U.S. patent application number 11/624408 was filed with the patent office on 2007-05-24 for aqueous dispersions and coatings.
This patent application is currently assigned to VALSPAR SOURCING, INC.. Invention is credited to John W. Condit, Dawn S. Herko, Jeffrey Niederst, Robert M. O'Brien, Daniel E. Rardon, Grant Schutte.
Application Number | 20070117928 11/624408 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 33159679 |
Filed Date | 2007-05-24 |
United States Patent
Application |
20070117928 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
O'Brien; Robert M. ; et
al. |
May 24, 2007 |
Aqueous Dispersions and Coatings
Abstract
The present invention provides aqueous dispersions that, for
example, include the reaction product of an oxirane-functional
vinyl addition polymer having an oxirane functionality between 0.5
and 5; an acid-functional polymer having an acid number 30 to 500;
and a tertiary amine. Also described are coating compositions
containing the dispersion and methods of forming the
dispersion.
Inventors: |
O'Brien; Robert M.;
(Monongahela, PA) ; Schutte; Grant; (Pittsburgh,
PA) ; Niederst; Jeffrey; (Leechburg, PA) ;
Condit; John W.; (Cranberry Township, PA) ; Herko;
Dawn S.; (Wexford, PA) ; Rardon; Daniel E.;
(Pittsburgh, PA) |
Correspondence
Address: |
VALSPAR SOURCING, INC.
1101 SOUTH THIRD STREET
MINNEAPOLIS
MN
55415
US
|
Assignee: |
VALSPAR SOURCING, INC.
1101 South Third Street
Minneapolis
MN
55415
|
Family ID: |
33159679 |
Appl. No.: |
11/624408 |
Filed: |
January 18, 2007 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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10817651 |
Apr 2, 2004 |
7189787 |
|
|
11624408 |
Jan 18, 2007 |
|
|
|
60459728 |
Apr 2, 2003 |
|
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|
Current U.S.
Class: |
525/194 ;
525/207; 525/208; 525/221; 525/231; 525/381 |
Current CPC
Class: |
Y10T 428/31529 20150401;
B65D 85/72 20130101; C08J 3/05 20130101; Y10T 428/1355 20150115;
C08J 2300/104 20130101; C08G 81/024 20130101; Y10T 428/8305
20150401; B65D 25/14 20130101; C08G 81/00 20130101; C08J 2300/105
20130101; C08J 3/246 20130101; C09D 163/10 20130101; C08L 1/00
20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
525/194 ;
525/208; 525/207; 525/221; 525/231; 525/381 |
International
Class: |
C08F 8/00 20060101
C08F008/00 |
Claims
1. A composition, comprising: an aqueous dispersion of a quaternary
ammonium salt, wherein the salt comprises the reaction product of
an oxirane-functional vinyl addition polymer having an oxirane
functionality of 0.5 to 5; an acid-functional polymer having an
acid number of 30 to 500; and a tertiary amine.
2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition is
substantially free of mobile BPA and aromatic glycidyl ether
compounds.
3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition is
essentially free of BPA and aromatic glycidyl ether compounds.
4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition is
essentially completely free of BPA and aromatic glycidyl ether
compounds.
5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition is
completely free of BPA and aromatic glycidyl ether compounds.
6. The composition of claim 1, wherein the quaternary ammonium salt
comprises at least 0.8 equivalents of tertiary amine per equivalent
of oxirane group.
7. The composition of claim 1, further comprising a
crosslinker.
8. The composition of claim 7, wherein the crosslinker is present
in an amount of at least 5% by weight, based on the total weight of
resin solids in the coating composition.
9. The composition of claim 1, wherein the weight ratio of the
oxirane-functional vinyl addition polymer to acid-functional
polymer is between 90:10 and 50:50.
10. The composition of claim 1, wherein the ratio of amine groups
in the tertiary amine to oxirane groups in the oxirane-functional
vinyl addition polymer is between 0.8:1 and 5:1.
11. A coated article, comprising: a substrate; and the coating
composition of claim 1 applied to the substrate.
12. The coated article of claim 11, wherein the coating composition
further comprises a crosslinker.
13. The coated article of claim 12, wherein the crosslinker is
present in an amount of at least 5% by weight, based on the total
weight of resin solids in the coating composition.
14. The coated article of claim 11, wherein the coating composition
comprises a cured coating.
15. The coated article of claim 14, wherein the cured coating
includes a crosslinked polymer having a crosslink segment of the
general formula:
--Y--C(R.sub.2)--C(R)(OH)--C(R.sub.2)--O--(O)C--X.sub.r--, wherein:
Y is a divalent organic group; X is a divalent organic group; R is
H, or a C1 to C6 organic group; and r is 0 or 1.
16. The coated article of claim 11, wherein the coated article
comprises a food or beverage container.
17. The coated article of claim 11, wherein the coating composition
comprises a food contact coating.
18. A method of coating an article, the method comprising applying
the composition of claim 1 to a substrate surface and hardening the
composition.
19. A packaging article, comprising a food contact surface having a
cured film thereon, wherein the cured film comprises a crosslinked
polymer having a crosslink segment of the general formula:
--Y--C(R.sub.2)--C(R)(OH)--C(R.sub.2)--O--(O)C--X.sub.r--, wherein:
Y is a divalent organic group; X is a divalent organic group; R is
H, or a C1 to C6 organic group; and r is 0 or 1.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This is a division of U.S. patent application Ser. No.
10/817,651 filed Apr. 2, 2004, which claims priority to U.S.
Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/459,728, filed Apr. 2,
2003. Both of these applications are incorporated herein by
reference in their entirety.
BACKGROUND
[0002] A wide variety of coatings have been used to coat the
surfaces of packaging articles (e.g., food and beverage cans). For
example, metal cans are sometimes coated using "coil coating"
operations, i.e., a planar sheet of a suitable substrate (e.g.,
steel or aluminum metal) is coated with a suitable composition and
cured. The coated substrate then is formed into the can end or
body. Alternatively, liquid coating compositions may be applied
(e.g., by spraying, dipping, rolling, etc.) to the substrate and
then cured.
[0003] Packaging coatings should preferably be capable of
high-speed application to the substrate and provide the necessary
properties when cured to perform in this demanding end use. For
example, the coating should be safe for food contact, have
excellent adhesion to the substrate, and resist degradation over
long periods of time, even when exposed to harsh environments.
[0004] Many current packaging coatings contain mobile or bound
bisphenol A ("BPA") or aromatic glycidyl ether compounds or PVC
compounds. Although the balance of scientific evidence available to
date indicates that the small trace amounts of these compounds that
might be released from existing coatings does not pose any health
risks to humans, these compounds are nevertheless perceived by some
people as being potentially harmful to human health. Consequently,
there is a strong desire to eliminate these compounds from food
contact coatings.
[0005] From the foregoing, it will be appreciated that what is
needed in the art is a packaging container (e.g., a food or
beverage can) that is coated with a composition that does not
contain extractible quantities of such compounds. Such packages,
compositions and methods for preparing the same are disclosed and
claimed herein.
SUMMARY
[0006] The present invention relates to novel aqueous dispersions
that are suitable for use as coating compositions and methods of
coating substrates using these dispersions.
[0007] A dispersion of the present invention preferably includes
the reaction product of (i) an oxirane-functional vinyl addition
polymer; (ii) an acid-functional polymer (e.g., an acid-functional
vinyl addition polymer or an acid-functional polyester resin); and
(iii) a tertiary amine. The reaction product is preferably
dispersed in a carrier (e.g., water) with optional crosslinkers and
other optional adjuvants. Preferred compositions and dispersions
are substantially free of mobile BPA and aromatic glycidyl ether
compounds (e.g., BADGE, BFDGE and epoxy novalacs).
[0008] In one embodiment, the method includes: providing an
oxirane-functional vinyl addition polymer having an oxirane
functionality of 0.5 to 5; providing an acid-functional polymer
having an acid number of 30 to 500; reacting the oxirane-functional
vinyl addition polymer and the acid-functional polymer together in
the presence of a tertiary amine to form a water-dispersible
polymer; and dispersing the water-dispersible polymer in a carrier
that includes water.
[0009] In one presently preferred embodiment: (i) the
oxirane-functional vinyl polymer is the reaction product of 1 to 10
wt. % oxirane-functional monomer, 0 to 60 wt. % hydroxy-functional
monomer, and the balance other monomer (e.g., non-functional
monomer); and the polymer has an oxirane functionality of 0.5 to 5
and a number average molecular weight of 2,500 to 20,000; (ii) the
acid-functional polymer is a vinyl polymer formed as the reaction
product of an acid-functional monomer (more preferably at least 15
wt. % acid-functional monomer), and the balance other monomer
(e.g., non-functional monomer); and the polymer has an acid number
of 30 to 500 (more preferably 100 to 500) and a number average
molecular weight of 2,000 to 15,000; (iii) the tertiary amine is
dimethyl ethanol amine or the like; (iv) wherein the aforementioned
polymers are reacted together in the presence of the tertiary amine
to form at least some quaternary ammonium salt, with a weight ratio
of (i):(ii) of 90:10 to 50:50, and with a ratio of amine:oxirane
groups of 0.8:1 to 5:1; and (v) the reacted polymers are dispersed
in water.
[0010] In another embodiment, the present invention provides a
method, that includes: providing an oxirane-functional vinyl
addition polymer having an oxirane functionality of 0.5 to 5;
providing an acid-functional polymer having an acid number of 30 to
500; providing a tertiary amine; combining the acid-functional
polymer with the tertiary amine to form a mixture and at least
partially neutralize the acid-functional polymer; and combining the
oxirane-functional vinyl addition polymer and the mixture to form a
water-dispersible polymer; and dispersing the water-dispersible
polymer in a carrier that includes water. In certain embodiments,
the mixture is added over a period of time to the
oxirane-functional vinyl addition polymer.
[0011] In another embodiment, the present invention provides a
method, that includes: providing a first set of monomers for making
an oxirane-functional vinyl addition polymer having an oxirane
functionality of 0.5 to 5; providing a second set of monomers for
making an acid-functional polymer having an acid number of 30 to
500; providing a tertiary amine; polymerizing at least one set of
the monomers to form a first polymer; polymerizing the other set of
monomers in the presence of the first polymer; adding tertiary
amine to form a water-dispersible polymer; and dispersing the
water-dispersible polymer in a carrier that includes water. In
certain embodiments, polymerizing at least one of the sets of
monomers occurs in the presence of the other set of monomers.
Alternatively, in certain embodiments, polymerizing at least one of
the sets of monomers occurs prior to addition of the other set of
monomers.
[0012] The present invention also provides a composition that
includes an aqueous dispersion of a quaternary ammonium salt,
wherein the salt includes the reaction product of an
oxirane-functional vinyl addition polymer having an oxirane
functionality of 0.5 to 5; an acid-functional polymer having an
acid number of 30 to 500; and a tertiary amine.
[0013] In another embodiment, the present invention includes a
coating composition that includes: an aqueous dispersion of a
quaternary ammonium salt, wherein the salt includes the reaction
product of an oxirane-functional vinyl addition polymer having an
oxirane functionality of 0.5 to 5; an acid-functional polymer
having an acid number of 30 to 500; and a tertiary amine; and a
crosslinker.
[0014] The present invention provides methods of coating an
article. Such methods include applying a composition of the present
invention to a substrate surface and hardening the composition.
[0015] The present invention also provides articles. In one
embodiment, the article includes a substrate having an uncured film
thereon, wherein the film includes an aqueous dispersion of a
quaternary ammonium salt, wherein the salt includes the reaction
product of an oxirane-functional vinyl addition polymer having an
oxirane functionality of 0.5 to 5; an acid-functional polymer
having an acid number of 30 to 500; and a tertiary amine. In
certain embodiments, the uncured film further includes a
crosslinker.
[0016] In another embodiment, the article includes a substrate
having a cured film thereon, wherein the cured film is preparable
from a coating composition that includes an aqueous dispersion of a
quaternary ammonium salt, wherein the salt includes the reaction
product of an oxirane-functional vinyl addition polymer having an
oxirane functionality of 0.5 to 5; an acid-functional polymer
having an acid number of 30 to 500; a tertiary amine; and an
optional crosslinker.
[0017] In yet another embodiment, the article includes a substrate
having a cured film thereon, wherein the cured film includes a
crosslinked polymer having a crosslink segment of the general
formula: --Y--C(R.sub.2)--C(R)(OH)--C(R.sub.2)--O--(O)C--X.sub.r--,
wherein: Y is a divalent organic group, more preferably a divalent
organic group that includes a C(O)O moiety; X is a divalent organic
group; R is H, or a C1 to C6 organic group, preferably H; and r is
0 or 1, preferably 0.
DEFINITIONS
[0018] The term "substantially free" of a particular mobile
compound means that the compositions of the present invention
contain less than 1000 parts per million (ppm) of the recited
mobile compound. The term "essentially free" of a particular mobile
compound means that the compositions of the present invention
contain less than 100 parts per million (ppm) of the recited mobile
compound. The term "essentially completely free" of a particular
mobile compound means that the compositions of the present
invention contain less than 5 parts per million (ppm) of the
recited mobile compound. The term "completely free" of a particular
mobile compound means that the compositions of the present
invention contain less than 20 parts per billion (ppb) of the
recited mobile compound.
[0019] The term "mobile" means that the compound can be extracted
from the cured coating when a coating (typically approximately 1
mg/cm.sup.2 thick) is exposed to a 10 weight percent ethanol
solution for two hours at 121.degree. C. followed by exposure for
10 days in the solution at 49.degree. C.
[0020] If the aforementioned phrases are used without the term
"mobile" (e.g., "substantially free of XYZ compound") then the
compositions of the present invention contain less than the
aforementioned amount of the compound whether the compound is
mobile in the coating or bound to a constituent of the coating.
[0021] The term "organic group" means a hydrocarbon (i.e.,
hydrocarbyl) group with optional elements other than carbon and
hydrogen in the chain, such as oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and
silicon that is classified as an aliphatic group, cyclic group, or
combination of aliphatic and cyclic groups (e.g., alkaryl and
aralkyl groups). The term "aliphatic group" means a saturated or
unsaturated linear or branched hydrocarbon group. This term is used
to encompass alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups, for example. The
term "alkyl group" means a saturated linear or branched hydrocarbon
group including, for example, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, t-butyl,
heptyl, dodecyl, octadecyl, amyl, 2-ethylhexyl, and the like. The
term "alkenyl group" means an unsaturated linear or branched
hydrocarbon group with one or more carbon-carbon double bonds, such
as a vinyl group. The term "alkynyl group" means an unsaturated
linear or branched hydrocarbon group with one or more carbon-carbon
triple bonds. The term "cyclic group" means a closed ring
hydrocarbon group that is classified as an alicyclic group,
aromatic group, or heterocyclic group. The term "alicyclic group"
means a cyclic hydrocarbon group having properties resembling those
of aliphatic groups. The term "aromatic group" or "aryl group"
means a mono- or polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon group. The term
"heterocyclic group" means a closed ring hydrocarbon in which one
or more of the atoms in the ring is an element other than carbon
(e.g., nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, etc.). Substitution is anticipated
on the organic groups of the polymers used in the coating
compositions of the present invention. As a means of simplifying
the discussion and recitation of certain terminology used
throughout this application, the terms "group" and "moiety" are
used to differentiate between chemical species that allow for
substitution or that may be substituted and those that do not allow
or may not be so substituted. Thus, when the term "group" is used
to describe a chemical substituent, the described chemical material
includes the unsubstituted group and that group with O, N, Si, or S
atoms, for example, in the chain (as in an alkoxy group) as well as
carbonyl groups or other conventional substitution. Where the term
"moiety" is used to describe a chemical compound or substituent,
only an unsubstituted chemical material is intended to be included.
For example, the phrase "alkyl group" is intended to include not
only pure open chain saturated hydrocarbon alkyl substituents, such
as methyl, ethyl, propyl, t-butyl, and the like, but also alkyl
substituents bearing further substituents known in the art, such as
hydroxy, alkoxy, alkylsulfonyl, halogen atoms, cyano, nitro, amino,
carboxyl, etc. Thus, "alkyl group" includes ether groups,
haloalkyls, nitroalkyls, carboxyalkyls, hydroxyalkyls, sulfoalkyls,
etc. On the other hand, the phrase "alkyl moiety" is limited to the
inclusion of only pure open chain saturated hydrocarbon alkyl
substituents, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, t-butyl, and the like.
The term "hydrocarbyl moiety" refers to unsubstituted organic
moieties containing only hydrogen and carbon.
[0022] As used herein, the terms "vinyl addition polymer" or "vinyl
addition copolymer" is meant to include acrylate, methacrylate, and
vinyl polymers and copolymers. Unless otherwise indicated, a
reference to a "polymer" is also meant to include a copolymer.
Unless otherwise indicated, a reference to a "(meth)acrylate"
compound (where "meth" is bracketed) is meant to include both
acrylate and methacrylate compounds.
[0023] The term "dispersible" in the context of a dispersible
polymer means that the polymer can be mixed into a carrier to form
a macroscopically uniform mixture without the use of high shear
mixing. The term "dispersible" is intended to include the term
"soluble." In other words, a soluble polymer is also a dispersible
polymer.
[0024] The term "water-dispersible" in the context of a
water-dispersible polymer means that the polymer can be mixed into
water to form a macroscopically uniform mixture without the use of
high shear mixing. The term "water-dispersible" is intended to
include the term "water-soluble." In other words, a water-soluble
polymer is also considered to be a water-dispersible polymer.
[0025] The term "dispersion" in the context of a dispersible
polymer refers to the mixture of a dispersible polymer and a
carrier. The term "dispersion" is intended to include the term
"solution."
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS
[0026] The present invention provides novel dispersions (e.g.,
water-based dispersions) that are suitable for use as coating
compositions and methods of coating substrates using these
dispersions. Preferred dispersions include a water-dispersible
polymer having reacted oxirane and acid groups and a carrier that
includes water.
[0027] In one specific embodiment, the dispersion includes the
reaction product of (i) an oxirane-functional vinyl addition
polymer; (ii) an acid-functional polymer; and (iii) a tertiary
amine. The reaction product is dispersed in a carrier (e.g., water)
with optional crosslinkers and other optional adjuvants.
[0028] Thus, in one embodiment, the water-dispersible polymer is
formed from preformed polymers (e.g., oxirane-functional vinyl
addition polymer and acid-functional polymer) in the presence of a
tertiary amine. In another embodiment, the water-dispersible
polymer is formed from at least one preformed polymer (e.g., either
an oxirane-functional vinyl addition polymer or an acid-functional
polymer) that is reacted with monomers for the other polymer in the
presence of a tertiary amine. In another embodiment, the
water-dispersible polymer is formed from a reaction mixture in
which at least one polymer (e.g., either an oxirane-functional
vinyl addition polymer or an acid-functional polymer) is formed in
situ prior to reaction with monomers for the other polymer in the
presence of a tertiary amine. If desired, an acid-functional
polymer can be combined with a tertiary amine to at least partially
neutralize it prior to reaction with the an oxirane-functional
polymer or monomers for formation of an oxirane-functional
polymer.
[0029] Preferred compositions and dispersions are substantially
free of mobile BPA and aromatic glycidyl ether compounds (e.g.,
BADGE, BFDGE and epoxy novalacs), more preferably essentially free
of these compounds, even more preferably essentially completely
free of these compounds, and most preferably completely free of
these compounds. The coating composition is also preferably
substantially free of bound BPA and aromatic glycidyl ether
compounds, more preferably essentially free of these compounds,
most preferably essentially completely free of these compounds, and
optimally completely free of these compounds.
[0030] Suitable oxirane-functional vinyl addition polymers include
acrylate, methacrylate, and/or vinyl polymers and copolymers having
oxirane functional groups (including, e.g., (meth)acrylate
copolymers having pendant glycidyl groups).
[0031] In one embodiment, the oxirane-functional vinyl addition
polymer is formed by reacting one or more oxirane-functional
monomers, optional hydroxy-functional monomers, and one or more
other monomers (e.g., non-functional monomers). This reaction is
conveniently carried out in solution, though other neat processes
may be used if desired.
[0032] Suitable oxirane-functional monomers include monomers having
a reactive carbon-carbon double bond and an oxirane (i.e., a
glycidyl) group. Typically, the monomer is a glycidyl ester of an
alpha, beta-unsaturated acid, or anhydride thereof. Suitable alpha,
beta-unsaturated acids include monocarboxylic acids or dicarboxylic
acids. Examples of such carboxylic acids include, but are not
limited to, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, alpha-chloroacrylic
acid, alpha-cyanoacrylic acid, beta-methylacrylic acid (crotonic
acid), alpha-phenylacrylic acid, beta-acryloxypropionic acid,
sorbic acid, alpha-chlorosorbic acid, angelic acid, cinnamic acid,
p-chlorocinnamic acid, beta-stearylacrylic acid, itaconic acid,
citraconic acid, mesaconic acid, glutaconic acid, aconitic acid,
maleic acid, fumaric acid, tricarboxyethylene, maleic anhydride,
and mixtures thereof.
[0033] Specific examples of suitable monomers containing a glycidyl
group are glycidyl(meth)acrylate (i.e., glycidyl methacrylate and
glycidyl acrylate), mono- and di-glycidyl itaconate, mono- and
di-glycidyl maleate, and mono- and di-glycidyl formate. It also is
envisioned that allyl glycidyl ether and vinyl glycidyl ether can
be used as the oxirane-functional monomer. A preferred monomer is
glycidyl methacrylate ("GMA").
[0034] It also should be pointed out that the oxirane-functional
vinyl addition polymer can initially be a copolymer of an alpha,
beta-unsaturated acid and an alkyl(meth)acrylate, which then is
reacted with a glycidyl halide or tosylate, e.g., glycidyl
chloride, to position pendant glycidyl groups on the acrylate
copolymer. The alpha, beta-unsaturated carboxylic acid can be an
acid listed above, for example. In an alternative embodiment, a
vinyl addition polymer having pendant hydroxyl groups first is
formed. The vinyl addition polymer having pendant hydroxyl groups
can be prepared by incorporating a monomer like 2-hydroxyethyl
methacrylate or 3-hydroxypropyl methacrylate into the vinyl
addition polymer. The polymer then is reacted to position pendant
glycidyl groups on the polymer.
[0035] The amount of oxirane-functional monomer used to form the
oxirane-functional vinyl addition polymer will depend on the
desired oxirane functionality and the desired molecular weight of
the polymer as well as the weight of the oxirane-functional monomer
used. It is presently believed that the oxirane functionality of
the formed polymer is suitably at least 0.5, preferably at least
0.9, more preferably at least 1.2, and most preferably at least
1.4. It is presently believed that the oxirane functionality of the
formed polymer is suitably at most 5, preferably at most 3, more
preferably at most 2.5, and most preferably at most 2. While not
intending to be bound by theory, an oxirane functionality above 5
tends to cause premature gellation of the composition and an
oxirane functionality below 0.5 tends to be insufficient to promote
the desired physical properties.
[0036] It is also presently believed that for packaging coating
applications, the number average molecular weight (M.sub.n) of the
oxirane-functional vinyl addition polymer is suitably at least
2,500, preferably at least 4,000, more preferably at least 5,000,
and most preferably at least 6,000. It is also presently believed
that for packaging coating applications, the number average
molecular weight (M.sub.n) of the oxirane-functional vinyl addition
polymer is suitably at most 20,000, preferably at most 16,000, more
preferably at most 12,000, and most preferably at most 8,000.
[0037] Using the above oxirane-functionality figures as a guide,
and using an oxirane-functional monomer with a molecular weight
similar to GMA, for a 7,000 M.sub.n oxirane-functional polymer the
amount of oxirane-functional monomer used is suitably at least 1,
preferably at least 2, more preferably at least 2.5, and most
preferably at least 3 wt. %, based on the weight of the other
monomers used to form the polymer. Using the above
oxirane-functionality figures as a guide, and using an
oxirane-functional monomer with a molecular weight similar to GMA,
for a 7,000 M.sub.n oxirane-functional polymer the amount of
oxirane-functional monomer used is suitably at most 10, preferably
at most 5, more preferably at most 4, and most preferably at most
3.5 wt. %, based on the weight of the other monomers used to form
the polymer. If oxirane-functional monomers other than GMA are
used, or if the desired molecular weight is different, the amounts
may need to be adjusted to account for the different weights.
[0038] The oxirane-functional monomer is preferably reacted with
suitable other monomers (and optional hydroxy-functional monomers).
Suitable other monomers include alkyl(meth)acrylates, vinyl
monomers, and the like.
[0039] Suitable alkyl(meth)acrylates include those having the
structure: CH.sub.2.dbd.C(R.sup.1)--CO--OR.sup.2 wherein R.sup.1 is
hydrogen or methyl, and R.sup.2 is an alkyl group preferably
containing one to sixteen carbon atoms. The R.sup.2 group can be
substituted with one or more, and typically one to three, moieties
such as hydroxy, halo, phenyl, and alkoxy, for example. Suitable
alkyl(meth)acrylates therefore encompass hydroxy
alkyl(meth)acrylates. The alkyl(meth)acrylate typically is an ester
of acrylic or methacrylic acid. Preferably, R.sup.1 is hydrogen or
methyl and R.sup.2 is an alkyl group having two to eight carbon
atoms. Most preferably, R.sup.1 is hydrogen or methyl and R.sup.2
is an alkyl group having two to four carbon atoms. Examples of
suitable alkyl(meth)acrylates include, but are not limited to,
methyl(meth)acrylate, ethyl(meth)acrylate, propyl(meth)acrylate,
isopropyl(meth)acrylate, butyl(meth)acrylate,
isobutyl(meth)acrylate, pentyl(meth)acrylate,
isoamyl(meth)acrylate, hexyl(meth)acrylate,
2-ethylhexyl(meth)acrylate, cyclohexyl(meth)acrylate,
decyl(meth)acrylate, isodecyl(meth)acrylate, benzyl(meth)acrylate,
lauryl(meth)acrylate, isobornyl(meth)acrylate, octyl(meth)acrylate,
and nonyl(meth)acrylate.
[0040] Suitable vinyl monomers include styrene, methyl styrene,
halostyrene, isoprene, diallylphthalate, divinylbenzene, conjugated
butadiene, alpha-methylstyrene, vinyl toluene, vinyl naphthalene,
and mixtures thereof. The vinyl aromatic monomers described below
in connection with the acid-functional polymer are also suitable
for use in this polymer. Styrene is a presently preferred vinyl
monomer, in part due to its relatively low cost. Preferred
oxirane-functional polymers are prepared from up to 99 wt. %, more
preferably up to 80 wt. %, and most preferably up to 70 wt. % vinyl
monomer(s), based on the total weight of the monomers. Preferred
oxirane-functional polymers are prepared from at least 30 wt. %,
more preferably at least 40 wt. %, and most preferably at least 50
wt. % vinyl monomer(s), based on the total weight of the
monomers.
[0041] Other suitable polymerizable vinyl monomers include
acrylonitrile, acrylamide, methacrylamide, methacrylonitrile, vinyl
acetate, vinyl propionate, vinyl butyrate, vinyl stearate,
isobutoxymethyl acrylamide, and the like.
[0042] In preferred embodiments, the polymer is formed using one or
more optional hydroxy-functional monomers (e.g., hydroxyethyl
acrylate (HEA), hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), hydroxypropyl
(meth)acrylate (HPMA), etc.). Typically, the amount of
hydroxy-functional monomer will be selected to achieve the desired
hydroxyl-functionality. Preferred oxirane-functional polymers are
prepared from at least 10 wt. %, more preferably at least 15 wt. %,
and most preferably at least 30 wt. % hydroxy-functional monomer(s)
(if used), based on the total weight of the monomers used.
Preferred oxirane-functional polymers are prepared from at most 60
wt. %, more preferably at most 50 wt. %, and most preferably at
most 45 wt. % hydroxy-functional monomer(s) (if used), based on the
total weight of the monomers used.
[0043] The aforementioned monomers may be polymerized by standard
free radical polymerization techniques, e.g., using initiators such
as azoalkanes, peroxides or peroxy esters, to provide an
oxirane-functional polymer having a number average molecular weight
(Mn) of suitably at least 2,500, preferably at least 4,000, more
preferably at least 5,000, and most preferably at least 6,000. The
aforementioned monomers may be polymerized by standard free radical
polymerization techniques, e.g., using initiators such as
azoalkanes, peroxides or peroxy esters, to provide an
oxirane-functional polymer having a number average molecular weight
(Mn) of suitably at most 20,000, preferably at most 16,000, more
preferably at most 12,000, and most preferably at most 8,000.
[0044] This reaction may be carried out using suitable solvents, if
desired.
[0045] In one preferred general embodiment, the oxirane-functional
vinyl addition polymer can be prepared from a reaction mixture that
includes (by weight) 30 to 70 parts styrene; 3 to 10 parts
glycidyl(meth)acrylate; and 30 to 70 parts
hydroxyalkyl(meth)acrylate. In one specific embodiment, the
oxirane-functional vinyl addition polymer can be prepared from a
reaction mixture that includes (by weight) 50 parts styrene; 5
parts GMA; and 45 parts HEMA. In another specific embodiment, the
polymer can be prepared from a reaction mixture that includes (by
weight) 55 parts styrene; 3 parts GMA; and 42 parts HEMA. These
embodiments are illustrative of suitable such oxirane-functional
polymers.
[0046] It has been discovered that preferred oxirane-functional
polymers "mimic" or exceed the properties of traditional
"1007-type" epoxy resin (i.e., a resin of the same type as that of
RESOLUTION'S EPON 1007 epoxy resin, which has a number average
molecular weight of 3,600 to 4,400 and a weight average molecular
weight of 12,000 to 16,000); "1009-type" epoxy resin (i.e., a resin
of the same type as that of RESOLUTION'S EPON 1009 epoxy resin,
which has a number average molecular weight of 4,200 to 5,000 and a
weight average molecular weight of 14,000 to 18,000); and
"9-A-9-type" epoxy resin (i.e., a resin which is made by reacting a
1009-type epoxy resin with adipic acid, which has a number average
molecular weight of 7,000 to 8,000 and a weight average molecular
weight of 24,000 to 29,000), without containing or liberating BPA
or aromatic glycidyl ether compounds (e.g., BADGE, BFDGE and epoxy
novalacs).
[0047] Suitable acid-functional polymers include poly-acid or
poly-anhydride polymers, e.g., homopolymers or copolymers prepared
from ethylenically unsaturated acid or anhydride monomers (e.g.,
carboxylic acid or carboxylic anhydride monomers) and other
optional monomers (e.g., vinyl monomers). It is also anticipated
that acid-functional polyester polymers may be utilized.
[0048] Preferred acid-functional polymers utilized in this
invention include those prepared by conventional free radical
polymerization techniques of at least 15 wt. %, more preferably at
least 20 wt. %, unsaturated acid-functional monomer and the balance
other unsaturated monomer. The choice of the unsaturated monomer(s)
is dictated by the intended end use of the coating composition and
is practically unlimited. This reaction is conveniently carried out
in solution, though other neat processes may be used if desired.
Low molecular weight polymers are preferred for certain
applications as is discussed herein.
[0049] A variety of acid-functional and anhydride-functional
monomers can be used; their selection is dependent on the desired
final polymer properties. Suitable ethylenically unsaturated
acid-functional monomers and anhydride-functional monomers for the
present invention include monomers having a reactive carbon-carbon
double bond and an acidic or anhydride group. Preferred such
monomers have from 3 to 20 carbons, 1 to 4 sites of unsaturation,
and from 1 to 5 acid or anhydride groups or salts thereof.
[0050] Suitable acid-functional monomers include ethylenically
unsaturated acids (mono-protic or diprotic), anhydrides or
monoesters of a dibasic acid, which are copolymerizable with the
optional other monomer(s) used to prepare the polymer. Illustrative
monobasic acids are those represented by the structure
CH.sub.2.dbd.C(R.sup.3)--COOH, where R.sup.3 is hydrogen or an
alkyl group of 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Suitable dibasic acids are
those represented by the formulas R.sup.4(COOH)C.dbd.C(COOH)R.sup.5
and R.sup.4(R.sup.5)C.dbd.C(COOH)R.sup.6COOH, where R.sup.4 and
R.sup.5 are hydrogen, an alkyl group of 1-8 carbon atoms, halogen,
cycloalkyl of 3 to 7 carbon atoms or phenyl, and R.sup.6 is an
alkylene group of 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Half-esters of these acids
with alkanols of 1 to 8 carbon atoms are also suitable.
[0051] Non-limiting examples of useful ethylenically unsaturated
acid-functional monomers include acids such as, for example,
acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, alpha-chloroacrylic acid,
alpha-cyanoacrylic acid, crotonic acid, alpha-phenylacrylic acid,
beta-acryloxypropionic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, sorbic
acid, alpha-chlorosorbic acid, angelic acid, cinnamic acid,
p-chlorocinnamic acid, beta-stearylacrylic acid, citraconic acid,
mesaconic acid, glutaconic acid, aconitic acid, tricarboxyethylene,
2-methyl maleic acid, itaconic acid, 2-methyl itaconic acid,
methyleneglutaric acid, and the like or mixtures thereof. Preferred
unsaturated acid-functional monomers include acrylic acid,
methacrylic acid, crotonic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid,
2-methyl maleic acid, itaconic acid, 2-methyl itaconic acid and
mixtures thereof. More preferred unsaturated acid-functional
monomers include acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, crotonic acid,
fumaric acid, maleic acid, itaconic acid, and mixtures thereof.
Most preferred unsaturated acid-functional monomers include acrylic
acid, methacrylic acid, maleic acid, crotonic acid, and mixtures
thereof.
[0052] Non-limiting examples of suitable ethylenically unsaturated
anhydride monomers include compounds derived from the above acids
(e.g., as pure anhydride or mixtures of such). Preferred anhydrides
include acrylic anhydride, methacrylic anhydride, and maleic
anhydride. If desired, salts of the above acids may also be
employed.
[0053] Suitable other monomers include the aforementioned
alkyl(meth)acrylates, vinyl monomers, and the like. It is generally
preferred that amine-functional monomers be avoided.
[0054] Vinyl aromatic monomers are preferably copolymerized with
the acid-functional monomers. Suitable such monomers include those
represented by the structure:
Ar--C(R.sup.8).dbd.C(R.sup.9)(R.sup.10), where R.sup.8, R.sup.9,
and R.sup.10 are hydrogen or an alkyl group of 1 to 5 carbon atoms
and Ar is a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group.
Illustrative of these monomers are styrene, methyl styrene, vinyl
toluene, and the like. The vinyl aromatic monomers can be present
from 0-80% of the acid-functional polymer, preferably from 5-50%,
and most preferably from 5-40%.
[0055] Other commonly utilized monomers are the unsaturated
nitriles represented by the structure:
R.sup.11(R.sup.12)C.dbd.C(R.sup.13)--CN, where R.sup.11 and
R.sup.12 are hydrogen, an alkyl group of 1 to 18 carbon atoms,
tolyl, benzyl or phenyl, and R.sup.13 is hydrogen or methyl. Most
commonly utilized are acrylonitrile and methacrylonitrile. The
nitrile monomer can be present from 0-40% based on the
acid-functional polymer.
[0056] Other suitable monomers are esters of acrylic acid,
methacrylic acid or mixtures thereof with C1-C16 alkanols.
Preferred esters are the methyl, ethyl, propyl, n-butyl isobutyl,
and 2-ethylhexyl esters of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid or
mixtures of such esters.
[0057] One can also utilize hydroxyalkyl(meth)acrylate monomers
such as hydroxyethyl acrylate, hydroxypropyl acrylate, hydroxyethyl
methacrylate, hydroxypropyl methacrylate or mixtures thereof.
[0058] It may be desirable, for certain uses, to include in the
polymer acrylamide, methacrylamide or an
N-alkoxymethyl(meth)acrylamide such as
N-isobutoxymethyl(meth)acrylamide. Alternatively, a polymer
containing copolymerized acrylamide or methacrylamide can be
post-reacted with formaldehyde and an alkanol to produce an
N-alkoxymethylated polymer.
[0059] The acid-functional polymers can be prepared by polymerizing
suitable monomers, in proper amounts, in a suitable carrier (e.g.,
an organic liquid medium). Preferably, the liquid medium for the
polymerization is an alcohol mixture. A catalyst or polymerization
initiator is ordinarily used in the polymerization of the
acid-functional polymers, in the usual amounts. This can be any
free radical initiator. Azoalkanes, peroxides, tertiary butyl
perbenzoate, tertiary butyl peroxypivalate, and tertiary butyl
peroxyisobutyrate are suitable.
[0060] Suitable acid-functional polymers have an acid number ("AN")
of at least 30, preferably at least 100, more preferably at least
150, and most preferably at least 200, mg KOH/gram solid. Suitable
acid-functional polymers have an acid number ("AN") of at most 500,
preferably at most 400, more preferably at most 350, and most
preferably at most 320, mg KOH/gram solid. For example, 23 weight
percent of MAA would provide a polymer of approximately 150 AN.
[0061] Suitable acid-functional polymers have a number average
molecular weight (M.sub.n) of at least 2,000, preferably at least
3,000, more preferably at least 4,000, and most preferably at least
5,000. Suitable acid-functional polymers have a number average
molecular weight (M.sub.n) of at most 15,000, preferably at msot
12,000, more preferably at most 9,000, and most preferably at most
6,000.
[0062] In one preferred general embodiment, the acid-functional
polymer can be prepared from a reaction mixture that includes (by
weight) 5 to 20 parts styrene, 30 to 70 parts alkyl (meth)acrylate,
and 30 to 70 parts acidic-functional monomer. In one specific
embodiment, the acid-functional polymer can be prepared from a
reaction mixture that includes (by weight) 10 parts styrene, 45
butyl methacrylate, and 45 parts MAA. In another specific
embodiment, the acid-functional polymer can be prepared from a
reaction mixture that includes (by weight) 30 parts styrene, 10
parts ethyl acrylate, and 60 parts MAA. These embodiments are
illustrative of suitable such polymers.
[0063] The oxirane-functional polymer (or monomers for preparing
such polymer) and the acid-functional polymer (or monomers for
preparing such polymer) are preferably reacted together in the
presence of a tertiary amine and a small amount of water. Under
such conditions an acid group, an oxirane group, and an amine form
a quaternary salt. This linkage is favored, as it not only links
the polymers but promotes water dispersibility of the joined
polymer. It should be noted that an acid group and an oxirane group
may also form an ester. Some of this reaction is possible, though
this linkage is less desirable when water dispersibility is
sought.
[0064] In one embodiment, an aqueous solution (or dispersion) of a
tertiary amine, specified below, is brought in contact with a
solution (or dispersion) of an oxirane-functional polymer in a
suitable carrier (e.g., a suitable organic liquid) or with a
solution (or dispersion) of an oxirane-functional polymer and an
acid-functional polymer. A wide variety of carriers can be used to
dissolve or disperse (preferably dissolve) the oxirane-functional
polymers and the acid-functional polymers. Among the most commonly
used carriers are alcohols such as isopropanol, the butyl alcohols,
2-hydroxy-4-methyl-pentane, 2-ethylhexyl alcohol, cyclohexanol,
glycols such as ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, 1,3-butylene
glycol, ether alcohols such as ethylene glycol mono-ethyl ether,
ethylene glycol mono-butyl ether, diethylene glycol mono-methyl
ether, mixtures thereof, and many aliphatic and aromatic
hydrocarbons particularly if used admixed with at least one of the
above.
[0065] While the exact mode of reaction is not fully understood, it
is believed that a competition between two reactions exist. One
reaction involves the tertiary amine first reacting with the
acid-functional polymer forming an amine neutralized ion which can
then react with the oxirane-functional polymer. A second reaction
may involve the free tertiary amine reacting directly with the
oxirane-functional polymer. In either case, the respective products
formed are the hydroxy ester of the oxirane-functional polymer with
the acid-functional polymer and a polymeric quaternary
ammonium-amine mixed salt (from the tertiary amine,
oxirane-functional polymer, and the acid-functional polymer).
Reaction conditions, including the presence of water as a reaction
modifier, can be chosen to favor either the esterification or
quaternization reaction. A high level of quaternization improves
water dispersability while a high level of esterification gives
higher viscosity and possibly gel-like material. By varying the
ratio of the reactants and reaction conditions, the solids content,
viscosity, particle size and application properties of the product
can be varied over a wide range.
[0066] The reaction of tertiary amines with materials containing
oxirane groups, when carried out in the presence of water, can
afford a product that contains both a hydroxyl group and a
quaternary ammonium hydroxide.
[0067] The preparation of the water-borne coating composition of
this invention is preferably carried out utilizing at least one
tertiary amine (including, for example, amines having the formula:
R.sup.14 R.sup.15R.sup.16N, wherein R.sup.14, R.sup.15 and R.sup.16
are substituted or unsubstituted monovalent alkyl groups
(preferably containing 1 to 8 carbon atoms, and more preferably
containing 1 to 4 carbon atoms).
[0068] Some examples of suitable tertiary amines are trimethyl
amine, dimethyl ethanol amine (also known as dimethyl amino
ethanol), methyl diethanol amine, ethyl methyl ethanol amine,
dimethyl ethyl amine, dimethyl propyl amine, dimethyl
3-hydroxy-1-propyl amine, dimethylbenzyl amine, dimethyl
2-hydroxy-1-propyl amine, diethyl methyl amine, dimethyl
1-hydroxy-2-propyl amine, triethyl amine, tributyl amine, N-methyl
morpholine and mixtures thereof.
[0069] Other examples of tertiary amines are disclosed, for
example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,300,428; 6,087,417; 4,247,439;
5,830,952; 4,021,396; 5,296,525; 4,480,058; 4,442,246; 4,446,258;
and 4,476,262, which are herein incorporated by reference.
[0070] Most preferably trimethyl amine or dimethyl ethanol amine is
used as the tertiary amine.
[0071] The amount of tertiary amine needed in the preparation of
the water-borne coating composition of this invention is determined
by various factors. As a minimum, there is required at least 0.8
equivalent of tertiary amine per equivalent of oxirane groups,
preferably at least 2 equivalents, more preferably at least 3
equivalents, of tertiary amine per equivalent of oxirane groups for
the formation of stable dispersions. As the ratio of the number of
acid groups in the acid-functional polymer to the number of oxirane
groups in the oxirane-functional polymer increases, the amount of
amine is also increased to keep the acid-functional polymer water
dispersible. This excess amine is believed to form a salt with some
or all of the excess acid groups of the polymer. It is preferred
that no excess amine, over the total number of equivalents of acid
groups, be used in the coating composition of this invention.
[0072] It has been discovered that the stoichiometric ratio of
amine to oxirane (A:Ox) can influence the viscosity of the
composition. In general as the A:Ox ratio increases, viscosity
decreases. It should be noted that this trend may not always be
true as dispersion conditions have been found to also impact
viscosity. Preferably the A:Ox ratio is at least 0.8:1, more
preferably at least 2:1, and most preferably at least 2.5:1.
Preferably the A:Ox ratio is at most 5:1, more preferably at most
4:1, and most preferably at most 3.5:1. Additional amine may be
added after the polymer has been dispersed to further adjust
viscosity.
[0073] The weight ratio of oxirane-functional polymer to
acid-functional polymer is typically at least 90:10, preferably at
least 87:13, and more preferably at least 84:16. The weight ratio
of oxirane-functional polymer to acid-functional polymer is
typically at most 50:50, preferably at most 70:30, and more
preferably at most 80:20.
[0074] The water-borne coating composition of this invention can be
prepared without regard to the sequence of addition of the various
components. Although it is preferred that the water-dispersible
polymer is prepared from preformed polymers (e.g.,
oxirane-functional vinyl addition polymer and acid-functional
polymer), it is possible that monomers for one of the polymers can
be reacted with the other polymer that is either preformed or
formed in-situ. If desired, an acid-functional polymer can be
combined with a tertiary amine to at least partially neutralize the
acid-functional polymer prior to reaction with the an
oxirane-functional polymer or monomers for formation of an
oxirane-functional polymer.
[0075] It is preferred, however, to first dissolve the
oxirane-functional polymer in the acid-functional polymer, in
presence of suitable carriers (e.g., organic liquids).
[0076] Addition of a suitable tertiary amine, usually dissolved in
water, completes the preparation of the polymeric quaternary
ammonium salt of a polymeric acid. Additional water can then be
added to achieve an aqueous dispersion. Additional amine can also
be added to insure dispersibility or adjust viscosity.
[0077] Preferably, the reaction can be carried out at a temperature
of at least room temperature (e.g., 25.degree. C.), more preferably
at least 50.degree. C., and most preferably at least 90.degree. C.
Preferably, the reaction can be carried out at a temperature of
below the boiling point of the reaction medium, and more preferably
at a temperature of at most 100.degree. C. In this temperature
range there is a rapid rate of reaction.
[0078] In another preferred method of preparation of the coating
composition, an oxirane-functional polymer is dissolved in a
suitable carrier such as the mono-butyl ether of ethylene glycol or
diethylene glycol, followed by the addition of a suitable tertiary
amine. After the formation of the polymeric quaternary ammonium
hydroxide is substantially complete, an acid-functional polymer,
dissolved or dispersed in a suitable carrier is mixed with it with
agitation. This latter solution or dispersion can also contain any
additional suitable amine, dissolved in water, necessary for
dispersability of the coating composition. Mixing of the components
completes the preparation of the water-borne coating composition.
This sequence of steps can also be carried out between room
temperature and temperatures below the boiling point of the
reaction media.
[0079] The resultant product is a cured film that includes a
crosslinked polymer having a crosslink segment of the general
formula: --Y--C(R.sub.2)--C(R)(OH)--C(R.sub.2)--O--(O)C--X.sub.r--,
wherein: Y is a divalent organic group (preferably a C1 to C6
organic group), more preferably a divalent organic group that
includes a C(O)O moiety; X is a divalent organic group (preferably
a C1 to C6 organic group); R is H, or a C1 to C6 organic group,
preferably H; and r is 0 or 1, preferably 0.
[0080] It has been discovered that coating compositions using the
aforementioned dispersions may be formulated using one or more
optional curing agents (i.e., crosslinking resins, sometimes
referred to as "crosslinkers"). The choice of particular
crosslinker typically depends on the particular product being
formulated. For example, some coating compositions are highly
colored (e.g., gold-colored coatings). These coatings may typically
be formulated using crosslinkers that themselves tend to have a
yellowish color. In contrast, white coatings are generally
formulated using non-yellowing crosslinkers, or only a small amount
of a yellowing crosslinker. Preferred curing agents are
substantially free of mobile BPA and aromatic glycidyl ether
compounds (e.g., BADGE, BFDGE and epoxy novalacs).
[0081] Any of the well known hydroxyl-reactive curing resins can be
used. For example, phenoplast and aminoplast curing agents may be
used.
[0082] Phenoplast resins include the condensation products of
aldehydes with phenols. Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde are preferred
aldehydes. Various phenols can be employed such as phenol, cresol,
p-phenylphenol, p-tert-butylphenol, p-tert-amylphenol, and
cyclopentylphenol.
[0083] Aminoplast resins are the condensation products of aldehydes
such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, crotonaldehyde, and
benzaldehyde with amino or amido group-containing substances such
as urea, melamine and benzoguanamine.
[0084] Examples of suitable crosslinking resins include, without
limitation: benzoguanamine-formaldehyde resins,
melamine-formaldehyde resins, esterified melamine-formaldehyde, and
urea-formadehyde resins. Preferably, the crosslinker employed when
practicing this invention comprises a melamine-formaldehyde resin.
One specific example of a particularly useful crosslinker is the
fully alkylated melamine-formaldehyde resin commercially available
from Cytec Industries, Inc. under the trade name of CYMEL 303.
[0085] As examples of other generally suitable curing agents are
the blocked or non-blocked aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic
di-, tri-, or poly-valent isocyanates, such as hexamethylene
diisocyanate, cyclohexyl-1,4-diisocyanate, and the like.
[0086] The level of curing agent (i.e., crosslinker) required will
depend on the type of curing agent, the time and temperature of the
bake, and the molecular weight of the polymer. The crosslinker is
typically present in an amount of at least 5% by weight (wt. %),
preferably at least 10% by weight, and more preferably at least 15%
by weight. The crosslinker is typically present in an amount of at
most 50% by weight, preferably at most 40% by weight, and more
preferably at least 30% by weight. These weight percentages are
based upon the total weight of the resin solids in the coating
composition.
[0087] A coating composition of the present invention may also
include other optional polymers that do not adversely affect the
coating composition or a cured coating composition resulting
therefrom. Such optional polymers are typically included in a
coating composition as a filler material, although they can be
included as a crosslinking material, or to provide desirable
properties. Preferred optional polymers are substantially free of
mobile BPA and aromatic glycidyl ether compounds (e.g., BADGE,
BFDGE and epoxy novalacs)
[0088] Such additional polymeric materials can be nonreactive, and
hence, simply function as fillers. Alternatively, such additional
polymeric materials or monomers can be reactive with the
water-dispersible polymer, the oxirane-functional polymer, and/or
the acid-functional polymer. If selected properly, such polymers
and/or monomers can be involved in crosslinking.
[0089] One or more optional polymers or monomers (such as those
used for forming such optional polymers), can be added to the
composition after the water-dispersible polymer is dispersed in a
carrier. Alternatively, one or more optional polymers or monomers
(such as those used for forming such polymers), can be added to a
reaction mixture at various stages of the reaction (i.e., before
the water-dispersible polymer is dispersed in a carrier).
[0090] For example, a nonreactive filler polymer can be added after
dispersing the water-dispersible polymer in the carrier.
Alternatively, a nonreactive filler polymer can be added before
dispersing the water-dispersible polymer in the carrier, which can
be before, during, or after reacting the oxirane-functional vinyl
addition polymer and the acid-functional vinyl addition polymer
together in the presence of a tertiary amine.
[0091] Such optional nonreactive filler polymers include, for
example, polyesters, acrylics, polyamides, polyethers, and
novalacs.
[0092] If desired, reactive polymers can be incorporated into the
compositions of the present invention, to provide additional
functionality for various purposes, including crosslinking.
[0093] Examples of such reactive polymers include, for example,
functionalized polyesters, acrylics, polyamides, and
polyethers.
[0094] One or more optional polymers (e.g., filler polymers) can be
included in a sufficient amount to serve an intended purpose, but
not in such an amount to adversely affect a coating composition or
a cured coating composition resulting therefrom.
[0095] A coating composition of the present invention may also
include other optional ingredients that do not adversely affect the
coating composition or a cured coating composition resulting
therefrom. Such optional ingredients are typically included in a
coating composition to enhance composition esthetics, to facilitate
manufacturing, processing, handling, and application of the
composition, and to further improve a particular functional
property of a coating composition or a cured coating composition
resulting therefrom.
[0096] Such optional ingredients include, for example, catalysts,
dyes, pigments, toners, extenders, fillers, lubricants,
anticorrosion agents, flow control agents, thixotropic agents,
dispersing agents, antioxidants, adhesion promoters, light
stabilizers, and mixtures thereof. Each optional ingredient is
included in a sufficient amount to serve its intended purpose, but
not in such an amount to adversely affect a coating composition or
a cured coating composition resulting therefrom.
[0097] One optional ingredient is a catalyst to increase the rate
of cure. If used, a catalyst is preferably present in an amount of
at least 0.05%, and more preferably at least 0.1%, by weight of
nonvolatile material. If used, a catalyst is preferably present in
an amount of at most 1%, and more preferably at most 0.5%, by
weight of nonvolatile material.
[0098] Examples of catalysts, include, but are not limited to,
strong acids (e.g., dodecylbenzene sulphonic acid (ddbsa, available
as CYCAT 600), methane sulfonic acid (msa), p-toluene sulfonic acid
(ptsa), dinonylnaphthalene disulfonic acid (dnndsa), and triflic
acid), quaternary ammonium compounds, phosphorous compounds, and
tin and zinc compounds, like a tetraalkyl ammonium halide, a
tetraalkyl or tetraaryl phosphonium iodide or acetate, tin octoate,
zinc octoate, triphenylphosphine, and similar catalysts known to
persons skilled in the art.
[0099] Another useful optional ingredient is a lubricant, like a
wax, which facilitates manufacture of metal closures by imparting
lubricity to sheets of coated metal substrate. A lubricant is
preferably present in the coating composition in an amount of 0 to
2%, and preferably 0.1 to 2%, by weight of nonvolatile material.
Preferred lubricants include, for example, Camauba wax and
polyethylene type lubricants.
[0100] Another useful optional ingredient is a pigment, like
titanium dioxide. A pigment, like titanium dioxide, is optionally
present in the coating composition in an amount of 0 to 70 wt. %,
more preferably 0 to 50 wt. % and most preferably 0 to 40 wt. %,
based on the total weight of solids in the coating composition.
[0101] The aforementioned coating composition is particularly well
adapted for use as a coating for packaging articles (e.g.,
two-piece cans, three-piece cans, etc.).
[0102] Two-piece cans are manufactured by joining a can body
(typically a drawn metal body) with a can end (typically a drawn
metal end). The coatings of the present invention are suitable for
use in food contact situations and may be used on the inside of
such cans
[0103] As described in previous sections, the present invention is
demonstrated to possess a high degree of utility as a spray
applied, liquid coating for the interior of two-piece drawn and
ironed tinplate food cans (hereinafter "tinplate D&I cans").
The present invention also offers utility in other applications.
These additional applications include, but are not limited to: wash
coating, coil coating, sheet coating, and side seam coatings, e.g.,
food can side seam coatings.
[0104] A wash coating is commercially described as the coating of
the exterior of two-piece drawn and ironed ("D&I") cans with a
thin layer of protectant coating. The exterior of these D&I
cans are `wash-coated` by passing pre-formed two-piece D&I cans
under a curtain of coating. The cans are inverted, that is the open
end of the can is in the `down` position when passing through the
curtain. This curtain of coating takes on a `waterfall-like`
appearance. Once these cans pass under this curtain of coating, the
liquid coating material effectively coats the exterior of each can.
Excess coating is removed through the use of an `air knife.` Once
the desired amount of coating is applied to the exterior of each
can, each can is passed through a thermal and/or ultraviolet and/or
electromagnetic curing oven to dry and cure the coating. The
residence time of the coated can within the confines of the curing
oven is 1-5 minutes. The curing temperature within this oven will
range between 150-220.degree. C.
[0105] A coil coating is described as the coating of a continuous
coil composed of a metal (e.g., steel or aluminum). Once coated,
the coating coil is subjected to a short thermal, and/or
ultraviolet and/or electromagnetic curing cycle, which lead to the
drying and curing of the coating. Coil coatings provide coated
metal (e.g., steel and/or aluminum) substrates that can be
fabricated into formed articles such as 2-piece drawn food cans,
3-piece food cans, food can ends, drawn and ironed cans, beverage
can ends and the like.
[0106] A sheet coating is described as the coating of separate
pieces of a variety of materials (e.g., steel or aluminum) that
have been pre-cut into square or rectangular `sheets`. Typical
dimensions of these sheets are approximately one square meters.
Once coated, each sheet is cured. Once dried and cured, the sheets
of the coated substrate are collected and prepared for subsequent
fabrication. Coil coatings provide coated metal (e.g., steel or
aluminum) substrate that can be successfully fabricated into formed
articles such as 2-piece drawn food cans, 3-piece food cans, food
can ends, drawn and ironed cans, beverage can ends and the
like.
[0107] A side seam coating is described as the spray application of
a liquid coating over the welded area of formed three-piece food
cans. When three-piece food cans are being prepared, a rectangular
piece of coated substrate is formed into a cylinder. The formation
of the cylinder is rendered permanent due to the welding of each
side of the rectangle via thermal welding. Once welded, each can
typically requires a layer of liquid coating, which protects the
exposed `weld` from subsequent corrosion or other effects to the
contained foodstuff. The liquid coatings that function in this role
are termed `side seam stripes`. Typical side seam stripes are spray
applied and cured quickly via residual heat from the welding
operation in addition to a small thermal and/or ultraviolet and/or
electromagnetic oven.
[0108] Other commercial coating application and curing methods are
also envisioned, for example, electrocoating, extrusion coating,
laminating, powder coating, and the like. In one presently
preferred embodiment, the coating composition is adapted for food
contact situations and has 24 wt. % to 30 wt. % solids, and less
than 0.36 kg/liter (3 pounds/gallon) VOC.
EXAMPLES
[0109] The following examples are offered to aid in understanding
of the present invention and are not to be construed as limiting
the scope thereof. Unless otherwise indicated, all parts and
percentages are by weight. The constructions cited were evaluated
by tests as follows:
Coating Uniformity/Metal Exposure:
[0110] This test method determines the amount the inside surface of
the can that has not been effectively coated by the sprayed
coating. This determination is made thorough the use of an
electrically conductive solution (1% NaCl in Deionized water). The
coated can is filled with this conductive solution. An electrical
probe is attached in contact to the outside of the can (uncoated,
electrically conducting) and a second probe is immersed in the salt
solution in the middle of the inside of the can. If any uncoated
metal is present on the inside of the can, then a current is passed
between these two probes and registers as a value on an LED
display. The LED displays the conveyed currents in milliamps, or
more commonly referred to as `mAs`. The current that is passed is
directly proportional to the amount of metal that has not been
effectively covered with coating. The goal is to achieve 100%
coating coverage on the inside of the can, which would result in an
LED reading of 0.0 mAs. Commercial acceptable metal exposure values
are typically less than 3.0 mAs on average.
Coating Spreadability/Wetting:
[0111] This test is essentially a visual assessments of a coating's
ability to effectively `wet` or spread evenly across the inside
surface of the sprayed can. It is desired for the sprayed coating
to spread evenly without visual defects such as eyeholes, creeping,
crawling or others, which may result in higher metal exposure value
or other visually objectionable phenomena. A rating of excellent is
believed to indicate that a can is of commercially acceptable
quality. The rating scale is verbal and is defined as follows:
Excellent: No visual defects; Good: Very few, minimal defects;
Fair: Few significant defects; Poor: Frequent occurrence of
significant defects.
Blistering:
[0112] This test is essentially a visual inspection of a coatings
tendency to `blister` or form undesirable air bubbles in location
the inside of the sprayed can. It is commercially undesirable for
the coating on the inside of a can to possess visible blistering.
As such a blister rating of `Excellent` indicates cans that are
believed to be of commercial quality. The rating scale is verbal
and is defined as follows: Excellent: No visual blistering; Good:
Very few, small blisters; Fair: Frequent occurrence of small
blisters; Poor: Frequent occurrence of large blisters.
Cured Film Performance:
[0113] There are a wide variety of food products that are `packed`
commercially within coated, tinplate D&I cans. For coating
research and development purposes, several coating `screening
tests` have been developed to help predict whether or not a coating
possesses the required staining, adhesion and corrosion performance
to function acceptably as an interior lacquer for commercially
prepared and packed D&I tinplate cans. Of particular interest
is the coating's performance under food sterilization cycles, more
commonly referred to as `food retorts`. This retort is a thermal
sterilization of the packed can that is conducted in superheated
and pressurized steam and/or water.
[0114] Typical commercial sterilization retorts pass packed food
cans through superheated steam or water for a time period ranging
from 10 minutes up to several (1-3) hours, depending on factors
such as the can size and the food product of interest. The
temperature of the steam or water is approximately 121.degree. C.
It is under these retort conditions that the can's interior coating
can begin to fail in coating performances such as stain resistance,
adhesion or corrosion resistance. The function of the interior
coating is to provide protection of the can from the packed product
(corrosion, staining resistance) as well as to protect the packed
product from the can (metal exposure, adhesion). It is commercially
undesirable for the D&I can's internal coating to show dramatic
failures in these areas under packing, sterilization or storage
conditions. As such, a testing protocol has been effectively
developed to predict the commercial performance of any prospective
new D&I can interiors.
[0115] Of particular interest is the `headspace` area of the can
where the performance requirements tend to be the most difficult.
The headspace is the small area at the top of the can (typically
0.5-1.0 cm) in which there is no food product. The headspace is
left for each can to allow for expansion of the product during
retorting, without explosion of the can by the pressure of its
contents. Additional evaluations were sometimes made at the dome
and bead sections of the cans.
[0116] In order to conduct this evaluation, a sufficient number of
test cans are prepared using the coating variables, which are to be
tested. Once the cans are completely coated with the coatings of
interest, several food product test media are selected to conduct
the food product resistance testing. For the gold variables, the
products selected are representative of a long list of products
that are typically commercially packed in gold D&I cans. Once
the actual food products are selected, they are filled within the
can body at the temperatures which are employed commercially. One
should consult a commercial canning guide for more details or
reference. Typically each can is filled to within 1.25 cm
(headspace) to allow for expansion of the product during retort.
Once filled, each can is appropriately closed through the double
seaming of an appropriate diameter food can end. Once seamed, the
cans are given the retort sterilization cycle (time, temperature)
in accordance with commercial practices. Following the retort
sterilization, the cans are adequately cooled and opened with a
conventional, hand operated can opener. Once opened, the contents
are emptied, the inside of the can is rinsed with clean water, the
can is cut in four places laterally down the sidewall and the
`flattened` can is adequately dried. At this stage the cans are
ready for the following film evaluations:
Adhesion:
[0117] The headspace region of the can is `cross-hatched` in a `tic
tac toe-like` pattern with a sharp object. Once this crosshatch
pattern is made this region is investigated with Scotch.RTM. #610
tape to assess the ability of the coating to maintain adhesion in
this area. The adhesion rating scale is 0-10, with `10` meaning
that 100% of the coating in this area has maintained adhesion. A
`0` is issued when 100% of the coating in this region is removed by
the tape. The adhesion rating reported is an average rating of
three cans.
Corrosion:
[0118] The headspace are of the can is visibly analyzed for the
occurrence of obvious corrosion. The rating scale for corrosion is
also 0-10 with a `10` indicating that there is no occurrence of
visible occurrence and a `0` indicating that 100% of the headspace
area is showing corrosion. The corrosion rating reported is an
average rating of three cans.
[0119] The following are the fill and retort conditions used:
[0120] 1. Creamed corn pre-heated to 71.degree. C. prior to the
filling and closure of the can. Retort conditions 1.5 hours at
121.degree. C. [0121] 2. Carrots in Brine: Brine Solution
pre-heated to 88.degree. C. prior to the filling and closure of the
can. Retort conditions 1.5 hours at 121.degree. C. [0122] 3. Green
beans filled at room temperature. Retort conditions 1.5 hours at
121.degree. C. [0123] 4. Spinach pre-heated to 88.degree. C. prior
to the filling and closure of the can. Retort conditions 1.5 hours
at 121.degree. C. [0124] 5. Chicken broth pre-heated to 82.degree.
C. prior to the filling and closure of the can. Retort conditions
1.5 hours at 121.degree. C. [0125] 6. Tomatoes pre-heated to
88.degree. C. prior to the filling and closure of the can. Retort
conditions 1.5 hours at 121.degree. C. [0126] 7. Peas pre-heated to
71.degree. C. prior to the filling and closure of the can. Retort
conditions 1.5 hours at 121.degree. C.
Example 1
Preparation of Oxirane-functional Polymers
Example 1, Run 1
[0127] A 5-liter flask was equipped with a stirrer, reflux
condenser, thermocouple, heating mantle and nitrogen blanket. In a
separate vessel a monomer premix containing 1162 parts styrene, 888
parts hydroxy ethyl methacrylate, 64.1 parts glycidyl methacrylate,
and 90.4 parts t-butyl peroctoate was prepared. To the 5-liter
flask was added 245 parts butanol and 804 parts butyl cellosolve.
The flask was heated to 98.degree. C., and 14.2 parts t-butyl
peroctoate was added. After 5 minutes the premix was added to the
flask over two and a half hours while maintaining 97.degree. C. to
101.degree. C. An initiator premix comprising 105 parts butyl
cellosolve and 45.1 parts t-butyl peroctoate was prepared. When the
monomer premix addition was complete, the premix vessel was rinsed
with 43 parts butyl cellosolve. The initiator premix was
immediately added over a one hour period. When the initiator premix
addition was complete, the vessel was rinsed with 27 parts butyl
cellosolve. The batch was held at 98.degree. C. to 99.degree. C.
for one hour. At the end of the hour 4.34 parts t-butyl peroctoate
was added and the batch was held one hour. At the end of the hour a
second addition of 4.34 parts t-butyl peroctoate was added and the
batch was held an additional one hour. At the end of the hour a
third addition of 4.34 parts t-butyl peroctoate was added and the
batch was held one hour. The batch was then cooled and yielded a
polymer with 62.5% NV, an oxirane value of 0.018 eq/100 gram solid
resin, an acid number of 2.6, and a viscosity of 210,000 centipoise
at 26.7.degree. C.
[0128] An additional batch made following the above procedure
provided a polymer having 62.6% NV, an oxirane value of 0.019, an
acid number of 2.5 and a viscosity of 222,000 centipoise. A second
additional batch provided a polymer having 64.8% NV, an oxirane
value of 0.019, an acid number of 1.8 and a viscosity of 268,000
centipoise.
Example 1, Run 2
[0129] A 5-liter flask was equipped with a stirrer, reflux
condenser, thermocouple, heating mantle and nitrogen blanket. In a
separate vessel a monomer premix containing 1162 parts styrene, 888
parts hydroxy ethyl methacrylate, 64.1 parts glycidyl methacrylate,
and 90.4 parts t-butyl peroctoate was prepared. To the 5-liter
flask was added 524.5 parts butanol and 524.5 parts butyl
cellosolve. The flask was heated to 98.degree. C., and 14.2 parts
t-butyl peroctoate was added. After 5 minutes the premix was added
to the flask over two and a half hours while maintaining 97.degree.
C. to 101.degree. C. An initiator premix comprising 105 parts butyl
cellosolve and 45.1 parts t-butyl peroctoate was prepared. When the
monomer premix addition was complete, the premix vessel was rinsed
with 43 parts butyl cellosolve. The initiator premix was
immediately added over a one hour period. When the initiator premix
addition was complete, the vessel was rinsed with 27 parts butyl
cellosolve. The batch was held at 98.degree. C. to 99.degree. C.
for one hour. At the end of the hour 4.34 parts t-butyl peroctoate
was added and the batch was held one hour. At the end of the hour a
second addition of 4.34 parts t-butyl peroctoate was added and the
batch was held an additional one hour. At the end of the hour a
third addition of 4.34 parts t-butyl peroctoate was added and the
batch was held one hour. The batch was then cooled and yielded a
polymer with 62.3% NV, an oxirane value of 0.020 eq/1 00 gram solid
resin, and a viscosity of 183,000 centipoise at 26.7.degree. C.
[0130] Additional batches were produced using the above process and
provided polymers having 62.4% NV, 0.018 to 0.019 oxirane value and
166,000 to 175,200 centipoise.
Example 1, Run 3
[0131] A 12-liter flask was equipped with a stirrer, reflux
condenser, thermocouple, heating mantle and nitrogen blanket. In a
separate vessel a monomer premix containing 1726.1 parts styrene,
1319.2 parts hydroxy ethyl methacrylate, 95.2 parts glycidyl
methacrylate, and 134.3 parts t-butyl peroctoate was prepared. To
the 12-liter flask was added 363.9 parts butanol and 1194.3 parts
butyl cellosolve. The flask was heated to 98.degree. C., and 21.0
parts t-butyl peroctoate was added. After 5 minutes the premix was
added to the flask over three and a half hours while maintaining
97.degree. C. to 101.degree. C. An initiator premix of 156 parts
butyl cellosolve and 67 parts t-butyl peroctoate was prepared. When
the monomer premix addition was complete, the premix vessel was
rinsed with 63.9 parts butyl cellosolve. The initiator premix was
immediately added over a one hour period. When the initiator premix
addition was complete, the vessel was rinsed with 39.6 parts butyl
cellosolve. The batch was held at 98.degree. C. to 99.degree. C.
for one hour. At the end of the hour 6.5 parts t-butyl peroctoate
was added and the batch was held one hour. At the end of the hour a
second addition of 6.5 parts t-butyl peroctoate was added and the
batch was held an additional one hour. At the end of the hour a
third addition of 6.5 parts t-butyl peroctoate was added and the
batch was held one hour. The batch was then cooled and yielded a
polymer with 64.5% NV, an oxirane value of 0.018 eq/100 gram solid
resin, and an acid number of 3.3.
[0132] A repeat batch provided a polymer having 64.2% NV, an
oxirane value of 0.017 eq/100 gram solid resin, an acid number of
2.2, and a Brookfield viscosity of 216,400 centipoise.
Example 1, Run 4
[0133] A 12-liter flask was equipped with a stirrer, reflux
condenser, thermocouple, heating mantle and nitrogen blanket. In a
separate vessel a monomer premix containing 1412.4 parts styrene,
1079.4 parts hydroxy propyl methacrylate, 77.9 parts glycidyl
methacrylate, and 109.9 parts t-butyl peroctoate was prepared. To
the 12-liter flask was added 297.8 parts butanol and 967.3 parts
butyl cellosolve. The flask was heated to 94.degree. C., and 17.3
parts t-butyl peroctoate was added. After 5 minutes the premix was
added to the flask over three and a half hours while maintaining
97.degree. C. to 100.degree. C. An initiator premix of 127.7 parts
butyl cellosolve and 54.8 parts t-butyl peroctoate was prepared.
When the monomer premix addition was complete, the premix vessel
was rinsed with 52.3 parts butyl cellosolve. The initiator premix
was immediately added over a one-hour period. When the initiator
premix addition was complete, the vessel was rinsed with 32.4 parts
butyl cellosolve. The batch was held at 98.degree. C. to 99.degree.
C. for one hour. At the end of the hour 5.3 parts t-butyl
peroctoate was added and the batch was held one hour. At the end of
the hour a second addition of 5.3 parts t-butyl peroctoate was
added and the batch was held an additional one hour. At the end of
the hour a third addition of 5.3 parts t-butyl peroctoate was added
and the batch was held one hour. The batch was then cooled and
yielded an acrylic prepolymer with 63.6% NV, an oxirane value of
0.021 eq/100 gram solid resin, an acid number of 2.0, and a
Brookfield viscosity of 89,900 centipoise.
Example 2
Preparation of Acid-Functional Polymers
Example 2, Run 1
[0134] A premix of 163.6 parts glacial methacrylic acid, 163.6
butyl methacrylate, 36.4 parts styrene, and 23.4 parts benzoyl
peroxide (70% water wet) was prepared in a separate vessel. A
1-liter flask was equipped with a stirrer, reflux condenser,
thermocouple, heating mantle and nitrogen blanket. Ten percent of
the premix was added to the flask along with 129.6 parts butanol
and 9.8 parts deionized water. To the remaining premix was added
183.0 parts butanol and 12.2 parts deionized water. With a nitrogen
blanket flowing in the flask, the contents were heated to
93.degree. C. When the contents reached 93.degree. C., external
heating was stopped and the material was allowed to increase in
temperature for fifteen minutes. After fifteen minutes, the batch
was at 97.degree. C., and the remaining premix was added uniformly
over two hours maintaining 97.degree. C. to 100.degree. C. Foaming
was controlled by lowering the agitation. After three hours the
heating was discontinued and 75 parts butyl cellosolve was added.
The resulting acrylic prepolymer was 44.9% NV, with an acid number
of 300 and a viscosity of 24,000 centipoise.
[0135] Two additional batches were produced using the same process.
The first additional batch provided a polymer having 44.7% NV, 304
acid number and a viscosity of 30,100 centipoise. The second
additional batch provided a polymer having 44.7% NV, 306 acid
number and a viscosity of 27,500 centipoise.
Example 2, Run 2
[0136] A premix of 512.6 parts glacial methacrylic acid, 512.6
butyl acrylate, 114.0 parts styrene, and 73.2 parts benzoyl
peroxide (70% water wet) was prepared in a separate vessel. A
3-liter flask was equipped with a stirrer, reflux condenser,
thermocouple, heating mantle and nitrogen blanket. Ten percent of
the premix was added to the flask along with 405.9 parts butanol
and 30.6 parts deionized water. To the remaining premix was added
496.1 parts butanol and 38.3 parts deionized water. With the
nitrogen blanket flowing in the flask, the contents was heated to
93.degree. C. When the contents reached 93.degree. C., external
heating was stopped and the material was allowed to increase in
temperature for fifteen minutes. After fifteen minutes, the batch
was at 97.degree. C., and the remaining premix was added uniformly
over two hours maintaining 97.degree. C. to 100.degree. C. When the
premix addition was complete, the premix vessel was rinse with 5
parts butanol. The batch was held at temperature for two and a half
hours. The heating was discontinued and 317.7 parts butyl
cellosolve was added. The resulting acrylic prepolymer was 44.4%
NV, with an acid number of 314 and a viscosity of 5,080
centipoise.
Example 3
Preparation of Dispersion
Example 3, Run 1
[0137] A 3-Liter flask was equipped as describe above. Into the
flask was added 894.6 parts of the acrylic prepolymer in Example 1,
Run 2, 277.3 parts of the prepolymer in Example 2, Run 1, and 13.7
parts deionized water. The contents of the flask were heated to
99.degree. C. Once at temperature, 30.3 parts dimethyl ethanol
amine was added over five minutes. The batch was held for four
hours at 96.degree. C. to 99.degree. C. At the end of the four
hours, heating was stopped, 1036 parts deionized water was added at
high agitation over one hour and fifteen minutes while the
temperature was allowed to decrease. The resulting dispersion was
30.4% NV, particle size of 0.25 micron, pH of 6.75, acid number of
49.3, and had a Brookfield viscosity of 307 centipoise.
Example 3, Run 2
[0138] Using the process outline in Example 3, Run 1, 881 parts of
the acrylic prepolymer in Example 1, Run 2, 273.1 parts of the
prepolymer in Example 2, Run 2, 13.5 parts deionized water, 29.8
parts dimethyl ethanol amine, and 1020 parts deionized water was
used to prepare a dispersion. The dispersion had 30.3% NV, a
particle size of 0.21 micron, a pH of 6.96, and a Brookfield
viscosity of 3,700 centipoise.
[0139] A repeat batch had 30.4% NV, a 0.22 micron particle size and
a 7,500 centipoise viscosity.
Example 3, Run 3
[0140] Using the process outline in Example 3, Run 1, 1417 parts of
the acrylic prepolymer in Example 1, Run 2, 434.8 parts of the
prepolymer in Example 2, Run 1, 21.5 parts deionized water, 47.5
parts dimethyl ethanol amine, and 945 parts deionized water was
used to prepare a dispersion. The dispersion had 37.8% NV, a
particle size of 0.25 micron, a pH of 6.71, an acid number of 47.1,
and a Brookfield viscosity of 14,300 centipoise.
[0141] A repeat batch had 37.7% NV, a 0.29 micron particle size, an
acid number of 50.0, and a 16,600 centipoise viscosity. A third
batch had 37.8% NV, a 0.29 micron particle size, an acid number of
50.2, and a 16,600 centipoise viscosity.
Example 3, Run 4
[0142] Using the process outline in Example 3, Run 1, 1672 parts of
the acrylic prepolymer in Example 1, Run 1, 513 parts of the
prepolymer in Example 2, Run 1, 25.4 parts deionized water, 56.0
parts dimethyl ethanol amine, and 1115.1 parts deionized water was
used to prepare a dispersion. The dispersion had 37.9% NV, a
particle size of 0.30 micron, an acid number of 50.2, and a
Brookfield viscosity of 8,270 centipoise.
[0143] A first repeat batch had 37.3% NV, a particle size of 0.25
micron, an acid number of 50.2, and a Brookfield viscosity of 8,150
centipoise. A second repeat batch had 37.9% NV, a particle size of
0.29 micron, an acid number of 49.2, and a Brookfield viscosity of
15,580 centipoise
Example 3, Run 5
[0144] Using the process outline in Example 3, Run 1, 4920.6 parts
of the acrylic prepolymer in Example 1, Run 3, 1509.3 parts of the
prepolymer in Example 2, Run 1, 74.8 parts deionized water, 164.6
parts dimethyl ethanol amine, and 3280.7 parts deionized water was
used to prepare a dispersion. The dispersion had 38.2% NV, a
particle size of 0.31 micron, a pH of 6.84, and a Brookfield
viscosity of 27,500 centipoise.
[0145] A repeat batch had 38.0% NV, a particle size of 0.34 micron,
a pH of 6.91, and a Brookfield viscosity of 32,000 centipoise.
Example 3, Run 6
[0146] A 12-Liter flask was equipped as describe above. Into the
flask was added 4740.4 parts of the acrylic prepolymer in Example
1, Run 3 and 1454 parts of the prepolymer in Example 2, Run 1. The
contents of the flask were heated to 98.degree. C. Once at
temperature, 72 parts deionized water and 158.6 parts dimethyl
ethanol amine was added over five minutes. The batch was held for
three and a half hours at 99 to 100.degree. C. At the end of the
three and a half hours, 791.1 parts Rutaphen 9989 LB (60% solid
phenolic solution from Bakelite A G), 401.1 parts Santolink EP 560
(80% solids Phenolic solution from Solutia), and 326 parts Varcum
2227-B-55 (55% solids phenolic solution from Reichhold) was added
with the temperature adjusted to 90.degree. C. to 95.degree. C. The
batch was held for 30 minutes. Heating was stopped and 3160.6 parts
deionized water was added at high agitation over three hours while
the temperature was allowed to decrease. The next day an additional
2963 parts deionized water was added. The resulting dispersion had
37.5% NV and a pH of 7.21.
Example 3, Run 7
[0147] A 12-Liter flask was equipped as describe above. Into the
flask was added 4072.2 parts of the acrylic prepolymer in Example
1, Run 4 and 1249.3 parts of the prepolymer in Example 2, Run 1.
The contents of the flask were heated to 97.degree. C. Once at
temperature, 61.8 parts deionized water and 136.3 parts dimethyl
ethanol amine was added over five minutes. The batch was held for
four hours at 99.degree. C. to 100.degree. C. At the end of the
four hours, heating was stopped and 2715.2 parts deionized water
was added at high agitation over two hours while the temperature
was allowed to decrease. Immediately after the addition, 400 parts
of deionized water was added over fifteen minutes. The resulting
dispersion was 36.9% NV, particle size of 0.29 micron, pH of 6.84,
acid number of 56.6, and a Brookfield viscosity of 6320
centipoise.
Example 4
Preparation of Paste Compositions
Example 4, Run 1
[0148] In a container was mixed 481.1 parts Example 3, Run 3, 518.9
parts Zinc Oxide pigment, 130 parts deionized water, 33 parts butyl
cellosolve, and 85.3 parts butyl carbitol. Once uniform the
contents were placed into a sand mill and ground until a fineness
of grind of >7 was achieved.
Example 4, Run 2
[0149] In a suitable container 383.8 parts Example 3, Run 4, 416.2
parts Zinc Oxide pigment, and 170.0 parts butyl carbitol is mixed.
Once uniform the contents were placed into a sand mill and ground
until a fineness of grind of >7.5 was achieved.
Example 4, Run 3
[0150] A white paste containing TiO.sub.2 pigment was prepared by
mixing 125 parts Example 3, Run 3, with 46.6 parts deionized water,
0.5 parts dimethyl ethanol amine, 5 parts butyl cellosolve, and 250
parts TiO.sub.2 pigment. The mixture was then agitated with a
Hockmeyer blade to achieve a grind. Once the grind was achieved the
material was reduced with 40 parts Example 3, Run 3, 28 parts
deionized water and 0.8 parts dimethyl ethanol amine.
Example 4, Run 4
[0151] In a suitable container 378.15 parts Example 3, Run 5, with
98.4 parts deionized water, 1.5 parts dimethyl ethanol amine,
756.15 parts TiO.sub.2 pigment, 15.15 part butyl cellosolve, and
42.6 parts deionized water were mixed with a Hockmeyer blade. Once
a grind is achieved the material was reduced with 121.05 parts
Example 3, Run 5, 84.6 parts deionized water and 1.0 parts dimethyl
ethanol amine.
Example 4, Run 5
[0152] In a suitable container 60 parts 3610HVL coating (available
from The Valspar Corporation) and 40 parts Zinc Oxide pigment was
mixed. Once uniform the contents were placed into a sand mill and
ground until a fineness of grind of >7.5 was achieved.
Example 4, Run 6
[0153] In a suitable container 1238.4 parts Example 3, Run 4,
1288.4 parts Zinc Oxide pigment, and 522.2 parts butyl carbitol is
mixed. Once uniform the contents were placed into a sand mill and
ground until a fineness of grind of >7 was achieved.
Example 4, Run 7
[0154] In a suitable container 1471.5 parts Example 3, Run 6, with
277.9 parts deionized water, 5.5 parts dimethyl ethanol amine
2776.1 parts TiO.sub.2 pigment, 55.7 part butyl cellosolve, and
156.4 parts deionized water were mixed with a Hockmeyer blade. Once
a grind is achieved the material was reduced with 470.9 parts
Example 3, Run 6, 284.1 parts deionized water and 1.8 parts
dimethyl ethanol amine.
Example 5
Preparation of GOLD Coating Compositions
Example 5, Run 1
[0155] In a glass quart jar with a plastic stir propeller was mixed
715 parts of Example 3, Run 1. Under agitation 44.2 parts Rutaphen
9989 LB, 22.5 parts Santolink EP 560, 18.2 parts Varcum 2227-B-55,
and 5.4 parts Example 4, Run 5 Zinc Oxide paste was slowly added.
Deionized water was added incrementally to a viscosity of 20.4
seconds in a number 4 Ford cup. This material was then adjusted
with deionized water and dimethyl ethanol amine to 30% NV and 21.2
second viscosity in a number 4 Ford cup.
[0156] Using the process outlined in Example 5, Run 1, additional
Gold coatings were prepared: TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 5 Ingredient
(parts Ex. 5, Run: by wt.) 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Ex. 3, Run 2 800 878 715
774.6 -- -- -- -- Ex. 3, Run 1 -- -- -- -- 715 -- -- -- Ex. 3, Run
4 -- -- -- -- -- 723.1 1674 604 Ex. 4, Run 5 -- 4.3 5.4 -- 5.4 7.1
-- -- Ex. 4, Run 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 6.3 Rutaphen -- -- 44.2
47.9 44.2 58.6 135.7 49 9989 Santolink -- -- 22.5 24.4 22.5 29.8
69.1 24.9 EP560 Varcum 227- -- -- 18.2 19.7 18.2 24.0 55.6 20.1
B-55 Water 20.2 22.5 118.6 108.4 80.9 107.3 248 89.4
Example 6
Preparation of WHITE Coating Composition
Example 6, Run 1
[0157] In a quart can equipped with a metal stir propeller 115.9
parts of Example 3, Run 1 was added. Under agitation 115.9 parts
PW0099B TiO.sub.2 pigment, 17.2 parts butyl cellosolve, and 2.2
parts dimethyl ethanol amine was added. This material was ground
until a grind of 7 to 7.5 on a Hegman grind gauge was achieved.
Then 439.6 parts of additional Example 3, Run 1 was added. After
mixing 2.6 parts Example 4, Run 5 Zinc Oxide paste, 18.0 parts
Cymel 303, 9.7 parts bisphenol-A based phenolic solution, and 227.0
parts deionized water was added and stirred to uniformity. The
mixture was then adjusted to 25.6 seconds viscosity on a number 4
Ford cup with dimethyl ethanol amine.
Example 7
Preparation of GOLD and WHITE Coating Compositions
Example 7, Runs 1 and 2
[0158] Table 7 details the formulation components of gold and white
coating. Each coating was prepared in a 4-liter polyethylene
plastic container. A stainless steel `Hochmeyer-type` mixing blade
was used to provide agitation and subsequent mixing to the vessel.
An agitation rate of 1000 RPMs was used to prepare each coating.
Each raw material was added to the container sequentially while the
agitation rate was maintained at 1000 RPMs. Once an ingredient was
added, a time period of 5-10 minutes was allowed for the ingredient
to be adequately incorporated and the coating mixture fully
homogenized. Once all ingredients were added, the coating was
allowed to continue mixing for an additional 20-30 minutes to
insure that all ingredients had been adequately incorporated.
Following this 20-30 minute `holding time`, each coating was passed
through a fiber filter in which the internal pore size was
10-microns. This was done to insure that the coating was free of
any undesired particulate, insoluble matter which may negatively
impact the sprayability or cured film performance of the coating
variable. TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 7 Example 7, Run: 1 2 Ingredients
Wt. % Wt. % Ex. 3, Run 5 Dispersion 47.63% 36.36% Ex. 4, Run 4
Titanium Dioxide Paste 0.00% 22.54% Ex. 4, Run 2 Zinc Oxide Paste
0.69% 0.25% Deionized Water 16.60% 0.00% Rutaphen 9989 Phenolic
Resin 3.90% 0.73% Santolink EP 560 Phenolic Resin 1.90% 0.00%
Varcum 2227 Phenolic Resin 1.60% 0.00% Cymel 303 0.00% 1.76%
Ethylene Glycol, Monobutyl Ether 0.00% 0.90% Deionized Water 22.91%
35.26% N-Butanol 4.50% 1.80% Dimethyl Ethanol Amine 0.27% 0.40%
Totals: 100.00% 100.00% Coating Viscosity (#Ford Cup, 16.0 seconds
24.0 seconds 25.degree. C.)
Example 8
Preparation of Additional GOLD and WHITE Coating Compositions
Example 8, Runs 1 and 2
[0159] Additional coatings were developed and tested for spray
application properties. As described below, these coatings were
found to offer significantly improved spray application properties.
The coatings were prepared as generally described in Example 7,
with variations in the solvent systems. The formulations for these
two coatings are shown below in Tables 8A and 8B. TABLE-US-00003
TABLE 8A Example 8, Run: 1 2 Ingredient Wt. % Wt. % Ex. 3, Run 5
Resin Base 0.00% 36.33% Ex. 3, Run 6 Resin Base 65.24% 0.00%
Deionized Water 23.20% 0.00% Ex. 4, Run 4 Titanium Dioxide Paste
0.00% 22.52% Ex. 4, Run 2 Zinc Oxide Paste 0.22% 0.25% Ethylene
Glycol, Mono Butyl Ether 3.98% 0.00% Deionized Water 5.61% 0.00%
Diethylene Glycol, Mono Hexyl Ether 1.14% 0.00% Rutaphen 9989
Phenolic Resin 0.00% 0.73% Cymel 303 0.00% 1.76% Ethylene Glycol,
Monobutyl Ether 0.00% 0.90% Deionized Water 0.61% 35.32% N-Butanol
0.00% 1.79% Dimethyl Ethanol Amine 0.00% 0.4% Totals: 100.00%
100.00% Coating Viscosity (#Ford Cup, 25.degree. C.) 20.0 seconds
24.6 seconds
[0160] TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 8B Example 8, Run: 3 4 Ingredient Wt. %
Wt. % Ex. 3, Run 7 Resin Base 54.21% 38.40% Deionized Water 8.53%
33.44% Rutaphen 9989 LB 4.31% 0.73% Santolink EP 560 2.19% 0.00%
Varcum 2227-B-55 1.77% 0.00% Cymel 303 0.00% 1.75% Deionized Water
6.26% 0.00% Ethylene Glycol, Mono Butyl Ether 3.74% 0.90% Deionized
Water 7.58% 0.00% Ethylene Glycol, Mono Hexyl Ether 1.10% 0.00% Ex.
4, Run 6 Zinc Oxide Paste 0.83% 0.26% Deionized Water 3.94% 0.00%
Deionized Water 5.17% 0.00% Ex. 4, Run 7 TiO2 Paste 0.00% 22.42%
Butanol 0.00% 1.79% Dimethyl Ethanol Amine 0.37% 0.28% Cycat 600
0.00% 0.03% Totals: 100.00% 100.00% Coating Viscosity (#Ford Cup,
25.degree. C.) 20.0 seconds 20.0 seconds
Example 9
Performance of White Coating versus Control
[0161] TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 9 10Q51EE Control** Example 6, Run 1
Dome/Beads/ Dome/Beads/ Headspace Headspace Green Beans & 2.5%
Brine Corrosion 10/10/6-10 10/10/7-10 Adhesion 10/10/7-10 10/10/10
Carrots & 2.5% Brine Corrosion 10/10/9-10 10/10/10 Adhesion
10/10/9-10 10/10/10 Pea Test Corrosion 10/10/6-10 10/10/4-9
Adhesion 10/10/5-9 10/10/4-9 Surface Stain* 8-9 7-9 Pasta Corrosion
10/10/7-8 10/10/8-9 Adhesion 10/10/8-9 10/9-10/10 Surface Stain 8-9
8 Chicken Broth Corrosion 10/10/8-9 10/10/9-9 Adhesion 10/10/9-10
10/10/9-10 Surface Stain 9 8 Brine Corrosion 10/10/10 10/10/10
Adhesion 10/10/10 10/9-10/9-10 Tomato Basil Soup Corrosion 10/10/10
10/10/10 Adhesion 10/10/9-10 10/10/10 Surface Stain 8 8 *A single
overall reading was taken for the Surface Stain test. **The control
for the white coating was 10Q51EB, a commercially acceptable
coating supplied by The Valspar Corporation.
Example 10
Performance of Gold Coatings
[0162] TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 10 Control* (10Q25) Ex. 5, Run 2 Ex. 5,
Run 3 Ex. 5, Run 4 Ex. 5, Run 5 Ex. 5, Run 7 Ex. 5, Run 8 Ex. 5,
Run 9 2.5% Brine Corrosion 9/9/7 9.5/7/7 10/7.5/7 10/7.5/7 9.5/6/7
10/10/9.5 10/10/5.5 10/10/9 Adhesion 10/10/10 10/5.5/6.5 10/10/6.5
9/6.5/8.5 10/4.5/6 10/9.5/9.5 8.5/6.5/6.5 10/9.5/9 NE Clam
Corrosion 10/10/8 10/10/4.5 10/10/7 10/10/8 10/10/8 10/10/9
10/10/10 10/10/9 Adhesion 10/10/9.5 10/10/5 10/10/6 10/10/8 10/10/8
10/10/9.5 10/10/9.5 10/10/9.5 Stain 9 6.5 7.5 7 7.5 Tomato Basil
Corrosion 10/10/9.5 10/10/7 10/10/6.5 10/10/9 10/10/8 Adhesion
10/10/8 10/10/7.5 10/10/7.5 10/10/8.5 10/10/8.5 Chicken Broth
Corrosion 10/10/10 10/10/10 10/10/10 Adhesion 10/10/10 10/10/10
10/10/10 Stain 10/4/7.5 4/3.5/7.5 10/7.5/8 Pea Test Adhesion
10/10/9.5 10/8.5/7 7/10/8 Stain 0/3/6 0/4/7 0/4/7 *The control for
the gold coating variable was 10Q25AB, a commercially acceptable
coating supplied by The Valspar Corporation.
Example 11
Spray Application Testing
[0163] One of the potential uses of the instant invention is as a
waterborne spray coating for the interior of tinplate, drawn and
ironed (D&I), two-piece food cans. These types of cans are
becoming increasingly more prevalent within the food can
industry.
[0164] To facilitate `spray-application` of the coating prototype
to the interior of commercially available, preformed, tinplate
D&I cans, the viscosity of each coating was reduced such that
the flow rate of each coating through a Ford viscosity cup (#4
orifice) was in the range of 16-30 seconds. This viscosity
measurement was conducted with clean, filtered coating at a
temperature of 25.degree. C.
[0165] The application of each coating was conducted using a
laboratory scale D&I spray unit commercially available from H.L
Fisher Co. This laboratory unit is considered an effective replica
of commercial D&I spray units.
[0166] The application and testing of each coating was performed on
commercially available tinplate D&I cans with the commercial
dimensions identified as `300.times.407`. This indicates a
commercial can size whose height is 0.113 m and whose diameter is
0.076 m. This yields a can whose internal area is 0.032 m.sup.2.
All of the cans that were used for testing were also given the
familiar `sidewall beading` which imparts improved crush resistance
to the can. In addition, each can was `flanged`, which allows for
effective seaming/closure of the can with an appropriate `300
diameter` commercially available food can end.
[0167] For the gold coatings a sufficient amount of wet coating was
delivered to the interior of the D&I can to yield a total,
cured film weight of 250.0 mg per can. The white coatings were
applied such that a total, cured film weight of 350.0 mg per can
was obtained. These coating weights are consistent with those
currently employed in the production of full scale, commercially
coated tinplate D&I cans.
[0168] The cans were thermally cured using a laboratory-scale
D&I can oven commercially available from Ross Co. The controls
on this oven were programmed to deliver a thermal dosage that is
consistent with thermal dosages employed in the preparation of
commercially coated tinplate D&I cans. The residence time of
each can within the oven was approximately 5.5 minutes. Each can
achieved a maximum temperature of approximately 221.degree. C. Each
can was at a minimum temperature of 213.degree. C. for
approximately 2.0 minutes. Following this thermal drying process,
an assessment of each coating's appearance, uniformity (dry film
continuity) and other application-related properties were
collected. The details of these analyses are found in Table 11
below. TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 11 Coating Code 10Q25AB* Ex. 7, Run 1
10Q51EA* Ex. 7, Run 2 Substrate Commercially Available `300 .times.
407` Tinplate D&I Cans Film Weight 240-260 mgs. per can 340-360
mgs. per can Coating Uniformity/ Metal Exposure Range: 0.0-1.8 mAs
0.0-7.0 mAs 0.0-7.0 mAs 0.0-2.0 mAs Average: 0.7 mAs 2.0 mAs 0.6
mAs 0.4 mAs Coating Excellent Good Good Good Spreadability/ Wetting
Blistering Excellent Fair Excellent Fair *Commercially available
products of The Valspar Corporation
Example 12
Cured Film Performance
[0169] Both the gold and white prototypes were evaluated for cured
film properties against appropriate, commercially acceptable white
and gold D&I spray control coatings. The results of this
testing is seen in Tables 12A and 12B. TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 12A
10Q25AB Ex. 7, Run 1 Split Pea, Ham, Bacon Soup Adhesion 10 9
Corrosion 10 9 Fresh Carrots in 2.5% Brine Adhesion 10 8 Corrosion
10 8 Three Bean Salad Adhesion 10 10 Corrosion 8 8 Tomato Basil
Soup Adhesion 9 9 Corrosion 8 6 Chicken Broth Adhesion 10 10
Corrosion 10 10 New England Clam Chowder Adhesion 9 8 Corrosion 7 4
Pasta in Tomato Sauce Adhesion 8 8 Corrosion 5 7 Cheddar Cheese
Soup Adhesion 8 9 Corrosion 8 8
[0170] TABLE-US-00009 TABLE 12B 10Q51EA Ex. 7, Run 2 Creamed Corn
Adhesion 10 10 Corrosion 10 7 Fresh Carrots in 2.5% Brine Adhesion
9 10 Corrosion 9 10 Fresh Green Beans in 2.5% Brine Adhesion 10 9
Corrosion 10 7 Fresh Spinach Adhesion 9 10 Corrosion 9 6 Chicken
Broth Adhesion 10 10 Corrosion 10 10 Diced Tomatoes Adhesion 9 10
Corrosion 2 3 Fresh Peas in 2.5% Brine Adhesion 10 10 Corrosion 10
10
Example 13
Spray Properties of Gold & White Coatings
[0171] The spray performance properties of gold and white coatings
were evaluated and are shown below in Table 13. TABLE-US-00010
TABLE 13 10Q25AB* Ex. 8, Run 1 10Q51EA* Ex. 8, Run 2 Substrate
Commercially Available `300 .times. 407` Tinplate D&I Cans Film
Weight 240-260 mgs. per can 340-360 mgs. per can Coating
Uniformity/ Metal Exposure Range: 0.0-2.0 mAs 0.0 mAs 0.0-2.5 mAs
0.0-3.0 mAs Average: 0.5 mAs 0.0 mAs 0.8 mAs 0.8 mAs Coating
Excellent Excellent Good Good Spreadability/ Wetting Blistering
Excellent Good Excellent Good *Commercially available products of
The Valspar Corporation
Example 14
[0172] A 12 liter flask is equipped with a stirrer, reflux
condenser, thermocouple, heating mantle and nitrogen blanket. In a
separate vessel a monomer premix containing 1030.8 parts styrene,
787.8 parts hydroxy propyl methacrylate, 56.9 parts glycidyl
methacrylate, and 80.3 parts t-butyl peroctoate was prepared. To
the 12 liter flask was added 217.3 parts butanol and 706.0 parts
butyl cellosolve. The flask was heated to 98.degree. C., and 12.6
parts t-butyl peroctoate was added. After 5 minutes the premix was
added to the flask over three and a half hours while maintaining
96.degree. C. to 100.degree. C. A second initiator premix of 93.2
parts butyl cellosolve and 40.0 parts t-butyl peroctoate was
prepared. When the monomer premix addition was complete, the premix
vessel was rinsed with 38.0 parts butyl cellosolve. The second
initiator premix was immediately added over a one hour period. When
the initiator premix addition was complete, the vessel was rinsed
with 23.7 parts butyl cellosolve. The batch was held at 98.degree.
C. to 99.degree. C. for one hour. At the end of the hour 3.8 parts
t-butyl peroctoate was added and the batch was held one hour. At
the end of the hour a second addition of 3.8 parts t-butyl
peroctoate was added and the batch was held an additional one hour.
At the end of the hour a third addition of 3.8 parts t-butyl
peroctoate was added and the batch was held one hour. The batch was
then cooled. The following day the batch was heated to 50.degree.
C. and 950.5 parts of Example 2, Run 1 was added and 47.1 parts
deionized water. The batch was then heated to a temperature of 96
to 100.degree. C., 103.6 part dimethyl ethanol amine was added over
five minutes. The batch was held for four hours at 99.degree. C. to
100.degree. C. At the end of the four hours, 17.5 parts dimethyl
ethanol amine, 511.9 parts Rutaphen 9989 LB (60% solid phenolic
solution from Bakelite AG), 264.4 parts Santolink EP 560 (80%
solids Phenolic solution from Solutia), and 215.3 parts Varcum
2227-B-55 (55% solids phenolic solution from Reichhold) was added
and stirred for 15 minutes and heated. After the 15 minutes, heat
was discontinued and 2370.0 parts deionized water was added over
one hour forty-five minutes. Then 2411.7 parts of deionized waswas
added over 8 minutes. The batch was then cooled. The next day the
batch was heated to reflux and 1300 parts of distillate was
removed. The resulting dispersion was 34.1% NV with a pH of 6.88,
and a particle size of 0.37 micron with a No. 4 Ford viscosity of
17 seconds.
[0173] Having thus described the preferred embodiments of the
present invention, those of skill in the art will readily
appreciate that the teachings found herein may be applied to yet
other embodiments within the scope of the claims hereto attached.
The complete disclosure of all patents, patent documents, and
publications are incorporated herein by reference as if
individually incorporated.
* * * * *