U.S. patent application number 11/243148 was filed with the patent office on 2007-04-05 for system for restoring turbine vane attachment systems in a turbine engine.
This patent application is currently assigned to Siemens Power Generation, Inc.. Invention is credited to Derek Bird.
Application Number | 20070077148 11/243148 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 37902124 |
Filed Date | 2007-04-05 |
United States Patent
Application |
20070077148 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Bird; Derek |
April 5, 2007 |
System for restoring turbine vane attachment systems in a turbine
engine
Abstract
A system and method for repairing turbine vane attachment
systems in a turbine engine. In at least one embodiment, the
invention may be directed to a system and method for repairing wear
on a diaphragm hook fit configured to attach diaphragm airfoils,
such as stationary turbine vanes, to a combustion turbine case. The
restoration system may be formed from a carriage assembly having an
assortment of material processing implements usable to build up
material in the worn locations of the turbine vane attachment
system to reestablish a diaphragm hook fit within the specified
tolerances. The restoration system may be configured so that the
restoration process may occur without removing a rotor assembly,
which can reduce the repair time by about two weeks. Thus, use of
the restoration system can result in a significant time and cost
savings.
Inventors: |
Bird; Derek; (Murrysville,
PA) |
Correspondence
Address: |
Siemens Corporation;Intellectual Property Department
170 Wood Avenue South
Iselin
NJ
08830
US
|
Assignee: |
Siemens Power Generation,
Inc.
|
Family ID: |
37902124 |
Appl. No.: |
11/243148 |
Filed: |
October 4, 2005 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
416/223R ;
29/402.11; 29/402.13; 29/889.1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
Y10T 29/49238 20150115;
Y10T 29/49734 20150115; Y10T 29/49737 20150115; Y10T 29/49318
20150115; Y10T 29/53 20150115; B23P 6/002 20130101; F05D 2230/80
20130101; F01D 5/005 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
416/223.00R ;
029/889.1; 029/402.11; 029/402.13 |
International
Class: |
B64C 27/46 20060101
B64C027/46 |
Claims
1. A restoration system for restoring a turbine vane attachment
system of a turbine engine, comprising: a generally curved track
adapted to be coupled to a combustion turbine case and adapted to
support at least one movable carriage assembly; the at least one
movable carriage assembly movably coupled to the generally curved
track and including a housing for supporting material processing
implements; at least one component drive system coupled to the
movable carriage assembly and adapted to receive material
processing implements for restoring a hook fit of the turbine vane
attachment system; and at least one material processing implement
attached to the at least one component drive system.
2. The restoration system of claim 1, wherein the generally curved
track is formed from a plurality of curved tracks, wherein each
track is configured to fit in close proximity to a turbine vane
attachment system for a particular turbine vane row.
3. The restoration system of claim 2, wherein the plurality of
curved tracks are formed from three curved tracks, comprising; a
first curved track configured to be attached proximate to a row two
turbine vane attachment system, a second track configured to be
attached proximate to a row three turbine vane attachment system,
and a third track configured to be attached proximate to a row four
turbine vane attachment system.
4. The restoration system of claim 1, further comprising a
transport system coupled to the carriage assembly for moving the
carriage assembly relative to the generally curved track.
5. The restoration system of claim 4, wherein the transport system
comprises a drive motor, a shaft extending from the drive motor,
and at least one wheel attached to the shaft, and
6. The restoration system of claim 5, wherein the generally curved
track comprises a plurality of teeth adapted to mesh with the at
least one wheel of the transport system.
7. The restoration system of claim 5, wherein the generally curved
track comprises first and second curved surfaces with a plurality
of teeth adapted to mesh with drive gears of the transport
system.
8. The restoration system of claim 5, wherein the drive motor is
adapted to move the carriage assembly at speeds relative to the
generally curved track of between about 1/2 inch per minute and
about 30 inches per minute.
9. The restoration system of claim 1, further comprising a position
control system for controlling the position of the material
processing implements.
10. The restoration system of claim 1, further comprising an
ancillary device support system including a hydraulic drive
assembly coupled to the carriage assembly for driving hydraulic
tools.
11. The restoration system of claim 1, wherein the at least one
material processing implement comprises at least one weld head.
12. The restoration system of claim 1, wherein the at least one
material processing implement comprises at least one milling
cutter.
13. The restoration system of claim 1, further comprising a spindle
coupled to the at least one component drive system and a spindle
drive device in communication with the spindle that is configured
to rotate the spindle.
14. A method of repairing a turbine vane attachment system,
comprising: attaching a generally curved track to a combustion
turbine case; attaching at least one movable carriage assembly
movably coupled to the generally curved track, wherein the at least
one movable carriage assembly includes at least one component drive
system comprising a spindle coupled to the movable carriage and
adapted to receive material processing implements for restoring a
hook fit of the turbine vane attachment system, a spindle drive
device in communication with the at least one spindle that is
configured to rotate the spindle, a milling cutter coupled to the
spindle for removing material from a hook fit of the turbine vane
attachment system, and a weld head attached to the at least one
moveable carriage assembly; positioning the milling cutter in
contact with a portion of a turbine vane attachment system;
rotating the milling cutter to prepare a portion of the turbine
vane attachment system for material addition; adding material to a
worn portion of the turbine vane attachment system using the weld
head; rotating the milling cutter to remove some of the material
added to the turbine vane attachment system to place the turbine
vane attachment system within designed tolerances.
15. The method of claim 14, further comprising removing a cover
half of a combustor turbine case to provide access to inner aspects
of the combustor turbine case and removing stationary turbine vanes
and rotatable turbine blades from turbine engine so that the
generally curved track of the combustion case may be attached to
the combustion turbine without removing a rotor assembly.
16. The method of claim 14, wherein attaching a generally curved
track to a combustion turbine case comprises attaching the
generally curved track over a turbine vane attachment system having
adjacent turbine vane attachment systems thereby enabling the
milling cutter to restore worn regions of the adjacent turbine vane
attachment systems.
17. The method of claim 14, further comprising moving the at least
one movable carriage assembly along the generally curved track
while the milling cutter is in contact with an adjacent turbine
vane attachment system.
18. The method of claim 17, wherein moving the at least one movable
carriage assembly along the generally curved track comprises moving
the carriage assembly at a rate of between about 1/2 inch per
minute and about 30 inches per minute.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] This invention is directed generally to turbine engines, and
more particularly to turbine vane attachment systems in turbine
engines.
BACKGROUND
[0002] Typically, gas turbine engines include a compressor for
compressing air, a combustor for mixing the compressed air with
fuel and igniting the mixture, and a turbine blade assembly for
producing power. The turbine blade assembly typically includes a
rotor assembly rotatable positioned in a turbine combustion case
and having a plurality of turbine blades extending radially outward
from the rotor assembly. The turbine engine also includes a
plurality of stationary turbine vanes, which are also referred to
as diaphragm airfoils, extending radially inward from the turbine
combustor case. The turbine blades and turbine vanes are aligned
into rows, or stages, and are positioned in alternating rows of
vanes and blades. The turbine vanes are typically attached to a
turbine combustion case via a hook fit, as shown in cross-section
in FIG. 1. The hook fit releasably and securely attaches the
turbine vanes within a turbine engine. During operation, the hooks
fits are susceptible to wear due to vibration, heat, and other
factors. For instance, a hook fit is typically worn in the areas
shown in FIG. 1. Such wear negatively affects the safety and
efficiency of a turbine engine in which the wear occurs.
[0003] Typically, such wear regions are repaired on turbine engines
during outages in which other aspects of the turbine engine are
repaired. The hook fits of a turbine engine are repaired by first
removing the cover half of a turbine of the combustion turbine case
to provide access to the internal aspects of the turbine engine.
Once the cover half has been removed exposing the rotor assembly,
the rotor assembly may be removed from the turbine engine. Removing
the rotor assembly from the turbine engine typically takes about
two weeks of time and costs about $500,000 per turbine engine. Once
the rotor assembly is removed, the cover half is reassembled and
the hook fits are repaired using a boring bar.
[0004] Conventionally, hooks fits of a turbine engine have been
restored manually. For instance, personnel typically use handheld
grinders to prepare the worn regions before material is welded to
the regions. Once the worn region is prepared, personnel weld
material to the worn regions and then manually work the added
material into shape using manually controlled grinders. Thus, the
quality and precision of the restoration process is limited by the
skill, experience, and ability of the personnel operating the
grinding equipment. Because the majority of the process is manually
controlled, the restoration process lacks the necessary precision
to restore the hook fits to their original shape consistently and
in a cost efficient and time efficient manner. Thus, a need exists
for a more precise, time efficient method of repairing a hook fit
of a turbine engine.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0005] This invention is directed to a system and method for
repairing turbine vane attachment systems in a turbine engine. In
at least one embodiment, the invention may be directed to a system
and method for repairing wear on diaphragm hook fits configured to
attach diaphragm airfoils, which are also referred to as stationary
turbine vanes, to a combustion turbine case. The restoration system
may be formed from a carriage assembly having an assortment of
material processing implements usable to build up material in the
worn locations of the turbine vane attachment system in a manner to
reestablish a diaphragm hook fit within the specified tolerances.
The restoration system may be configured so that the carriage
assembly can be positioned within a turbine engine without removing
a rotor assembly, thereby resulting in significant time and cost
savings. In large scale applications of power generation turbine
engines, use of the restoration system can reduce the restoration
process by about two weeks.
[0006] The restoration system may include a movable carriage
assembly formed from a housing configured to support a plurality of
material processing implements usable to restore worn regions of a
diaphragm hook fit. The material processing implements may include,
but are not limited to, a milling cutter, such as a dovetail
cutter, a welding head, and other appropriate devices. The carriage
assembly may include a transport system for moving the carriage
assembly in a turbine engine automatically without requiring
service personnel to physically move the carriage assembly. In at
least one embodiment, the transport system may be formed from a
plurality of wheels configured to be attached to a generally curved
track. The generally curved track may be configured to support the
carriage assembly and to enable the carriage assembly to be movably
attached to the combustion turbine case. The track may be
configured to be removably attached to the combustion turbine case
during the restoration process.
[0007] The carriage assembly may also include a component drive
system configured to drive the material processing implements. The
material processing implements may include, but are not limited to,
a milling cutter, a weld head, and other appropriate devices. The
component drive system may also include a spindle in communication
with a spindle drive device for driving the material processing
implements. The spindle may be configured to receive the material
processing implements.
[0008] The restoration system may be used to repair a turbine vane
attachment system, such as a diaphragm hook fit. In at least one
embodiment, the restoration system may be used to restore wear
regions in conventional diaphragm hook fits that, without
restoration, negatively effect performance of the turbine engine.
Access to a diaphragm hook fit may first occur by removing a cover
half of the combustion turbine case. Once the cover half has been
removed, the turbine vanes may be removed using conventional
procedures. Removal of the turbine vanes and turbine blades
provides sufficient room for the restoration system to be installed
in the turbine engine without having to remove the rotor assembly
and incur costs of about $500,000. Thus, use of the restoration
system to repair a worn region of a turbine vane attachment system
results in a tremendous cost and time savings.
[0009] A first generally curved track may be attached to the
combustion turbine case proximate to a diaphragm hook fit
corresponding to a second row of turbine vanes. A carriage assembly
may be movably coupled to the track so that the carriage assembly
may travel along the length of the track. Movement of the carriage
assembly may be controlled by personnel or by a program on a
microcontroller or other appropriate device. The carriage assembly
may be placed adjacent to a worn region. A milling cutter may be
extended to contact an adjacent worn region, if necessary, to
prepare the worn region for repair. The amount of material to be
removed may be determined using conventional procedures. A welding
head may then be placed in close proximity with the worn region to
add material to the worn region to restore the worn region within
the specified tolerances of the diaphragm hook fit. The welding
head may be passed over a worn region a sufficient number of times
to build up the material to a predetermined amount within the
specified tolerances of the diaphragm hook fit. The carriage
assembly may be moved along the track to facilitate building up
material along a length of a worn region. Use of the carriage
assembly to add material along the length of a worn region results
in a tremendous time savings compared with conventional, manual
repair methods.
[0010] After material has been added to the worn regions, the
carriage assembly may be moved along the track adjacent to the worn
region to which material has been added. A milling cutter may be
placed into contact with the material added to the worn region to
remove excess material that was added. The milling cutter may be
rotated with the spindle and spindle drive device. Once the
material added to the worn regions has been shaped to fit within
the specified dimensional tolerances for the diaphragm hook fit,
the material removal procedure may be ceased. The carriage assembly
may then be used to work on worn regions on another adjacent
diaphragm hook fit using the same process. The process may be
preformed on adjacent diaphragm hook fits by attaching a
corresponding curved track to the combustion turbine case proximate
to another diaphragm hook fit.
[0011] An advantage of this invention is that the restoration
system and method may be used restore worn regions of a turbine
vane attachment system without requiring removal of a rotor
assembly. Leaving the rotor assembly in place during the
restoration process eliminates about two weeks of work typically
required to remove a rotor assembly, thereby saving approximately
$500,000 in repair costs per turbine engine.
[0012] Another advantage of this invention is that the restoration
system reduces the time necessary to restore a worn region. Many
worn regions on turbine vane attachment systems extend along a
length of the turbine vane attachment system. The restoration
system enables material processing implements to be mechanically
controlled and precisely positioned to restore the worn regions in
less time than conventional restoration procedures conducted
manually.
[0013] Yet another advantage of this invention is that the
restoration system enables diaphragm hook fits to be restored more
precisely than is capable with conventional, manual restoration
procedures.
[0014] These and other embodiments are described in more detail
below.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0015] The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and
form a part of the specification, illustrate embodiments of the
presently disclosed invention and, together with the description,
disclose the principles of the invention.
[0016] FIG. 1 is cross-section of a conventional turbine vane
attachment system.
[0017] FIG. 2 is a partially exploded perspective view of a turbine
engine.
[0018] FIG. 3 is a perspective view of the restoration system of
this invention.
[0019] FIG. 4 is a perspective view of the carriage assembly
coupled to a track.
[0020] FIG. 5 is detailed perspective view of the carriage
assembly.
[0021] FIG. 6 is perspective view of the restoration system
positioned in combustion turbine case with the rotor assembly not
shown.
[0022] FIG. 7 is perspective view of a generally curved track of
the restoration system being attached to a combustion turbine
case.
[0023] FIG. 8 is a perspective view of another section of generally
curved track of the restoration system being attached to the
combustion turbine case and to another section of the generally
curved track.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0024] As shown in FIGS. 2-8, this invention is directed to a
system and method for repairing wear on a turbine vane attachment
system 10. In at least one embodiment, the invention may be
directed to a system and method for repairing wear on a diaphragm
hook fit 12 configured to attach diaphragm airfoils 14, which are
also referred to as stationary turbine vanes, to a combustion
turbine case 16. The restoration system 18 may be formed from a
carriage assembly 20 having an assortment of material processing
implements 26 usable to build up material in the worn locations of
the turbine vane attachment system 10 to return the carriage
assembly 20 to its original condition. The restoration system 18
may be configured so that the carriage assembly 20 may be
positioned within a combustion turbine case 16 without requiring
removal of a rotor assembly 21. Eliminating the need to remove the
rotor assembly 21 can reduce the time necessary to repair a turbine
vane attachment system by about two weeks. Thus, use of the
restoration system 18 can result in a significant time and cost
savings.
[0025] The carriage assembly 20 of the restoration system 18 may be
formed from a housing 24 configured to support an assortment of
material processing implements 26 usable to repair the turbine vane
attachment system 10. In at least one embodiment, the housing 24 of
the carriage assembly 20 and the components attached thereto may be
sized such that the carriage assembly 20 may be positioned between
a rotor assembly 21 and the combustion turbine case 16 to enable a
turbine vane attachment system 10 to be repaired without requiring
removal of the rotor assembly 21. In at least one embodiment, the
height of the carriage may be, but is not limited to being, about
twelve inches.
[0026] The carriage assembly 20 may include a transport system 28
for moving the carriage assembly 20 in a turbine engine 22
automatically without requiring service personnel physically move
the carriage assembly 20. In at least one embodiment, the transport
system 28 may be formed from a plurality of wheels 30 configured to
be attached to a generally curved track 32. The wheels 30 may
include a plurality of teeth 34 adapted to mesh with teeth 36 on
the generally curved track 32. The transport system 28 may also
include a drive motor 38 in communication with the wheels 30 to
rotate the wheels 30 via shaft 39, as shown in FIG. 5, to move the
carriage assembly 20 relative to a turbine vane attachment system
10. In at least one embodiment, the drive motor 38 may be
configured to move the carriage assembly 20 at a rate of between
about 1/2 inch per minute and about 30 inches per minute. The rate
of movement of the carriage assembly 20 is dependent upon factors
such as, but not limited to, the process being implemented by the
material processing implements 26, the type of material being added
to the worn section of the turbine vane attachment system 10, the
amount of material being added to the worn section of the turbine
vane attachment system 10, and other factors. The drive motor 38
may be any motor capable of moving the carriage assembly.
[0027] The generally curved track 32 may be configured to support
the carriage assembly 20 and to enable the carriage assembly 20 to
be movably attached to the combustion turbine case 16. In at least
one embodiment, as shown in FIG. 3, the generally curved track 32
may be configured to form a generally semicircular shape that
follows a turbine vane attachment system 10. The track 32 may
include sections that form a quarter circle and are capable of
being coupled together to form a longer, continuous track. The
generally curved track 32 may be configured to be attached to
conventional combustion turbine cases 16 that are currently in use.
The generally curved track 32 may be positioned in close proximity
to a turbine vane attachment system 10. For instance, in at least
one embodiment, the generally curved track 32 may be positioned
over a turbine vane attachment system 10. In this position, the
carriage assembly 20 may be used to work on adjacent turbine vane
attachment systems 10 on either side of the turbine vane attachment
system over which the carriage assembly is attached. The
restoration system 18 may include curved tracks 32 having different
radii of curvature that are sized to be coupled proximate to
turbine vane attachment systems 10 having different radii of
curvature. For example, in at least one embodiment as shown in FIG.
2, the restoration system 18 may include three generally curved
tracks 32. A first track 66 may be configured to fit in close
proximity to a row two turbine vane attachment system 67 and enable
a carriage assembly 20 attached to the track 32 to contact and work
on adjacent row one and row three turbine vane attachments systems
10. A second track 68 may be configured to fit in close proximity
to a row three turbine vane attachment system 69 and enable a
carriage assembly 20 attached to the track 32 to contact and work
on adjacent row two and row four turbine vane attachments systems
10. A third track 70 may be configured to fit in close proximity to
the row four turbine vane attachment system 71 and enable a
carriage assembly 20 attached to the track 32 to contact and work
on adjacent row three and row five turbine vane attachments systems
10. Thus, in this particular example, the tracks 32 enable the
restoration system 18 to access and repair the turbine vane
attachment systems 10 for all five rows of the turbine engine 22.
The tracks 32 may be formed from materials, such as, but not
limited to, metals such as SAE 1010-1020 steel, and other
appropriate materials. In one embodiment, each track 32 may be
formed from a first curved surface 52 and a second curved surface
54, as shown in FIGS. 4 and 5, to support the carriage assembly 20.
The first and second curved surfaces 52, 54 may include teeth 36
configured to mesh with the teeth 34 on the wheels 30 on the
carriage assembly 20.
[0028] As shown in FIG. 4, the carriage assembly 20 may include a
component drive system 40 configured to drive the material
processing implements 26. The material processing implements may
include, but are not limited to, a milling cutter 42, such as, but
not limited to, a dovetail cutter, a weld head 44, such as tungsten
inert gas (TIG) weld head, and other appropriate devices. The
component drive system 40 may include a spindle 46 in communication
with a spindle drive device 48. The spindle 46 may be configured to
receive material processing implements 26, such as the milling
cutter 42. In at least one embodiment, the spindle 46 may be
rotated at high speeds, such as between about 80 revolutions per
minute (rpm) and about 600 rpm, to operate the milling cutter
42.
[0029] The carriage assembly 20 may include a position control
system 50 for controlling the position of the material processing
implements 26. The position control system 50 may be formed from a
gear system, or other appropriate system, enabling the position
control system 50 to move a material processing implement through
three degrees of movement and rotate about 3 axes. The position
control system 50 may include macro and micro adjustments enabling,
large and small adjustments, respectively, to be made to the
position of a material processing implement 26. For instance, the
position control system 50 may enable a material processing
implement 26, such as a milling cutter 42, to be advanced from the
carriage assembly 20 and placed in contact with a diaphragm hook
fit 12. The position control system 50 may be used to control the
position of the milling cutter 42 throughout a material removal
process or a welding head 44 during a material supplementation
process.
[0030] The restoration system 18 may include an systems control
device 51, which may be, but is not limited to being, a
microcontroller, personal computer, or other programmable device
for controlling operations. The systems control device 51 may be
configured to control the transport system 28, component drive
system 40, and the position control system 50.
[0031] The carriage assembly 20 may include one or more ancillary
device support systems 56 for supporting devices capable of being
used with the restoration system 18. In at least one embodiment,
the ancillary device support system 56 may include one or more
hydraulic hose connections 58, as shown in FIG. 4. The hydraulic
hose connections 58 may be, but are not limited to, a conventional
quick connect configuration. The hydraulic hose connection 58 may
be used to support hydraulically driven devices, such as, but not
limited to, a lamina power pack with quick disconnect couplings,
which may be 3/4 inches in nominal diameter.
[0032] The restoration system 10 may be used to repair a turbine
vane attachment system 10, such as a diaphragm hook fit 12. As
shown in FIG. 1, a conventional diaphragm hook fit 12 may undergo
wear in wear regions 60. Such wear may negatively effect
performance of the turbine engine. However, the wear in the wear
regions 50 may be restored using the restoration system 10. Access
to a diaphragm hook fit 12 may first occur by removing a cover half
62 of the combustion turbine case 16. Once the cover half 62 has
been removed, the turbine vanes 14 and turbine blades 15 may be
removed using conventional procedures. Removal of the turbine vanes
14 provides sufficient room for the restoration system to be
installed in the turbine engine without having to remove the rotor
assembly 21 and without having to incur the costs associated with
removal of the rotor assembly.
[0033] A first generally curved track 32 may be attached to the
combustion turbine case 16 proximate to a diaphragm hook fit 12
corresponding to a second row of turbine vanes 14. A carriage
assembly 20 may be movably coupled to the track 32 so that the
carriage assembly 20 may travel along the length of the track 32.
Movement of the carriage assembly 20 may be controlled by
personnel, by a program on the systems control device 51, or with
another appropriate device. The carriage assembly may be placed
adjacent to a worn region 60. A milling cutter 42 may be extended
to contact an adjacent worn region 60, if necessary, to prepare the
worn region 60 for repair. The amount of material to be removed may
be determined using conventional procedures. A welding head 44 may
be placed in close proximity with the worn region 60 to add
material to the worn region 60 to bring the worn region 60 within
the specified tolerances of the diaphragm hook fit 12. The welding
head 44 may be passed over a worn region 60 a sufficient number of
times to build up the material to be within specified tolerances of
the diaphragm hook fit 12. The carriage assembly 20 may be moved
along the track 32 to facilitate building up material along a
length of a worn region 60. Use of the carriage assembly 20 to add
material along the length of a worn region 60 results in a
tremendous time savings compared with conventional, manual repair
methods.
[0034] After material has been added to the worn regions 60, the
carriage assembly 20 may be moved along the track 32 adjacent to
the worn region 60 on which material has been added. A milling
cutter 42 may be placed into contact with the material added to the
worn region 60 to remove excess material that was added. The
milling cutter 42 may be rotated with the spindle 46 and spindle
drive device 48. Once the material added to the worn regions 60 has
been shaped to fit within the specified dimensional tolerances for
the diaphragm hook fit 12, the material removal procedure may be
ceased. The carriage assembly 20 may then be used to work on worn
regions 60 on another adjacent diaphragm hook fit 12 using the same
process. Once both diaphragm hook fits 12 adjacent to the track 32
have been repaired, the carriage assembly 20 and the track 32 may
be removed. The process may be preformed on adjacent diaphragm hook
fits 12 by attaching a corresponding curved track 32 to the
combustion turbine case 16 proximate to another diaphragm hook fit
12, such as a row three turbine vane attachment system 10, so that
row two and row three turbine vane attachment systems 10 may be
restored.
[0035] The foregoing is provided for purposes of illustrating,
explaining, and describing embodiments of this invention.
Modifications and adaptations to these embodiments will be apparent
to those skilled in the art and may be made without departing from
the scope or spirit of this invention.
* * * * *