose in the maximum acceptable volume for subcutaneous
administration. This problem may be addressed in part by the use of
protein formulations comprising arginine-HCl, histidine, and
polysorbate (see WO 04091658). Anti-Ep-CAM antibodies or Fc fusions
of the present invention may be more amenable to subcutaneous
administration due to, for example, increased potency, improved
serum half-life, or enhanced solubility.
[0319] As is known in the art, protein therapeutics are often
delivered by IV infusion or bolus. The Ep-CAM targeting proteins of
the present invention may also be delivered using such methods. For
example, administration may venious be by intravenous infusion with
0.9% sodium chloride as an infusion vehicle.
[0320] Pulmonary delivery may be accomplished using an inhaler or
nebulizer and a formulation comprising an aerosolizing agent. For
example, AERx.RTM. inhalable technology commercially available from
Aradigm, or Inhance.TM. pulmonary delivery system commercially
available from Nektar Therapeutics may be used. Ep-CAM targeting
proteins of the present invention may be more amenable to
intrapulmonary delivery. FcRn is present in the lung, and may
promote transport from the lung to the bloodstream (e.g. Syntonix
WO 04004798, Bitonti et.al. (2004) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci.
101:9763-8, both expressly incorporated by reference). Accordingly,
anti-Ep-CAM antibodes or Fc fusions that bind FcRn more effectively
in the lung or that are released more efficiently in the
bloodstream may have improved bioavailability following
intrapulmonary administration. Ep-CAM targeting proteins of the
present invention may also be more amenable to intrapulmonary
administration due to, for example, improved solubility or altered
isoelectric point.
[0321] Furthermore, Ep-CAM targeting proteins of the present
invention may be more amenable to oral delivery due to, for
example, improved stability at gastric pH and increased resistance
to proteolysis. Furthermore, FcRn appears to be expressed in the
intestinal epithelia of adults (Dickinson et.al. (1999) J. Clin.
Invest. 104:903-11), so anti-Ep-CAM antibodies or Fc fusions of the
present invention with improved FcRn interaction profiles may show
enhanced bioavailability following oral administration. FcRn
mediated transport of Ep-CAM targeting proteins may also occur at
other mucus membranes such as those in the gastrointestinal,
respiratory, and genital tracts (Yoshida et. al. (2004) Immunity
20:769-83).
[0322] In addition, any of a number of delivery systems are known
in the art and may be used to administer the Ep-CAM targeting
proteins of the present invention. Examples include, but are not
limited to, encapsulation in liposomes, microparticles,
microspheres (eg. PLA/PGA microspheres), and the like.
Alternatively, an implant of a porous, non-porous, or gelatinous
material, including membranes or fibers, may be used. Sustained
release systems may comprise a polymeric material or matrix such as
polyesters, hydrogels, poly(vinylalcohol), polylactides, copolymers
of L-glutamic acid and ethyl-L-gutamate, ethylene-vinyl acetate,
lactic acid-glycolic acid copolymers such as the Lupron Depot.RTM.,
and poly-D-(-)-3-hydroxyburyric acid. It is also possible to
administer a nucleic acid encoding the Ep-CAM targeting protein of
the current invention for example by retroviral infection, direct
injection, or coating with lipids, cell surface receptors, or other
transfection agents. In all cases, controlled release systems may
be used to release the Ep-CAM targeting protein at or close to the
desired location of action.
Dosing
[0323] The dosing amounts and frequencies of administration are, in
a preferred embodiment, selected to be therapeutically or
prophylactically effective. As is known in the art, adjustments for
protein degradation, systemic versus localized delivery, and rate
of new protease synthesis, as well as the age, body weight, general
health, sex, diet, time of administration, drug interaction and the
severity of the condition may be necessary, and will be
ascertainable with routine experimentation by those skilled in the
art.
[0324] The concentration of the therapeutically active Ep-CAM
targeting protein in the formulation may vary from about 0.1 to 100
weight %. In a preferred embodiment, the concentration of the
Ep-CAM targeting protein is in the range of 0.003 to 1.0 molar. In
order to treat a patient, a therapeutically effective dose of the
Ep-CAM targeting protein of the present invention may be
administered. By "therapeutically effective dose" herein is meant a
dose that produces the effects for which it is administered. The
exact dose will depend on the purpose of the treatment, and will be
ascertainable by one skilled in the art using known techniques.
Dosages may range from 0.0001 to 100 mg/kg of body weight or
greater, for example 0.1, 1, 10, or 50 mg/kg of body weight, with 1
to 10 mg/kg being preferred.
[0325] In some embodiments, only a single dose of the Ep-CAM
targeting protein is used. In other embodiments, multiple doses of
the Ep-CAM targeting protein are administered. The elapsed time
between administrations may be less than 1 hour, about 1 hour,
about 1-2 hours, about 2-3 hours, about 3-4 hours, about 6 hours,
about 12 hours, about 24 hours, about 48 hours, about 2-4 days,
about 4-6 days, about 1 week, about 2 weeks, or more than 2
weeks.
[0326] In other embodiments the Ep-CAM targeting proteins of the
present invention are administered in metronomic dosing regimes,
either by continuous infusion or frequent administration without
extended rest periods. Such metronomic administration may involve
dosing at constant intervals without rest periods. Typically such
regimens encompass chronic low-dose or continuous infusion for an
extended period of time, for example 1-2 days, 1-2 weeks, 1-2
months, or up to 6 months or more. The use of lower doses may
minimize side effects and the need for rest periods.
[0327] In certain embodiments the Ep-CAM targeting protein of the
present invention and one or more other prophylactic or therapeutic
agents are cyclically administered to the patient. Cycling therapy
involves administration of a first agent at one time, a second
agent at a second time optionally additional agents at additional
times, optionally a rest period, and then repeating this sequence
of administration one or more times. The number of cycles is
typically from 2-10. Cycling therapy may reduce the development of
resistance to one or more agents, may minimize side effects, or may
improve treatment efficacy.
Combination therapies
[0328] The Ep-CAM targeting proteins of the present invention may
be administered concomitantly with one or more other therapeutic
regimens or agents. The additional therapeutic regimes or agents
may be used to improve the efficacy or safety of the Ep-CAM
targeting protein. Also, the additional therapeutic regimes or
agents may be used to treat the same disease or a comorbidity
rather than to alter the action of the Ep-CAM targeting protein.
For example, an Ep-CAM targeting protein of the present invention
may be administered to the patient along with chemotherapy,
radiation therapy, or both chemotherapy and radiation therapy. The
Ep-CAM targeting protein of the present invention may be
administered in combination with one or more other prophylactic or
therapeutic agents, including but not limited to cytotoxic agents,
chemotherapeutic agents, cytokines, growth inhibitory agents,
anti-hormonal agents, kinase inhibitors, anti-angiogenic agents,
cardioprotectants, immunostimulatory agents, immunosuppressive
agents, agents that promote proliferation of hematological cells,
angiogenesis inhibitors, protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) inhibitors,
additional Ep-CAM targeting proteins, Fc.gamma.RIIb or other Fc
receptor inhibitors, or other therapeutic agents.
[0329] The terms "in combination with" and "co-administration" are
not limited to the administration of the prophylactic or
therapeutic agents at exactly the same time. Instead, it is meant
that the Ep-CAM targeting protein of the present invention and the
other agent or agents are administered in a sequence and within a
time interval such that they may act together to provide a benefit
that is increased versus treatment with only either the Ep-CAM
targeting protein of the present invention or the other agent or
agents. It is preferred that the Ep-CAM targeting protein and the
other agent or agents act additively, and especially preferred that
they act synergistically. Such molecules are suitably present in
combination in amounts that are effective for the purpose intended.
The skilled medical practitioner can determine empirically, or by
considering the pharmacokinetics and modes of action of the agents,
the appropriate dose or doses of each therapeutic agent, as well as
the appropriate timings and methods of administration.
[0330] In one embodiment, the Ep-CAM targeting proteins of the
present invention are administered with one or more additional
molecules comprising antibodies or Fc. The Ep-CAM targeting
proteins of the present invention may be co-administered with one
or more other antibodies that have efficacy in treating the same
disease or an additional comorbidity; for example two antibodies
may be administered that recognize two antigens that are
overexpressed in a given type of cancer, or two antigens that
mediate pathogenesis of an autoimmune or infectious disease.
[0331] Examples of anti-cancer antibodies that may be
co-administered include, but are not limited to, anti 17-IA cell
surface antigen antibodies such as Panorex.TM. (edrecolomab);
anti-4-1BB antibodies; anti-4Dc antibodies; anti-A33 antibodies
such as A33 and CDP-833; anti-.alpha.4.beta.1 integrin antibodies
such as natalizumab; anti-.alpha.4.beta.7 integrin antibodies such
as LDP-02; anti-.alpha.V.beta.1 integrin antibodies such as F-200,
M-200, and SJ-749; anti-.alpha.V.beta.3 integrin antibodies such as
aboiximab, CNTO-95, Mab-17E6, and Vitaxin.TM.; anti-complement
factor 5 (C5) antibodies such as 5G1.1; anti-CA125 antibodies such
as OvaRex.RTM. (oregovomab); anti-CD3 antibodies such as
Nuvion.RTM. (visilizumab) and Rexomab; anti-CD4 antibodies such as
IDEC-151, MDX-CD4, OKT4A; anti-CD6 antibodies such as Oncolysin B
and Oncolysin CD6; anti-CD7 antibodies such as HB2; anti-CD19
antibodies such as B43, MT-103, and Oncolysin B; anti-CD20
antibodies such as 2H7, 2H7.v16, 2H7.v114, 2H7.v115, Bexxar.RTM.
(tositumomab), Rituxan.RTM. (rituximab), and Zevalin.RTM.
(Ibritumomab tiuxetan); anti-CD22 antibodies such as Lymphocide.TM.
(epratuzumab); anti-CD23 antibodies such as IDEC-152; anti-CD25
antibodies such as basiliximab and Zenapax.RTM. (daclizumab);
anti-CD30 antibodies such as AC10, MDX-060, and SGN-30; anti-CD33
antibodies such as Mylotarg.RTM. (gemtuzumab ozogamicin), Oncolysin
M, and Smart M195; anti-CD38 antibodies; anti-CD40 antibodies such
as SGN-40 and toralizumab; anti-CD40L antibodies such as 5c8,
Antova.TM., and IDEC-131; anti-CD44 antibodies such as bivatuzumab;
anti-CD46 antibodies; anti-CD52 antibodies such as Campath.RTM.
(alemtuzumab); anti-CD55 antibodies such as SC-1; anti-CD56
antibodies such as huN901-DM1; anti-CD64 antibodies such as MDX-33;
anti-CD66e antibodies such as XR-303; anti-CD74 antibodies such as
IMMU-110; anti-CD80 antibodies such as galiximab and IDEC-1 14;
anti-CD89 antibodies such as MDX-214; anti-CD123 antibodies;
anti-CD138 antibodies such as 8-B4-DM1; anti-CD146 antibodies such
as AA-98; anti-CD148 antibodies; anti-CEA antibodies such as
cT84.66, labetuzumab, and Pentacea.TM.; anti-CTLA-4 antibodies such
as MDX-101; anti-CXCR4 antibodies; anti-Ep-CAM antibodies such as
ABX-EGF, Erbitux.RTM. (cetuximab), IMC-C225, and Merck Mab 425;
anti-Ep-CAM antibodies such as Crucell's anti-Ep-CAM, ING-1, and
IS-IL-2; anti-ephrin B2/EphB4 antibodies; anti-Her2 antibodies such
as Herceptin.RTM., MDX-210; anti-FAP (fibroblast activation
protein) antibodies such as sibrotuzumab; anti-ferritin antibodies
such as NXT-211; anti-FGF-1 antibodies; anti-FGF-3 antibodies,
anti-GFO8 antibodies; anti-FGFR antibodies, anti-fibrin antibodies;
anti-G250 antibodies such as WX-G250 and Rencarex.RTM.; antiG D2
ganglioside antibodies such as EMD-273063 and TriGem; anti-GD3
ganglioside antibodies such as BEC2, KW-2871, and mitumomab;
anti-gpIIb/IIIa antibodies such as ReoPro: anti-heparinase
antibodies; anti-Her2/ErbB2 antibodies such as Herceptin.RTM.
(trastuzumab), MDX-210, and pertuzumab; anti-HLA antibodies such as
Oncolym.RTM., Smart 1D10; anti-HM1.24 antibodies: anti-ICAM
antibodies such as ICM3; anti-IgA receptor antibodies; anti-IGF-1
antibodies such as CP-751871 and EM-164; anti-IGF-1R antibodies
such as IMC-A12; anti-IL-6 antibodies such as CNTO-328 and
elsilimomab; anti-IL-15 antibodies such as HuMax.TM.-IL15; anti-KDR
antibodies; anti-laminin 5 antibodies; anti-Lewis Y antigen
antibodies such as Hu3S193 and IGN-311; anti-MCAM antibodies;
anti-Muc1 antibodies such as BravaRex and TriAb; anti-NCAM
antibodies such as ERIC-1 and ICRT; anti-PEM antigen antibodies
such as Theragyn and Therex; anti-PSA antibodies; anti-PSCA
antibodies such as IG8; anti-Ptk antbodies; anti-PTN antibodies;
anti-RANKL antibodies such as AMG-162; anti-RLIP76 antibodies;
anti-SK-1 antigen antibodies such as Monopharm C; anti-STEAP
antibodies; anti-TAG72 antibodies such as CC49-SCA and MDX-220;
anti-TGF-.beta. antibodies such as CAT-152; anti-TNF-.alpha.
antibodies such as CDP571, CDP870, D2E7, Humira.RTM. (adalimumab),
and Remicade.RTM. (infliximab); anti-TRAIL-R1 and TRAIL-R2
antibodies; anti-VE-cadherin-2 antibodies; and anti-VLA-4
antibodies such as Antegren.TM.. Furthermore, anti-idiotype
antibodies including but not limited to the GD3 epitope antibody
BEC2 and the gp72 epitope antibody 105AD7, may be used. In
addition, bispecific antibodies including but not limited to the
anti-CD3/CD20 antibody Bi20 may be used.
[0332] Examples of antibodies that may be co-administered to treat
autoimmune or inflammatory disease, transplant rejection, GVHD, and
the like include, but are not limited to, anti-.alpha.4.beta.7
integrin antibodies such as LDP-02, anti-beta2 integrin antibodies
such as LDP-01, anti-complement (C5) antibodies such as 5G1.1,
anti-CD2 antibodies such as BTI-322, MEDI-507, anti-CD3 antibodies
such as OKT3, SMART anti-CD3, anti-CD4 antibodies such as IDEC-151,
MDX-CD4, OKT4A, anti-CD 11a antibodies, anti-CD14 antibodies such
as IC14, anti-CD18 antibodies, anti-CD23 antibodies such as IDEC
152, anti-CD25 antibodies such as Zenapax, anti-CD40L antibodies
such as 5c8, Antova, IDEC-131, anti-CD64 antibodies such as MDX-33,
anti-CD80 antibodies such as IDEC-114, anti-CD147 antibodies such
as ABX-CBL, anti-E-selectin antibodies such as CDP850,
anti-gpIIb/IIIa antibodies such as ReoPro/Abcixima, anti-ICAM-3
antibodies such as ICM3, anti-ICE antibodies such as VX-740,
anti-FcR1 antibodies such as MDX-33, anti-IgE antibodies such as
rhuMab-E25, anti-IL-4 antibodies such as SB-240683, anti-IL-5
antibodies such as SB-240563, SCH55700, anti-IL-8 antibodies such
as ABX-IL8, anti-interferon gamma antibodies, and anti-TNFa
antibodies such as CDP571, CDP870, D2E7, Infliximab, MAK-195F,
anti-VLA4 antibodies such as Antegren. Examples of other
Fc-containing molecules that may be co-administered to treat
autoimmune or inflammatory disease, transplant rejection, GVHD, and
the like include, but are not limited to, the p75 TNF receptor/Fc
fusion Enbrel.RTM. (etanercept) and Regeneron's IL-1 trap.
[0333] Examples of antibodies that may be co-administered to treat
infectious diseases include, but are not limited to, anti-anthrax
antibodies such as ABthrax, anti-CMV antibodies such as CytoGam and
sevirumab, anti-cryptosporidium antibodies such as CryptoGAM,
Sporidin-G, anti-helicobacter antibodies such as Pyloran,
anti-hepatitis B antibodies such as HepeX-B, Nabi-HB, anti-HIV
antibodies such as HRG-214, anti-RSV antibodies such as felvizumab,
HNK-20, palivizumab, RespiGam, and anti-staphylococcus antibodies
such as Aurexis, Aurograb, BSYX-A110, and SE-Mab.
[0334] Alternatively, the Ep-CAM targeting proteins of the present
invention may be co-administered with one or more other molecules
that compete for binding to one or more Fc receptors. For example,
co-administering inhibitors of the inhibitory receptor
Fc.gamma.RIIb may result in increased effector function. Similarly,
co-administering inhibitors of the activating receptors such as
Fc.gamma.RIIIa may minimize unwanted effector function. Fc receptor
inhibitors include, but are not limited to, Fc molecules that are
engineered to act as competitive inhibitors for binding to
Fc.gamma.RIIb Fc.gamma.RIIIa, or other Fc receptors, as well as
other immunoglobulins and specificially the treatment called IVIg
(intravenous immunoglobulin). In one embodiment, the inhibitor is
administered and allowed to act before the Ep-CAM targeting protein
is administered. An alternative way of achieving the effect of
sequential dosing would be to provide an immediate release dosage
form of the Fc receptor inhibitor and then a sustained release
formulation of the Ep-CAM targeting protein of the invention. The
immediate release and controlled release formulations could be
administered separately or be combined into one unit dosage form.
Administration of an Fc.gamma.RIIb inhibitor may also be used to
limit unwanted immune responses, for example anti-Factor VIII
antibody response following Factor VIII administration to
hemophiliacs.
[0335] In one embodiment, the Ep-CAM targeting proteins of the
present invention are administered with a chemotherapeutic agent.
By "chemotherapeutic agent" as used herein is meant a chemical
compound useful in the treatment of cancer. Examples of
chemotherapeutic agents include but are not limited to alkylating
agents such as thiotepa and cyclosphosphamide (CYTOXAN.TM.), alkyl
sulfonates such as busulfan, improsulfan and piposulfan; androgens
such as calusterone, dromostanolone propionate, epitiostanol,
mepitiostane, testolactone; anti-adrenals such as
aminoglutethimide, mitotane, trilostane; anti-androgens such as
flutamide, nilutamide, bicalutamide, leuprolide, and goserelin;
antibiotics such as aclacinomysins, actinomycin, authramycin,
azaserine, bleomycins, cactinomycin, calicheamicin, carabicin,
caminomycin, carzinophilin, chromomycins, dactinomycin,
daunorubicin, detorubicin, 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine, doxorubicin,
epirubicin, esorubicin, idarubicin, marcellomycin, mitomycins,
mycophenolic acid, nogalamycin, olivomycins, peplomycin,
potfiromycin, puromycin, quelamycin, rodorubicin, streptonigrin,
streptozocin, tubercidin, ubenimex, zinostatin, zorubicin; anti
estrogens including for example tamoxifen, raloxifene, aromatase
inhibiting 4(5)-imidazoles, 4-hydroxytamoxifen, trioxifene,
keoxifene, LY 117018, onapristone, and toremifene (Fareston);
anti-metabolites such as methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU);
folic acid analogues such as denopterin, methotrexate, pteropterin,
trimetrexate; aziridines such as benzodopa, carboquone, meturedopa,
and uredopa; ethylenimines and methylamelamines including
altretamine, triethylenemelamine, trietylenephosphoramide,
triethylenethiophosphaoramide and trimethylolomelamine; folic acid
replenisher such as frolinic acid; nitrogen mustards such as
chlorambucil, chlornaphazine, cholophosphamide, estramustine,
ifosfamide, mechlorethamine, mechlorethamine oxide hydrochloride,
melphalan, novembichin. phenesterine, prednimustine, trofosfamide,
uracil mustard; nitrosureas such as carmustine, chlorozotocin,
fotemustine, lomustine, nimustine, ranimustine; platinum analogs
such as cisplatin and carboplatin; vinblastine; platinum; proteins
such as arginine deiminase and asparaginase; purine analogs such as
fludarabine, 6-mercaptopurine, thiamiprine, thioguanine; pyrimidine
analogs such as ancitabine, azacitidine, 6-azauridine, carmofur,
cytarabine, dideoxyuridine, doxifluridine, enocitabine,
floxuridine, 5-FU; taxanes, e.g. paclitaxel (TAXOL.RTM.,
Bristol-Myers Squibb Oncology, Princeton, N.J.) and docetaxel
(TAXOTERE.RTM., Rhne-Poulenc Rorer, Antony, France); topoisomerase
inhibitor RFS 2000; thymidylate synthase inhibitor (such as
Tomudex), additional chemotherapeutics including aceglatone;
aldophosphamide glycoside; aminolevulinic acid; amsacrine;
bestrabucil; bisantrene; edatraxate; defofamine; demecolcine;
diaziquone; difluoromethylornithine (DMFO); elformithine;
elliptinium acetate; etoglucid; gallium nitrate; hydroxyurea;
lentinan; lonidamine; mitoguazone; mritoxantrone, mopidamol;
nitracrine; pentostatin; phenamet; pirarubicin; podophyllinic acid;
2ethylhydrazide; procarbazine; PSK.RTM.; razoxane; sizofuran;
spirogermanium; tenuazonic acid; triaziquone;
2,2',2''-trichlorotriethylamine; urethan; vindesine; dacarbazine;
mannomustine; mitobronitol; mitolactol; pipobroman; gacytosine;
arabinoside ("Ara-C"); cyclophosphamide; thiotepa; chlorambucil;
gemcitabine; 6-thioguanine; mercaptopurine; methotrexate; etoposide
(VP-168); ifosfamide; mitomycin C; mitoxantrone; vincristine;
vinorelbine; navelbine; novantrone; teniposide; daunomycin;
aminopterin; xeloda; ibandronate; CPT-11;retinoic acid;
esperamicins; capecitabine. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts,
acids or derivatives of any of the above may also be used.
[0336] A chemotherapeutic or other cytotoxic agent may be
administered as a prodrug, By "prodrug" as used herein is meant a
precursor or derivative form of a pharmaceutically active substance
that is less cytotoxic to tumor cells compared to the parent drug
and is capable of being enzymatically activated or converted into
the more active parent form. See, for example Wilman, 1986,
Biochemical Society Transactions, 615th Meeting Belfast,
14:375-382; and Stella et al., "Prodrugs: A Chemical Approach to
Targeted Drug Delivery, " Directed Drug Delivery, Borchardt et al.
(ed.): 247-267, Humana Press, 1985; both expressly incorporated by
reference. The prodrugs that may find use with the present
invention include but are not limited to phosphate-containing
prodrugs, thiophosphate-containing prodrugs, sulfate-containing
prodrugs, peptide-containing prodrugs, D-amino acid-modified
prodrugs, glycosylated prodrugs, beta-lactam-containing prodrugs,
optionally substituted phenoxyacetamide-containing prodrugs or
optionally substituted phenylacetamide-containing prodrugs,
5-fluorocytosine and other 5-fluorouridine prodrugs which can be
converted into the more active cytotoxic free drug. Examples of
cytotoxic drugs that can be derivatized into a prodrug form for use
with the Ep-CAM targeting proteins of the present invention include
but are not limited to any of the aforementioned chemotherapeutic
agents.
[0337] A variety of other therapeutic agents may find use for
administration with the Ep-CAM targeting proteins of the present
invention. In one embodiment, the Ep-CAM targeting protein is
administered with an anti-angiogenic agent. By "anti-angiogenic
agent" as used herein is meant a compound that blocks, or
interferes to some degree, the development of blood vessels The
anti-angiogenic factor may, for instance, be a small molecule or a
protein, for example an antibody, Fc fusion, or cytokine, which
binds to a growth factor or growth factor receptor involved in
promoting angiogenesis. The preferred anti-angiogenic factor herein
is an antibody that binds to Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
(VEGF). Other agents that inhibit signaling through VEGF may also
be used, for example RNA-based therapeutics that reduce levels of
VEGF or VEGF-R expression, VEGF-toxin fusions, Regeneron's
VEGF-trap, and antibodies that bind VEGF-R. In an alternate
embodiment, the Ep-CAM targeting protein is administered with a
therapeutic agent that induces or enhances adaptive immune
response, for example an antibody that targets CTLA-4. Additional
anti-angiogenesis agents include, but are not limited to,
angiostatin (plasminogen fragment), antithrombin III, angiozyme,
ABT-627, Bay 12-9566, benefin, bevacizumab, bisphosphonates,
BMS-275291, cartilage-derived inhibitor (CDI), CAI, CD59 complement
fragment, CEP-7055, Col 3, combretastatin A-4, endostatin (collagen
XVIII fragment), farnesyl transferase inhibitors, fibronectin
fragment gro-beta, halofuginone, heparinases, heparin
hexasaccharide fragment, HMV833, human chorionic gonadotropin
(hCG), IM-862, interferon alpha, interferon beta, interferon gamma,
interferon inducible protein 10 (IP-10), interleukin-12, kringle 5
(plasminogen fragment), marimastat. metalloproteinase inhibitors
(eg TIMPs), 2-methodyestradiol, MMI 270 (CGS 27023A), plasminogen
activiator inhibitor (PAI), platelet factor-4 (PF4), prinomastat,
prolactin 16kDa fragment, proliferin-related protein (PRP), PTK
787/ZK 222594, retinoids, solimastat, squalamine, SS3304, SU5416,
SU6668, SU11248, tetrahydrocortisol-S, tetrathiomolybdate,
thalidomide, thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1), TNP-470, transforming growth
factor beta (TGF-.beta.), vasculostatin, vasostatin (calreticulin
fragment), ZS6126, and ZD6474.
[0338] In a preferred embodiment, the Ep-CAM targeting protein is
administered with a tyrosine kinase inhibitor. By "tyrosine kinase
inhibitor" as used herein is meant a molecule that inhibits to some
extent tyrosine kinase activity of a tyrosine kinase. Examples of
such inhibitors include but are not limited to quinazolines, such
as PD 153035, 4-(3-chloroanilino)quinazoline; pyridopyrimidines;
pyrimidopyrimidines; pyrrolopyrimidines, such as CGP 59326, CGP
60261 and CGP 62706; pyrazolopyrimidines,
4-(phenylamino)-7H-pyrrolo(2,3-d) pyrimidines; curcumin (diferuloyl
methane, 4,5-bis (4-fluoroanilino)phthalimide); tyrphostines
containing nitrothiophene moieties; PD-0183805 (Warner-Lambert);
antisense molecules (e.g. those that bind to ErbB-encoding nucleic
acid); quinoxalines (U.S. Pat. No. 5,804,396); tryphostins (U.S.
Pat. No. 5,804,396); ZD6474 (Astra Zeneca); PTK-787
(Novartis/Schering A G); pan-ErbB inhibitors such as C1-1033
(Pfizer); Affinitac (ISIS 3521; Isis/Lilly); Imatinib mesylate
(STI571, Gleevec.RTM.; Novartis); PKI 166 (Novartis); GW2016 (Glaxo
SmithKline); C1-1033 (Pfizer); EKB-569 (Wyeth); Semaxinib (Sugen);
ZD6474 (AstraZeneca); PTK-787 (Novartis/Schering AG); INC-1C11
(Imclone); or as described in any of the following patent
publications: U.S. Pat. No. 5,804,396; PCT WO 99/09016 (American
Cyanimid); PCT WO 98/43960 (American Cyanamid); PCT WO 97/38983
(Warner-Lambert); PCT WO 99/06378 (Warner-Lambert); PCT WO 99/06396
(Warner-Lambert); PCT WO 96/30347 (Pfizer, Inc); PCT WO 96/33978
(AstraZeneca); PCT WO96/3397 (AstraZeneca); PCT WO 96/33980
(AstraZeneca), gefitinib (IRESSA.TM., ZD1839, AstraZeneca), and
OSI-774 (Tarceva.TM., OSI Pharmaceuticals/Genentech); all expressly
incorporated by reference.
[0339] In another embodiment, the EP-CAM targeting protein is
administered with one or more immunomodulatory agents. Such agents
may increase or decrease production of one or more cytokines, up-
or down-regulate self-antigen presentation, mask MHC antigens, or
promote the proliferation, differentiation, migration, or
activation state of one or more types of immune cells.
Immunomodulatory agents include but not limited to: non-steroidal
anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as asprin, ibuprofed,
celecoxib, diclofenac, etodolac, fenoprofen, indomethacin,
ketoralac, oxaprozin, nabumentone, sulindac, tolmentin, rofecoxib,
naproxen, ketoprofen, and nabumetone; steroids (eg.
glucocorticoids, dexamethasone, cortisone, hydroxycortisone,
methylprednisolone, prednisone, prednisolone, trimcinolone,
azulfidineicosanoids such as prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and
leukotrienes; as well as topical steroids such as anthralin,
calcipotriene, clobetasol, and tazarotene); cytokines such as TGFb,
IFNa, IFNb, IFNg, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10; cytokine, chemokine, or
receptor antagonists including antibodies, soluble receptors, and
receptor-Fc fusions against BAFF, B7, CCR2, CCRS, CD2, CD3, CD4,
CD6, CD7, CD8, CD11, CD14, CD15, CD17, CD18, CD20, CD23, CD28,
CD40, CD40L, CD44, CD45, CD52, CD64, CD80, CD86, CD147, CD152,
complement factors (C5, D) CTLA4, eotaxin, Fas, ICAM, ICOS,
IFN.alpha., IFN.beta., IFN.gamma., IFNAR, IgE, IL-1, IL-2, IL-2R,
IL-4, IL-5R, IL-6, IL-8, IL-9 IL-12, IL-13, IL-13R1, IL-15, IL-18R,
IL-23, integrins, LFA-1, LFA-3, MHC, selectins, TGF.beta.,
TNF.alpha., TNF.beta., TNF-R1, T-cell receptor, including
Enbrel.RTM. (etanercept), Humira.RTM. (adalimumab), and
Remicade.RTM. (infliximab); heterologous anti-lymphocyte globulin;
other immunomodulatory molecules such as 2-amino-6-aryl-5
substituted pyrimidines, anti-idiotypic antibodies for MHC binding
peptides and MHC fragments, azathioprine, brequinar, bromocryptine,
cyclophosphamide, cyclosporine A, D-penicillamine, deoxyspergualin,
FK506, glutaraldehyde, gold, hydroxychloroquine, leflunomide,
malononitriloamides (eg. leflunomide), methotrexate, minocycline,
mizoribine, mycophenolate mofetil, rapamycin, and
sulfasasazine.
[0340] In an alternate embodiment, Ep-CAM targeting protein of the
present invention are administered with a cytokine. By "cytokine"
as used herein is meant a generic term for proteins released by one
cell population that act on another cell as intercellular
mediators. Examples of such cytokines are lymphokines, monokines,
and traditional polypeptide hormones. Included among the cytokines
are growth hormone such as human growth hormone, N-methionyl human
growth hormone, and bovine growth hormone; parathyroid hormone;
thyroxine; insulin; proinsulin; relaxin; prorelaxin; glycoprotein
hormones such as follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), thyroid
stimulating hormone (TSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH); hepatic
growth factor; fibroblast growth factor; prolactin; placental
lactogen; tumor necrosis factor-alpha and -beta;
mullerian-inhibiting substance; mouse gonadotropin-associated
peptide; inhibin; activin; vascular endothelial growth factor;
integrin; thrombopoietin (TPO); nerve growth factors such as
NGF-beta; platelet-growth factor; transforming growth factors
(TGFs) such as TGF-alpha and TGF-beta, insulin-like growth factor-I
and -II; erythropoietin (EPO); osteoinductive factors; interferons
such as interferon-alpha, beta, and -gamma; colony stimulating
factors (CSFs) such as macrophage-CSF (M-CSF);
granulocyte-macrophage-CSF (GM-CSF); and granulocyte-CSF (G-CSF);
interleukins (ILs) such as IL-1IL-1alpha, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4 IL-5,
IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-11, IL-12; IL-15, a tumor
necrosis factor such as TNF-alpha or TNF-beta; and other
polypeptide factors including LIF and kit ligand (KL). As used
herein, the term cytokine includes proteins from natural sources or
from recombinant cell culture, and biologically active equivalents
of the native sequence cytokines,
[0341] In a preferred embodiment, cytokines or other agents that
stimulate cells of the immune system are co-administered with the
Ep-CAM targeting protein of the present invention. Such a mode of
treatment may enhance desired effector function. For example,
agents that stimulate NK cells, including but not limited to IL-2
may be co-administered, In another embodiment, agents that
stimulate macrophages, including but not limited to C5a, formyl
peptides such as N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine
(Beigier-Bompadre et. al. (2003) Scand. J. Immunol, 57: 221-8,
expressly incorporated by reference), may be co-administered. Also,
agents that stimulate neutrophils, including but not limited to
G-CSF, GM-CSF, and the like may be administered. Furthermore,
agents that promote migration of such immunostimulatory cytokines
may be used. Also additional agents including but not limited to
interferon gamma, IL-3 and IL-7 may promote one or more effector
functions.
[0342] In an alternate embodiment, cytokines or other agents that
inhibit effector cell function are co-administered with the Ep-CAM
targeting protein of the present invention. Such a mode of
treatment may limit unwanted effector function,
[0343] In an additional embodiment, the Ep-CAM targeting protein is
administered with one or more antibiotics, including but not
limited to. aminoglycoside antibiotics (eg. apramycin, arbekacin,
bambermycins, butirosin, dibekacin, gentamicin, kanamycin,
neomycin, netilmicin, paromomycin, ribostamycin, sisomycin,
spectrinomycin), aminocyclitols (eg. sprctinomycin), amphenicol
antibiotics (eg. azidamfenicol, chloramphenicol, florfrnicol, and
thiamphemicol), ansamycin antibiotics (eg. rifamide and rifampin),
carbapenems (eg. imipenem, meropenem, panipenem); cephalosporins
(eg. cefaclor, cefadroxii, cefamandole, cefatrizine, cefazedone,
cefozopran, cefpimizole, cefpiramide, cefpirome, cefprozil,
cefuroxine, cefixime, cephalexin, cephradine), cephamycins
(cefbuperazone, cefoxitin, cefminox, cefmetazole, and cefotetan);
lincosamides (eg. clindamycin, lincomycin); macrolide (eg,
azithromycin, brefeldin A, clarithromycin, erythromycin,
roxithromycin, tobramycin), monobactams (eg. aztreonam, carumonam,
and tigernonam); mupirocin; oxacephems (eg. flomoxef, latamoxef,
and moxalactam); penicillins (eg. amdinocillin, amdinocillin
pivoxil, amoxicillin, bacampicillin, bexzylpenicillinic acid,
benzylpenicillin sodium, epicillin, fenbenicillin, floxacillin,
penamecillin, penethamate hydriodide, penicillin o-benethamine,
penicillin O, penicillin V, penicillin V benzoate, penicillin V
hydrabamine, penimepicycline, and phencihicillin potassium);
potypeptides (eg. bacitracin, colistin, polymixin B, teicoplanin,
vancomycin); quinolones (amifloxacin, cinoxacin, ciprofloxacin,
enoxacin, enrofloxacin, feroxacin, flumequine, gatifloxacin,
gemifloxacin, grepafloxacin, lomefloxacin, moxifloxacin, nalidixic
acid, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, oxolinic acid, pefloxacin, pipemidic
acid, rosoxacin, rufloxacin, sparfioxacin, temafloxacin,
tosufloxacin, trovafloxacin); rifampin; streptogramins (eg.
quinupristin, dalfopristin); sulfonamides (sulfanilamide,
sulfamethoxazole); tetracyclenes (chlortetracycline, demeclocycline
hydrochloride, demethylchlortetracycline, doxycycline, duramycin,
minocycline, neomycin, oxytetracycline, streptomycin, tetracycline,
vancomycin).
[0344] Anti-fungal agents such as amphotericin B, ciclopirox,
clotrimazole, econazole, fluconazole, flucytosine, itraconazole,
ketoconazole, niconazole, nystatin, terbinafine, terconazole, and
tioconazole may also be used.
[0345] Antiviral agents including protease inhibitors, reverse
transcriptase inhibitors, and others, including type I interferons,
viral fusion inhibitors, and neuramidase inhibitors, may also be
used. Examples of antiviral agents include, but are not limited to,
acyclovir, adefovir, amantadine, amprenavir, clevadine,
enfuvirtide, entecavir, foscarnet, gangcyclovir, idoxuridine,
indinavir, lopinavir, pleconaril, ribavirin, rimantadine,
ritonavir, saquinavir, trifluridine, vidarabine, and zidovudine,
may be used.
[0346] The Ep-CAM targeting proteins of the present invention may
be combined with other therapeutic regimens. For example, in one
embodiment, the patient to be treated with an anti-Ep-CAM antibody
or Fc fusion of the present invention may also receive radiation
therapy. Radiation therapy can be administered according to
protocols commonly employed in the art and known to the skilled
artisan. Such therapy includes but is not limited to cesium,
iridium, iodine, or cobalt radiation. The radiation therapy may be
whole body irradiation, or may be directed locally to a specific
site or tissue in or on the body, such as the lung, bladder, or
prostate. Typically, radiation therapy is administered in pulses
over a period of time from about 1 to 2 weeks. The radiation
therapy may, however, be administered over longer periods of time.
For instance, radiation therapy may be administered to patients
having head and neck cancer for about 6 to about 7 weeks.
Optionally, the radiation therapy may be administered as a single
dose or as multiple, sequential doses. The skilled medical
practitioner can determine empirically the appropriate dose or
doses of radiation therapy useful herein. In accordance with
another embodiment of the invention, the Ep-CAM targeting protein
of the present invention and one or more other anti-cancer
therapies are employed to treat cancer cells ex vivo. It is
contemplated that such ex vivo treatment may be useful in bone
marrow transplantation and particularly, autologous bone marrow
transplantation. For instance, treatment of cells or tissue(s)
containing cancer cells with Ep-CAM targeting protein and one or
more other anti-cancer therapies, such as described above, can be
employed to deplete or substantially deplete the cancer cells prior
to transplantation in a recipient patient.
[0347] Radiation therapy may also comprise treatment with an
isotopically labeled molecule, such as an antibody. Examples of
radioimmunotherapeutics include but Zevalin.TM. (Y-90 labeled
anti-CD20), LymphoCide.TM. (Y-90 labeled anti-CD22) and Bexxar.TM.
(1-131 labeled anti-CD20)
[0348] It is of course contemplated that the Ep-CAM targeting
proteins of the invention may employ in combination with still
other therapeutic techniques such as surgery or phototherapy.
[0349] A number of the receptors that may interact with the Ep-CAM
targeting proteins of the present invention are polymorphic in the
human population. For a given patient or population of patients the
efficacy of the Ep-CAM targeting proteins of the present invention
may be affected by the presence or absence of specific
polymorphisms in proteins. For example, Fc.gamma.RIIIA is
polymorphic at position 158, which is commonly either V (high
affinity) or F (low affinity). Patients with the V/V homozygous
genotype are observed to have a better clinical response to
treatment with the anti-CD20 antibody Rituxan.RTM. (rituximab),
likely because these patients mount a stronger NK response
(Dall'Ozzo et. al. (2004) Cancer Res. 64:4664-9, expressly
incorporated by reference). Additional polymorphisms include but
are not limited to Fc.gamma.RIIA R131 or H131, and such
polymorphisms are known to either increase or decrease Fc binding
and subsequent biological activity, depending on the polymorphism.
Ep-CAM targeting proteins of the present invention may bind
preferentially to a particular polymorphic form of a receptor, for
example Fc.gamma.RIIIA 158 V, or to bind with equivalent affinity
to all of the polymorphisms at a particular position in the
receptor, for example both the 158V and 158F polymorphisms of
Fc.gamma.RIIIA. In a preferred embodiment, Ep-CAM targeting
proteins of the present invention may have equivalent binding to
polymorphisms may be used in an antibody to eliminate the
differential efficacy seen in patients with different
polymorphisms. Such a property may give greater consistency in
therapeutic response and reduce non-responding patient populations.
Such variant Fc with identical binding to receptor polymorphisms
may have increased biological activity, such as ADCC, CDC or
circulating half-life, or alternatively decreased activity, via
modulation of the binding to the relevant Fc receptors. In a
preferred embodiment, Ep-CAM targeting proteins of the present
invention may bind with higher or lower affinity to one of the
polymorphisms of a receptor, either accentuating the existing
difference in binding or reversing the difference. Such a property
may allow creation of therapeutics particularly tailored for
efficacy with a patient population possessing such polymorphism.
For example, a patient population possessing a polymorphism with a
higher affinity for an inhibitory receptor such as Fc.gamma.RIIB
could receive a drug containing an Ep-CAM targeting protein with
reduced binding to such polymorphic form of the receptor, creating
a more efficacious drug,
[0350] In a preferred embodiment, patients are screened for one or
more polymorphisms in order to predict the efficacy of the Ep-CAM
targeting proteins of the present invention. This information may
be used, for example, to select patients to include or exclude from
clinical trials or, post-approval, to provide guidance to
physicians and patients regarding appropriate dosages and treatment
options, For example, in patients that are homozygous or
heterozygous for Fc.gamma.RIIIA 158F antibody drugs such as the
anti-CD20 mAb, Rituximab are minimially effective (Carton 2002
Blood 99: 754-758; Weng 2003 J. Clin. Oncol. 21:3940-3947); such
patients may show a much better clinical response to the antibodies
of the present invention. In one embodiment, patients are selected
for inclusion in clinical trials for an antibody of the present
invention if their genotype indicates that they are likely to
respond significantly better to an antibody of the present
invention as compared to one or more currently used antibody
therapeutics. In another embodiment, appropriate dosages and
treatment regimens are determined using such genotype information.
In another embodiment, patients are selected for inclusion in a
clinical trial or for receipt of therapy post-approval based on
their polymorphism genotype, where such therapy contains an Ep-CAM
targeting protein engineered to be specifically efficacious for
such population, or alternatively where such therapy contains an
Ep-CAM targeting protein that does not show differential activity
to the different forms of the polymorphism.
[0351] Included in the present invention are diagnostic tests to
identify patients who are likely to show a favorable clinical
response to an Ep-CAM targeting protein of the present invention,
or who are likely to exhibit a significantly better response when
treated with an Ep-CAM targeting protein of the present invention
versus one or more currently used antibody therapeutics. Any of a
number of methods for determining Fc.gamma.R polymorphisms in
humans known in the art may be used.
[0352] Furthermore, the present invention comprises prognostic
tests performed on clinical samples such as blood and tissue
samples. Such tests may assay for effector function activity,
including but not limited to ADCC, CDC, phagocytosis, and
opsonization, or for killing, regardless of mechanism, of cancerous
or otherwise pathogenic cells. In a preferred embodiment, ADCC
assays, such as those described previously, are used to predict,
for a specific patient, the efficacy of a given Ep-CAM targeting
protein of the present invention. Such information may be used to
identify patients for inclusion or exclusion in clinical trials, or
to inform decisions regarding appropriate dosages and treatment
regimens. Such information may also be used to select a drug that
contains a particular Ep-CAM targeting protein that shows superior
activity in such assay.
EXAMPLES
[0353] Examples are provided below to illustrate the present
invention, These examples are not meant to constrain the present
invention to any particular application or theory of operation. For
reference to immunoglobulin constant regions, positions are
numbered according to the EU index as in Kabat (Kabat et al., 1991,
Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, 5th Ed., United
States Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health,
Bethesda; expressly incorporated by reference), Those skilled in
the art of antibodies will appreciate that this convention consists
of nonsequential numbering in specific regions of an immunoglobulin
sequence, enabling a normalized reference to conserved positions in
immunoglobutin families Accordingly, the positions of any given
immunoglobulin as defined by the EU index will not necessarily
correspond to its sequential sequence.
Example 1
Anti-Ep-CAM Antibodies with Reduced Immunogenicity
[0354] FIGS. 1 and 2 provide some heavy and light chain variable
region sequences of the anti-Ep-CAM antibodies used in the present
study. The mouse, parent chimeric heavy and light chains are
labeled H0 17-1A and L0 17-1A respectively. Due to the wide use of
hybridoma technology, a substantial number of antibodies are
derived from nonhuman sources. However, nonhuman proteins are often
immunogenic when administered to humans, thereby greatly reducing
their therapeutic utility. Immunogenicity is the result of a
complex series of responses to a substance that is perceived as
foreign, and may include production of neutralizing and
non-neutralizing antibodies, formation of immune complexes,
complement activation, mast cell activation, inflammation,
hypersensitivity responses, and anaphylaxis. Several factors can
contribute to protein immunogenicity, including but not limited to
protein sequence, route and frequency of administration, and
patient population. Immunogenicity may limit the efficacy and
safety of a protein therapeutic in multiple ways. Efficacy can be
reduced directly by the formation of neutralizing antibodies.
Efficacy may also be reduced indirectly, as binding to either
neutralizing or non-neutralizing antibodies typically leads to
rapid clearance from serum. Severe side effects and even death may
occur when an immune reaction is raised. Thus in a preferred
embodiment, protein engineering is used to reduce the
immunogenicity of the Ep-CAM targeting proteins of the present
invention.
[0355] In order to reduce the potential for immunogenicity of the
anti-Ep-CAM proteins of the present invention, the immunogenicity
of the anti-Ep-CAM antibody 17-1A was reduced using a method
described in U.S. Ser. No. 60/619,483, filed Oct. 14, 2004 and U.S.
Ser. No. 11/004,590, entitled "Methods of Generating Variant
Proteins with Increased Host String Content and Compositions
Thereof", filed on Dec. 6, 2004. The methods reduce the potential
for immunogenicity by increasing the human string content of the
antibody through mutations. The heavy and light chains with reduced
potential for immunogenicity are named H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, H6,
H2.1, H2.2, etc and L1, L2, L3, L4, L3.1, L3.2 etc and are shown in
FIGS. 1 and 2. The heavy and light chains of the original antibody,
17-1A, are referred to as H0 and L0.
Example 2
[0356] Combinations of the different heavy and light chains were
expressed and the resulting antibodies, with names such as H3L3,
H3/L3 or H3_L3, were purified and examined. Anti-Ep-CAM antibodies
were expressed by transient transfection of vectors encoding the
heavy and light chains into 293T cells grown in 10% ultra low IgG
fetal bovine serum with 1 rmM sodium pyruvate and 1.times.
non-essential amino acids (Gibco.RTM., Invitrogen Hayward Calif.).
Five days after transfection, the culture media was removed and ran
through a protein A column (Pierce Biotechnology Inc, Rockford
Md.). FIG. 4 shows typical yields of some Ep-CAM-binding proteins.
FIGS. 5 and 6 contain gels showing the heavy and light chains of
some purified antibodies of the present invention. The heavy chains
may be made with any type of constant domain including, in humans,
IgG1, IgG2 and hybrids comprising IgG1 and IgG2 as well as mouse
constant domains such as IgG1 and IgG2a, which may be referred to
as mIgG1 and mIgG2a. The sequences of many of these heavy chains
may be found in FIG. 3. Data demonstrating the use of the hybrid
IgG1, IgG2 heavy chain may be found in FIGS. 4, 5 and 20.
Example 3
Binding Properties of Anti-Ep-CAM Humanized Antibodies
[0357] FIG. 7 shows a schematic representation of the AlphaScreen
assay. Binding affinity of anti-Ep-CAM antibodies to the
extracellular domain of Ep-CAM was measured using a quantitative
and sensitive method, AlphaScreen.TM. assay. The AlphaScreen.TM.
assay is a bead-based non-radioactive luminescent proximity assay.
Laser excitation of a donor bead excites oxygen, which if
sufficiently close to the acceptor bead will generate a cascade of
chemiluminescent events, ultimately leading to fluorescence
emission at 520-620 nm. The AlphaScreen.TM. assay was applied as a
competition assay for screening the antibodies. Wild-type IgG1
Ep-CAM antibody was biotinylated and extracellular domain of Ep-CAM
was DIGylated by standard methods for attachment to streptavidin
donor beads and anti-DIG acceptor beads. In the absence of
competing anti-Ep-CAM antibodies (unlabeled), wild-type antibody
(biotinylated) and Ep-CAM (DIGylated) interact and produce a signal
at 520-620 nm. Addition of untagged antibody competes with
wild-type biotinylated anti-Ep-CAM and DIGylated-Ep-CAM interaction
reducing fluorescence quantitatively to enable determination of
relative binding affinities.
[0358] FIGS. 8 to 3 show representative AlphaScreen.TM. data of
various humanized antibodies of the present invention. These figure
show competition AlphaScreen.TM. data in which tested antibody in
this case, competes with a reference antibody for the binding to
Ep-CAM or an antibody binding protein. The binding of the humanized
antibodies for the antigen, Ep-CAM, and protein A are shown on the
left and right sides, respectively, of the FIG. 8. The results are
also summarized in FIG. 9. Most humanized antibodies have an Ep-CAM
binding affinity within 2-fold of the wild type. That is, they have
between 0.5 and 2.0 fold increases in binding affinity relative to
the wild type. Fold increase values greater than 1.0 demonstrate
stronger binding than the wild type, 17-1A. FIGS. 10 to 13 show
repeat measurements of the humanized antibodies using the
AlphaScreen.TM. method.
[0359] FIGS. 14 to 16 show binding reactions for WT and variant
anti-Ep-CAM antibodies measured with surface plasmon resonance. The
kinetic constants for the binding of anti-Ep-CAM antibodies to
Ep-CAM antigen were determined using surface plasmon
resonance-based measurements on a BIAcore 3000 instrument (Biacore,
Uppsala, Sweden). For the data in FIG. 14, the second and fourth
CM5 sensor chip flow cells were coupled with recombinant human
Ep-CAM/Fc (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, Minn.) using amine
chemistry. Approximately 1000 and 6000 response units were
respectively immobilized. The first and third flow cells were
ethanolamine blocked to serve as reference flow cells. Binding
experiments were performed by injecting antibodies over the
Ep-CAM/Fc and reference flow cells at varying concentrations
ranging from 1 nM to 1000 nM in 10 mM HEPES, pH 7.4, 150 mM NaCl, 3
mM EDTA, 0.005% Surfactant P20, filtered & degassed (HBS-EP,
Biacore, Uppsala, Sweden) using KINJECT (2 minutes association, 2
minutes dissociation) at 50 .mu.l/minute. The sensor chip was
regenerated with 10 mM glycine, pH 1.5. Data transformation was
prepared by subtraction of blank injections (buffer without
analyte) and y-transform prior to the injection start to zero using
BlAevaluation software. The responses between 12.5 and 100 nM were
globally analyzed using a one to one interaction (Langmuir) binding
model. The corresponding association rate constant (k.sub.a),
dissociation rate constant (k.sub.d), maximum analyte binding
capacity (R.sub.max), bulk refractive index contribution (RI),
equilibrium association constant (K.sub.A), equilibrium
dissociation constant (K.sub.D), steady state binding level
(R.sub.eq), and observed rate constant (k.sub.obs) derived from
these fits are presented in FIG. 14, along with the chi-square
(X.sup.2) value which represents the closeness of fit between the
fit curve and the actual data curve.
[0360] The data for the variants in FIG. 15 was collected
similarly, but the resulting binding/dissociation curves were not
fit to a particular binding model. The binding strength is
presented as the SPR signal, the response units, after a fixed time
of flowing the analyte over the surface. Stronger binding
interactions yield a higher number of response units after this
fixed time.
[0361] The SPR association/dissociation curves of three variants
are shown in FIG. 16. Three different concentrations are shown for
each variant and over-laid onto the data curves are fitted curve
generated with a 1:1 binding model containing a drifting baseline.
The three curves for each variant were fit simultaneously to the
model yielding one dissociation constant describing the binding of
the variant to Ep-CAM. For example, the variant H3.77/L3 showed a
dissociation constant of 6.49e-8 M.sup.-1 in this assay.
Example 4
ADCC of Variants
[0362] Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity measurements were
done to assess the interaction of the antibodies of the present
invention with components of the immune system. First, the relative
binding of a humanized anti-Ep-CAM and trastuzumab to two different
cell lines was measured. FIG. 17 shows the binding of a humanized
anti-Ep-CAM and trastuzumab to the gastric carcinoma line, KATOIII,
and the breast cancer line, SkBr3. Each cell line was dissociated
using Accutase wash, resuspended and seeded at 50,000 cells per
well of a 96-well plate. Cells were either treated with a secondary
antibody-fluor (PE) conjugate or first treated with either
trastuzumab or anti-Ep-CAM followed by secondary mAb treatment.
After 20 minutes of incubation on ice, the relative binding of each
mAb was measured using a Guava Technologies.TM. flow cytometry
unit. The following histograms show the binding profile and mean
fluorescence of each population consisting a total of 4000 cell
counts per histogram. The results show that about 3 times as much
Ep-CAM is present on KATOIII cells than SkBr3 cells.
[0363] ADCC was measured using either the DELFIA.RTM. EuTDA-based
cytotoxicity assay (Perkin Elmer) or LDH Cytotoxicity Detection Kit
(Roche Diagnostic). Human PBMCs were purified from leukopacks using
a ficoll gradient. NK cells were isolated from human PBMCs using
negative selection and magnetic beads (Miltenyi Biotec). For
europium-based detection, target cells were first loaded with BATDA
at 1.times.10.sup.6 cells/ml and washed 4 times. For both europium-
and LDH-based detection, target cells were seeded into 96-well
plates at 10,000 cells/well, and opsonized using antibodies at the
indicated final concentration. Triton X100 and PBMCs alone were
typically run as positive and negative controls. Effector cells
were added at 25:1 PBMCs:target cells or 4:1 NK Cells:target cells,
and the plate was incubated at 37.degree. C. for 4 hrs. Cells were
incubated with either Eu3+ solution or LDH reaction mixture, and
fluorescence was measured using the Fusion Alpha-FP. Data were
normalized to maximal (triton) and minimal (PBMCs alone) lysis, and
fit to a sigmoidal dose-response model.
[0364] FIGS. 18 to 24 display the results of ADCC assays of various
anti-Ep-CAM antibodies. Improved, ie greater, levels of ADCC may be
seen as either a shift in potency or efficacy. Improved potency of
antibody is seen as a left shift of an ADCC curve compared to a
reference curve. The left shift indicates that less antibody is
required to achieve the same degree of cytotoxicy as the reference
antibody. In addition, improved ADCC may also be evident as
improved efficacy, which is seen as an upward shift in the ADCC
curve compared to a reference curve. The upward shift indicates
that the same amount of antibody produces a greater degree of
cytotoxicity. Improvements in potency and efficacy may occur
simultaneously or separately depending on the two antibodies being
compared, the assay conditions (cell lines used, antibody
concentrations, etc) and other factors.
[0365] For example, in FIG. 20a the humanized anti-Ep-CAM antibody
H3.77_L3 WT may be used as a reference, wild-type, antibody. In
comparison to this reference H3.77_L3 S239D/I332E shows a large
increase in potency in that the midpoint of the ADCC curve has
shifted to lower antibody concentrations by about 0.5 log of
antibody concentration (log antibody concentration =-1.0 vs -0.5
for the reference antibody). This antibody also shows an increase
in efficacy, because at log antibody concentration of 1.0, it has
about 30% cytoxicity whereas the reference antibody has about 20%
cytotoxicity. H3.77_L3 G236A shows increased efficacy, but very
little change in potency as it shows more cytoxicity at higher
antibody concentrations, but very little change in the midpoint of
its ADCC curve. Also indicated in FIG. 20a is the improved potency
of H3.77_L3 S239D/I332E compared to H3.77_L3 G236A with very little
change in efficacy. Relative to the H3.77_L3 WT antibody, all of
the other antibodies shown in FIG. 20a have improved efficacy,
improved potency, or an improvement in both efficacy and
potency.
Example 5
Eq-CAM-binding Antibodies with Fc Substitutions
[0366] Ep-CAM-binding antibodies may comprise substitutions in the
Fc region, or other regions, to optimize the antibody function.
FIGS. 4, 5, 13, and 20 to 23 comprise data of anti-Ep-CAM
antibodies comprising substitutions in the Fc domain. The
substitutions S239D, I332E, G326A, L235G, G236R, A330Y, H268E
affect binding to the Fcgamma receptors (See U.S. ser. No.
11/124620 entitled "Optimized Fc Variants"). The substitutions
P257L, P257N, V308F, V308Y, V279Y, and Q311 V affect binding to
FcRn (See PCT WO06053301A2 entitled "Fc Variants with altered
binding to FCRN"). The altered Fc receptor binding and effector
function (ADCC) of many variants are shown in FIGS. 13 and 20 to
23. Many anti-Ep-CAM antibodies were found to have increased
killing of LS180 and HT29 cells, particularly those that comprise
the modifications S239D, I332E, G326A, L235G, G236R, A330Y, or
H268E. The increased ADCC of these variants may be made in human or
mouse Fc regions, including human IgG1, and hybrids of two
different human IgG's, as shown for example in FIG. 13.
Example 6
Effector Function--Glycoforms
[0367] The optimal anti-Ep-CAM clinical candidate may comprise an
altered glycoform. An Ep-CAM binding protein was expressed in Lec13
cells and purified by the standard methods described herein,
including protein A chromatography. This Lec 13 expressed antibody
is a glycoform variant in that it is defucosylated; it lacks the
fucose residue on it N-linked carbohydrate moiety connected to
Asn297. The purified protein is shown in FIG. 6 and shows the
expected molecular weights of the heavy and light chains. This
defucosylated anti-Ep-CAM has stronger binding to the Fc receptor,
FcgammaRIIIa (Val variant), as shown in FIG. 25, lower panel. The
defucosylated variant has an affinity of Kd=2.8*10.sup.-8 compared
to Kd=2.8*10-7 for the typically glycosylated form. The Kd
measurement were made with Surface Plasmon Resonance fixing the
antibody on the surface and flowing FcgammaRIIIA over the chip.
Example 7
[0368] Because of the sequence differences between the various
human Fc receptors, modifications to the Fc domain of antibodies
can specifically modulate their affinity for different human FcR's.
The importance of the different FcR's on different effector
functions has been seen through the use of FcR knockout mice
(Nimmerman and Ravetch 2005 Science 310:1510-1512). The FcR
affinity differences may potentially impact activation of various
immune effector cells, because different effector cells have
differential expression of each receptor (Pricop et al 2001 J
Immunology 166:531-537, Samuelsson et al 2001 Science
19(291):484486. For example, neutrophil activation is influenced by
the Fc.gamma.RIIa/Fc.gamma.RIIb ratio (Van Mirre et al. 2006 Blood
108(2):584-590).
[0369] Additionally, immune complexes and Fc.gamma.RIIa binding
stimulate dendritic cell maturation, but Fc.gamma.RIIb activity is
know to suppress their maturation (Boruchov et al. Journal of
Clinical Investigation 115(10):2914-2923. Nimmerman and Ravetch,
2006 Immunity 24:19-28).
[0370] Additionally, phagocytosis by monocytes and macrophages may
be initiated by antibody binding to Fc.gamma.RIIa (Hunter et al.
Blood 91(5):1762-1768, Tridandapani et al 2002 Journal of
Biological Chemistry 277(7):5082-5089). Fc.gamma.RIIb, on the other
hand, may also bind the antibodies but Fc.gamma.RIIb does not
induce phagocytosis by monocytes and macrophages. Therefore,
Fc.gamma.RIIb may passively inhibit phagocytosis by binding
antibody that otherwise may be available to bind to Fc.gamma.RIIA
as well under go its more active inhibitory functions.
[0371] Additionally, Fc.gamma.RIIIa is the important Fc receptor
for causing activation of NK cells. Alternatively, Fc.gamma.RIIa
and Fc.gamma.RIIb are expressed on monocytes, macrophages,
neutrophils, and dendritic cells, and some of these cell types are
also known to express Fc.gamma.RIIIa. It is well known in the art
that activation of these cell types can depend on the relative
expression and/or activation of Fc.gamma.RIIa compared to
Fc.gamma.RIIb, and that coactivation of Fc.gamma.RIIb with
Fc.gamma.RIIa can decrease the activation via Fc.gamma.RIIa. We
therefore determined the affinity of several Fc modified
Ep-CAM-targeting antibodies to several human FcR's.
[0372] To determine the affinity of various Fc modified
Ep-CAM-targeting antibodies for human FcR, surface plasmon
resonance experiments were performed on a Biacore 3000 instrument.
Antibody was immobilized on a protein A/G surface and purified
forms of three human Fc receptors (Fc.gamma.RI, Fc.gamma.RIIIa,
Fc.gamma.RIIa and Fc.gamma.RIIb) were added in the solution phase
as analyte. Global curve-fitting of a set of sensorgrams derived
from a FcR concentration series was used to determine dissociation
constants (Kd) between each variant and each of the FcRs included
in the study. Note that the allotype of FcRIIIa used in the
experiments was the 158V form, and that of FcRIIa was the 131R
form.
[0373] The Kd values for a series of Fc modified Ep-CAM-targeting
antibodies are shown in FIGS. 26 and 27. The affinity values show
several important trends. First, variants containing the
substitutions S239D, I332E and H268E all have increased affinity
for Fc.gamma.RIIIa relative to the wt IgG1 control. These
substitutions, individually or in combinations, have "Fold KD"
(FIG. 27) values greater than one. For example, H3.77_L3 S239D IgG1
has a Fc.gamma.RIIIa Fold KD value of 5.6, demonstrating that it
has 5.6-fold stronger binding to Fc.gamma.RIIIa than the wild type.
Antibodies with these modifications also have increase affinity for
the Fc receptors Fc.gamma.RIIa and Fc.gamma.RIIb.
[0374] Of additional interest are variants containing the G236A
substitutions. All of these variants have specifically enhanced
affinity for Fc.gamma.RIIa. G236A results in a specific enhancement
of Fc.gamma.RIIa binding compared to ScyRIIb binding. Indeed, the
RIIa/RIIb affinity ratio of G236A-containing variants is
systematically improved, having a -log(RIIa/RIIB) value of about
1.0. This value means that the variants have about a full log, or
10-fold, increased binding for Fc.gamma.RIIa compared to
Fc.gamma.RIIb. These variants will find utility in treatment of
Ep-CAM expressing cancers, where monocytes, macrophages,
neutrophils, and dendritic cells are important effector cells.
[0375] The effect of particular substitutions on specific FcR's is
seen in Ep-CAM-targeting proteins comprising different Fc domains.
For example, FIGS. 26 and 27 show data collected with antibodies
comprising either the human IgG1 or a hybrid Fc comprising both
IgG1 and IgG2 sequences. FIG. 3 shows the sequences of some Fc
domains used herein.
Example 8
[0376] In alternate embodiments, other IgG allotypes may be used as
Fc domains in an Ep-CAM-targeting protein. Gm polymorphism is
determined by the IGH1, IGH2, and IGH3 genes, which have alleles
encoding allotypic antigenic determinants referred to as G1m, G2m,
and G3m allotypes for markers of the human IgG1, IgG2 and IgG3
molecules. FIG. 28a provides some common allotypes, as is well
known in the art. One or more of these allotypic mutations could be
made in either the IgG1 or hybrid Ep-CAM-targeting antibodies by
incorporating substitution, as illustrated in FIG. 28b.
Sequence CWU 1
1
170 1 116 PRT Artificial Synthetic 1 Gln Val Gln Leu Gln Gln Ser
Gly Ala Glu Leu Val Arg Pro Gly Thr 1 5 10 15 Ser Val Lys Val Ser
Cys Lys Ala Ser Gly Tyr Ala Phe Thr Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile Glu
Trp Val Lys Gln Arg Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Ile 35 40 45 Gly
Val Ile Asn Pro Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn Tyr Asn Glu Lys Phe 50 55
60 Lys Gly Lys Ala Thr Leu Thr Ala Asp Lys Ser Ser Ser Thr Ala Tyr
65 70 75 80 Met Gln Leu Ser Ser Leu Thr Ser Asp Asp Ser Ala Val Tyr
Phe Cys 85 90 95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly Gln
Gly Thr Leu Val 100 105 110 Thr Val Ser Ala 115 2 116 PRT
Artificial Synthetic 2 Gln Val Gln Leu Val Gln Ser Gly Ala Glu Val
Lys Lys Pro Gly Ala 1 5 10 15 Ser Val Lys Val Ser Cys Lys Ala Ser
Gly Tyr Ala Phe Thr Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile Glu Trp Val Arg Gln
Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Met 35 40 45 Gly Val Ile Asn Pro
Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn Tyr Asn Glu Ser Leu 50 55 60 Lys Ser Arg
Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala Tyr 65 70 75 80 Leu
Gln Ile Ser Ser Leu Lys Ala Glu Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Phe Cys 85 90
95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu Val
100 105 110 Thr Val Ser Ser 115 3 116 PRT Artificial Synthetic 3
Gln Val Gln Leu Val Gln Ser Gly His Glu Val Lys Gln Pro Gly Ala 1 5
10 15 Ser Val Lys Val Ser Cys Lys Ala Ser Gly Tyr Ala Phe Thr Asn
Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile Glu Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu
Glu Trp Met 35 40 45 Gly Val Ile Asn Pro Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn
Tyr Asn Glu Ser Leu 50 55 60 Lys Ser Arg Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp
Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg
Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Phe Cys 85 90 95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro
Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu Val 100 105 110 Thr Val Ser
Ser 115 4 116 PRT Artificial Synthetic 4 Gln Val Gln Leu Val Gln
Ser Gly His Glu Val Lys Gln Pro Ser Gln 1 5 10 15 Thr Leu Ser Leu
Thr Cys Ala Ile Ser Gly Tyr Ala Phe Thr Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile
Glu Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Met 35 40 45
Gly Val Ile Asn Pro Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn Tyr Asn Glu Ser Leu 50
55 60 Lys Ser Arg Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala
Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val
Tyr Phe Cys 85 90 95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly
Gln Gly Thr Leu Val 100 105 110 Thr Val Ser Ser 115 5 116 PRT
Artificial Synthetic 5 Gln Val Gln Leu Val Gln Ser Gly Ser Gly Leu
Val Lys Pro Ser Gln 1 5 10 15 Thr Leu Ser Leu Thr Cys Ala Val Ser
Gly Tyr Ala Phe Thr Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile Glu Trp Val Arg Gln
Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Met 35 40 45 Gly Val Ile Asn Pro
Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn Tyr Asn Glu Ser Leu 50 55 60 Lys Ser Arg
Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met
Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Phe Cys 85 90
95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu Val
100 105 110 Thr Val Ser Ser 115 6 116 PRT Artificial Synthetic 6
Gln Val Gln Leu Val Gln Ser Gly Pro Gly Leu Val Lys Pro Ser Gln 1 5
10 15 Thr Leu Ser Leu Thr Cys Ala Ile Ser Gly Tyr Ala Phe Thr Asn
Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile Glu Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu
Glu Trp Met 35 40 45 Gly Val Ile Asn Pro Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn
Tyr Asn Glu Ser Leu 50 55 60 Lys Ser Arg Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp
Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg
Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Phe Cys 85 90 95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro
Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu Val 100 105 110 Thr Val Ser
Ser 115 7 116 PRT Artificial Synthetic 7 Gln Val Gln Leu Gln Glu
Ser Gly Pro Gly Leu Val Lys Pro Pro Gly 1 5 10 15 Thr Leu Ser Leu
Thr Cys Lys Ala Ser Gly Tyr Ala Phe Thr Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile
Glu Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Met 35 40 45
Gly Val Ile Asn Pro Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn Tyr Asn Glu Ser Leu 50
55 60 Lys Ser Arg Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala
Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val
Tyr Phe Cys 85 90 95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly
Gln Gly Thr Leu Val 100 105 110 Thr Val Ser Ser 115 8 116 PRT
Artificial Synthetic 8 Gln Val Thr Leu Arg Glu Ser Gly Pro Ala Leu
Val Lys Pro Thr Gln 1 5 10 15 Thr Leu Thr Leu Thr Cys Lys Ala Ser
Gly Tyr Ala Phe Thr Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile Glu Trp Val Arg Gln
Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Met 35 40 45 Gly Val Ile Asn Pro
Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn Tyr Asn Glu Ser Leu 50 55 60 Lys Ser Arg
Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met
Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Phe Cys 85 90
95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu Val
100 105 110 Thr Val Ser Ser 115 9 116 PRT Artificial Synthetic 9
Gln Val Thr Leu Lys Glu Ser Gly Pro Val Leu Val Lys Pro Thr Glu 1 5
10 15 Thr Leu Thr Leu Thr Cys Thr Val Ser Gly Tyr Ala Phe Thr Asn
Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile Glu Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu
Glu Trp Met 35 40 45 Gly Val Ile Asn Pro Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn
Tyr Asn Glu Ser Leu 50 55 60 Lys Ser Arg Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp
Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg
Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Phe Cys 85 90 95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro
Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu Val 100 105 110 Thr Val Ser
Ser 115 10 116 PRT Artificial Synthetic 10 Gln Val Gln Leu Val Gln
Ser Gly Pro Val Leu Val Lys Pro Thr Glu 1 5 10 15 Thr Leu Thr Leu
Thr Cys Lys Ala Ser Gly Tyr Ala Phe Thr Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile
Glu Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Met 35 40 45
Gly Val Ile Asn Pro Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn Tyr Asn Glu Ser Leu 50
55 60 Lys Ser Arg Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala
Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val
Tyr Phe Cys 85 90 95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly
Gln Gly Thr Leu Val 100 105 110 Thr Val Ser Ser 115 11 116 PRT
Artificial Synthetic 11 Gln Leu Gln Leu Gln Glu Ser Gly Pro Gly Leu
Val Lys Pro Ser Glu 1 5 10 15 Thr Leu Lys Val Ser Cys Lys Ala Ser
Gly Tyr Ala Phe Thr Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile Glu Trp Val Arg Gln
Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Met 35 40 45 Gly Val Ile Asn Pro
Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn Tyr Asn Glu Ser Leu 50 55 60 Lys Ser Arg
Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met
Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Phe Cys 85 90
95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu Val
100 105 110 Thr Val Ser Ser 115 12 116 PRT Artificial Synthetic 12
Gln Ile Thr Leu Lys Glu Ser Gly Pro Thr Leu Val Lys Pro Thr Gln 1 5
10 15 Thr Val Lys Val Ser Cys Lys Ala Ser Gly Tyr Ala Phe Thr Asn
Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile Glu Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu
Glu Trp Met 35 40 45 Gly Val Ile Asn Pro Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn
Tyr Asn Glu Ser Leu 50 55 60 Lys Ser Arg Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp
Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg
Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Phe Cys 85 90 95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro
Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu Val 100 105 110 Thr Val Ser
Ser 115 13 116 PRT Artificial Synthetic 13 Gln Val Gln Leu Leu Glu
Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu Val Gln Pro Gly Gly 1 5 10 15 Ser Leu Arg Leu
Ser Cys Lys Ala Ser Gly Tyr Ala Phe Thr Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile
Glu Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Met 35 40 45
Gly Val Ile Asn Pro Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn Tyr Asn Glu Ser Leu 50
55 60 Lys Ser Arg Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala
Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val
Tyr Phe Cys 85 90 95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly
Gln Gly Thr Leu Val 100 105 110 Thr Val Ser Ser 115 14 116 PRT
Artificial Synthetic 14 Gln Val Gln Leu Val Glu Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu
Val Glu Pro Gly Gly 1 5 10 15 Ser Leu Arg Leu Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser
Gly Tyr Ala Phe Thr Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile Glu Trp Val Arg Gln
Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Met 35 40 45 Gly Val Ile Asn Pro
Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn Tyr Asn Glu Ser Leu 50 55 60 Lys Ser Arg
Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met
Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Phe Cys 85 90
95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu Val
100 105 110 Thr Val Ser Ser 115 15 116 PRT Artificial Synthetic 15
Gln Val Gln Leu Val Gln Ser Gly His Glu Val Lys Gln Pro Gly Ala 1 5
10 15 Ser Val Lys Val Ser Cys Lys Ala Ser Gly Tyr Ala Phe Thr Asn
Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile Glu Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu
Glu Trp Met 35 40 45 Gly Val Ile Asn Pro Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn
Tyr Asn Glu Ser Leu 50 55 60 Lys Ser Arg Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp
Lys Ser Ile Ser Gln Val Val 65 70 75 80 Leu Thr Met Thr Asn Met Asp
Pro Val Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Phe Cys 85 90 95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro
Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu Val 100 105 110 Thr Val Ser
Ser 115 16 116 PRT Artificial Synthetic 16 Gln Val Gln Leu Val Gln
Ser Gly His Glu Val Lys Gln Pro Gly Ala 1 5 10 15 Ser Val Lys Val
Ser Cys Lys Ala Ser Gly Tyr Ala Phe Thr Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile
Glu Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Met 35 40 45
Gly Val Ile Asn Pro Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn Tyr Asn Glu Ser Leu 50
55 60 Lys Ser Arg Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala
Tyr 65 70 75 80 Leu Thr Met Thr Asn Met Asp Pro Val Asp Thr Ala Val
Tyr Phe Cys 85 90 95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly
Gln Gly Thr Leu Val 100 105 110 Thr Val Ser Ser 115 17 116 PRT
Artificial Synthetic 17 Gln Val Gln Leu Val Gln Ser Gly His Glu Val
Lys Gln Pro Gly Ala 1 5 10 15 Ser Val Lys Val Ser Cys Lys Ala Ser
Gly Tyr Ala Phe Thr Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile Glu Trp Val Arg Gln
Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Met 35 40 45 Gly Val Ile Asn Pro
Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn Tyr Asn Glu Ser Leu 50 55 60 Lys Ser Arg
Leu Thr Ile Thr Lys Asp Thr Ser Lys Asn Gln Val Val 65 70 75 80 Leu
Thr Met Thr Asn Met Asp Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Phe Cys 85 90
95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu Val
100 105 110 Thr Val Ser Ser 115 18 116 PRT Artificial Synthetic 18
Gln Val Gln Leu Val Gln Ser Gly His Glu Val Lys Gln Pro Gly Ala 1 5
10 15 Ser Val Lys Val Ser Cys Lys Ala Ser Gly Tyr Ala Phe Thr Asn
Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile Glu Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu
Glu Trp Met 35 40 45 Gly Val Ile Asn Pro Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn
Tyr Asn Glu Ser Leu 50 55 60 Lys Ser Arg Leu Thr Ile Ser Lys Asp
Thr Ser Lys Asn Gln Val Val 65 70 75 80 Leu Thr Met Thr Asn Met Asp
Pro Val Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Phe Cys 85 90 95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro
Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu Val 100 105 110 Thr Val Ser
Ser 115 19 116 PRT Artificial Synthetic 19 Gln Val Gln Leu Val Gln
Ser Gly His Glu Val Lys Gln Pro Gly Ala 1 5 10 15 Ser Val Lys Val
Ser Cys Lys Ala Ser Gly Tyr Ala Phe Thr Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile
Glu Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Met 35 40 45
Gly Val Ile Asn Pro Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn Tyr Asn Glu Ser Leu 50
55 60 Lys Ser Arg Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp Lys Ser Ile Asn Thr Leu
Tyr 65 70 75 80 Leu Gln Met Asn Asn Leu Arg Ala Glu Gly Thr Ala Val
Tyr Phe Cys 85 90 95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly
Gln Gly Thr Leu Val 100 105 110 Thr Val Ser Ser 115 20 116 PRT
Artificial Synthetic 20 Gln Val Gln Leu Val Gln Ser Gly His Glu Val
Lys Gln Pro Gly Ala 1 5 10 15 Ser Val Lys Val Ser Cys Lys Ala Ser
Gly Tyr Ala Phe Thr Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile Glu Trp Val Arg Gln
Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Met 35 40 45 Gly Val Ile Asn Pro
Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn Tyr Asn Glu Ser Leu 50 55 60 Lys Ser Arg
Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp Lys Ser Lys Asn Gln Phe Ser 65 70 75 80 Leu
Lys Leu Ser Ser Val Thr Ala Ala Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Phe Cys 85 90
95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu Val
100 105 110 Thr Val Ser Ser 115 21 116 PRT Artificial Synthetic 21
Gln Val Gln Leu Val Gln Ser Gly His Glu Val Lys Gln Pro Gly Ala 1 5
10 15 Ser Val Lys Val Ser Cys Lys Ala Ser Gly Tyr Ala Phe Thr Asn
Tyr 20 25
30 Leu Ile Glu Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Met
35 40 45 Gly Val Ile Asn Pro Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn Tyr Asn Glu
Ser Leu 50 55 60 Lys Ser Arg Val Thr Ile Ser Val Asp Arg Ser Lys
Asn Gln Phe Ser 65 70 75 80 Leu Lys Leu Ser Ser Val Thr Ala Ala Asp
Thr Ala Val Tyr Phe Cys 85 90 95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro Trp Phe Ala
Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu Val 100 105 110 Thr Val Ser Ser 115 22
115 PRT Artificial Synthetic 22 Gln Val Gln Leu Val Gln Ser Gly His
Glu Val Lys Gln Pro Gly Ala 1 5 10 15 Ser Val Lys Val Ser Cys Lys
Ala Ser Gly Tyr Ala Phe Thr Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile Glu Trp Val
Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Met 35 40 45 Gly Val Ile
Asn Pro Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn Tyr Asn Glu Ser Leu 50 55 60 Lys
Ser Arg Val Thr Ile Asn Pro Asp Thr Ser Lys Asn Gln Phe Ser 65 70
75 80 Leu Gln Leu Asn Ser Val Thr Pro Glu Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Phe
Cys 85 90 95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly
Thr Leu Val 100 105 110 Thr Val Ser 115 23 116 PRT Artificial
Synthetic 23 Gln Val Gln Leu Val Gln Ser Gly His Glu Val Lys Gln
Pro Gly Ala 1 5 10 15 Ser Val Lys Val Ser Cys Lys Ala Ser Gly Tyr
Ala Phe Thr Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile Glu Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro
Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Met 35 40 45 Gly Val Ile Asn Pro Gly Ser
Gly Gly Thr Asn Tyr Asn Glu Ser Leu 50 55 60 Lys Ser Arg Ile Thr
Ile Asn Pro Asp Thr Ser Lys Asn Gln Phe Ser 65 70 75 80 Leu Gln Leu
Asn Ser Val Thr Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Phe Cys 85 90 95 Ala
Arg Asp Gly Pro Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu Val 100 105
110 Thr Val Ser Ser 115 24 116 PRT Artificial Synthetic 24 Gln Val
Gln Leu Val Gln Ser Gly Pro Glu Leu Val Lys Pro Thr Glu 1 5 10 15
Thr Leu Thr Leu Thr Cys Lys Ala Ser Gly Tyr Ala Phe Thr Asn Tyr 20
25 30 Leu Ile Glu Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp
Met 35 40 45 Gly Val Ile Asn Pro Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn Tyr Asn
Glu Ser Leu 50 55 60 Lys Ser Arg Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp Lys Ser
Ile Ser Thr Ala Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg Ser Glu
Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Phe Cys 85 90 95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro Trp Phe
Ala Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu Val 100 105 110 Thr Val Ser Ser 115
25 116 PRT Artificial Synthetic 25 Gln Val Gln Leu Val Gln Ser Gly
His Glu Val Lys Gln Pro Gly Ala 1 5 10 15 Ser Val Lys Val Ser Cys
Lys Ala Ser Gly Tyr Ser Phe Thr Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile Glu Trp
Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Met 35 40 45 Gly Val
Ile Asn Pro Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn Tyr Asn Pro Ser Leu 50 55 60
Lys Ser Arg Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala Tyr 65
70 75 80 Met Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr
Phe Cys 85 90 95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly Gln
Gly Thr Leu Val 100 105 110 Thr Val Ser Ser 115 26 116 PRT
Artificial Synthetic 26 Gln Val Gln Leu Val Gln Ser Gly His Glu Val
Lys Gln Pro Gly Ala 1 5 10 15 Ser Val Lys Val Ser Cys Lys Ala Ser
Gly Tyr Ser Phe Thr Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile Glu Trp Val Arg Gln
Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Met 35 40 45 Gly Val Ile Asn Pro
Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn Tyr Asn Glu Ser Leu 50 55 60 Lys Ser Arg
Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met
Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Phe Cys 85 90
95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu Val
100 105 110 Thr Val Ser Ser 115 27 116 PRT Artificial Synthetic 27
Glu Val Gln Leu Val Glu Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu Val Gln Pro Gly Gly 1 5
10 15 Ser Leu Arg Leu Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser Gly Tyr Ala Phe Thr Asn
Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile Glu Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu
Glu Trp Met 35 40 45 Gly Val Ile Asn Pro Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn
Tyr Asn Glu Ser Leu 50 55 60 Lys Ser Arg Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp
Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg
Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Phe Cys 85 90 95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro
Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu Val 100 105 110 Thr Val Ser
Ser 115 28 116 PRT Artificial Synthetic 28 Gln Val Gln Leu Val Glu
Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu Val Gln Pro Gly Gly 1 5 10 15 Ser Leu Arg Leu
Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser Gly Tyr Ala Phe Thr Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile
Glu Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Met 35 40 45
Gly Val Ile Asn Pro Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn Tyr Asn Glu Ser Leu 50
55 60 Lys Ser Arg Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala
Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val
Tyr Phe Cys 85 90 95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly
Gln Gly Thr Leu Val 100 105 110 Thr Val Ser Ser 115 29 116 PRT
Artificial Synthetic 29 Thr Val Gln Leu Val Glu Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu
Val Gln Pro Gly Gly 1 5 10 15 Ser Leu Arg Leu Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser
Gly Tyr Ala Phe Thr Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile Glu Trp Val Arg Gln
Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Met 35 40 45 Gly Val Ile Asn Pro
Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn Tyr Asn Glu Ser Leu 50 55 60 Lys Ser Arg
Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met
Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Phe Cys 85 90
95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu Val
100 105 110 Thr Val Ser Ser 115 30 116 PRT Artificial Synthetic 30
Glu Leu Gln Leu Val Glu Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu Val Gln Pro Gly Gly 1 5
10 15 Ser Leu Arg Leu Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser Gly Tyr Ala Phe Thr Asn
Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile Glu Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu
Glu Trp Met 35 40 45 Gly Val Ile Asn Pro Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn
Tyr Asn Glu Ser Leu 50 55 60 Lys Ser Arg Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp
Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg
Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Phe Cys 85 90 95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro
Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu Val 100 105 110 Thr Val Ser
Ser 115 31 116 PRT Artificial Synthetic 31 Glu Val Glu Leu Val Glu
Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu Val Gln Pro Gly Gly 1 5 10 15 Ser Leu Arg Leu
Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser Gly Tyr Ala Phe Thr Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile
Glu Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Met 35 40 45
Gly Val Ile Asn Pro Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn Tyr Asn Glu Ser Leu 50
55 60 Lys Ser Arg Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala
Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val
Tyr Phe Cys 85 90 95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly
Gln Gly Thr Leu Val 100 105 110 Thr Val Ser Ser 115 32 116 PRT
Artificial Synthetic 32 Glu Val Gln Ile Val Glu Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu
Val Gln Pro Gly Gly 1 5 10 15 Ser Leu Arg Leu Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser
Gly Tyr Ala Phe Thr Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile Glu Trp Val Arg Gln
Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Met 35 40 45 Gly Val Ile Asn Pro
Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn Tyr Asn Glu Ser Leu 50 55 60 Lys Ser Arg
Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met
Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Phe Cys 85 90
95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu Val
100 105 110 Thr Val Ser Ser 115 33 116 PRT Artificial Synthetic 33
Glu Val Gln Leu Gln Glu Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu Val Gln Pro Gly Gly 1 5
10 15 Ser Leu Arg Leu Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser Gly Tyr Ala Phe Thr Asn
Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile Glu Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu
Glu Trp Met 35 40 45 Gly Val Ile Asn Pro Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn
Tyr Asn Glu Ser Leu 50 55 60 Lys Ser Arg Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp
Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg
Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Phe Cys 85 90 95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro
Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu Val 100 105 110 Thr Val Ser
Ser 115 34 116 PRT Artificial Synthetic 34 Glu Val Gln Leu Leu Glu
Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu Val Gln Pro Gly Gly 1 5 10 15 Ser Leu Arg Leu
Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser Gly Tyr Ala Phe Thr Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile
Glu Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Met 35 40 45
Gly Val Ile Asn Pro Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn Tyr Asn Glu Ser Leu 50
55 60 Lys Ser Arg Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala
Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val
Tyr Phe Cys 85 90 95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly
Gln Gly Thr Leu Val 100 105 110 Thr Val Ser Ser 115 35 116 PRT
Artificial Synthetic 35 Glu Val Gln Leu Val Gln Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu
Val Gln Pro Gly Gly 1 5 10 15 Ser Leu Arg Leu Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser
Gly Tyr Ala Phe Thr Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile Glu Trp Val Arg Gln
Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Met 35 40 45 Gly Val Ile Asn Pro
Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn Tyr Asn Glu Ser Leu 50 55 60 Lys Ser Arg
Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met
Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Phe Cys 85 90
95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu Val
100 105 110 Thr Val Ser Ser 115 36 116 PRT Artificial Synthetic 36
Glu Val Gln Leu Val Glu Ser Gly His Gly Leu Val Gln Pro Gly Gly 1 5
10 15 Ser Leu Arg Leu Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser Gly Tyr Ala Phe Thr Asn
Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile Glu Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu
Glu Trp Met 35 40 45 Gly Val Ile Asn Pro Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn
Tyr Asn Glu Ser Leu 50 55 60 Lys Ser Arg Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp
Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg
Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Phe Cys 85 90 95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro
Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu Val 100 105 110 Thr Val Ser
Ser 115 37 116 PRT Artificial Synthetic 37 Glu Val Gln Leu Val Glu
Ser Gly Ala Gly Leu Val Gln Pro Gly Gly 1 5 10 15 Ser Leu Arg Leu
Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser Gly Tyr Ala Phe Thr Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile
Glu Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Met 35 40 45
Gly Val Ile Asn Pro Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn Tyr Asn Glu Ser Leu 50
55 60 Lys Ser Arg Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala
Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val
Tyr Phe Cys 85 90 95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly
Gln Gly Thr Leu Val 100 105 110 Thr Val Ser Ser 115 38 116 PRT
Artificial Synthetic 38 Glu Val Gln Leu Val Glu Ser Gly Gly Glu Leu
Val Gln Pro Gly Gly 1 5 10 15 Ser Leu Arg Leu Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser
Gly Tyr Ala Phe Thr Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile Glu Trp Val Arg Gln
Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Met 35 40 45 Gly Val Ile Asn Pro
Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn Tyr Asn Glu Ser Leu 50 55 60 Lys Ser Arg
Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met
Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Phe Cys 85 90
95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu Val
100 105 110 Thr Val Ser Ser 115 39 116 PRT Artificial Synthetic 39
Glu Val Gln Leu Val Glu Ser Gly Gly Gly Val Val Gln Pro Gly Gly 1 5
10 15 Ser Leu Arg Leu Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser Gly Tyr Ala Phe Thr Asn
Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile Glu Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu
Glu Trp Met 35 40 45 Gly Val Ile Asn Pro Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn
Tyr Asn Glu Ser Leu 50 55 60 Lys Ser Arg Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp
Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg
Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Phe Cys 85 90 95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro
Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu Val 100 105 110 Thr Val Ser
Ser 115 40 116 PRT Artificial Synthetic 40 Glu Val Gln Leu Val Glu
Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu Lys Gln Pro Gly Gly 1 5 10 15 Ser Leu Arg Leu
Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser Gly Tyr Ala Phe Thr Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile
Glu Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Met 35 40 45
Gly Val Ile Asn Pro Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn Tyr Asn Glu Ser Leu 50
55 60 Lys Ser Arg Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala
Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val
Tyr Phe Cys 85 90 95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly
Gln Gly Thr Leu Val 100 105 110 Thr Val Ser Ser 115 41 116 PRT
Artificial Synthetic 41 Glu Val Gln Leu Val Glu Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu
Val Lys Pro Gly Gly 1 5 10 15 Ser Leu Arg Leu Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser
Gly Tyr Ala Phe Thr Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile Glu Trp Val Arg Gln
Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Met 35 40 45 Gly Val Ile Asn Pro
Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn Tyr Asn Glu Ser Leu 50
55 60 Lys Ser Arg Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala
Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val
Tyr Phe Cys 85 90 95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly
Gln Gly Thr Leu Val 100 105 110 Thr Val Ser Ser 115 42 116 PRT
Artificial Synthetic 42 Glu Val Gln Leu Val Glu Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu
Val Arg Pro Gly Gly 1 5 10 15 Ser Leu Arg Leu Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser
Gly Tyr Ala Phe Thr Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile Glu Trp Val Arg Gln
Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Met 35 40 45 Gly Val Ile Asn Pro
Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn Tyr Asn Glu Ser Leu 50 55 60 Lys Ser Arg
Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met
Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Phe Cys 85 90
95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu Val
100 105 110 Thr Val Ser Ser 115 43 116 PRT Artificial Synthetic 43
Glu Val Gln Leu Val Glu Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu Val Gln Pro Gly Ala 1 5
10 15 Ser Leu Arg Leu Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser Gly Tyr Ala Phe Thr Asn
Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile Glu Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu
Glu Trp Met 35 40 45 Gly Val Ile Asn Pro Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn
Tyr Asn Glu Ser Leu 50 55 60 Lys Ser Arg Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp
Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg
Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Phe Cys 85 90 95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro
Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu Val 100 105 110 Thr Val Ser
Ser 115 44 116 PRT Artificial Synthetic 44 Glu Val Gln Leu Val Glu
Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu Val Gln Pro Gly Thr 1 5 10 15 Ser Leu Arg Leu
Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser Gly Tyr Ala Phe Thr Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile
Glu Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Met 35 40 45
Gly Val Ile Asn Pro Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn Tyr Asn Glu Ser Leu 50
55 60 Lys Ser Arg Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala
Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val
Tyr Phe Cys 85 90 95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly
Gln Gly Thr Leu Val 100 105 110 Thr Val Ser Ser 115 45 116 PRT
Artificial Synthetic 45 Glu Val Gln Leu Val Glu Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu
Val Gln Pro Gly Arg 1 5 10 15 Ser Leu Arg Leu Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser
Gly Tyr Ala Phe Thr Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile Glu Trp Val Arg Gln
Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Met 35 40 45 Gly Val Ile Asn Pro
Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn Tyr Asn Glu Ser Leu 50 55 60 Lys Ser Arg
Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met
Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Phe Cys 85 90
95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu Val
100 105 110 Thr Val Ser Ser 115 46 116 PRT Artificial Synthetic 46
Glu Val Gln Leu Val Glu Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu Val Gln Pro Gly Gly 1 5
10 15 Ser Val Arg Leu Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser Gly Tyr Ala Phe Thr Asn
Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile Glu Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu
Glu Trp Met 35 40 45 Gly Val Ile Asn Pro Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn
Tyr Asn Glu Ser Leu 50 55 60 Lys Ser Arg Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp
Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg
Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Phe Cys 85 90 95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro
Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu Val 100 105 110 Thr Val Ser
Ser 115 47 116 PRT Artificial Synthetic 47 Glu Val Gln Leu Val Glu
Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu Val Gln Pro Gly Gly 1 5 10 15 Ser Leu Lys Leu
Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser Gly Tyr Ala Phe Thr Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile
Glu Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Met 35 40 45
Gly Val Ile Asn Pro Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn Tyr Asn Glu Ser Leu 50
55 60 Lys Ser Arg Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala
Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val
Tyr Phe Cys 85 90 95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly
Gln Gly Thr Leu Val 100 105 110 Thr Val Ser Ser 115 48 116 PRT
Artificial Synthetic 48 Glu Val Gln Leu Val Glu Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu
Val Gln Pro Gly Gly 1 5 10 15 Ser Leu Arg Val Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser
Gly Tyr Ala Phe Thr Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile Glu Trp Val Arg Gln
Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Met 35 40 45 Gly Val Ile Asn Pro
Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn Tyr Asn Glu Ser Leu 50 55 60 Lys Ser Arg
Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met
Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Phe Cys 85 90
95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu Val
100 105 110 Thr Val Ser Ser 115 49 116 PRT Artificial Synthetic 49
Glu Val Gln Leu Val Glu Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu Val Gln Pro Gly Gly 1 5
10 15 Ser Leu Arg Leu Ser Cys Lys Ala Ser Gly Tyr Ala Phe Thr Asn
Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile Glu Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu
Glu Trp Met 35 40 45 Gly Val Ile Asn Pro Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn
Tyr Asn Glu Ser Leu 50 55 60 Lys Ser Arg Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp
Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg
Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Phe Cys 85 90 95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro
Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu Val 100 105 110 Thr Val Ser
Ser 115 50 116 PRT Artificial Synthetic 50 Glu Val Gln Leu Val Glu
Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu Val Gln Pro Gly Gly 1 5 10 15 Ser Leu Arg Leu
Ser Cys Arg Ala Ser Gly Tyr Ala Phe Thr Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile
Glu Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Met 35 40 45
Gly Val Ile Asn Pro Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn Tyr Asn Glu Ser Leu 50
55 60 Lys Ser Arg Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala
Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val
Tyr Phe Cys 85 90 95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly
Gln Gly Thr Leu Val 100 105 110 Thr Val Ser Ser 115 51 116 PRT
Artificial Synthetic 51 Glu Val Gln Leu Val Glu Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu
Val Gln Pro Gly Gly 1 5 10 15 Ser Leu Arg Leu Ser Cys Thr Ala Ser
Gly Tyr Ala Phe Thr Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile Glu Trp Val Arg Gln
Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Met 35 40 45 Gly Val Ile Asn Pro
Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn Tyr Asn Glu Ser Leu 50 55 60 Lys Ser Arg
Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met
Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Phe Cys 85 90
95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu Val
100 105 110 Thr Val Ser Ser 115 52 116 PRT Artificial Synthetic 52
Glu Val Gln Leu Val Glu Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu Val Gln Pro Gly Gly 1 5
10 15 Ser Leu Arg Leu Ser Cys Ala Val Ser Gly Tyr Ala Phe Thr Asn
Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile Glu Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu
Glu Trp Met 35 40 45 Gly Val Ile Asn Pro Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn
Tyr Asn Glu Ser Leu 50 55 60 Lys Ser Arg Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp
Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg
Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Phe Cys 85 90 95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro
Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu Val 100 105 110 Thr Val Ser
Ser 115 53 116 PRT Artificial Synthetic 53 Glu Val Gln Leu Val Glu
Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu Val Gln Pro Gly Gly 1 5 10 15 Ser Leu Arg Leu
Ser Cys Ala Ala Thr Gly Tyr Ala Phe Thr Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile
Glu Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Met 35 40 45
Gly Val Ile Asn Pro Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn Tyr Asn Glu Ser Leu 50
55 60 Lys Ser Arg Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala
Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val
Tyr Phe Cys 85 90 95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly
Gln Gly Thr Leu Val 100 105 110 Thr Val Ser Ser 115 54 116 PRT
Artificial Synthetic 54 Glu Val Gln Leu Val Glu Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu
Val Gln Pro Gly Gly 1 5 10 15 Ser Leu Arg Leu Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser
Ala Tyr Ala Phe Thr Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile Glu Trp Val Arg Gln
Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Met 35 40 45 Gly Val Ile Asn Pro
Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn Tyr Asn Glu Ser Leu 50 55 60 Lys Ser Arg
Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met
Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Phe Cys 85 90
95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu Val
100 105 110 Thr Val Ser Ser 115 55 116 PRT Artificial Synthetic 55
Glu Val Gln Leu Val Glu Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu Val Gln Pro Gly Gly 1 5
10 15 Ser Leu Arg Leu Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser Gly Phe Ala Phe Thr Asn
Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile Glu Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu
Glu Trp Met 35 40 45 Gly Val Ile Asn Pro Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn
Tyr Asn Glu Ser Leu 50 55 60 Lys Ser Arg Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp
Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg
Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Phe Cys 85 90 95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro
Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu Val 100 105 110 Thr Val Ser
Ser 115 56 116 PRT Artificial Synthetic 56 Glu Val Gln Leu Val Glu
Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu Val Gln Pro Gly Gly 1 5 10 15 Ser Leu Arg Leu
Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser Gly Tyr Ser Phe Thr Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile
Glu Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Met 35 40 45
Gly Val Ile Asn Pro Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn Tyr Asn Glu Ser Leu 50
55 60 Lys Ser Arg Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala
Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val
Tyr Phe Cys 85 90 95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly
Gln Gly Thr Leu Val 100 105 110 Thr Val Ser Ser 115 57 116 PRT
Artificial Synthetic 57 Glu Val Gln Leu Val Glu Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu
Val Gln Pro Gly Gly 1 5 10 15 Ser Leu Arg Leu Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser
Gly Tyr Ala Phe Ser Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile Glu Trp Val Arg Gln
Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Met 35 40 45 Gly Val Ile Asn Pro
Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn Tyr Asn Glu Ser Leu 50 55 60 Lys Ser Arg
Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met
Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Phe Cys 85 90
95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu Val
100 105 110 Thr Val Ser Ser 115 58 116 PRT Artificial Synthetic 58
Glu Val Gln Leu Val Glu Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu Val Gln Pro Gly Gly 1 5
10 15 Ser Leu Arg Leu Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser Gly Tyr Ala Phe Thr Asp
Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile Glu Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu
Glu Trp Met 35 40 45 Gly Val Ile Asn Pro Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn
Tyr Asn Glu Ser Leu 50 55 60 Lys Ser Arg Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp
Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg
Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Phe Cys 85 90 95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro
Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu Val 100 105 110 Thr Val Ser
Ser 115 59 116 PRT Artificial Synthetic 59 Glu Val Gln Leu Val Glu
Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu Val Gln Pro Gly Gly 1 5 10 15 Ser Leu Arg Leu
Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser Gly Tyr Ala Phe Thr Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Leu
Glu Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Met 35 40 45
Gly Val Ile Asn Pro Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn Tyr Asn Glu Ser Leu 50
55 60 Lys Ser Arg Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala
Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val
Tyr Phe Cys 85 90 95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly
Gln Gly Thr Leu Val 100 105 110 Thr Val Ser Ser 115 60 116 PRT
Artificial Synthetic 60 Glu Val Gln Leu Val Glu Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu
Val Gln Pro Gly Gly 1 5 10 15 Ser Leu Arg Leu Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser
Gly Tyr Ala Phe Thr Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Met Glu Trp Val Arg Gln
Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Met 35 40 45 Gly Val Ile Asn Pro
Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn Tyr Asn Glu Ser Leu 50 55 60 Lys Ser Arg
Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met
Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Phe Cys 85 90
95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu Val
100 105 110 Thr Val Ser Ser 115 61 116 PRT Artificial Synthetic 61
Glu Val Gln Leu Val Glu Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu Val Gln Pro Gly Gly 1 5
10 15 Ser Leu Arg Leu Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser Gly Tyr Ala Phe Thr Asn
Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile Ser Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu
Glu Trp Met 35 40 45 Gly Val Ile Asn Pro Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn
Tyr Asn Glu Ser Leu 50 55 60 Lys Ser Arg Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp
Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg
Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Phe Cys
85 90 95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr
Leu Val 100 105 110 Thr Val Ser Ser 115 62 116 PRT Artificial
Synthetic 62 Glu Val Gln Leu Val Glu Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu Val Gln
Pro Gly Gly 1 5 10 15 Ser Leu Arg Leu Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser Gly Tyr
Ala Phe Thr Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile Asn Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro
Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Met 35 40 45 Gly Val Ile Asn Pro Gly Ser
Gly Gly Thr Asn Tyr Asn Glu Ser Leu 50 55 60 Lys Ser Arg Val Thr
Ile Ser Ala Asp Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met Glu Leu
Ser Ser Leu Arg Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Phe Cys 85 90 95 Ala
Arg Asp Gly Pro Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu Val 100 105
110 Thr Val Ser Ser 115 63 116 PRT Artificial Synthetic 63 Glu Val
Gln Leu Val Glu Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu Val Gln Pro Gly Gly 1 5 10 15
Ser Leu Arg Leu Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser Gly Tyr Ala Phe Thr Asn Tyr 20
25 30 Leu Ile Asp Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp
Met 35 40 45 Gly Val Ile Asn Pro Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn Tyr Asn
Glu Ser Leu 50 55 60 Lys Ser Arg Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp Lys Ser
Ile Ser Thr Ala Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg Ser Glu
Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Phe Cys 85 90 95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro Trp Phe
Ala Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu Val 100 105 110 Thr Val Ser Ser 115
64 116 PRT Artificial Synthetic 64 Glu Val Gln Leu Val Glu Ser Gly
Gly Gly Leu Val Gln Pro Gly Gly 1 5 10 15 Ser Leu Arg Leu Ser Cys
Ala Ala Ser Gly Tyr Ala Phe Thr Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile Tyr Trp
Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Met 35 40 45 Gly Val
Ile Asn Pro Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn Tyr Asn Glu Ser Leu 50 55 60
Lys Ser Arg Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala Tyr 65
70 75 80 Met Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr
Phe Cys 85 90 95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly Gln
Gly Thr Leu Val 100 105 110 Thr Val Ser Ser 115 65 116 PRT
Artificial Synthetic 65 Glu Val Gln Leu Val Glu Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu
Val Gln Pro Gly Gly 1 5 10 15 Ser Leu Arg Leu Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser
Gly Tyr Ala Phe Thr Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile Glu Trp Ile Arg Gln
Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Met 35 40 45 Gly Val Ile Asn Pro
Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn Tyr Asn Glu Ser Leu 50 55 60 Lys Ser Arg
Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met
Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Phe Cys 85 90
95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu Val
100 105 110 Thr Val Ser Ser 115 66 116 PRT Artificial Synthetic 66
Glu Val Gln Leu Val Glu Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu Val Gln Pro Gly Gly 1 5
10 15 Ser Leu Arg Leu Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser Gly Tyr Ala Phe Thr Asn
Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile Glu Trp Val Arg Gln Arg Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu
Glu Trp Met 35 40 45 Gly Val Ile Asn Pro Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn
Tyr Asn Glu Ser Leu 50 55 60 Lys Ser Arg Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp
Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg
Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Phe Cys 85 90 95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro
Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu Val 100 105 110 Thr Val Ser
Ser 115 67 116 PRT Artificial Synthetic 67 Glu Val Gln Leu Val Glu
Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu Val Gln Pro Gly Gly 1 5 10 15 Ser Leu Arg Leu
Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser Gly Tyr Ala Phe Thr Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile
Glu Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Met 35 40 45
Gly Gly Ile Asn Pro Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn Tyr Asn Glu Ser Leu 50
55 60 Lys Ser Arg Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala
Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val
Tyr Phe Cys 85 90 95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly
Gln Gly Thr Leu Val 100 105 110 Thr Val Ser Ser 115 68 116 PRT
Artificial Synthetic 68 Glu Val Gln Leu Val Glu Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu
Val Gln Pro Gly Gly 1 5 10 15 Ser Leu Arg Leu Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser
Gly Tyr Ala Phe Thr Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile Glu Trp Val Arg Gln
Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Met 35 40 45 Gly Trp Ile Asn Pro
Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn Tyr Asn Glu Ser Leu 50 55 60 Lys Ser Arg
Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met
Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Phe Cys 85 90
95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu Val
100 105 110 Thr Val Ser Ser 115 69 116 PRT Artificial Synthetic 69
Glu Val Gln Leu Val Glu Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu Val Gln Pro Gly Gly 1 5
10 15 Ser Leu Arg Leu Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser Gly Tyr Ala Phe Thr Asn
Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile Glu Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu
Glu Trp Met 35 40 45 Gly Ile Ile Asn Pro Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn
Tyr Asn Glu Ser Leu 50 55 60 Lys Ser Arg Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp
Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg
Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Phe Cys 85 90 95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro
Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu Val 100 105 110 Thr Val Ser
Ser 115 70 116 PRT Artificial Synthetic 70 Glu Val Gln Leu Val Glu
Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu Val Gln Pro Gly Gly 1 5 10 15 Ser Leu Arg Leu
Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser Gly Tyr Ala Phe Thr Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile
Glu Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Met 35 40 45
Gly Val Val Asn Pro Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn Tyr Asn Glu Ser Leu 50
55 60 Lys Ser Arg Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala
Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val
Tyr Phe Cys 85 90 95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly
Gln Gly Thr Leu Val 100 105 110 Thr Val Ser Ser 115 71 116 PRT
Artificial Synthetic 71 Glu Val Gln Leu Val Glu Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu
Val Gln Pro Gly Gly 1 5 10 15 Ser Leu Arg Leu Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser
Gly Tyr Ala Phe Thr Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile Glu Trp Val Arg Gln
Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Met 35 40 45 Gly Val Ile Asn Pro
Gly Ser Gly Ala Thr Asn Tyr Asn Glu Ser Leu 50 55 60 Lys Ser Arg
Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met
Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Phe Cys 85 90
95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu Val
100 105 110 Thr Val Ser Ser 115 72 116 PRT Artificial Synthetic 72
Glu Val Gln Leu Val Glu Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu Val Gln Pro Gly Gly 1 5
10 15 Ser Leu Arg Leu Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser Gly Tyr Ala Phe Thr Asn
Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile Glu Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu
Glu Trp Met 35 40 45 Gly Val Ile Asn Pro Gly Ser Gly Gly Ser Asn
Tyr Asn Glu Ser Leu 50 55 60 Lys Ser Arg Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp
Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg
Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Phe Cys 85 90 95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro
Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu Val 100 105 110 Thr Val Ser
Ser 115 73 116 PRT Artificial Synthetic 73 Glu Val Gln Leu Val Glu
Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu Val Gln Pro Gly Gly 1 5 10 15 Ser Leu Arg Leu
Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser Gly Tyr Ala Phe Thr Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile
Glu Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Met 35 40 45
Gly Val Ile Asn Pro Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Tyr Tyr Asn Glu Ser Leu 50
55 60 Lys Ser Arg Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala
Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val
Tyr Phe Cys 85 90 95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly
Gln Gly Thr Leu Val 100 105 110 Thr Val Ser Ser 115 74 116 PRT
Artificial Synthetic 74 Glu Val Gln Leu Val Glu Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu
Val Gln Pro Gly Gly 1 5 10 15 Ser Leu Arg Leu Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser
Gly Tyr Ala Phe Thr Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile Glu Trp Val Arg Gln
Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Met 35 40 45 Gly Val Ile Asn Pro
Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn Tyr Asn Pro Ser Leu 50 55 60 Lys Ser Arg
Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met
Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Phe Cys 85 90
95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu Val
100 105 110 Thr Val Ser Ser 115 75 116 PRT Artificial Synthetic 75
Glu Val Gln Leu Val Glu Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu Val Gln Pro Gly Gly 1 5
10 15 Ser Leu Arg Leu Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser Gly Tyr Ala Phe Thr Asn
Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile Glu Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu
Glu Trp Met 35 40 45 Gly Val Ile Asn Pro Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn
Tyr Asn Glu Lys Leu 50 55 60 Lys Ser Arg Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp
Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg
Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Phe Cys 85 90 95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro
Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu Val 100 105 110 Thr Val Ser
Ser 115 76 116 PRT Artificial Synthetic 76 Glu Val Gln Leu Val Glu
Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu Val Gln Pro Gly Gly 1 5 10 15 Ser Leu Arg Leu
Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser Gly Tyr Ala Phe Thr Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile
Glu Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Met 35 40 45
Gly Val Ile Asn Pro Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn Tyr Asn Glu Ser Leu 50
55 60 Lys Ser Arg Val Thr Ile Ser Arg Asp Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala
Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val
Tyr Phe Cys 85 90 95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly
Gln Gly Thr Leu Val 100 105 110 Thr Val Ser Ser 115 77 116 PRT
Artificial Synthetic 77 Glu Val Gln Leu Val Glu Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu
Val Gln Pro Gly Gly 1 5 10 15 Ser Leu Arg Leu Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser
Gly Tyr Ala Phe Thr Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile Glu Trp Val Arg Gln
Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Met 35 40 45 Gly Val Ile Asn Pro
Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn Tyr Asn Glu Ser Leu 50 55 60 Lys Ser Arg
Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp Lys Ser Lys Ser Thr Ala Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met
Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Phe Cys 85 90
95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu Val
100 105 110 Thr Val Ser Ser 115 78 116 PRT Artificial Synthetic 78
Glu Val Gln Leu Val Glu Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu Val Gln Pro Gly Gly 1 5
10 15 Ser Leu Arg Leu Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser Gly Tyr Ala Phe Thr Asn
Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile Glu Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu
Glu Trp Met 35 40 45 Gly Val Ile Asn Pro Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn
Tyr Asn Glu Ser Leu 50 55 60 Lys Ser Arg Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp
Lys Ser Ile Asn Thr Ala Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg
Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Phe Cys 85 90 95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro
Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu Val 100 105 110 Thr Val Ser
Ser 115 79 116 PRT Artificial Synthetic 79 Glu Val Gln Leu Val Glu
Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu Val Gln Pro Gly Gly 1 5 10 15 Ser Leu Arg Leu
Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser Gly Tyr Ala Phe Thr Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile
Glu Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Met 35 40 45
Gly Val Ile Asn Pro Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn Tyr Asn Glu Ser Leu 50
55 60 Lys Ser Arg Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp Lys Ser Ile Thr Thr Ala
Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val
Tyr Phe Cys 85 90 95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly
Gln Gly Thr Leu Val 100 105 110 Thr Val Ser Ser 115 80 116 PRT
Artificial Synthetic 80 Glu Val Gln Leu Val Glu Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu
Val Gln Pro Gly Gly 1 5 10 15 Ser Leu Arg Leu Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser
Gly Tyr Ala Phe Thr Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile Glu Trp Val Arg Gln
Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Met 35 40 45 Gly Val Ile Asn Pro
Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn Tyr Asn Glu Ser Leu 50 55 60 Lys Ser Arg
Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp Lys Ser Ile Ser Ser Ala Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met
Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Phe Cys 85 90
95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu Val
100 105 110 Thr Val Ser Ser 115 81 116 PRT Artificial Synthetic 81
Glu Val Gln Leu Val Glu Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu Val Gln Pro Gly Gly 1 5
10 15 Ser Leu Arg Leu Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser Gly Tyr Ala Phe Thr Asn
Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile Glu Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu
Glu Trp Met 35 40 45 Gly Val Ile Asn Pro Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn
Tyr Asn Glu Ser Leu 50 55 60 Lys Ser Arg Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp
Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Leu Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg
Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Phe Cys 85 90 95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro
Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu Val 100 105 110 Thr Val Ser
Ser 115 82 116 PRT
Artificial Synthetic 82 Glu Val Gln Leu Val Glu Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu
Val Gln Pro Gly Gly 1 5 10 15 Ser Leu Arg Leu Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser
Gly Tyr Ala Phe Thr Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile Glu Trp Val Arg Gln
Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Met 35 40 45 Gly Val Ile Asn Pro
Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn Tyr Asn Glu Ser Leu 50 55 60 Lys Ser Arg
Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Val Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met
Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Phe Cys 85 90
95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu Val
100 105 110 Thr Val Ser Ser 115 83 116 PRT Artificial Synthetic 83
Glu Val Gln Leu Val Glu Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu Val Gln Pro Gly Gly 1 5
10 15 Ser Leu Arg Leu Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser Gly Tyr Ala Phe Thr Asn
Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile Glu Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu
Glu Trp Met 35 40 45 Gly Val Ile Asn Pro Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn
Tyr Asn Glu Ser Leu 50 55 60 Lys Ser Arg Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp
Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala Tyr 65 70 75 80 Leu Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg
Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Phe Cys 85 90 95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro
Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu Val 100 105 110 Thr Val Ser
Ser 115 84 116 PRT Artificial Synthetic 84 Glu Val Gln Leu Val Glu
Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu Val Gln Pro Gly Gly 1 5 10 15 Ser Leu Arg Leu
Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser Gly Tyr Ala Phe Thr Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile
Glu Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Met 35 40 45
Gly Val Ile Asn Pro Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn Tyr Asn Glu Ser Leu 50
55 60 Lys Ser Arg Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala
Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met Gln Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val
Tyr Phe Cys 85 90 95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly
Gln Gly Thr Leu Val 100 105 110 Thr Val Ser Ser 115 85 116 PRT
Artificial Synthetic 85 Glu Val Gln Leu Val Glu Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu
Val Gln Pro Gly Gly 1 5 10 15 Ser Leu Arg Leu Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser
Gly Tyr Ala Phe Thr Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile Glu Trp Val Arg Gln
Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Met 35 40 45 Gly Val Ile Asn Pro
Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn Tyr Asn Glu Ser Leu 50 55 60 Lys Ser Arg
Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met
Glu Met Ser Ser Leu Arg Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Phe Cys 85 90
95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu Val
100 105 110 Thr Val Ser Ser 115 86 116 PRT Artificial Synthetic 86
Glu Val Gln Leu Val Glu Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu Val Gln Pro Gly Gly 1 5
10 15 Ser Leu Arg Leu Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser Gly Tyr Ala Phe Thr Asn
Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile Glu Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu
Glu Trp Met 35 40 45 Gly Val Ile Asn Pro Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn
Tyr Asn Glu Ser Leu 50 55 60 Lys Ser Arg Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp
Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met Glu Leu Asn Ser Leu Arg
Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Phe Cys 85 90 95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro
Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu Val 100 105 110 Thr Val Ser
Ser 115 87 116 PRT Artificial Synthetic 87 Glu Val Gln Leu Val Glu
Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu Val Gln Pro Gly Gly 1 5 10 15 Ser Leu Arg Leu
Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser Gly Tyr Ala Phe Thr Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile
Glu Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Met 35 40 45
Gly Val Ile Asn Pro Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn Tyr Asn Glu Ser Leu 50
55 60 Lys Ser Arg Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala
Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg Ala Glu Asp Thr Ala Val
Tyr Phe Cys 85 90 95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly
Gln Gly Thr Leu Val 100 105 110 Thr Val Ser Ser 115 88 116 PRT
Artificial Synthetic 88 Glu Val Gln Leu Val Glu Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu
Val Gln Pro Gly Gly 1 5 10 15 Ser Leu Arg Leu Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser
Gly Tyr Ala Phe Thr Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile Glu Trp Val Arg Gln
Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Met 35 40 45 Gly Val Ile Asn Pro
Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn Tyr Asn Glu Ser Leu 50 55 60 Lys Ser Arg
Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met
Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Tyr Cys 85 90
95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu Val
100 105 110 Thr Val Ser Ser 115 89 116 PRT Artificial Synthetic 89
Glu Val Gln Leu Val Glu Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu Val Gln Pro Gly Gly 1 5
10 15 Ser Leu Arg Leu Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser Gly Tyr Ala Phe Thr Asn
Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile Glu Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu
Glu Trp Met 35 40 45 Gly Val Ile Asn Pro Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn
Tyr Asn Glu Ser Leu 50 55 60 Lys Ser Arg Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp
Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg
Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Phe Cys 85 90 95 Val Arg Asp Gly Pro
Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu Val 100 105 110 Thr Val Ser
Ser 115 90 116 PRT Artificial Synthetic 90 Glu Val Gln Leu Val Glu
Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu Val Gln Pro Gly Gly 1 5 10 15 Ser Leu Arg Leu
Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser Gly Tyr Ala Phe Thr Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile
Glu Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Met 35 40 45
Gly Val Ile Asn Pro Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn Tyr Asn Glu Ser Leu 50
55 60 Lys Ser Arg Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala
Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val
Tyr Phe Cys 85 90 95 Gly Arg Asp Gly Pro Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly
Gln Gly Thr Leu Val 100 105 110 Thr Val Ser Ser 115 91 116 PRT
Artificial Synthetic 91 Glu Val Gln Leu Val Glu Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu
Val Gln Pro Gly Gly 1 5 10 15 Ser Leu Arg Leu Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser
Gly Tyr Ala Phe Thr Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile Glu Trp Val Arg Gln
Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Met 35 40 45 Gly Val Ile Asn Pro
Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn Tyr Asn Glu Ser Leu 50 55 60 Lys Ser Arg
Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met
Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Phe Cys 85 90
95 Ala Lys Asp Gly Pro Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu Val
100 105 110 Thr Val Ser Ser 115 92 116 PRT Artificial Synthetic 92
Glu Val Gln Leu Val Glu Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu Val Gln Pro Gly Gly 1 5
10 15 Ser Leu Arg Leu Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser Gly Tyr Ala Phe Thr Asn
Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile Glu Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu
Glu Trp Met 35 40 45 Gly Val Ile Asn Pro Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn
Tyr Asn Glu Ser Leu 50 55 60 Lys Ser Arg Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp
Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg
Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Phe Cys 85 90 95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro
Trp Tyr Ala Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu Val 100 105 110 Thr Val Ser
Ser 115 93 116 PRT Artificial Synthetic 93 Glu Val Gln Leu Val Gln
Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu Val Gln Pro Gly Gly 1 5 10 15 Ser Leu Arg Leu
Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser Gly Tyr Ser Phe Thr Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile
Glu Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Met 35 40 45
Gly Val Ile Asn Pro Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn Tyr Asn Glu Ser Leu 50
55 60 Lys Ser Arg Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala
Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val
Tyr Phe Cys 85 90 95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly
Gln Gly Thr Leu Val 100 105 110 Thr Val Ser Ser 115 94 116 PRT
Artificial Synthetic 94 Glu Val Gln Leu Val Glu Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu
Val Gln Pro Gly Gly 1 5 10 15 Ser Leu Arg Leu Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser
Gly Tyr Ser Phe Thr Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile Glu Trp Val Arg Gln
Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Met 35 40 45 Gly Ile Ile Asn Pro
Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn Tyr Asn Glu Ser Leu 50 55 60 Lys Ser Arg
Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met
Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Phe Cys 85 90
95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu Val
100 105 110 Thr Val Ser Ser 115 95 116 PRT Artificial Synthetic 95
Glu Val Gln Leu Val Glu Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu Val Gln Pro Gly Gly 1 5
10 15 Ser Leu Arg Leu Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser Gly Tyr Ser Phe Thr Asn
Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile Glu Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu
Glu Trp Met 35 40 45 Gly Ile Ile Asn Pro Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn
Tyr Asn Pro Ser Leu 50 55 60 Lys Ser Arg Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp
Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg
Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Phe Cys 85 90 95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro
Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu Val 100 105 110 Thr Val Ser
Ser 115 96 116 PRT Artificial Synthetic 96 Glu Val Gln Leu Val Gln
Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu Val Gln Pro Gly Gly 1 5 10 15 Ser Leu Arg Leu
Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser Gly Tyr Ser Phe Thr Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile
Glu Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Met 35 40 45
Gly Ile Ile Asn Pro Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn Tyr Asn Pro Ser Leu 50
55 60 Lys Ser Arg Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala
Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val
Tyr Phe Cys 85 90 95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly
Gln Gly Thr Leu Val 100 105 110 Thr Val Ser Ser 115 97 116 PRT
Artificial Synthetic 97 Glu Val Gln Leu Val Glu Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu
Val Gln Pro Gly Gly 1 5 10 15 Ser Leu Arg Leu Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser
Gly Tyr Ser Phe Thr Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile Glu Trp Val Arg Gln
Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Met 35 40 45 Gly Val Ile Asn Pro
Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn Tyr Asn Pro Ser Leu 50 55 60 Lys Ser Arg
Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met
Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Phe Cys 85 90
95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu Val
100 105 110 Thr Val Ser Ser 115 98 116 PRT Artificial Synthetic 98
Glu Val Gln Leu Val Glu Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu Val Gln Pro Gly Gly 1 5
10 15 Ser Leu Arg Leu Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser Gly Tyr Ser Phe Thr Asn
Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile Glu Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu
Glu Trp Met 35 40 45 Gly Val Ile Asn Pro Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn
Tyr Asn Glu Asn Leu 50 55 60 Lys Ser Arg Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp
Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg
Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Phe Cys 85 90 95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro
Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu Val 100 105 110 Thr Val Ser
Ser 115 99 116 PRT Artificial Synthetic 99 Glu Val Gln Leu Val Glu
Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu Val Gln Pro Gly Gly 1 5 10 15 Ser Leu Arg Leu
Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser Gly Tyr Ser Phe Thr Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile
Glu Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Met 35 40 45
Gly Val Ile Asn Pro Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn Tyr Asn Glu Ala Leu 50
55 60 Lys Ser Arg Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala
Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val
Tyr Phe Cys 85 90 95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly
Gln Gly Thr Leu Val 100 105 110 Thr Val Ser Ser 115 100 116 PRT
Artificial Synthetic 100 Glu Val Gln Leu Val Glu Ser Gly Gly Gly
Leu Val Gln Pro Gly Gly 1 5 10 15 Ser Leu Arg Leu Ser Cys Ala Ala
Ser Gly Tyr Ser Phe Thr Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile Glu Trp Val Arg
Gln Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Met 35 40 45 Gly Val Ile Asn
Pro Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn Tyr Ala Glu Ser Leu 50 55 60 Lys Ser
Arg Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala Tyr 65 70 75 80
Met Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Phe Cys 85
90 95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu
Val 100 105 110 Thr Val Ser Ser 115 101 116 PRT Artificial
Synthetic 101 Glu Val Gln Leu Val Glu Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu Val Gln
Pro Gly Gly 1 5 10 15 Ser Leu Arg Leu Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser Gly Tyr
Ser Phe Thr Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile Glu Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro
Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Met 35 40 45 Gly Val Ile Asn Pro Gly Ser
Gly Gly Thr Asn Tyr Gln Glu Ser Leu 50 55 60 Lys Ser Arg Val Thr
Ile Ser Ala Asp Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met Glu Leu
Ser Ser Leu Arg Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Phe Cys 85 90 95 Ala
Arg Asp Gly Pro Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu Val 100 105
110 Thr Val Ser Ser 115 102 116 PRT Artificial Synthetic 102 Gln
Val Gln Leu Val Glu Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu Val Gln Pro Gly Gly 1 5 10
15 Ser Leu Arg Leu Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser Gly Tyr Ala Phe Thr Asn
Tyr
20 25 30 Leu Ile Glu Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu
Trp Met 35 40 45 Gly Val Ile Asn Pro Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn Tyr
Asn Glu Lys Phe 50 55 60 Gln Gly Arg Val Thr Ile Thr Arg Asp Thr
Ser Ala Ser Thr Ala Tyr 65 70 75 80 Leu Gln Ile Ser Ser Leu Lys Ala
Glu Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Phe Cys 85 90 95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro Trp
Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu Val 100 105 110 Thr Val Ser Ser
115 103 116 PRT Artificial Synthetic 103 Gln Val Gln Leu Val Glu
Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu Val Gln Pro Gly Gly 1 5 10 15 Ser Leu Arg Leu
Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser Gly Tyr Ala Phe Thr Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile
Glu Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Met 35 40 45
Gly Val Ile Asn Pro Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn Tyr Ala Glu Lys Phe 50
55 60 Gln Gly Arg Val Thr Ile Thr Arg Asp Thr Ser Ala Ser Thr Ala
Tyr 65 70 75 80 Leu Gln Ile Ser Ser Leu Lys Ala Glu Asp Thr Ala Val
Tyr Tyr Cys 85 90 95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly
Gln Gly Thr Leu Val 100 105 110 Thr Val Ser Ser 115 104 116 PRT
Artificial Synthetic 104 Gln Val Gln Leu Val Glu Ser Gly Gly Gly
Leu Val Gln Pro Gly Gly 1 5 10 15 Ser Leu Arg Leu Ser Cys Ala Ala
Ser Gly Tyr Ala Phe Thr Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile Glu Trp Val Arg
Gln Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Met 35 40 45 Gly Val Ile Asn
Pro Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn Tyr Asn Glu Lys Phe 50 55 60 Gln Gly
Arg Val Thr Met Thr Thr Asp Thr Ser Thr Ser Thr Ala Tyr 65 70 75 80
Leu Gln Ile Ser Ser Leu Lys Ala Glu Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Phe Cys 85
90 95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu
Val 100 105 110 Thr Val Ser Ser 115 105 107 PRT Artificial
Synthetic 105 Asn Ile Val Met Thr Gln Ser Pro Lys Ser Met Ser Met
Ser Val Gly 1 5 10 15 Glu Arg Val Thr Leu Thr Cys Lys Ala Ser Glu
Asn Val Val Thr Tyr 20 25 30 Val Ser Trp Tyr Gln Gln Lys Pro Glu
Gln Ser Pro Lys Leu Leu Ile 35 40 45 Tyr Gly Ala Ser Asn Arg Tyr
Thr Gly Val Pro Asp Arg Phe Thr Gly 50 55 60 Ser Gly Ser Ala Thr
Asp Phe Thr Leu Thr Ile Ser Ser Val Gln Ala 65 70 75 80 Glu Asp Leu
Ala Asp Tyr His Cys Gly Gln Gly Tyr Ser Tyr Pro Tyr 85 90 95 Thr
Phe Gly Gly Gly Thr Lys Leu Glu Ile Lys 100 105 106 107 PRT
Artificial Synthetic 106 Asn Ile Val Met Thr Gln Ser Pro Ser Ser
Leu Ser Ala Ser Val Gly 1 5 10 15 Asp Arg Val Thr Ile Thr Cys Gln
Ala Ser Glu Asn Val Val Thr Tyr 20 25 30 Val Ser Trp Tyr Gln Gln
Lys Pro Asp Gln Ser Pro Lys Leu Leu Ile 35 40 45 Tyr Gly Ala Ser
Asn Arg Tyr Thr Gly Val Pro Asp Arg Phe Thr Gly 50 55 60 Ser Gly
Ser Ala Thr Glu Phe Thr Leu Thr Ile Ser Ser Leu Gln Ser 65 70 75 80
Glu Asp Phe Ala Asp Tyr His Cys Gly Gln Gly Tyr Ser Tyr Pro Tyr 85
90 95 Thr Phe Gly Gly Gly Thr Lys Leu Glu Ile Lys 100 105 107 107
PRT Artificial Synthetic 107 Asn Ile Val Met Thr Gln Ser Pro Ala
Thr Leu Ser Leu Ser Pro Gly 1 5 10 15 Glu Arg Ala Thr Leu Ser Cys
Arg Ala Ser Glu Asn Val Val Thr Tyr 20 25 30 Val Ser Trp Tyr Gln
Gln Lys Pro Asp Gln Ser Pro Lys Leu Leu Ile 35 40 45 Tyr Gly Ala
Ser Asn Arg Tyr Thr Gly Val Pro Asp Arg Phe Thr Gly 50 55 60 Ser
Gly Ser Ala Thr Asp Phe Thr Leu Thr Ile Ser Ser Leu Gln Ala 65 70
75 80 Glu Asp Val Ala Val Tyr His Cys Gly Gln Gly Tyr Ser Tyr Pro
Tyr 85 90 95 Thr Phe Gly Gly Gly Thr Lys Leu Glu Ile Lys 100 105
108 107 PRT Artificial Synthetic 108 Asn Ile Val Met Thr Gln Ser
Pro Asp Ser Leu Ala Val Ser Leu Gly 1 5 10 15 Glu Arg Ala Thr Leu
Ser Cys Arg Ala Ser Glu Asn Val Val Thr Tyr 20 25 30 Val Ser Trp
Tyr Gln Gln Lys Pro Gly Gln Ser Pro Gln Leu Leu Ile 35 40 45 Tyr
Gly Ala Ser Asn Arg Tyr Thr Gly Val Pro Asp Arg Phe Thr Gly 50 55
60 Ser Gly Ser Ala Thr Asp Phe Thr Leu Thr Ile Asn Ser Leu Glu Ala
65 70 75 80 Glu Asp Ala Ala Thr Tyr Tyr Cys Gly Gln Gly Tyr Ser Tyr
Pro Tyr 85 90 95 Thr Phe Gly Gly Gly Thr Lys Leu Glu Ile Lys 100
105 109 107 PRT Artificial Synthetic 109 Asn Ile Val Met Thr Gln
Ser Pro Asp Ser Leu Ala Val Ser Leu Gly 1 5 10 15 Glu Arg Ala Thr
Leu Ser Cys Arg Ala Ser Gln Asn Val Val Thr Tyr 20 25 30 Val Ser
Trp Tyr Gln Gln Lys Pro Gly Gln Ser Pro Gln Leu Leu Ile 35 40 45
Tyr Gly Ala Ser Asn Arg Tyr Thr Gly Val Pro Asp Arg Phe Thr Gly 50
55 60 Ser Gly Ser Ala Thr Asp Phe Thr Leu Thr Ile Asn Ser Leu Glu
Ala 65 70 75 80 Glu Asp Ala Ala Thr Tyr Tyr Cys Gly Gln Gly Tyr Ser
Tyr Pro Tyr 85 90 95 Thr Phe Gly Gly Gly Thr Lys Leu Glu Ile Lys
100 105 110 107 PRT Artificial Synthetic 110 Asn Ile Val Met Thr
Gln Ser Pro Asp Ser Leu Ala Val Ser Leu Gly 1 5 10 15 Glu Arg Ala
Thr Leu Ser Cys Arg Ala Ser Glu Asn Val Val Thr Tyr 20 25 30 Leu
Ser Trp Tyr Gln Gln Lys Pro Gly Gln Ser Pro Gln Leu Leu Ile 35 40
45 Tyr Gly Ala Ser Asn Arg Tyr Thr Gly Val Pro Asp Arg Phe Thr Gly
50 55 60 Ser Gly Ser Ala Thr Asp Phe Thr Leu Thr Ile Asn Ser Leu
Glu Ala 65 70 75 80 Glu Asp Ala Ala Thr Tyr Tyr Cys Gly Gln Gly Tyr
Ser Tyr Pro Tyr 85 90 95 Thr Phe Gly Gly Gly Thr Lys Leu Glu Ile
Lys 100 105 111 107 PRT Artificial Synthetic 111 Asn Ile Val Met
Thr Gln Ser Pro Asp Ser Leu Ala Val Ser Leu Gly 1 5 10 15 Glu Arg
Ala Thr Leu Ser Cys Arg Ala Ser Glu Asn Val Val Thr Tyr 20 25 30
Val Ser Trp Tyr Leu Gln Lys Pro Gly Gln Ser Pro Gln Leu Leu Ile 35
40 45 Tyr Gly Ala Ser Asn Arg Tyr Thr Gly Val Pro Asp Arg Phe Thr
Gly 50 55 60 Ser Gly Ser Ala Thr Asp Phe Thr Leu Thr Ile Asn Ser
Leu Glu Ala 65 70 75 80 Glu Asp Ala Ala Thr Tyr Tyr Cys Gly Gln Gly
Tyr Ser Tyr Pro Tyr 85 90 95 Thr Phe Gly Gly Gly Thr Lys Leu Glu
Ile Lys 100 105 112 107 PRT Artificial Synthetic 112 Asn Ile Val
Met Thr Gln Ser Pro Asp Ser Leu Ala Val Ser Leu Gly 1 5 10 15 Glu
Arg Ala Thr Leu Ser Cys Arg Ala Ser Glu Asn Val Val Thr Tyr 20 25
30 Val Ser Trp Tyr Gln Gln Lys Pro Gly Gln Pro Pro Gln Leu Leu Ile
35 40 45 Tyr Gly Ala Ser Asn Arg Tyr Thr Gly Val Pro Asp Arg Phe
Thr Gly 50 55 60 Ser Gly Ser Ala Thr Asp Phe Thr Leu Thr Ile Asn
Ser Leu Glu Ala 65 70 75 80 Glu Asp Ala Ala Thr Tyr Tyr Cys Gly Gln
Gly Tyr Ser Tyr Pro Tyr 85 90 95 Thr Phe Gly Gly Gly Thr Lys Leu
Glu Ile Lys 100 105 113 107 PRT Artificial Synthetic 113 Asn Ile
Val Met Thr Gln Ser Pro Asp Ser Leu Ala Val Ser Leu Gly 1 5 10 15
Glu Arg Ala Thr Leu Ser Cys Arg Ala Ser Glu Asn Val Val Thr Tyr 20
25 30 Val Ser Trp Tyr Gln Gln Lys Pro Gly Gln Ser Pro Gln Leu Leu
Ile 35 40 45 Tyr Asp Ala Ser Asn Arg Tyr Thr Gly Val Pro Asp Arg
Phe Thr Gly 50 55 60 Ser Gly Ser Ala Thr Asp Phe Thr Leu Thr Ile
Asn Ser Leu Glu Ala 65 70 75 80 Glu Asp Ala Ala Thr Tyr Tyr Cys Gly
Gln Gly Tyr Ser Tyr Pro Tyr 85 90 95 Thr Phe Gly Gly Gly Thr Lys
Leu Glu Ile Lys 100 105 114 107 PRT Artificial Synthetic 114 Asn
Ile Val Met Thr Gln Ser Pro Asp Ser Leu Ala Val Ser Leu Gly 1 5 10
15 Glu Arg Ala Thr Leu Ser Cys Arg Ala Ser Glu Asn Val Val Thr Tyr
20 25 30 Val Ser Trp Tyr Gln Gln Lys Pro Gly Gln Ser Pro Gln Leu
Leu Ile 35 40 45 Tyr Gly Ala Ser Asn Arg Tyr Thr Gly Val Pro Asp
Arg Phe Ser Gly 50 55 60 Ser Gly Ser Ala Thr Asp Phe Thr Leu Thr
Ile Asn Ser Leu Glu Ala 65 70 75 80 Glu Asp Ala Ala Thr Tyr Tyr Cys
Gly Gln Gly Tyr Ser Tyr Pro Tyr 85 90 95 Thr Phe Gly Gly Gly Thr
Lys Leu Glu Ile Lys 100 105 115 107 PRT Artificial Synthetic 115
Asn Ile Val Met Thr Gln Ser Pro Asp Ser Leu Ala Val Ser Leu Gly 1 5
10 15 Glu Arg Ala Thr Leu Ser Cys Arg Ala Ser Glu Asn Val Val Thr
Tyr 20 25 30 Val Ser Trp Tyr Gln Gln Lys Pro Gly Gln Ser Pro Gln
Leu Leu Ile 35 40 45 Tyr Gly Ala Ser Asn Arg Tyr Thr Gly Val Pro
Asp Arg Phe Ser Gly 50 55 60 Ser Gly Ser Gly Thr Asp Phe Thr Leu
Thr Ile Asn Ser Leu Glu Ala 65 70 75 80 Glu Asp Ala Ala Thr Tyr Tyr
Cys Gly Gln Gly Tyr Ser Tyr Pro Tyr 85 90 95 Thr Phe Gly Gly Gly
Thr Lys Leu Glu Ile Lys 100 105 116 107 PRT Artificial Synthetic
116 Asn Ile Val Met Thr Gln Ser Pro Asp Ser Leu Ala Val Ser Leu Gly
1 5 10 15 Glu Arg Ala Thr Leu Ser Cys Arg Ala Ser Glu Asn Val Val
Thr Tyr 20 25 30 Val Ser Trp Tyr Gln Gln Lys Pro Gly Gln Ser Pro
Gln Leu Leu Ile 35 40 45 Tyr Gly Ala Ser Asn Arg Tyr Thr Gly Val
Pro Asp Arg Phe Thr Gly 50 55 60 Ser Gly Ser Gly Thr Asp Phe Thr
Leu Thr Ile Asn Ser Leu Glu Ala 65 70 75 80 Glu Asp Ala Ala Thr Tyr
Tyr Cys Gly Gln Gly Tyr Ser Tyr Pro Tyr 85 90 95 Thr Phe Gly Gly
Gly Thr Lys Leu Glu Ile Lys 100 105 117 107 PRT Artificial
Synthetic 117 Asn Ile Val Met Thr Gln Ser Pro Asp Ser Leu Ala Val
Ser Leu Gly 1 5 10 15 Glu Arg Ala Thr Leu Ser Cys Arg Ala Ser Glu
Asn Val Val Thr Tyr 20 25 30 Val Ser Trp Tyr Gln Gln Lys Pro Gly
Gln Ser Pro Gln Leu Leu Ile 35 40 45 Tyr Gly Ala Ser Asn Arg Tyr
Thr Gly Val Pro Asp Arg Phe Thr Gly 50 55 60 Ser Gly Ser Ala Thr
Asp Phe Thr Leu Thr Ile Asn Ser Leu Glu Ala 65 70 75 80 Glu Asp Ala
Ala Thr Tyr Tyr Cys His Gln Gly Tyr Ser Tyr Pro Tyr 85 90 95 Thr
Phe Gly Gly Gly Thr Lys Leu Glu Ile Lys 100 105 118 107 PRT
Artificial Synthetic 118 Asn Ile Val Met Thr Gln Ser Pro Asp Ser
Leu Ala Val Ser Leu Gly 1 5 10 15 Glu Arg Ala Thr Leu Ser Cys Arg
Ala Ser Glu Asn Val Val Thr Tyr 20 25 30 Val Ser Trp Tyr Gln Gln
Lys Pro Gly Gln Ser Pro Gln Leu Leu Ile 35 40 45 Tyr Gly Ala Ser
Asn Arg Tyr Thr Gly Val Pro Asp Arg Phe Thr Gly 50 55 60 Ser Gly
Ser Ala Thr Asp Phe Thr Leu Thr Ile Asn Ser Leu Glu Ala 65 70 75 80
Glu Asp Ala Ala Thr Tyr Tyr Cys Gln Gln Gly Tyr Ser Tyr Pro Tyr 85
90 95 Thr Phe Gly Gly Gly Thr Lys Leu Glu Ile Lys 100 105 119 107
PRT Artificial Synthetic 119 Asn Ile Val Met Thr Gln Ser Pro Asp
Ser Leu Ala Val Ser Leu Gly 1 5 10 15 Glu Arg Ala Thr Leu Ser Cys
Arg Ala Ser Glu Asn Val Val Thr Tyr 20 25 30 Val Ser Trp Tyr Gln
Gln Lys Pro Gly Gln Ser Pro Gln Leu Leu Ile 35 40 45 Tyr Gly Ala
Ser Asn Arg Tyr Thr Gly Val Pro Asp Arg Phe Thr Gly 50 55 60 Ser
Gly Ser Ala Thr Asp Phe Thr Leu Thr Ile Asn Ser Leu Glu Ala 65 70
75 80 Glu Asp Ala Ala Thr Tyr Tyr Cys Gln Gln Tyr Tyr Ser Tyr Pro
Tyr 85 90 95 Thr Phe Gly Gly Gly Thr Lys Leu Glu Ile Lys 100 105
120 107 PRT Artificial Synthetic 120 Asn Ile Val Met Thr Gln Ser
Pro Asp Ser Leu Ala Val Ser Leu Gly 1 5 10 15 Glu Arg Ala Thr Leu
Ser Cys Lys Ala Ser Gln Asn Val Val Thr Tyr 20 25 30 Val Ser Trp
Tyr Gln Gln Lys Pro Gly Gln Ser Pro Gln Leu Leu Ile 35 40 45 Tyr
Gly Ala Ser Asn Arg Tyr Thr Gly Val Pro Asp Arg Phe Thr Gly 50 55
60 Ser Gly Ser Ala Thr Asp Phe Thr Leu Thr Ile Asn Ser Leu Glu Ala
65 70 75 80 Glu Asp Ala Ala Thr Tyr Tyr Cys Gly Gln Gly Tyr Ser Tyr
Pro Tyr 85 90 95 Thr Phe Gly Gly Gly Thr Lys Leu Glu Ile Lys 100
105 121 107 PRT Artificial Synthetic 121 Asn Ile Val Met Thr Gln
Ser Pro Asp Ser Leu Ala Val Ser Leu Gly 1 5 10 15 Glu Arg Ala Thr
Leu Ser Cys Arg Ala Ser Glu Asn Val Val Thr Tyr 20 25 30 Val Ser
Trp Tyr Gln Gln Lys Pro Gly Gln Pro Pro Gln Leu Leu Ile 35 40 45
Tyr Gly Ala Ser Asn Arg Tyr Thr Gly Val Pro Asp Arg Phe Thr Gly 50
55 60 Ser Gly Ser Gly Thr Asp Phe Thr Leu Thr Ile Asn Ser Leu Glu
Ala 65 70 75 80 Glu Asp Ala Ala Val Tyr Tyr Cys Gly Gln Gly Tyr Ser
Tyr Pro Tyr 85 90 95 Thr Phe Gly Gly Gly Thr Lys Leu Glu Ile Lys
100 105 122 7 PRT Artificial Synthetic 122 Tyr Ala Phe Thr Asn Tyr
Leu 1 5 123 7 PRT Artificial Synthetic 123 Tyr Ser Phe Thr Asn Tyr
Leu 1 5 124 7 PRT Artificial Synthetic 124 Phe Ala Phe Thr Asn Tyr
Leu 1 5 125 7 PRT Artificial Synthetic 125 Tyr Ala Phe Ser Asn Tyr
Leu 1 5 126 7 PRT Artificial Synthetic 126 Tyr Ala Phe Thr Asp Tyr
Leu 1 5 127 6 PRT Artificial Synthetic 127 Asn Pro Gly Ser Gly Gly
1 5 128 6 PRT Artificial Synthetic 128 Asn Pro Gly Ser Gly Ala 1 5
129 7 PRT Artificial Synthetic 129 Asp Gly Pro Trp Phe Ala Tyr 1 5
130 7 PRT Artificial Synthetic 130 Asp Gly Pro Trp Tyr Ala Tyr 1 5
131 6 PRT Artificial Synthetic 131 Glu Asn Val Val Thr Tyr 1 5 132
6 PRT Artificial Synthetic 132 Gln Asn Val Val Thr Tyr 1 5 133 7
PRT Artificial Synthetic 133 Gly Ala Ser Asn Arg Tyr Thr 1 5 134 7
PRT Artificial Synthetic 134 Asp Ala Ser Asn Arg Tyr Thr 1 5 135 7
PRT Artificial Synthetic 135 Gly Tyr Ser Tyr Pro Tyr Thr 1 5 136 7
PRT Artificial Synthetic 136 Tyr Tyr Ser Tyr Pro Tyr Thr 1 5 137
330 PRT Homo sapiens 137 Ala Ser Thr Lys Gly Pro Ser Val Phe Pro
Leu Ala Pro Ser Ser Lys 1 5 10 15 Ser Thr Ser Gly Gly Thr Ala Ala
Leu Gly Cys Leu Val Lys Asp Tyr 20 25 30 Phe Pro Glu Pro Val Thr
Val Ser Trp Asn Ser Gly Ala Leu Thr Ser
35 40 45 Gly Val His Thr Phe Pro Ala Val Leu Gln Ser Ser Gly Leu
Tyr Ser 50 55 60 Leu Ser Ser Val Val Thr Val Pro Ser Ser Ser Leu
Gly Thr Gln Thr 65 70 75 80 Tyr Ile Cys Asn Val Asn His Lys Pro Ser
Asn Thr Lys Val Asp Lys 85 90 95 Lys Val Glu Pro Lys Ser Cys Asp
Lys Thr His Thr Cys Pro Pro Cys 100 105 110 Pro Ala Pro Glu Leu Leu
Gly Gly Pro Ser Val Phe Leu Phe Pro Pro 115 120 125 Lys Pro Lys Asp
Thr Leu Met Ile Ser Arg Thr Pro Glu Val Thr Cys 130 135 140 Val Val
Val Asp Val Ser His Glu Asp Pro Glu Val Lys Phe Asn Trp 145 150 155
160 Tyr Val Asp Gly Val Glu Val His Asn Ala Lys Thr Lys Pro Arg Glu
165 170 175 Glu Gln Tyr Asn Ser Thr Tyr Arg Val Val Ser Val Leu Thr
Val Leu 180 185 190 His Gln Asp Trp Leu Asn Gly Lys Glu Tyr Lys Cys
Lys Val Ser Asn 195 200 205 Lys Ala Leu Pro Ala Pro Ile Glu Lys Thr
Ile Ser Lys Ala Lys Gly 210 215 220 Gln Pro Arg Glu Pro Gln Val Tyr
Thr Leu Pro Pro Ser Arg Glu Glu 225 230 235 240 Met Thr Lys Asn Gln
Val Ser Leu Thr Cys Leu Val Lys Gly Phe Tyr 245 250 255 Pro Ser Asp
Ile Ala Val Glu Trp Glu Ser Asn Gly Gln Pro Glu Asn 260 265 270 Asn
Tyr Lys Thr Thr Pro Pro Val Leu Asp Ser Asp Gly Ser Phe Phe 275 280
285 Leu Tyr Ser Lys Leu Thr Val Asp Lys Ser Arg Trp Gln Gln Gly Asn
290 295 300 Val Phe Ser Cys Ser Val Met His Glu Ala Leu His Asn His
Tyr Thr 305 310 315 320 Gln Lys Ser Leu Ser Leu Ser Pro Gly Lys 325
330 138 330 PRT Homo sapiens 138 Ala Ser Thr Lys Gly Pro Ser Val
Phe Pro Leu Ala Pro Ser Ser Lys 1 5 10 15 Ser Thr Ser Gly Gly Thr
Ala Ala Leu Gly Cys Leu Val Lys Asp Tyr 20 25 30 Phe Pro Glu Pro
Val Thr Val Ser Trp Asn Ser Gly Ala Leu Thr Ser 35 40 45 Gly Val
His Thr Phe Pro Ala Val Leu Gln Ser Ser Gly Leu Tyr Ser 50 55 60
Leu Ser Ser Val Val Thr Val Pro Ser Ser Ser Leu Gly Thr Gln Thr 65
70 75 80 Tyr Ile Cys Asn Val Asn His Lys Pro Ser Asn Thr Lys Val
Asp Lys 85 90 95 Lys Val Glu Pro Lys Ser Cys Asp Lys Thr His Thr
Cys Pro Pro Cys 100 105 110 Pro Ala Pro Glu Leu Leu Gly Gly Pro Ser
Val Phe Leu Phe Pro Pro 115 120 125 Lys Pro Lys Asp Thr Leu Met Ile
Ser Arg Thr Pro Glu Val Thr Cys 130 135 140 Val Val Val Asp Val Ser
His Glu Asp Pro Glu Val Gln Phe Asn Trp 145 150 155 160 Tyr Val Asp
Gly Val Glu Val His Asn Ala Lys Thr Lys Pro Arg Glu 165 170 175 Glu
Gln Phe Asn Ser Thr Phe Arg Val Val Ser Val Leu Thr Val Val 180 185
190 His Gln Asp Trp Leu Asn Gly Lys Glu Tyr Lys Cys Lys Val Ser Asn
195 200 205 Lys Ala Leu Pro Ala Pro Ile Glu Lys Thr Ile Ser Lys Thr
Lys Gly 210 215 220 Gln Pro Arg Glu Pro Gln Val Tyr Thr Leu Pro Pro
Ser Arg Glu Glu 225 230 235 240 Met Thr Lys Asn Gln Val Ser Leu Thr
Cys Leu Val Lys Gly Phe Tyr 245 250 255 Pro Ser Asp Ile Ala Val Glu
Trp Glu Ser Asn Gly Gln Pro Glu Asn 260 265 270 Asn Tyr Lys Thr Thr
Pro Pro Met Leu Asp Ser Asp Gly Ser Phe Phe 275 280 285 Leu Tyr Ser
Lys Leu Thr Val Asp Lys Ser Arg Trp Gln Gln Gly Asn 290 295 300 Val
Phe Ser Cys Ser Val Met His Glu Ala Leu His Asn His Tyr Thr 305 310
315 320 Gln Lys Ser Leu Ser Leu Ser Pro Gly Lys 325 330 139 330 PRT
Homo sapiens 139 Ala Ser Thr Lys Gly Pro Ser Val Phe Pro Leu Ala
Pro Ser Ser Lys 1 5 10 15 Ser Thr Ser Gly Gly Thr Ala Ala Leu Gly
Cys Leu Val Lys Asp Tyr 20 25 30 Phe Pro Glu Pro Val Thr Val Ser
Trp Asn Ser Gly Ala Leu Thr Ser 35 40 45 Gly Val His Thr Phe Pro
Ala Val Leu Gln Ser Ser Gly Leu Tyr Ser 50 55 60 Leu Ser Ser Val
Val Thr Val Pro Ser Ser Ser Leu Gly Thr Gln Thr 65 70 75 80 Tyr Ile
Cys Asn Val Asn His Lys Pro Ser Asn Thr Lys Val Asp Lys 85 90 95
Lys Val Glu Pro Lys Ser Cys Asp Lys Thr His Thr Cys Pro Pro Cys 100
105 110 Pro Ala Pro Glu Leu Leu Gly Gly Pro Asp Val Phe Leu Phe Pro
Pro 115 120 125 Lys Pro Lys Asp Thr Leu Met Ile Ser Arg Thr Pro Glu
Val Thr Cys 130 135 140 Val Val Val Asp Val Ser His Glu Asp Pro Glu
Val Gln Phe Asn Trp 145 150 155 160 Tyr Val Asp Gly Val Glu Val His
Asn Ala Lys Thr Lys Pro Arg Glu 165 170 175 Glu Gln Phe Asn Ser Thr
Phe Arg Val Val Ser Val Leu Thr Val Val 180 185 190 His Gln Asp Trp
Leu Asn Gly Lys Glu Tyr Lys Cys Lys Val Ser Asn 195 200 205 Lys Ala
Leu Pro Ala Pro Glu Glu Lys Thr Ile Ser Lys Thr Lys Gly 210 215 220
Gln Pro Arg Glu Pro Gln Val Tyr Thr Leu Pro Pro Ser Arg Glu Glu 225
230 235 240 Met Thr Lys Asn Gln Val Ser Leu Thr Cys Leu Val Lys Gly
Phe Tyr 245 250 255 Pro Ser Asp Ile Ala Val Glu Trp Glu Ser Asn Gly
Gln Pro Glu Asn 260 265 270 Asn Tyr Lys Thr Thr Pro Pro Met Leu Asp
Ser Asp Gly Ser Phe Phe 275 280 285 Leu Tyr Ser Lys Leu Thr Val Asp
Lys Ser Arg Trp Gln Gln Gly Asn 290 295 300 Val Phe Ser Cys Ser Val
Met His Glu Ala Leu His Asn His Tyr Thr 305 310 315 320 Gln Lys Ser
Leu Ser Leu Ser Pro Gly Lys 325 330 140 330 PRT Mus musculus 140
Ala Lys Thr Thr Ala Pro Ser Val Tyr Pro Leu Ala Pro Val Cys Gly 1 5
10 15 Asp Thr Thr Gly Ser Ser Val Thr Leu Gly Cys Leu Val Lys Gly
Tyr 20 25 30 Phe Pro Glu Pro Val Thr Leu Thr Trp Asn Ser Gly Ser
Leu Ser Ser 35 40 45 Gly Val His Thr Phe Pro Ala Val Leu Gln Ser
Asp Leu Tyr Thr Leu 50 55 60 Ser Ser Ser Val Thr Val Thr Ser Ser
Thr Trp Pro Ser Gln Ser Ile 65 70 75 80 Thr Cys Asn Val Ala His Pro
Ala Ser Ser Thr Lys Val Asp Lys Lys 85 90 95 Ile Glu Pro Arg Gly
Pro Thr Ile Lys Pro Cys Pro Pro Cys Lys Cys 100 105 110 Pro Ala Pro
Asn Leu Leu Gly Gly Pro Ser Val Phe Ile Phe Pro Pro 115 120 125 Lys
Ile Lys Asp Val Leu Met Ile Ser Leu Ser Pro Met Val Thr Cys 130 135
140 Val Val Val Asp Val Ser Glu Asp Asp Pro Asp Val Gln Ile Ser Trp
145 150 155 160 Phe Val Asn Asn Val Glu Val Leu Thr Ala Gln Thr Gln
Thr His Arg 165 170 175 Glu Asp Tyr Asn Ser Thr Leu Arg Val Val Ser
Ala Leu Pro Ile Gln 180 185 190 His Gln Asp Trp Met Ser Gly Lys Glu
Phe Lys Cys Lys Val Asn Asn 195 200 205 Lys Ala Leu Pro Ala Pro Ile
Glu Arg Thr Ile Ser Lys Pro Lys Gly 210 215 220 Ser Val Arg Ala Pro
Gln Val Tyr Val Leu Pro Pro Pro Glu Glu Glu 225 230 235 240 Met Thr
Lys Lys Gln Val Thr Leu Thr Cys Met Val Thr Asp Phe Met 245 250 255
Pro Glu Asp Ile Tyr Val Glu Trp Thr Asn Asn Gly Lys Thr Glu Leu 260
265 270 Asn Tyr Lys Asn Thr Glu Pro Val Leu Asp Ser Asp Gly Ser Tyr
Phe 275 280 285 Met Tyr Ser Lys Leu Arg Val Glu Lys Lys Asn Trp Val
Glu Arg Asn 290 295 300 Ser Tyr Ser Cys Ser Val Val His Glu Gly Leu
His Asn His His Thr 305 310 315 320 Thr Lys Ser Phe Ser Arg Thr Pro
Gly Lys 325 330 141 324 PRT Mus musculus 141 Ala Lys Thr Thr Pro
Pro Ser Val Tyr Pro Leu Ala Pro Gly Ser Ala 1 5 10 15 Ala Gln Thr
Asn Ser Met Val Thr Leu Gly Cys Leu Val Lys Gly Tyr 20 25 30 Phe
Pro Glu Pro Val Thr Val Thr Trp Asn Ser Gly Ser Leu Ser Ser 35 40
45 Gly Val His Thr Phe Pro Ala Val Leu Gln Ser Asp Leu Tyr Thr Leu
50 55 60 Ser Ser Ser Val Thr Val Pro Ser Ser Thr Trp Pro Ser Gln
Thr Val 65 70 75 80 Thr Cys Asn Val Ala His Pro Ala Ser Ser Thr Lys
Val Asp Lys Lys 85 90 95 Ile Val Pro Arg Asp Cys Gly Cys Lys Pro
Cys Ile Cys Thr Val Pro 100 105 110 Glu Val Ser Ser Val Phe Ile Phe
Pro Pro Lys Pro Lys Asp Val Leu 115 120 125 Thr Ile Thr Leu Thr Pro
Lys Val Thr Cys Val Val Val Asp Ile Ser 130 135 140 Lys Asp Asp Pro
Glu Val Gln Phe Ser Trp Phe Val Asp Asp Val Glu 145 150 155 160 Val
His Thr Ala Gln Thr Lys Pro Arg Glu Glu Gln Phe Asn Ser Thr 165 170
175 Phe Arg Ser Val Ser Glu Leu Pro Ile Met His Gln Asp Trp Leu Asn
180 185 190 Gly Lys Glu Phe Lys Cys Arg Val Asn Ser Ala Ala Phe Pro
Ala Pro 195 200 205 Ile Glu Lys Thr Ile Ser Lys Thr Lys Gly Arg Pro
Lys Ala Pro Gln 210 215 220 Val Tyr Thr Ile Pro Pro Pro Lys Glu Gln
Met Ala Lys Asp Lys Val 225 230 235 240 Ser Leu Thr Cys Met Ile Thr
Asp Phe Phe Pro Glu Asp Ile Thr Val 245 250 255 Glu Trp Gln Trp Asn
Gly Gln Pro Ala Glu Asn Tyr Lys Asn Thr Gln 260 265 270 Pro Ile Met
Asp Thr Asp Gly Ser Tyr Phe Val Tyr Ser Lys Leu Asn 275 280 285 Val
Gln Lys Ser Asn Trp Glu Ala Gly Asn Thr Phe Thr Cys Ser Val 290 295
300 Leu His Glu Gly Leu His Asn His His Thr Glu Lys Ser Leu Ser His
305 310 315 320 Ser Pro Gly Lys 142 107 PRT Artificial Synthetic
142 Arg Thr Val Ala Ala Pro Ser Val Phe Ile Phe Pro Pro Ser Asp Glu
1 5 10 15 Gln Leu Lys Ser Gly Thr Ala Ser Val Val Cys Leu Leu Asn
Asn Phe 20 25 30 Tyr Pro Arg Glu Ala Lys Val Gln Trp Lys Val Asp
Asn Ala Leu Gln 35 40 45 Ser Gly Asn Ser Gln Glu Ser Val Thr Glu
Gln Asp Ser Lys Asp Ser 50 55 60 Thr Tyr Ser Leu Ser Ser Thr Leu
Thr Leu Ser Lys Ala Asp Tyr Glu 65 70 75 80 Lys His Lys Val Tyr Ala
Cys Glu Val Thr His Gln Gly Leu Ser Ser 85 90 95 Pro Val Thr Lys
Ser Phe Asn Arg Gly Glu Cys 100 105 143 107 PRT Mus musculus 143
Arg Ala Asp Ala Ala Pro Thr Val Ser Ile Phe Pro Pro Ser Ser Glu 1 5
10 15 Gln Leu Thr Ser Gly Gly Ala Ser Val Val Cys Phe Leu Asn Asn
Phe 20 25 30 Tyr Pro Lys Asp Ile Asn Val Lys Trp Lys Ile Asp Gly
Ser Glu Arg 35 40 45 Gln Asn Gly Val Leu Asn Ser Trp Thr Asp Gln
Asp Ser Lys Asp Ser 50 55 60 Thr Tyr Ser Met Ser Ser Thr Leu Thr
Leu Thr Lys Asp Glu Tyr Glu 65 70 75 80 Arg His Asn Ser Tyr Thr Cys
Glu Ala Thr His Lys Thr Ser Thr Ser 85 90 95 Pro Ile Val Lys Ser
Phe Asn Arg Asn Glu Cys 100 105 144 446 PRT Artificial Synthetic
144 Glu Val Gln Leu Val Glu Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu Val Gln Pro Gly Gly
1 5 10 15 Ser Leu Arg Leu Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser Gly Tyr Ser Phe Thr
Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile Glu Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly
Leu Glu Trp Met 35 40 45 Gly Val Ile Asn Pro Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr
Asn Tyr Asn Pro Ser Leu 50 55 60 Lys Ser Arg Val Thr Ile Ser Ala
Asp Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu
Arg Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Phe Cys 85 90 95 Ala Arg Asp Gly
Pro Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu Val 100 105 110 Thr Val
Ser Ser Ala Ser Thr Lys Gly Pro Ser Val Phe Pro Leu Ala 115 120 125
Pro Ser Ser Lys Ser Thr Ser Gly Gly Thr Ala Ala Leu Gly Cys Leu 130
135 140 Val Lys Asp Tyr Phe Pro Glu Pro Val Thr Val Ser Trp Asn Ser
Gly 145 150 155 160 Ala Leu Thr Ser Gly Val His Thr Phe Pro Ala Val
Leu Gln Ser Ser 165 170 175 Gly Leu Tyr Ser Leu Ser Ser Val Val Thr
Val Pro Ser Ser Ser Leu 180 185 190 Gly Thr Gln Thr Tyr Ile Cys Asn
Val Asn His Lys Pro Ser Asn Thr 195 200 205 Lys Val Asp Lys Lys Val
Glu Pro Lys Ser Cys Asp Lys Thr His Thr 210 215 220 Cys Pro Pro Cys
Pro Ala Pro Glu Leu Leu Gly Gly Pro Ser Val Phe 225 230 235 240 Leu
Phe Pro Pro Lys Pro Lys Asp Thr Leu Met Ile Ser Arg Thr Pro 245 250
255 Glu Val Thr Cys Val Val Val Asp Val Ser His Glu Asp Pro Glu Val
260 265 270 Gln Phe Asn Trp Tyr Val Asp Gly Val Glu Val His Asn Ala
Lys Thr 275 280 285 Lys Pro Arg Glu Glu Gln Phe Asn Ser Thr Phe Arg
Val Val Ser Val 290 295 300 Leu Thr Val Val His Gln Asp Trp Leu Asn
Gly Lys Glu Tyr Lys Cys 305 310 315 320 Lys Val Ser Asn Lys Ala Leu
Pro Ala Pro Ile Glu Lys Thr Ile Ser 325 330 335 Lys Thr Lys Gly Gln
Pro Arg Glu Pro Gln Val Tyr Thr Leu Pro Pro 340 345 350 Ser Arg Glu
Glu Met Thr Lys Asn Gln Val Ser Leu Thr Cys Leu Val 355 360 365 Lys
Gly Phe Tyr Pro Ser Asp Ile Ala Val Glu Trp Glu Ser Asn Gly 370 375
380 Gln Pro Glu Asn Asn Tyr Lys Thr Thr Pro Pro Met Leu Asp Ser Asp
385 390 395 400 Gly Ser Phe Phe Leu Tyr Ser Lys Leu Thr Val Asp Lys
Ser Arg Trp 405 410 415 Gln Gln Gly Asn Val Phe Ser Cys Ser Val Met
His Glu Ala Leu His 420 425 430 Asn His Tyr Thr Gln Lys Ser Leu Ser
Leu Ser Pro Gly Lys 435 440 445 145 214 PRT Artificial Synthetic
145 Asn Ile Val Met Thr Gln Ser Pro Asp Ser Leu Ala Val Ser Leu Gly
1 5 10 15 Glu Arg Ala Thr Leu Ser Cys Arg Ala Ser Glu Asn Val Val
Thr Tyr 20 25 30 Val Ser Trp Tyr Gln Gln Lys Pro Gly Gln Ser Pro
Gln Leu Leu Ile 35 40 45 Tyr Gly Ala Ser Asn Arg Tyr Thr Gly Val
Pro Asp Arg Phe Thr Gly 50 55 60 Ser Gly Ser Ala Thr Asp Phe Thr
Leu Thr Ile Asn Ser Leu Glu Ala 65 70 75 80 Glu Asp Ala Ala Thr Tyr
Tyr Cys Gly Gln Gly Tyr Ser Tyr Pro Tyr 85 90 95 Thr Phe Gly Gly
Gly Thr Lys Leu Glu Ile Lys Arg Thr Val Ala Ala 100 105 110 Pro Ser
Val Phe Ile Phe Pro Pro Ser Asp Glu Gln Leu Lys Ser Gly 115 120 125
Thr Ala Ser Val Val Cys Leu Leu Asn Asn Phe Tyr Pro Arg Glu Ala 130
135 140 Lys Val Gln Trp Lys Val Asp Asn Ala Leu Gln Ser Gly Asn Ser
Gln 145 150
155 160 Glu Ser Val Thr Glu Gln Asp Ser Lys Asp Ser Thr Tyr Ser Leu
Ser 165 170 175 Ser Thr Leu Thr Leu Ser Lys Ala Asp Tyr Glu Lys His
Lys Val Tyr 180 185 190 Ala Cys Glu Val Thr His Gln Gly Leu Ser Ser
Pro Val Thr Lys Ser 195 200 205 Phe Asn Arg Gly Glu Cys 210 146 446
PRT Artificial Synthetic 146 Glu Val Gln Leu Val Glu Ser Gly Gly
Gly Leu Val Gln Pro Gly Gly 1 5 10 15 Ser Leu Arg Leu Ser Cys Ala
Ala Ser Gly Tyr Ser Phe Thr Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile Glu Trp Val
Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Met 35 40 45 Gly Val Ile
Asn Pro Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn Tyr Asn Pro Ser Leu 50 55 60 Lys
Ser Arg Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala Tyr 65 70
75 80 Met Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Phe
Cys 85 90 95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly
Thr Leu Val 100 105 110 Thr Val Ser Ser Ala Ser Thr Lys Gly Pro Ser
Val Phe Pro Leu Ala 115 120 125 Pro Ser Ser Lys Ser Thr Ser Gly Gly
Thr Ala Ala Leu Gly Cys Leu 130 135 140 Val Lys Asp Tyr Phe Pro Glu
Pro Val Thr Val Ser Trp Asn Ser Gly 145 150 155 160 Ala Leu Thr Ser
Gly Val His Thr Phe Pro Ala Val Leu Gln Ser Ser 165 170 175 Gly Leu
Tyr Ser Leu Ser Ser Val Val Thr Val Pro Ser Ser Ser Leu 180 185 190
Gly Thr Gln Thr Tyr Ile Cys Asn Val Asn His Lys Pro Ser Asn Thr 195
200 205 Lys Val Asp Lys Lys Val Glu Pro Lys Ser Cys Asp Lys Thr His
Thr 210 215 220 Cys Pro Pro Cys Pro Ala Pro Glu Leu Leu Gly Gly Pro
Asp Val Phe 225 230 235 240 Leu Phe Pro Pro Lys Pro Lys Asp Thr Leu
Met Ile Ser Arg Thr Pro 245 250 255 Glu Val Thr Cys Val Val Val Asp
Val Ser His Glu Asp Pro Glu Val 260 265 270 Gln Phe Asn Trp Tyr Val
Asp Gly Val Glu Val His Asn Ala Lys Thr 275 280 285 Lys Pro Arg Glu
Glu Gln Phe Asn Ser Thr Phe Arg Val Val Ser Val 290 295 300 Leu Thr
Val Val His Gln Asp Trp Leu Asn Gly Lys Glu Tyr Lys Cys 305 310 315
320 Lys Val Ser Asn Lys Ala Leu Pro Ala Pro Glu Glu Lys Thr Ile Ser
325 330 335 Lys Thr Lys Gly Gln Pro Arg Glu Pro Gln Val Tyr Thr Leu
Pro Pro 340 345 350 Ser Arg Glu Glu Met Thr Lys Asn Gln Val Ser Leu
Thr Cys Leu Val 355 360 365 Lys Gly Phe Tyr Pro Ser Asp Ile Ala Val
Glu Trp Glu Ser Asn Gly 370 375 380 Gln Pro Glu Asn Asn Tyr Lys Thr
Thr Pro Pro Met Leu Asp Ser Asp 385 390 395 400 Gly Ser Phe Phe Leu
Tyr Ser Lys Leu Thr Val Asp Lys Ser Arg Trp 405 410 415 Gln Gln Gly
Asn Val Phe Ser Cys Ser Val Met His Glu Ala Leu His 420 425 430 Asn
His Tyr Thr Gln Lys Ser Leu Ser Leu Ser Pro Gly Lys 435 440 445 147
214 PRT Artificial Synthetic 147 Asn Ile Val Met Thr Gln Ser Pro
Asp Ser Leu Ala Val Ser Leu Gly 1 5 10 15 Glu Arg Ala Thr Leu Ser
Cys Arg Ala Ser Glu Asn Val Val Thr Tyr 20 25 30 Val Ser Trp Tyr
Gln Gln Lys Pro Gly Gln Ser Pro Gln Leu Leu Ile 35 40 45 Tyr Gly
Ala Ser Asn Arg Tyr Thr Gly Val Pro Asp Arg Phe Thr Gly 50 55 60
Ser Gly Ser Ala Thr Asp Phe Thr Leu Thr Ile Asn Ser Leu Glu Ala 65
70 75 80 Glu Asp Ala Ala Thr Tyr Tyr Cys Gly Gln Gly Tyr Ser Tyr
Pro Tyr 85 90 95 Thr Phe Gly Gly Gly Thr Lys Leu Glu Ile Lys Arg
Thr Val Ala Ala 100 105 110 Pro Ser Val Phe Ile Phe Pro Pro Ser Asp
Glu Gln Leu Lys Ser Gly 115 120 125 Thr Ala Ser Val Val Cys Leu Leu
Asn Asn Phe Tyr Pro Arg Glu Ala 130 135 140 Lys Val Gln Trp Lys Val
Asp Asn Ala Leu Gln Ser Gly Asn Ser Gln 145 150 155 160 Glu Ser Val
Thr Glu Gln Asp Ser Lys Asp Ser Thr Tyr Ser Leu Ser 165 170 175 Ser
Thr Leu Thr Leu Ser Lys Ala Asp Tyr Glu Lys His Lys Val Tyr 180 185
190 Ala Cys Glu Val Thr His Gln Gly Leu Ser Ser Pro Val Thr Lys Ser
195 200 205 Phe Asn Arg Gly Glu Cys 210 148 446 PRT Artificial
Synthetic 148 Glu Val Gln Leu Val Glu Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu Val Gln
Pro Gly Gly 1 5 10 15 Ser Leu Arg Leu Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser Gly Tyr
Ser Phe Thr Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile Glu Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro
Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Met 35 40 45 Gly Val Ile Asn Pro Gly Ser
Gly Gly Thr Asn Tyr Asn Pro Ser Leu 50 55 60 Lys Ser Arg Val Thr
Ile Ser Ala Asp Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met Glu Leu
Ser Ser Leu Arg Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Phe Cys 85 90 95 Ala
Arg Asp Gly Pro Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu Val 100 105
110 Thr Val Ser Ser Ala Ser Thr Lys Gly Pro Ser Val Phe Pro Leu Ala
115 120 125 Pro Ser Ser Lys Ser Thr Ser Gly Gly Thr Ala Ala Leu Gly
Cys Leu 130 135 140 Val Lys Asp Tyr Phe Pro Glu Pro Val Thr Val Ser
Trp Asn Ser Gly 145 150 155 160 Ala Leu Thr Ser Gly Val His Thr Phe
Pro Ala Val Leu Gln Ser Ser 165 170 175 Gly Leu Tyr Ser Leu Ser Ser
Val Val Thr Val Pro Ser Ser Ser Leu 180 185 190 Gly Thr Gln Thr Tyr
Ile Cys Asn Val Asn His Lys Pro Ser Asn Thr 195 200 205 Lys Val Asp
Lys Lys Val Glu Pro Lys Ser Cys Asp Lys Thr His Thr 210 215 220 Cys
Pro Pro Cys Pro Ala Pro Glu Leu Leu Gly Gly Pro Asp Val Phe 225 230
235 240 Leu Phe Pro Pro Lys Pro Lys Asp Thr Leu Met Ile Ser Arg Thr
Pro 245 250 255 Glu Val Thr Cys Val Val Val Asp Val Ser Glu Glu Asp
Pro Glu Val 260 265 270 Gln Phe Asn Trp Tyr Val Asp Gly Val Glu Val
His Asn Ala Lys Thr 275 280 285 Lys Pro Arg Glu Glu Gln Phe Asn Ser
Thr Phe Arg Val Val Ser Val 290 295 300 Leu Thr Val Val His Gln Asp
Trp Leu Asn Gly Lys Glu Tyr Lys Cys 305 310 315 320 Lys Val Ser Asn
Lys Ala Leu Pro Ala Pro Ile Glu Lys Thr Ile Ser 325 330 335 Lys Thr
Lys Gly Gln Pro Arg Glu Pro Gln Val Tyr Thr Leu Pro Pro 340 345 350
Ser Arg Glu Glu Met Thr Lys Asn Gln Val Ser Leu Thr Cys Leu Val 355
360 365 Lys Gly Phe Tyr Pro Ser Asp Ile Ala Val Glu Trp Glu Ser Asn
Gly 370 375 380 Gln Pro Glu Asn Asn Tyr Lys Thr Thr Pro Pro Met Leu
Asp Ser Asp 385 390 395 400 Gly Ser Phe Phe Leu Tyr Ser Lys Leu Thr
Val Asp Lys Ser Arg Trp 405 410 415 Gln Gln Gly Asn Val Phe Ser Cys
Ser Val Met His Glu Ala Leu His 420 425 430 Asn His Tyr Thr Gln Lys
Ser Leu Ser Leu Ser Pro Gly Lys 435 440 445 149 214 PRT Artificial
Synthetic 149 Asn Ile Val Met Thr Gln Ser Pro Asp Ser Leu Ala Val
Ser Leu Gly 1 5 10 15 Glu Arg Ala Thr Leu Ser Cys Arg Ala Ser Glu
Asn Val Val Thr Tyr 20 25 30 Val Ser Trp Tyr Gln Gln Lys Pro Gly
Gln Ser Pro Gln Leu Leu Ile 35 40 45 Tyr Gly Ala Ser Asn Arg Tyr
Thr Gly Val Pro Asp Arg Phe Thr Gly 50 55 60 Ser Gly Ser Ala Thr
Asp Phe Thr Leu Thr Ile Asn Ser Leu Glu Ala 65 70 75 80 Glu Asp Ala
Ala Thr Tyr Tyr Cys Gly Gln Gly Tyr Ser Tyr Pro Tyr 85 90 95 Thr
Phe Gly Gly Gly Thr Lys Leu Glu Ile Lys Arg Thr Val Ala Ala 100 105
110 Pro Ser Val Phe Ile Phe Pro Pro Ser Asp Glu Gln Leu Lys Ser Gly
115 120 125 Thr Ala Ser Val Val Cys Leu Leu Asn Asn Phe Tyr Pro Arg
Glu Ala 130 135 140 Lys Val Gln Trp Lys Val Asp Asn Ala Leu Gln Ser
Gly Asn Ser Gln 145 150 155 160 Glu Ser Val Thr Glu Gln Asp Ser Lys
Asp Ser Thr Tyr Ser Leu Ser 165 170 175 Ser Thr Leu Thr Leu Ser Lys
Ala Asp Tyr Glu Lys His Lys Val Tyr 180 185 190 Ala Cys Glu Val Thr
His Gln Gly Leu Ser Ser Pro Val Thr Lys Ser 195 200 205 Phe Asn Arg
Gly Glu Cys 210 150 446 PRT Artificial Synthetic 150 Glu Val Gln
Leu Val Glu Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu Val Gln Pro Gly Gly 1 5 10 15 Ser
Leu Arg Leu Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser Gly Tyr Ser Phe Thr Asn Tyr 20 25
30 Leu Ile Glu Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Met
35 40 45 Gly Val Ile Asn Pro Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn Tyr Asn Pro
Ser Leu 50 55 60 Lys Ser Arg Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp Lys Ser Ile
Ser Thr Ala Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg Ser Glu Asp
Thr Ala Val Tyr Phe Cys 85 90 95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro Trp Phe Ala
Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu Val 100 105 110 Thr Val Ser Ser Ala Ser
Thr Lys Gly Pro Ser Val Phe Pro Leu Ala 115 120 125 Pro Ser Ser Lys
Ser Thr Ser Gly Gly Thr Ala Ala Leu Gly Cys Leu 130 135 140 Val Lys
Asp Tyr Phe Pro Glu Pro Val Thr Val Ser Trp Asn Ser Gly 145 150 155
160 Ala Leu Thr Ser Gly Val His Thr Phe Pro Ala Val Leu Gln Ser Ser
165 170 175 Gly Leu Tyr Ser Leu Ser Ser Val Val Thr Val Pro Ser Ser
Ser Leu 180 185 190 Gly Thr Gln Thr Tyr Ile Cys Asn Val Asn His Lys
Pro Ser Asn Thr 195 200 205 Lys Val Asp Lys Lys Val Glu Pro Lys Ser
Cys Asp Lys Thr His Thr 210 215 220 Cys Pro Pro Cys Pro Ala Pro Glu
Leu Leu Gly Gly Pro Ser Val Phe 225 230 235 240 Leu Phe Pro Pro Lys
Pro Lys Asp Thr Leu Met Ile Ser Arg Thr Pro 245 250 255 Glu Val Thr
Cys Val Val Val Asp Val Ser Glu Glu Asp Pro Glu Val 260 265 270 Gln
Phe Asn Trp Tyr Val Asp Gly Val Glu Val His Asn Ala Lys Thr 275 280
285 Lys Pro Arg Glu Glu Gln Phe Asn Ser Thr Phe Arg Val Val Ser Val
290 295 300 Leu Thr Val Val His Gln Asp Trp Leu Asn Gly Lys Glu Tyr
Lys Cys 305 310 315 320 Lys Val Ser Asn Lys Ala Leu Pro Ala Pro Glu
Glu Lys Thr Ile Ser 325 330 335 Lys Thr Lys Gly Gln Pro Arg Glu Pro
Gln Val Tyr Thr Leu Pro Pro 340 345 350 Ser Arg Glu Glu Met Thr Lys
Asn Gln Val Ser Leu Thr Cys Leu Val 355 360 365 Lys Gly Phe Tyr Pro
Ser Asp Ile Ala Val Glu Trp Glu Ser Asn Gly 370 375 380 Gln Pro Glu
Asn Asn Tyr Lys Thr Thr Pro Pro Met Leu Asp Ser Asp 385 390 395 400
Gly Ser Phe Phe Leu Tyr Ser Lys Leu Thr Val Asp Lys Ser Arg Trp 405
410 415 Gln Gln Gly Asn Val Phe Ser Cys Ser Val Met His Glu Ala Leu
His 420 425 430 Asn His Tyr Thr Gln Lys Ser Leu Ser Leu Ser Pro Gly
Lys 435 440 445 151 214 PRT Artificial Synthetic 151 Asn Ile Val
Met Thr Gln Ser Pro Asp Ser Leu Ala Val Ser Leu Gly 1 5 10 15 Glu
Arg Ala Thr Leu Ser Cys Arg Ala Ser Glu Asn Val Val Thr Tyr 20 25
30 Val Ser Trp Tyr Gln Gln Lys Pro Gly Gln Ser Pro Gln Leu Leu Ile
35 40 45 Tyr Gly Ala Ser Asn Arg Tyr Thr Gly Val Pro Asp Arg Phe
Thr Gly 50 55 60 Ser Gly Ser Ala Thr Asp Phe Thr Leu Thr Ile Asn
Ser Leu Glu Ala 65 70 75 80 Glu Asp Ala Ala Thr Tyr Tyr Cys Gly Gln
Gly Tyr Ser Tyr Pro Tyr 85 90 95 Thr Phe Gly Gly Gly Thr Lys Leu
Glu Ile Lys Arg Thr Val Ala Ala 100 105 110 Pro Ser Val Phe Ile Phe
Pro Pro Ser Asp Glu Gln Leu Lys Ser Gly 115 120 125 Thr Ala Ser Val
Val Cys Leu Leu Asn Asn Phe Tyr Pro Arg Glu Ala 130 135 140 Lys Val
Gln Trp Lys Val Asp Asn Ala Leu Gln Ser Gly Asn Ser Gln 145 150 155
160 Glu Ser Val Thr Glu Gln Asp Ser Lys Asp Ser Thr Tyr Ser Leu Ser
165 170 175 Ser Thr Leu Thr Leu Ser Lys Ala Asp Tyr Glu Lys His Lys
Val Tyr 180 185 190 Ala Cys Glu Val Thr His Gln Gly Leu Ser Ser Pro
Val Thr Lys Ser 195 200 205 Phe Asn Arg Gly Glu Cys 210 152 446 PRT
Artificial Synthetic 152 Glu Val Gln Leu Val Glu Ser Gly Gly Gly
Leu Val Gln Pro Gly Gly 1 5 10 15 Ser Leu Arg Leu Ser Cys Ala Ala
Ser Gly Tyr Ser Phe Thr Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile Glu Trp Val Arg
Gln Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Met 35 40 45 Gly Val Ile Asn
Pro Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn Tyr Asn Pro Ser Leu 50 55 60 Lys Ser
Arg Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala Tyr 65 70 75 80
Met Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Phe Cys 85
90 95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu
Val 100 105 110 Thr Val Ser Ser Ala Ser Thr Lys Gly Pro Ser Val Phe
Pro Leu Ala 115 120 125 Pro Ser Ser Lys Ser Thr Ser Gly Gly Thr Ala
Ala Leu Gly Cys Leu 130 135 140 Val Lys Asp Tyr Phe Pro Glu Pro Val
Thr Val Ser Trp Asn Ser Gly 145 150 155 160 Ala Leu Thr Ser Gly Val
His Thr Phe Pro Ala Val Leu Gln Ser Ser 165 170 175 Gly Leu Tyr Ser
Leu Ser Ser Val Val Thr Val Pro Ser Ser Ser Leu 180 185 190 Gly Thr
Gln Thr Tyr Ile Cys Asn Val Asn His Lys Pro Ser Asn Thr 195 200 205
Lys Val Asp Lys Lys Val Glu Pro Lys Ser Cys Asp Lys Thr His Thr 210
215 220 Cys Pro Pro Cys Pro Ala Pro Glu Leu Leu Ala Gly Pro Asp Val
Phe 225 230 235 240 Leu Phe Pro Pro Lys Pro Lys Asp Thr Leu Met Ile
Ser Arg Thr Pro 245 250 255 Glu Val Thr Cys Val Val Val Asp Val Ser
His Glu Asp Pro Glu Val 260 265 270 Gln Phe Asn Trp Tyr Val Asp Gly
Val Glu Val His Asn Ala Lys Thr 275 280 285 Lys Pro Arg Glu Glu Gln
Phe Asn Ser Thr Phe Arg Val Val Ser Val 290 295 300 Leu Thr Val Val
His Gln Asp Trp Leu Asn Gly Lys Glu Tyr Lys Cys 305 310 315 320 Lys
Val Ser Asn Lys Ala Leu Pro Ala Pro Glu Glu Lys Thr Ile Ser 325 330
335 Lys Thr Lys Gly Gln Pro Arg Glu Pro Gln Val Tyr Thr Leu Pro Pro
340 345 350 Ser Arg Glu Glu Met Thr Lys Asn Gln Val Ser Leu Thr Cys
Leu Val 355 360 365 Lys Gly Phe Tyr Pro Ser Asp Ile Ala Val Glu Trp
Glu Ser Asn Gly 370 375 380 Gln
Pro Glu Asn Asn Tyr Lys Thr Thr Pro Pro Met Leu Asp Ser Asp 385 390
395 400 Gly Ser Phe Phe Leu Tyr Ser Lys Leu Thr Val Asp Lys Ser Arg
Trp 405 410 415 Gln Gln Gly Asn Val Phe Ser Cys Ser Val Met His Glu
Ala Leu His 420 425 430 Asn His Tyr Thr Gln Lys Ser Leu Ser Leu Ser
Pro Gly Lys 435 440 445 153 214 PRT Artificial Synthetic 153 Asn
Ile Val Met Thr Gln Ser Pro Asp Ser Leu Ala Val Ser Leu Gly 1 5 10
15 Glu Arg Ala Thr Leu Ser Cys Arg Ala Ser Glu Asn Val Val Thr Tyr
20 25 30 Val Ser Trp Tyr Gln Gln Lys Pro Gly Gln Ser Pro Gln Leu
Leu Ile 35 40 45 Tyr Gly Ala Ser Asn Arg Tyr Thr Gly Val Pro Asp
Arg Phe Thr Gly 50 55 60 Ser Gly Ser Ala Thr Asp Phe Thr Leu Thr
Ile Asn Ser Leu Glu Ala 65 70 75 80 Glu Asp Ala Ala Thr Tyr Tyr Cys
Gly Gln Gly Tyr Ser Tyr Pro Tyr 85 90 95 Thr Phe Gly Gly Gly Thr
Lys Leu Glu Ile Lys Arg Thr Val Ala Ala 100 105 110 Pro Ser Val Phe
Ile Phe Pro Pro Ser Asp Glu Gln Leu Lys Ser Gly 115 120 125 Thr Ala
Ser Val Val Cys Leu Leu Asn Asn Phe Tyr Pro Arg Glu Ala 130 135 140
Lys Val Gln Trp Lys Val Asp Asn Ala Leu Gln Ser Gly Asn Ser Gln 145
150 155 160 Glu Ser Val Thr Glu Gln Asp Ser Lys Asp Ser Thr Tyr Ser
Leu Ser 165 170 175 Ser Thr Leu Thr Leu Ser Lys Ala Asp Tyr Glu Lys
His Lys Val Tyr 180 185 190 Ala Cys Glu Val Thr His Gln Gly Leu Ser
Ser Pro Val Thr Lys Ser 195 200 205 Phe Asn Arg Gly Glu Cys 210 154
446 PRT Artificial Synthetic 154 Glu Val Gln Leu Val Glu Ser Gly
Gly Gly Leu Val Gln Pro Gly Gly 1 5 10 15 Ser Leu Arg Leu Ser Cys
Ala Ala Ser Gly Tyr Ser Phe Thr Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile Glu Trp
Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Met 35 40 45 Gly Val
Ile Asn Pro Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn Tyr Asn Pro Ser Leu 50 55 60
Lys Ser Arg Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala Tyr 65
70 75 80 Met Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr
Phe Cys 85 90 95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly Gln
Gly Thr Leu Val 100 105 110 Thr Val Ser Ser Ala Ser Thr Lys Gly Pro
Ser Val Phe Pro Leu Ala 115 120 125 Pro Ser Ser Lys Ser Thr Ser Gly
Gly Thr Ala Ala Leu Gly Cys Leu 130 135 140 Val Lys Asp Tyr Phe Pro
Glu Pro Val Thr Val Ser Trp Asn Ser Gly 145 150 155 160 Ala Leu Thr
Ser Gly Val His Thr Phe Pro Ala Val Leu Gln Ser Ser 165 170 175 Gly
Leu Tyr Ser Leu Ser Ser Val Val Thr Val Pro Ser Ser Ser Leu 180 185
190 Gly Thr Gln Thr Tyr Ile Cys Asn Val Asn His Lys Pro Ser Asn Thr
195 200 205 Lys Val Asp Lys Lys Val Glu Pro Lys Ser Cys Asp Lys Thr
His Thr 210 215 220 Cys Pro Pro Cys Pro Ala Pro Glu Leu Leu Gly Gly
Pro Asp Val Phe 225 230 235 240 Leu Phe Pro Pro Lys Pro Lys Asp Thr
Leu Met Ile Ser Arg Thr Pro 245 250 255 Glu Val Thr Cys Val Val Val
Asp Val Ser His Glu Asp Pro Glu Val 260 265 270 Gln Phe Asn Trp Tyr
Val Asp Gly Val Glu Val His Asn Ala Lys Thr 275 280 285 Lys Pro Arg
Glu Glu Gln Phe Asn Ser Thr Phe Arg Val Val Ser Val 290 295 300 Leu
Thr Val Val His Gln Asp Trp Leu Asn Gly Lys Glu Tyr Lys Cys 305 310
315 320 Lys Val Ser Asn Lys Ala Leu Pro Tyr Pro Glu Glu Lys Thr Ile
Ser 325 330 335 Lys Thr Lys Gly Gln Pro Arg Glu Pro Gln Val Tyr Thr
Leu Pro Pro 340 345 350 Ser Arg Glu Glu Met Thr Lys Asn Gln Val Ser
Leu Thr Cys Leu Val 355 360 365 Lys Gly Phe Tyr Pro Ser Asp Ile Ala
Val Glu Trp Glu Ser Asn Gly 370 375 380 Gln Pro Glu Asn Asn Tyr Lys
Thr Thr Pro Pro Met Leu Asp Ser Asp 385 390 395 400 Gly Ser Phe Phe
Leu Tyr Ser Lys Leu Thr Val Asp Lys Ser Arg Trp 405 410 415 Gln Gln
Gly Asn Val Phe Ser Cys Ser Val Met His Glu Ala Leu His 420 425 430
Asn His Tyr Thr Gln Lys Ser Leu Ser Leu Ser Pro Gly Lys 435 440 445
155 214 PRT Artificial Synthetic 155 Asn Ile Val Met Thr Gln Ser
Pro Asp Ser Leu Ala Val Ser Leu Gly 1 5 10 15 Glu Arg Ala Thr Leu
Ser Cys Arg Ala Ser Glu Asn Val Val Thr Tyr 20 25 30 Val Ser Trp
Tyr Gln Gln Lys Pro Gly Gln Ser Pro Gln Leu Leu Ile 35 40 45 Tyr
Gly Ala Ser Asn Arg Tyr Thr Gly Val Pro Asp Arg Phe Thr Gly 50 55
60 Ser Gly Ser Ala Thr Asp Phe Thr Leu Thr Ile Asn Ser Leu Glu Ala
65 70 75 80 Glu Asp Ala Ala Thr Tyr Tyr Cys Gly Gln Gly Tyr Ser Tyr
Pro Tyr 85 90 95 Thr Phe Gly Gly Gly Thr Lys Leu Glu Ile Lys Arg
Thr Val Ala Ala 100 105 110 Pro Ser Val Phe Ile Phe Pro Pro Ser Asp
Glu Gln Leu Lys Ser Gly 115 120 125 Thr Ala Ser Val Val Cys Leu Leu
Asn Asn Phe Tyr Pro Arg Glu Ala 130 135 140 Lys Val Gln Trp Lys Val
Asp Asn Ala Leu Gln Ser Gly Asn Ser Gln 145 150 155 160 Glu Ser Val
Thr Glu Gln Asp Ser Lys Asp Ser Thr Tyr Ser Leu Ser 165 170 175 Ser
Thr Leu Thr Leu Ser Lys Ala Asp Tyr Glu Lys His Lys Val Tyr 180 185
190 Ala Cys Glu Val Thr His Gln Gly Leu Ser Ser Pro Val Thr Lys Ser
195 200 205 Phe Asn Arg Gly Glu Cys 210 156 446 PRT Artificial
Synthetic 156 Glu Val Gln Leu Val Glu Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu Val Gln
Pro Gly Gly 1 5 10 15 Ser Leu Arg Leu Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser Gly Tyr
Ser Phe Thr Asn Tyr 20 25 30 Leu Ile Glu Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro
Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Met 35 40 45 Gly Val Ile Asn Pro Gly Ser
Gly Gly Thr Asn Tyr Asn Pro Ser Leu 50 55 60 Lys Ser Arg Val Thr
Ile Ser Ala Asp Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met Glu Leu
Ser Ser Leu Arg Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Phe Cys 85 90 95 Ala
Arg Asp Gly Pro Trp Phe Ala Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu Val 100 105
110 Thr Val Ser Ser Ala Ser Thr Lys Gly Pro Ser Val Phe Pro Leu Ala
115 120 125 Pro Ser Ser Lys Ser Thr Ser Gly Gly Thr Ala Ala Leu Gly
Cys Leu 130 135 140 Val Lys Asp Tyr Phe Pro Glu Pro Val Thr Val Ser
Trp Asn Ser Gly 145 150 155 160 Ala Leu Thr Ser Gly Val His Thr Phe
Pro Ala Val Leu Gln Ser Ser 165 170 175 Gly Leu Tyr Ser Leu Ser Ser
Val Val Thr Val Pro Ser Ser Ser Leu 180 185 190 Gly Thr Gln Thr Tyr
Ile Cys Asn Val Asn His Lys Pro Ser Asn Thr 195 200 205 Lys Val Asp
Lys Lys Val Glu Pro Lys Ser Cys Asp Lys Thr His Thr 210 215 220 Cys
Pro Pro Cys Pro Ala Pro Glu Leu Leu Gly Gly Pro Ser Val Phe 225 230
235 240 Leu Phe Pro Pro Lys Pro Lys Asp Thr Leu Met Ile Ser Arg Thr
Pro 245 250 255 Glu Val Thr Cys Val Val Val Asp Val Ser His Glu Asp
Pro Glu Val 260 265 270 Lys Phe Asn Trp Tyr Val Asp Gly Val Glu Val
His Asn Ala Lys Thr 275 280 285 Lys Pro Arg Glu Glu Gln Tyr Asn Ser
Thr Tyr Arg Val Val Ser Val 290 295 300 Leu Thr Val Leu His Gln Asp
Trp Leu Asn Gly Lys Glu Tyr Lys Cys 305 310 315 320 Lys Val Ser Asn
Lys Ala Leu Pro Ala Pro Ile Glu Lys Thr Ile Ser 325 330 335 Lys Ala
Lys Gly Gln Pro Arg Glu Pro Gln Val Tyr Thr Leu Pro Pro 340 345 350
Ser Arg Glu Glu Met Thr Lys Asn Gln Val Ser Leu Thr Cys Leu Val 355
360 365 Lys Gly Phe Tyr Pro Ser Asp Ile Ala Val Glu Trp Glu Ser Asn
Gly 370 375 380 Gln Pro Glu Asn Asn Tyr Lys Thr Thr Pro Pro Val Leu
Asp Ser Asp 385 390 395 400 Gly Ser Phe Phe Leu Tyr Ser Lys Leu Thr
Val Asp Lys Ser Arg Trp 405 410 415 Gln Gln Gly Asn Val Phe Ser Cys
Ser Val Met His Glu Ala Leu His 420 425 430 Asn His Tyr Thr Gln Lys
Ser Leu Ser Leu Ser Pro Gly Lys 435 440 445 157 214 PRT Artificial
Synthetic 157 Asn Ile Val Met Thr Gln Ser Pro Asp Ser Leu Ala Val
Ser Leu Gly 1 5 10 15 Glu Arg Ala Thr Leu Ser Cys Arg Ala Ser Glu
Asn Val Val Thr Tyr 20 25 30 Val Ser Trp Tyr Gln Gln Lys Pro Gly
Gln Ser Pro Gln Leu Leu Ile 35 40 45 Tyr Gly Ala Ser Asn Arg Tyr
Thr Gly Val Pro Asp Arg Phe Thr Gly 50 55 60 Ser Gly Ser Ala Thr
Asp Phe Thr Leu Thr Ile Asn Ser Leu Glu Ala 65 70 75 80 Glu Asp Ala
Ala Thr Tyr Tyr Cys Gly Gln Gly Tyr Ser Tyr Pro Tyr 85 90 95 Thr
Phe Gly Gly Gly Thr Lys Leu Glu Ile Lys Arg Thr Val Ala Ala 100 105
110 Pro Ser Val Phe Ile Phe Pro Pro Ser Asp Glu Gln Leu Lys Ser Gly
115 120 125 Thr Ala Ser Val Val Cys Leu Leu Asn Asn Phe Tyr Pro Arg
Glu Ala 130 135 140 Lys Val Gln Trp Lys Val Asp Asn Ala Leu Gln Ser
Gly Asn Ser Gln 145 150 155 160 Glu Ser Val Thr Glu Gln Asp Ser Lys
Asp Ser Thr Tyr Ser Leu Ser 165 170 175 Ser Thr Leu Thr Leu Ser Lys
Ala Asp Tyr Glu Lys His Lys Val Tyr 180 185 190 Ala Cys Glu Val Thr
His Gln Gly Leu Ser Ser Pro Val Thr Lys Ser 195 200 205 Phe Asn Arg
Gly Glu Cys 210 158 446 PRT Artificial Synthetic 158 Glu Val Gln
Leu Val Glu Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu Val Gln Pro Gly Gly 1 5 10 15 Ser
Leu Arg Leu Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser Gly Tyr Ser Phe Thr Asn Tyr 20 25
30 Leu Ile Glu Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Met
35 40 45 Gly Val Ile Asn Pro Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn Tyr Asn Pro
Ser Leu 50 55 60 Lys Ser Arg Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp Lys Ser Ile
Ser Thr Ala Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg Ser Glu Asp
Thr Ala Val Tyr Phe Cys 85 90 95 Ala Arg Asp Gly Pro Trp Phe Ala
Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu Val 100 105 110 Thr Val Ser Ser Ala Ser
Thr Lys Gly Pro Ser Val Phe Pro Leu Ala 115 120 125 Pro Ser Ser Lys
Ser Thr Ser Gly Gly Thr Ala Ala Leu Gly Cys Leu 130 135 140 Val Lys
Asp Tyr Phe Pro Glu Pro Val Thr Val Ser Trp Asn Ser Gly 145 150 155
160 Ala Leu Thr Ser Gly Val His Thr Phe Pro Ala Val Leu Gln Ser Ser
165 170 175 Gly Leu Tyr Ser Leu Ser Ser Val Val Thr Val Pro Ser Ser
Ser Leu 180 185 190 Gly Thr Gln Thr Tyr Ile Cys Asn Val Asn His Lys
Pro Ser Asn Thr 195 200 205 Lys Val Asp Lys Lys Val Glu Pro Lys Ser
Cys Asp Lys Thr His Thr 210 215 220 Cys Pro Pro Cys Pro Ala Pro Glu
Leu Leu Gly Gly Pro Ser Val Phe 225 230 235 240 Leu Phe Pro Pro Lys
Pro Lys Asp Thr Leu Met Ile Ser Arg Thr Pro 245 250 255 Glu Val Thr
Cys Val Val Val Asp Val Ser His Glu Asp Pro Glu Val 260 265 270 Lys
Phe Asn Trp Tyr Val Asp Gly Val Glu Val His Asn Ala Lys Thr 275 280
285 Lys Pro Arg Glu Glu Gln Tyr Asn Ser Thr Tyr Arg Val Val Ser Val
290 295 300 Leu Thr Val Leu His Gln Asp Trp Leu Asn Gly Lys Glu Tyr
Lys Cys 305 310 315 320 Lys Val Ser Asn Lys Ala Leu Pro Ala Pro Glu
Glu Lys Thr Ile Ser 325 330 335 Lys Ala Lys Gly Gln Pro Arg Glu Pro
Gln Val Tyr Thr Leu Pro Pro 340 345 350 Ser Arg Glu Glu Met Thr Lys
Asn Gln Val Ser Leu Thr Cys Leu Val 355 360 365 Lys Gly Phe Tyr Pro
Ser Asp Ile Ala Val Glu Trp Glu Ser Asn Gly 370 375 380 Gln Pro Glu
Asn Asn Tyr Lys Thr Thr Pro Pro Val Leu Asp Ser Asp 385 390 395 400
Gly Ser Phe Phe Leu Tyr Ser Lys Leu Thr Val Asp Lys Ser Arg Trp 405
410 415 Gln Gln Gly Asn Val Phe Ser Cys Ser Val Met His Glu Ala Leu
His 420 425 430 Asn His Tyr Thr Gln Lys Ser Leu Ser Leu Ser Pro Gly
Lys 435 440 445 159 214 PRT Artificial Synthetic 159 Asn Ile Val
Met Thr Gln Ser Pro Asp Ser Leu Ala Val Ser Leu Gly 1 5 10 15 Glu
Arg Ala Thr Leu Ser Cys Arg Ala Ser Glu Asn Val Val Thr Tyr 20 25
30 Val Ser Trp Tyr Gln Gln Lys Pro Gly Gln Ser Pro Gln Leu Leu Ile
35 40 45 Tyr Gly Ala Ser Asn Arg Tyr Thr Gly Val Pro Asp Arg Phe
Thr Gly 50 55 60 Ser Gly Ser Ala Thr Asp Phe Thr Leu Thr Ile Asn
Ser Leu Glu Ala 65 70 75 80 Glu Asp Ala Ala Thr Tyr Tyr Cys Gly Gln
Gly Tyr Ser Tyr Pro Tyr 85 90 95 Thr Phe Gly Gly Gly Thr Lys Leu
Glu Ile Lys Arg Thr Val Ala Ala 100 105 110 Pro Ser Val Phe Ile Phe
Pro Pro Ser Asp Glu Gln Leu Lys Ser Gly 115 120 125 Thr Ala Ser Val
Val Cys Leu Leu Asn Asn Phe Tyr Pro Arg Glu Ala 130 135 140 Lys Val
Gln Trp Lys Val Asp Asn Ala Leu Gln Ser Gly Asn Ser Gln 145 150 155
160 Glu Ser Val Thr Glu Gln Asp Ser Lys Asp Ser Thr Tyr Ser Leu Ser
165 170 175 Ser Thr Leu Thr Leu Ser Lys Ala Asp Tyr Glu Lys His Lys
Val Tyr 180 185 190 Ala Cys Glu Val Thr His Gln Gly Leu Ser Ser Pro
Val Thr Lys Ser 195 200 205 Phe Asn Arg Gly Glu Cys 210 160 7 PRT
Artificial Synthetic misc_feature (5)..(5) Xaa can be Phenylalanine
or Tyrosine 160 Asp Gly Pro Trp Xaa Ala Tyr 1 5 161 7 PRT
Artificial Synthetic misc_feature (1)..(1) Xaa can be Glycine or
Tyrosine 161 Xaa Tyr Ser Tyr Pro Tyr Thr 1 5 162 7 PRT Artificial
Synthetic misc_feature (1)..(1) Xaa can be Tyrosine or
Phenylalanine misc_feature (2)..(2) Xaa can be Alanine or Serine
misc_feature (4)..(4) Xaa can be Threonine or Serine misc_feature
(5)..(5) Xaa can be Asparagine or Aspartic Acid 162 Xaa Xaa Phe Xaa
Xaa Tyr Leu 1 5 163 6 PRT Artificial Synthetic misc_feature
(6)..(6) Xaa can be Glycine or Alanine 163 Asn Pro Gly Ser Gly Xaa
1 5 164 6 PRT Artificial Synthetic misc_feature (1)..(1) Xaa can be
Glutamic Acid or Glutamine 164 Xaa Asn Val Val Thr Tyr 1 5 165 7
PRT Artificial Synthetic misc_feature (1)..(1) Xaa can be Glycine
or Aspartic Acid 165 Xaa Ala Ser Asn Arg Tyr Thr 1 5 166 5 PRT
Artificial Synthetic 166 Thr Leu Met Ile Ser 1 5 167 7 PRT
Artificial Synthetic 167 Leu Thr Val Leu His Gln Asp 1 5 168 5 PRT
Artificial
Synthetic 168 Gly Ser Gly Gly Ser 1 5 169 5 PRT Artificial
Synthetic 169 Gly Gly Gly Gly Ser 1 5 170 4 PRT Artificial
Synthetic 170 Gly Gly Gly Ser 1
* * * * *