U.S. patent application number 10/587074 was filed with the patent office on 2007-05-17 for tamper-proof, color-shift security feature.
Invention is credited to Martin Bergsmann.
Application Number | 20070110965 10/587074 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 34842244 |
Filed Date | 2007-05-17 |
United States Patent
Application |
20070110965 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Bergsmann; Martin |
May 17, 2007 |
Tamper-proof, color-shift security feature
Abstract
The invention relates to a tamper-proof security feature that
comprises at least one electromagnetic wave-reflecting layer (2),
one polymer spacer layer (3) and one metal cluster layer (4). The
inventive feature is characterized in that one or more of the
layers, in addition to their function, fulfill additional security
functions in their color-shift set-up.
Inventors: |
Bergsmann; Martin; (Linz,
AT) |
Correspondence
Address: |
WENDEROTH, LIND & PONACK, L.L.P.
2033 K STREET N. W.
SUITE 800
WASHINGTON
DC
20006-1021
US
|
Family ID: |
34842244 |
Appl. No.: |
10/587074 |
Filed: |
February 11, 2005 |
PCT Filed: |
February 11, 2005 |
PCT NO: |
PCT/EP05/01385 |
371 Date: |
July 21, 2006 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
428/195.1 ;
427/294; 427/355; 427/402 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B42D 25/36 20141001;
B42D 2033/10 20130101; B42D 25/00 20141001; B42D 25/435 20141001;
B42D 2035/24 20130101; B42D 25/373 20141001; B42D 25/324 20141001;
B42D 25/29 20141001; B42D 25/47 20141001; Y10T 428/24802
20150115 |
Class at
Publication: |
428/195.1 ;
427/402; 427/355; 427/294 |
International
Class: |
B05D 3/00 20060101
B05D003/00; B05D 3/12 20060101 B05D003/12; B05D 7/00 20060101
B05D007/00; B44C 1/17 20060101 B44C001/17; G03G 7/00 20060101
G03G007/00 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Feb 16, 2004 |
AT |
A 236/2004 |
Claims
1. Forgery-proof security feature comprising at least one
electromagnetic wave-reflecting layer, one polymeric spacer layer
and one layer formed of metal clusters each, wherein one or several
of the layers, in addition to their function in the color shift
effect setup, fulfill further security functions.
2. Forgery-proof security feature as claimed in claim 1, wherein
the electromagnetic wave-reflecting layer and/or the cluster layer
are partial layers.
3. Forgery-proof security feature as claimed in claim 1 wherein the
polymeric spacer layer has a defined layer thickness course or a
step structuring.
4. Forgery-proof security feature as claimed in claim 1 wherein the
polymeric spacer layer is comprised of several layers, each of
which can have different layer thicknesses or different layer
thickness courses.
5. Forgery-proof security feature as claimed in claim 1 wherein the
polymeric spacer layer is comprised of several partial and/or
all-over layers with different indices of refraction.
6. Forgery-proof security feature as claimed in claim 1 wherein the
polymeric spacer layer is applied in the form of symbols and
characters, patterns, lines and geometric forms and the like.
7. Forgery-proof security feature as claimed in claim 1 wherein at
least one layer of the polymeric spacer layer or the cover layer is
comprised of a polymer with piezoelectric properties.
8. Forgery-proof security feature as claimed in claim 1 wherein at
least one layer of the polymeric spacer layer has one or several
optically active structures.
9. Forgery-proof security feature as claimed in claim 1 wherein the
carrier substrate comprises a transfer lacquer layer.
10. Forgery-proof security feature as claimed in claim 1 wherein
the layer is comprised of metal clusters of different metals.
11. Forgery-proof security feature as claimed in claim 1 wherein at
least one of the metal cluster layers has additional functional
features.
12. Forgery-proof security feature as claimed in claim 11, wherein
at least one of the metal cluster layers is additionally
electrically conductive and/or magnetic and/or fluorescent.
13. Forgery-proof security feature as claimed in claim 1 wherein
the layer system is individualized through the action of
electromagnetic waves.
14. Forgery-proof security feature as claimed in claim 13, wherein
the system is individualized through laser treatment.
15. Forgery-proof security feature as claimed in claim 13 wherein
through the action of electromagnetic waves subsequent structuring
is carried out.
16. Forgery-proof security feature as claimed in claim 15, wherein
through the structuring pictures, logos, writings, codes, symbols
and characters and the like are generated.
17. Forgery-proof security feature as claimed in claim 16, wherein
through the structuring differently colored or colorless regions
are obtained.
18. Forgery-proof security feature as claimed in claim 1 wherein in
the spacer layer the fine structure of the printing die is
identifiable as a uniquely assignable feature.
19. Forgery-proof security feature as claimed in claim 1 wherein
the security feature is applied onto a substrate or is embedded in
a substrate, wherein the substrate optionally has an open-area
clearance, which is spanned by the security feature.
20. Forgery-proof security feature as claimed in claim 1 wherein
through the disposition of several sequences of optionally
differently structured spacer layers and cluster layers over an
all-over or partial reflection layer, different color shift effects
are generated.
21. Sheet material suitable for the production of a forgery-proof
identification feature as claimed in claim 1.
22. Sheet material as claimed in claim 21, provided on one or both
sides, all-over or partially with a protective lacquer layer.
23. Sheet material as claimed in claim 22, wherein the protective
lacquer layer is pigmented.
24. Sheet material as claimed in claim 21, iprovided on one or both
sides, all-over or partially with a sealable adhesive, for example
a hot or cold seal adhesive, or a self adhesion coating.
25. Sheet material as claimed in claim 24, wherein the adhesien
adhesive coating is pigmented.
26. Method for the production of a security feature as claimed in
claim 1 wherein onto a carrier substrate a partial or all-over
electromagnetic wave-reflecting layer and subsequently one or
several partial and/or all-over polymeric layers of defined
thickness are applied by means of an impression cylinder, which has
an unmistakable fine structure, whereupon onto the spacer layer a
layer formed of metal clusters, which are formed by means of a
method employing vacuum technology or out of solvent-based systems,
is applied.
27. Method as claimed in claim 26, wherein onto a carrier substrate
a layer formed of metal clusters, which are formed by means of a
method employing vacuum technology, subsequently one or several
partial and/or all-over polymeric layers of defined, optionally
varying, thickness are applied by means of an impression cylinder,
which contains an unmistakable fine structure, whereupon
subsequently a partial or all-over electromagnetic wave-reflecting
layer and thereon a further cluster layer are applied.
28. Method as claimed in claim 26 wherein additionally a black
background layer is applied.
29. Method as claimed in claim 26 wherein the polymeric spacer
layer and/or the background layer are structured.
30. Method as claimed in claim 26 wherein the structuring of the
polymeric spacer layer or of the background layer takes place by
laser treatment.
31. Bank notes, data media, security documents, packagings, labels,
marker or seals comprising the feature of claim 1.
32. Method for verifying a security feature as claimed in claim 1
wherein the different identification features are detected and
identified using suitable evaluation devices.
33. Method for verifying a security feature as claimed in claim 32
wherein the identification features are detected and identified
visually.
34. Method for verifying security features as claimed in claim 32
wherein forensic features are identified with suitable testing
means in the laboratory or on site.
35. Method as claimed in claim 34 wherein the said forensic
features are DNA, isotopes or fine structure.
Description
[0001] The invention relates to forgery-proof security features,
which exhibit a color shift effect caused by metal clusters which
are separated by a defined transparent layer from a mirror
layer.
[0002] WO 02/18155 discloses a method for the forgery-proof marking
of objects, wherein the object is provided with a marking comprised
of an electromagnetic wave-reflecting first layer, onto which a
layer permeable to electromagnetic waves with a defined thickness
is applied, whereupon onto this layer a third layer formed of metal
clusters follows.
[0003] The aim of the invention is to provide a security feature
with a color shift effect, wherein the security feature is to have
additional security stages.
[0004] Subject matter of the invention is therefore a forgery-proof
security feature comprising in each instance at least one layer
reflecting electromagnetic waves, a polymeric spacer layer and a
layer formed of metal clusters, characterized in that one or
several of the layers, in addition to their function in the color
shift effect setup, satisfy further security functions.
[0005] Carrier substrates to be considered are preferably flexible
sheets of synthetic materials, for example of PI, PP, MOPP, PE,
PPS, PEEK, PEK, PEI, PSU, PAEK, LCP, PEN, PBT, PET, PA, PC, COC,
POM, ABS or PVC. The substrate sheets preferably have a thickness
of 5-700 .mu.m, preferably 8-200 .mu.m, especially preferred a
thickness of 12-50 .mu.m. The sheets can be clear or matt-finished
(in particular matt-imprinted). The scattering on matt sheets
causes a marked change, in particular of the intensity in the color
spectrum, such that a color code different than in clear sheets is
generated.
[0006] Further, metal sheets, for example Al, Cu, Sn, Ni, Fe or
special steel sheets having a thickness of 5-200 .mu.m, preferably
10-80 .mu.m, especially preferred 20-50 .mu.m, can also serve as
the carrier substrate. The sheets can also be surface-treated,
coated or laminated, for example with synthetic materials, or they
can be lacquered.
[0007] Further, as carrier substrates can also be utilized
cellulose-free or cellulose-containing paper, thermally activatable
paper or composites with paper, for example composites with
synthetic materials with a grammage of 20-500 g/m.sup.2, preferably
40-200 g/m.sup.2.
[0008] The carrier substrate can also be provided with a
release-capable transfer lacquer layer.
[0009] Onto the carrier substrate is applied a layer reflecting
electromagnetic waves. This layer can preferably be comprised of
metals, such as for example aluminum, gold, chromium, silver,
copper, tin, platinum, nickel or tantalum, of semiconductors, such
as for example silicon, and their alloys, for example
nickel/chromium, copper/aluminum and the like or a printing ink
with metal pigments.
[0010] The electromagnetic wave-reflecting layer can be applied
over the entire surface or only partially using known methods, such
as spraying, vapor deposition, sputtering, for example as printing
ink, with known printing methods (gravure, flexographic, screen or
digital printing), lacquer coating, roller spreading methods, slot
eye, roll dip coating or curtain coating and the like.
[0011] For a partial application is especially suitable a method
utilizing a soluble color application for the production of the
partial metallization. In this method in a first step a color
application soluble in a solvent is applied onto the carrier
substrate, in a second step this layer is optionally treated by
means of an inline plasma, corona or flame process, and, in a third
step, a layer of the metal or metal alloy to be structured is
applied, whereupon in a fourth step the color application is
removed by means of a solvent, optionally combined with mechanical
action.
[0012] The soluble color application can be all-over or partial,
the application of the metal or of the metal alloy takes place over
the entire surface or partially.
[0013] However, the partial electromagnetic wave-reflecting layer
can also be produced employing a conventional known etching
method.
[0014] The thickness of the electromagnetic wave-reflecting layer
is preferably approximately 10-50 nm, however, greater or lesser
layer thicknesses are also possible. If metal sheets are utilized
as the carrier substrate, the carrier substrate itself can already
form the electromagnetic wave-reflecting layer.
[0015] The reflection of this layer for electromagnetic waves, in
particular as a function of the thickness of the layer or of the
metal sheet utilized, is preferably 10-100%.
[0016] The polymeric spacer layer or the polymeric spacer layers
succeeding thereon can also be applied over the entire surface or
preferably partially.
[0017] The polymeric layers are for example comprised of
conventional or radiation-curing, in particular UV-curing, color
substance and lacquer systems based on nitrocellulose, epoxy,
polyester, colophonium, acrylate, alkyd, melamine, PVA, PVC,
isocyanate, urethane or PS copolymer systems.
[0018] This polymeric layer serves essentially as a transparent
spacer layer, however, depending on the composition, may in a
certain spectral range be absorbing and/or fluorescing or
phosphorescing. This property can optionally also be enhanced by
adding a suitable chromophore. A suitable spectral range can be
selected through the selection of different chromophores. Thereby,
in addition to the shift effect, the polymeric layer can
additionally also be made machine-readable. For example, in the
blue spectral range (in the proximity of approximately 400 nm) a
yellow AZO coloring agent can also be utilized, for example
anilides, rodural or eosin. The coloring agent moreover changes the
spectrum of the marking in a characteristic manner.
[0019] When using a fluorophore with excitation outside of the
visible range (for example in the UV range) and irradiation in the
visible range, with the choice of a suitable concentration a
marking can even be generated with color change on illumination.
The layer structuring has optimally at the aimed for observation
angle a spectrum with high absorption in the wavelength range of
the emission of the fluorophore. Such a marking could further be
readily combined with the UV test lamps at the cash registers,
which are already currently in use.
[0020] A further feasibility for generating a reversible color
change comprises utilizing a switchable chromophore, such as for
example bacteriorhodopsin. When illuminated with suitable
wavelength (bacteriorhodopsin between 450 mm and 650 mm) and
sufficiently high intensity, such chromophores change their
absorption behavior. In the case of bacteriorhodopsin a structure
change occurs which, after the illumination is switched off again,
changes back to the starting state and switches the color of the
chromophore between lilac and yellow. The integration of such
chromophores into the layer system, for example the spacer layer,
changes the absorption spectrum, with the switching behavior also
occurring.
[0021] As a function of the quality of the adhesion on the carrier
web or an optionally subjacent layer, this polymeric layer may show
effects of decrosslinking, which leads to a characteristic
macroscopic lateral structuring.
[0022] This structuring can be induced or specifically changed, for
example through modification of the surface energy of the layers,
for example through plasma treatment (in particular plasma
functionalization), corona treatment, electron beam or ion beam
treatment or through laser modification.
[0023] It is further possible to apply an adhesion promoter layer
with regionally different surface energy.
[0024] The polymeric spacer layer has preferably regions of
different thickness. Through defined variation of the thickness
(gradient, defined steps, defined structures) of the polymeric
spacer layer a combination of different color shift effects is
generated in a finished security feature (multicolor shift
effect).
[0025] The thickness of the layer can therein be selectively varied
within a wide range, for example in a range from 10 nm to 3
.mu.m.
[0026] At a spacer layer thickness of more than approximately 3
.mu.m the layer system no longer yields a color detectable by the
human eye, but rather, depending on the mirror material, a somewhat
darker metallic impression in comparison to the pure mirror. The
reason is that the spectrum with increasing layer thickness becomes
increasingly more complex (multipeak) and can no longer be
resolved. However, for reading devices the spectrum continues to be
well measurable and even highly characteristic, with the spacer
layer thickness maximally to be measured depending on the
resolution capability of the particular device. This represents a
feasibility for generating an inconspicuous but machine-readable
marking.
[0027] Further, when applying the polymeric spacer layer a certain
defined layer thickness course can be set either in one application
step or by applying several layers, which, again can be all-over or
partial depending on the desired layer thickness course. The layer
thickness course can also be implemented in the form of a step
structuring, wherein onto a base layer different thicknesses of a
further polymeric layer are partially applied.
[0028] It is further feasible to apply several layers of different
polymers, for example polymers with different indices of
refraction.
[0029] In a special embodiment at least one layer of the polymeric
spacer layer can be comprised of a piezoelectric polymer, wherein
here electrical properties can be demonstrated either through
direct contacting or through an electric field. As a function of
the thickness or of the thickness course or of the layer thickness
change of the spacer layer, therefore also a characteristic
interaction with electrical or electromagnetic fields can be
demonstrated through simple optical evidence (for example with the
naked eye, optical photometer and/or spectrometer).
[0030] In a special embodiment at least one layer of the polymeric
spacer layer may comprise optically active structures, for example
diffraction gratings, diffraction structures, holograms and the
like, which can be molded into the polymeric spacer layer,
preferably before the complete curing. A corresponding method is
for example disclosed in EP-A 1352732 A or EP-A 1310381.
[0031] The polymeric spacer layer is preferably applied by means of
a printing method, for example by gravure printing. The fine
structure in the spacer layer transferred from the impression
cylinder or the printing plate forms in this case an additional
forgery-proof feature. Depending on the printing die, the
composition of the lacquer of the polymeric spacer layer and the
production parameters, this fine structure forms a forensic and/or
visible security feature which permits the unique assignment to the
production process (finger print).
[0032] Further, several different layer thickness of the polymeric
spacer layer can for example be produced with a single cylinder.
Due to the different thicknesses different codes result. A further
thickness region of the polymeric spacer layer is subsequently
produced with a different cylinder, wherein optionally some codes
may overlap. In the overlap region the same code can be produced
with two different cylinders, whereby a further forensic and/or
visible security feature is obtained and permits the unique
assignment to the production process (finger print).
[0033] The additional finger print is utilized either as a forensic
feature (third level feature) or as an additional code
substructure.
[0034] Polymeric spacer layers are preferably also utilized which
exhibit choleristic behavior. Apart from liquid crystal polymers,
in which this behavior can be generated, polymers with two
intrinsic chiral phases, such as for example nitrocellulose also
exhibit this. Through the specific excitation of the rare second
phase of chirality, for example through mechanical or
electromagnetic energy application (thermal, radiative) or by means
of catalysts, through wavelength-selective polarization an
additional characteristic security feature is generated. The
cholesteric behavior can therein lead to a characteristic change of
the color spectrum, which can be detected by a reading device.
[0035] Onto the polymeric layer is subsequently applied an all-over
or partial layer formed of metal clusters. The metal clusters may
be comprised for example of aluminum, gold, palladium, platinum,
chromium, silver, copper, nickel, tantalum, tin and the like or
their alloys, such as for example Au/Pd, Cu/Ni or Cr/Ni. Preferably
cluster materials can also be applied, for example semiconducting
elements of the principal groups IfI to VI or the auxiliary group
II of the periodic system of the elements, whose plasmon excitation
can be triggered (for example through X-ray or ion radiation or
electromagnetic interactions). When viewing with a suitable reading
device, a change in the color spectrum (for example an intensity
change) or a blinking of the color shift effect becomes thereby
visible.
[0036] The cluster layer can also have additional properties, for
example electrically conductive, magnetic or fluorescing
properties. For example a cluster layer of Ni, Cr/Ni, Fe or core
shell structures with these materials or mixtures of these
materials with the above listed cluster materials have such
additional features. Through core shell structures inter alia
fluorescing clusters can also be produced, for example by utilizing
Quantum Dots.RTM. by Quantum Dot Corp.
[0037] The cluster layer is applied all-over or partially, either
precisely or partially congruent or offset with respect to the
all-over or partial electromagnetic wave-reflecting layer.
[0038] The adhesion of the metal cluster layer to the polymeric
spacer layer can preferably be adjusted with definition through the
management of the application process of the cluster layer, such
that at different adhesive strength evidence of manipulation
through the destruction of the color effect is generated.
[0039] The lacquer of the spacer layer can also be set such that it
has good adhesion to the metal (cluster, mirror) not, however, to
the base sheet. If this lacquer is printed over a partial Cu layer,
the mirror layer is separated corresponding to the structuring of
the cluster layer when detaching the element. Previously absolutely
invisible evidence of manipulation is thereby formed.
[0040] This cluster layer can be applied by sputtering (for example
ion beam or magnetron) or vapor deposition (electron beam) or out
of a solution, for example through adsorption.
[0041] In the production of the cluster layer in vacuum processes
the growth of the clusters, and therewith their form as well as the
optical properties, can advantageously be affected by setting the
surface energy or the roughness of the subjacent layer. This
changes in characteristic manner the spectra. This can take place,
for example, through thermal treatment in the coating process or by
preheating the substrate. Further, these parameters can be
selectively changed for example by treating the surface with
oxidizing fluids, for example with Na hypochlorite or in a PVD or
CVD process.
[0042] The cluster layer can preferably be applied by means of
sputtering. The properties of the layer, in particular the density
and the structure, can therein be set especially through the power
density, the quantity and composition of the gas utilized, the
temperature of the substrate and the web transport rate.
[0043] For the application by means of methods of printing
technology, after an optionally necessary concentration of the
clusters, small quantities of an inert polymer, for example PVA,
polymethylmethacrylate, nitrocellulose, polyester or urethane
systems, are added to the solution. The mixture can subsequently be
applied onto the polymeric layer by means of a printing method, for
example screen printing, flexographic or preferably gravure
printing, by means of a coating method, for example lacquer
application, spraying, roll coating techniques and the like.
[0044] The mass thickness of the cluster layer is preferably 2-20
nm, especially preferred 3-10 nm.
[0045] In one embodiment, onto the carrier substrate a so-called
double-clustersystem can be applied, wherein on both sides of the
spacer layer one cluster layer each is provided. Beneath the first
cluster layer a preferably black layer is applied. This black
background can either be applied by means of a method using vacuum
technology, for example as nonstoichiometric aluminum oxide or also
as printing ink by means of a suitable printing method, and the
printing ink can comprise additional functional features, for
example magnetic, electrically conductive feature and the like. As
the black or dark background can further also serve a
correspondingly dyed sheet.
[0046] By placing a black sheet onto a double cluster setup a
simple optical demonstration can be carried out on site (simple
testing means). For example a double cluster feature can be
inserted as a viewing window into a bank note or credit card or the
like. The optical demonstration of the presence of the double
cluster feature takes place by placing onto it a black sheet, for
example of polycarbonate.
[0047] The clusters on both sides of the spacer layer can be
applied in different thicknesses, can each be structured or be
applied all-over and/or in a system of different materials. If, for
example, a polymeric spacer layer is utilized with a defined layer
thickness course or a step structuring the metal clusters are
deposited preferably and directly at the steps or at specific sites
of the layer thickness course. This operation can be enhanced or
diminished through suitable process management. For example, on
microstructured surfaces different optical effects are generated
than on smooth sheets. Thereby new (sub) codes result.
[0048] It is also possible to apply several layer sequences onto a
carrier substrate, wherein, depending on the layout of the
reflection layer (all-over or partial) and depending on the
structuring of the spacer layers or layout of the cluster layer
(all-over or partial, with register precision or overlapping with
respect to the reflection layer) different color shift effects can
be observed. For example onto a reflection layer applied over the
entire surface an optionally structured spacer layer can be
applied, thereon a partial cluster layer, thereon, again, an
optionally structured spacer layer, thereon, again, a preferably
partial cluster layer, which is disposed so as to partially overlap
the first cluster layer. Such sequences of spacer layer and cluster
layer can usefully be repeated 2 to 3 times. Analogously, onto a
partially applied reflection layer such systems can be applied,
wherein here also, as a function of the layout of the partial
reflection layer, again, different color shift effects are
observed.
[0049] The layer system produced thus can subsequently be
structured by means of electromagnetic radiation (for example
light). Therein writing, letters, symbols, characters and signs,
pictures, logos, codes, serial numbers and the like can be worked
in for example by means of laser irradiation or laser gravure.
[0050] Through the appropriate selection of the radiative power
either the layer system is partially destroyed or the thickness of
the polymeric spacer layer is therein changed. The polymeric spacer
layer usually swells in these regions, which generates a change of
the color (peak shift to higher wavelengths). In contrast, the
partial destruction brings about that the illuminated site either
reflects metallically (separation of the electromagnetic
wave-reflecting layer from the spacer layer) or that the material
located behind the mirror becomes visible.
[0051] In this manner a specific structuring with colored,
reflecting or colorless regions can be attained.
[0052] The illumination power can, however, be selected such that
exclusively the color effect is changed, wherein partial regions
are generated with defined different colors (multicolor shift
effect). Essential for the change is the energy actually absorbed
by the layer system.
[0053] In a special embodiment, it is also possible to apply
directly onto a carrier substrate, at least partially transparent
in the visible spectral range, a cluster layer, onto this cluster
layer subsequently, as described, a spacer layer and a further
cluster layer is applied, wherein onto this cluster layer
subsequently optionally a black layer, as already described, can be
applied. Consequently, a so-called inverse layer system is
obtained. (FIG. 4)
[0054] An inverse setup with a single cluster layer (application of
the cluster layer onto the carrier substrate, subsequent
application of the polymeric spacer layer and the electromagnetic
wave-reflecting layer) can also be produced analogously, wherein
the properties of the discrete layers correspond to the preceding
description.
[0055] The carrier substrate can also already have one or several
functional and/or decorative layers.
[0056] The functional layers can, for example, have certain
electrical, magnetic, special chemical, physical and also optical
properties.
[0057] To set electrical properties, for example conductivity, can
be added for example graphite, carbon black, conductive organic or
inorganic polymers, metal pigments (for example copper, aluminum,
silver, gold, iron, chromium, lead and the like), metal alloys such
as copper-zinc or copper-aluminum or their sulfides or oxides, or
also amorphous or crystalline ceramic pigments such as ITO and the
like. Further, doped or non-doped semiconductors such as for
example silicon, germanium or ion conductors such as amorphous or
crystalline metal oxides or metal sulfides can also be utilized as
additives. Further, for setting the electrical properties of the
layer can be utilized or added polar or partially polar compounds,
such as tensides or nonpolar compounds such as silicon additives or
hygroscopic or non-hygroscopic salts.
[0058] To set the magnetic properties paramagnetic, diamagnetic and
also ferromagnetic substances such as iron, nickel and cobalt or
their compounds or salts (for example oxides or sulfides) can be
utilized.
[0059] The optical properties of the layer can be affected by
visible color substances or pigments, luminescent color substances
or pigments, which fluoresce or phosphoresce in the visible, the UV
or in the IR range, effect pigments, such as liquid crystals,
pearlescent pigments, bronzes and/or heat-sensitive colors or
pigments. These can be employed in all conceivable combinations. In
addition, phosphorescent pigments alone or in combination with
other color substances and/or pigments can be utilized.
[0060] Several different properties can also be combined by adding
different additives from the list above. For example, it is
possible to used dyed and/or conductive magnetic pigments. All of
the listed conductive additives can be employed. Specifically for
dying magnetic pigments all known soluble and insoluble color
substances or pigments can be utilized. For example, through the
addition of metals a brown magnetic color can be adjusted to have a
metallic, for example silvery, color tone.
[0061] Moreover, insulator layers, for example, can be applied.
Suitable insulators are for example organic substances and their
derivatives and compounds, for example color substance and lacquer
systems, for example epoxy, polyester, colophonium, acrylate,
alkyd, melamine, PVA, PVC, isocyanate, urethane systems, which can
be radiation-curing, for example by thermal or UV radiation.
[0062] Into one of the layers can be worked forensic features,
which permit testing in the laboratory or with suitable testing
means on site (optionally while destroying the features), for
example DNA in NC lacquer, antigenes in acrylate lacquer systems.
DNA can, for example, be adsorbed or bound to the clusters.
Isotopes can also be added to the clusters or in the mirror
material or be present in the spacer layer (for example Elemental
Tag by KeyMaster Technologies, Inc.). As the spacer layer can be
utilized for example a deuterated polymer (for example PS-d) or as
the mirror a mirror material having low radioactivity.
[0063] These layers can be applied with known methods, for example
by vapor deposition, sputtering, printing (for example gravure,
flexographic, screen or digital printing and the like), spraying,
electroplating, roller coating methods and the like. The thickness
of the functional layer is 0.001 to 50 .mu.m, preferably 0.1 to 20
.mu.m.
[0064] The coated sheet produced thus can optionally also be
additionally protected by a protective lacquer layer or be further
finished by lamination or the like.
[0065] The product can optionally be provided with a sealable
adhesive, for example a hot or cold seal adhesive, or a
self-adhesion coating, applied onto the corresponding carrier
material, or be embedded for example during the paper production
for security papers through conventional methods.
[0066] In FIG. 1 to 6 examples of the security features according
to the invention are depicted. Therein indicate
[0067] 1 the optically transparent carrier substrate,
[0068] 2 the electromagnetic wave-reflecting first layer,
[0069] 3 the polymeric spacer layer,
[0070] 4 the layer built up of metal clusters,
[0071] 5 an adhesion or lamination layer,
[0072] 6 a protective (lacquer) layer,
[0073] 7 a transfer lacquer layer,
[0074] 8 a black layer,
[0075] 10 the path of the rays of the incident and reflected
light.
[0076] 7 depicts a system personalized by electromagnetic
radiation. Therein show:
[0077] FIG. 1 a schematic cross sectional view of a first
permanently visible marking on a sheet with double cluster
setup,
[0078] FIG. 2 a schematic cross sectional view of a first
permanently visible marking on a sheet with double cluster setup
and the optic path of the optical detection means, for example
spectrometer, color measuring device or the like,
[0079] FIG. 3 a direct double cluster setup with black
background,
[0080] FIG. 4 an indirect double cluster setup with black
background,
[0081] FIG. 5 a setup with partial reflection layer,
[0082] FIG. 6 a setup with a structured spacer layer of different
thickness.
[0083] The coated carrier materials produced according to the
invention can be utilized as security features in bank notes, data
media, security documents, labels, markers, seals, in packagings,
textiles and the like.
EXAMPLES
Example 1
[0084] Onto a polyester sheet having a thickness of 23 .mu.m a Cr
cluster layer of thickness 3 nm is applied in a sputter process.
Onto this cluster layer in gravure printing with a specially
optimized impression cylinder a urethane lacquer is imprinted in a
thickness of 0.5 .mu.m as a polymeric spacer layer. Thereupon
follows again the deposition of a Cr cluster layer in a thickness
of 3 nm. In finishing, onto this cluster layer is laminated a sheet
dyed black. A color shift effect from violet to gold is
observed.
Example 2
[0085] In the production of a thin-film system as in Example 1,
portions of the layers are structured such that only with the
register-precise superposition of a structured double cluster setup
and a structured black background sheet, the shift color with an
underlayed moire pattern becomes visible. For this purpose the
polymer layer in the double cluster setup is structured in the
manner of a chessboard, with the edge length of the chessboard
fields molded to be smaller than 0.1 mm. The blackening of the
background sheet is structured with analogous chessboard fields.
With the register-precise superposition of the structured sheets
the molding of the moire pattern as well as also the shift color
can be observed. In this manner, through simple on site testing
highest security can be ensured.
Example 3
[0086] In the production of a thin-film system as in Example 1,
instead of the application of the second cluster layer through
methods using vacuum technology, clusters are applied, which had
been produced through chemical synthesis in solution and which are
present as dispersion in solution. For this purpose such
cluster-containing solutions are imprinted in very thin layers, or
adsorbed out of the solution. If clusters are utilized, which
additionally have further properties, additional security can be
generated.
[0087] As powder-form cluster materials for imprinting, silver
nanopowder by Argonide can be utilized.
[0088] As magnetic cluster materials can be utilized magnetic
pigments by Sustech. Best suited are ferrofluids or pigments in
power form of the type: FMA (super paramagnetic ferrite) with
hydrophilic coating. FMA mean primary particle size: 10 nm
diameter. As core shell clusters can be utilized SSPH (Sequential
Solution Phase Hydrolysis) particles by Nanodynamics or nanopowders
can be utilized. For example Au on SnO.sub.2 or Au on SiO.sub.2
particles with an inner diameter of 20 nm and an outer diameter of
40 nm can be utilized. As fluorescing particles the particles by
Quantum Dot Corporation can be utilized: as core material CdS and
as shell material ZnS. Core diameter: 5 nm; shell diameter: 2.5
nm.
Example 4
[0089] In an embodiment example an impression cylinder with
different cell or well volumes in different regions over its width
is produced. With this cylinder is imprinted onto a sheet covered
with a uniform cluster layer the spacer layer. Due to the described
implementation of the cylinder sharply delimited regions with
defined different thicknesses of the spacer layer over the web
width are obtained. Subsequently a uniform mirror layer of aluminum
is vapor deposited.
[0090] The bands with different color codes are subsequently
separated in a slitting process. Thus, in one production run
security elements with several different codes are produced.
Example 5
[0091] From a sheet web produced as described in Example 4 a
security strip is cut from the web such that a sharp code
transition comes to lie precisely in the center of the strip. In
this case the strip thus produced contains as additional security
stage two machine-readable codes, which singly or jointly are
detected with the reading device.
Example 6
[0092] All of the described layer systems can be specifically and
selectively structured by means of suitable lasers. In this
example, by means of a 1064 nm Powerline laser by Rofin Sinar an
inverse layer structure was partially destroyed at the lasered
sites. The power was adjusted such that the laser causes the
detachment of the polymeric spacer layer from the aluminum mirror
layer, whereby the lasered sites no longer appear colored but
rather show the metallic gloss of the mirror layer. The lasering is
carried out selectively and punctiform. The depicted image is
consequently composed of a dot matrix of metallically reflecting
regions in the colored area. In this way, very rapidly (<1 sec)
individualized, forgery-proof markings, for example for
identification passes, can be produced.
Example 7
[0093] For the intrinsic marking of the layers described in the
preceding examples marker substances can be utilized, which are
only accessible to forensic proof. For this purpose, for example,
to a nitrocellulose lacquer a marking of 1 per thousand solid DNA
can be added to the lacquer volume. Under normal conditions
(25.degree., 80% ambient humidity) the DNA adsorbs firmly on the
nitrocellulose and is thus stably anchored in the lacquer matrix.
By dissolving the lacquer layer or by extraction with boiling
water, the DNA can be extracted in the laboratory and be
demonstrated with methods utilizing molecular biology. By using
suitable DNA sequences, these can also be demonstrated on site, for
example through a suitable hybridization assay.
* * * * *