U.S. patent application number 11/586919 was filed with the patent office on 2007-03-01 for plant growth regulation compositions and methods using gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitor combinations.
This patent application is currently assigned to SePRO Corporation. Invention is credited to Raymond B. Cooper, Roger Storey.
Application Number | 20070049494 11/586919 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 34118452 |
Filed Date | 2007-03-01 |
United States Patent
Application |
20070049494 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Cooper; Raymond B. ; et
al. |
March 1, 2007 |
Plant growth regulation compositions and methods using gibberellin
biosynthesis inhibitor combinations
Abstract
Described are plant growth regulation compositions and methods
utilizing combinations of Class A and Class B gibberellin
biosynthesis inhibitors. Preferred methods and compositions involve
the combination of trinexapac-ethyl with either or both of
flurprimidol and paclobutrazol, in particular to provide a
synergistic effect in the regulation of the growth of
turfgrass.
Inventors: |
Cooper; Raymond B.; (Hilton
Head, SC) ; Storey; Roger; (Westfield, IN) |
Correspondence
Address: |
WOODARD, EMHARDT, MORIARTY, MCNETT & HENRY LLP
111 MONUMENT CIRCLE, SUITE 3700
INDIANAPOLIS
IN
46204-5137
US
|
Assignee: |
SePRO Corporation
|
Family ID: |
34118452 |
Appl. No.: |
11/586919 |
Filed: |
October 26, 2006 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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10746902 |
Dec 26, 2003 |
7135435 |
|
|
11586919 |
Oct 26, 2006 |
|
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|
60436909 |
Dec 27, 2002 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
504/118 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A01N 61/00 20130101;
A01N 61/00 20130101; A01N 43/54 20130101; A01N 43/653 20130101;
A01N 43/56 20130101; A01N 43/56 20130101; A01N 43/54 20130101; A01N
43/60 20130101; A01N 37/08 20130101; A01N 37/42 20130101; A01N
61/00 20130101; A01N 43/60 20130101; A01N 43/50 20130101; A01N
2300/00 20130101; A01N 43/40 20130101; A01N 43/54 20130101; A01N
61/00 20130101; A01N 43/50 20130101; A01N 61/00 20130101; A01N
43/40 20130101; A01N 2300/00 20130101; A01N 37/42 20130101; A01N
37/42 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
504/118 |
International
Class: |
A01N 63/00 20060101
A01N063/00 |
Claims
1. A method for regulating plant growth, comprising: applying to a
plant a Class A gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitor; and applying to
the plant a Class B gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitor; wherein
said Class A and Class. B gibberellin synthesis inhibitors exhibit
synergism in regulating growth of the plant.
2. A method according to claim 1, wherein: said Class A gibberellin
synthesis inhibitor-is encompassed by the formula: ##STR7## wherein
A is an --OR.sub.2 or --NR.sub.3 R.sub.4 radical, R is
C.sub.3-C.sub.6 cycloalkyl, R.sub.2 R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are each
independently hydrogen, C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.6
haloalkyl, C.sub.2-C.sub.10 alkoxyalkyl, C.sub.2-C.sub.10
alkylthioalkyl, C.sub.3-C.sub.6 alkenyl, which is unsubstituted or
substituted by halogen, C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkoxy or C.sub.1-C.sub.4
alkylthio; C.sub.3-C.sub.6 alkynyl; phenyl or C.sub.1-C.sub.6
aralkyl, wherein the phenyl nucleus is unsubstituted or substituted
by halogen, C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkoxy,
C.sub.1-C.sub.4 haloalkyl, nitro or cyano; one of R.sub.3 and
R.sub.4 is methoxy; or R.sub.3 and R.sub.4, together with the
nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a 5- or 6- membered
heterocyclic ring system which may contain an additional oxygen or
sulfur atom in the ring; and the metal or ammonium salts
thereof.
3. A method according to claim 2, wherein the Class A gibberellin
synthesis inhibitor is trinexapac-ethyl.
4. A method according to claim 1, wherein the Class B gibberellin
synthesis inhibitor is encompassed by the formula: ##STR8## wherein
R.sub.5 is alkenyl, alkynyl or optionally substituted aralkyl; Y is
.dbd.N-- or .dbd.CH--; R.sub.6 is cycloalkyl, alkyl or haloalkyl;
and R.sub.7 is hydrogen, methyl or alkenyl, or an ester, an ether,
an acid addition salt or a metal complex thereof.
5. A method according to claim 4, wherein the Class B gibberellin
synthesis inhibitor is paclobutrazol.
6. A method according to claim 1, wherein: the Class B gibberellin
synthesis inhibitor is encompassed by the formula: ##STR9## wherein
R.sub.8 is 2-pyrazinyl, 3-pyridyl, or 5-pyrimidinyl; R.sub.9 is
phenyl, pyridyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.12 alkyl, or C.sub.3-C.sub.8
cycloalkyl; R.sub.10 is trifluoromethoxy phenyl,
tetrafluoroethoxyphenyl, pentafluoroethoxyphenyl,
3,4-(difluoromethylenedioxy)phenyl, or
2,2,4,4-tetrafluoro-1,3-benzodioxanyl; X is hydrogen, hydroxy,
lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, or lower alkanoyloxy; or an acid
addition salt thereof.
7. A method according to claim 6, wherein the Class B gibberellin
synthesis inhibitor is flurprimidol.
8. A method according to claim 1, wherein the Class A and Class B
gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitors are applied together.
9. A method according to claim 1, wherein the Class A and Class B
gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitors are applied separately.
10. A method according to claim 1, wherein the plant is
turfgrass.
11. A method according to claim 10, wherein the Class A gibberellin
biosynthesis inhibitor is trinexepac-ethyl, and wherein the
trinexepac-ethyl is applied at a level of about 0.02 to about 0.7
pounds of active ingredient per acre.
12. A method according to claim 11, wherein the Class B gibberellin
biosynthesis inhibitor is flurprimidol, and wherein the
flurprimidol is applied at a level of about 0.05 to about 1.5
pounds of active ingredient per acre.
13. A method according to claim 11, wherein the Class B gibberellin
biosynthesis inhibitor is paclobutrazol, and wherein the
paclobutrazol is applied at a level of about 0.05 to 1.0 pounds of
active ingredient per acre.
14. A method according to claim 10, wherein the Class A and Class B
gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitors are applied together.
15. A method according to claim 10, wherein the Class A and Class B
gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitors are applied separately.
16. A method according to claim 14, wherein the turfgrass comprises
one or more grasses selected from as Bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum);
Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon); Buffalograss (Buchloe
dactyloides); Carpetgrass (Axonopus affinis); Centipedegrass
(Eremochloa ophiuroides); Kikuyugrass (Pennisetum cladestinum);
Seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum); St. Augustinegrass
(Stenotaphrum secundatum); Zoysiagrass (Zoysia matrella
(japonica)); Annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum); Bentgrass
(Agrostis spp.); Fescue (Festuca spp.); Kentucky bluegrass (Poa
pratensis); Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne); and Poa annua.
17. A method according to claim 14, wherein the turfgrass comprises
one or more grasses selected from Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon);
Annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum); Bentgrass (Agrostis spp.);
Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis); and Perennial ryegrass (Lolium
perenne).
18. A composition for regulating plant growth, comprising: a Class
A gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitor; and a Class B gibberellin
biosynthesis inhibitor; wherein said biosynthesis inhibitors
exhibit synergism in the regulation of plant growth.
19. A composition according to claim 18, wherein: said Class A
gibberellin synthesis inhibitor is encompassed by the formula:
##STR10## wherein A is an --OR.sub.2 or --NR.sub.3 R.sub.4 radical,
R is C.sub.3-C.sub.6 cycloalkyl, R.sub.2 R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are
each independently hydrogen, C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.6
haloalkyl, C.sub.2-C.sub.10 alkoxyalkyl, C.sub.2-C.sub.1o
alkylthioalkyl, C.sub.3-C.sub.6 alkenyl, which is unsubstituted or
substituted by halogen, C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkoxy or C.sub.1-C.sub.4
alkylthio; C.sub.3-C.sub.6 alkynyl; phenyl or C.sub.1-C.sub.6
aralkyl, wherein the phenyl nucleus is unsubstituted or substituted
by halogen, C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkoxy,
C.sub.1-C.sub.4 haloalkyl, nitro or cyano; one of R.sub.3 and
R.sub.4 is methoxy; or R.sub.3 and R.sub.4, together with the
nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a 5- or 6-membered
heterocyclic ring system which may contain an additional oxygen or
sulfur atom in the ring; and the metal or ammonium salts
thereof.
20. A composition according to claim 18, wherein the Class A
gibberellin synthesis inhibitor is trinexapac-ethyl.
21. A composition according to claim 18, wherein the Class B
gibberellin synthesis inhibitor is encompassed by the formula:
##STR11## wherein R.sub.5 is alkenyl, alkynyl or optionally
substituted aralkyl; Y is .dbd.N-- or .dbd.CH--; R.sub.6 is
cycloalkyl, alkyl or haloalkyl; and R.sub.7 is hydrogen, methyl or
alkenyl, or an ester, an ether, an acid addition salt or a metal
complex thereof.
22. A composition according to claim 21, wherein the Class B
gibberellin synthesis inhibitor is paclobutrazol.
23. A composition according to claim 18, wherein: the Class B
gibberellin synthesis inhibitor is encompassed by the formula:
##STR12## wherein R.sub.8 is 2-pyrazinyl, 3-pyridyl, or
5-pyrimidinyl; R.sub.9 is phenyl, pyridyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.12 alkyl,
or C.sub.3-C.sub.8 cycloalkyl; R.sub.10 is trifluoromethoxyphenyl,
tetrafluoroethoxyphenyl, pentafluoroethoxyphenyl,
3,4-(difluoromethylenedioxy)phenyl, or
2,2,4,4-tetrafluoro-1,3-benzodioxanyl; X is hydrogen, hydroxy,
lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, or lower alkanoyloxy; or an acid
addition salt thereof.
24. A composition according to claim 23, wherein the Class B
gibberellin synthesis inhibitor is flurprimidol.
25. A composition according to claim 18, wherein: the Class A
gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitor is trinexepac-ethyl, and wherein
the trinexepac-ethyl is present in the composition at a
concentration of about 0.5 to about 3 pounds per gallon.
26. A composition according to claim 18, wherein: the Class B
gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitor is flurprimidol, and wherein the
flurprimidol is present in the composition at a concentration of
about 0.5 to about 3 pounds per gallon.
27. A composition according to claim 18, wherein: the Class B
gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitor is. paclobutrazol, and wherein
the paclobutrazol is present in the composition at a level of about
0.5 to about 3 pounds per gallon.
28. A composition according to claim 26, adapted for application to
turfgrass.
29. A composition according to claim 27, adapted for application to
turfgrass.
30. A method according to claim 28, wherein the turfgrass comprises
one or more grasses selected from Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon);
Annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum); Bentgrass (Agrostis spp.);
Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis); and Perennial ryegrass (Lolium
perenne).
31. A composition according to claim 18, which comprises an aqueous
carrier.
32. A composition according to claim 18, wherein the Class A and
Class B gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitors are present in a molar
ratio of about 1:0.625 to about 1:5.
Description
REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
[0001] This application is a continuation application of U.S.
Utility patent application Ser. No. 10/746,902 filed Dec. 26, 2003,
which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application
Ser. No. 60/436,909 filed Dec. 27, 2003, both of which are hereby
incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The present invention relates generally to plant growth
regulation, and in particular to plant growth regulation utilizing
combinations of active agents that each inhibit plant gibberellin
biosynthesis.
[0003] As further background, agents that accelerate or retard the
rate of growth of plants have been known and used in the field of
turfgrass and other plant management. Agents that retard or inhibit
shoot, stem and leaf elongation have traditionally been categorized
by four modes of action. A first mode involves the inhibition of
mitosis in the meristematic tissue which halts cell division and
elongation. A second mode involves a reduction of cell elongation
by inhibiting or retarding gibberellin synthesis, a plant hormone
needed for cell elongation. A third mode of action involves the
regulation of auxin activity and transport, and a fourth mode
involves killing terminal buds and thus reducing apical
dominance.
[0004] Gibberellin synthesis inhibitors are known which act at
different sites in the biosynthetic pathway of gibberellins. Agents
which act relatively late in the synthetic pathway are known as
Class A gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitors. The compounds
paclobutrazol and flurprimidol are known Class A gibberellin
biosynthesis inhibitors and are sold under the trade names Trimmit
and Cutless, respectively. Class B gibberellin biosynthesis
inhibitors act relatively early in the gibberellin biosynthesis
pathway. Trinexapac-ethyl is one such Class B agent, and is sold
under the trade name Primo.
[0005] Growth regulation of turfgrass and other plants using high
application rates may result in a significant waste of material,
increased cost of application, and the discharge of excess plant
growth regulator chemistry into the surrounding environment.
[0006] Gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitors have been used
individually for some time in the management of turfgrasses such as
those occurring on golf courses. Nonetheless, there remain needs
for improved turfgrass and other plant management aspects which
provide more effective results and/or which require lesser amounts
of active agents. The present invention is addressed to these
needs.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0007] It has now been discovered that the use of gibberellin
biosynthesis inhibitors in combination can provide more effective
and efficient regulation of the growth of plants including
turfgrass. This includes the provision of synergistic combinations
of gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitors, and in particular the use
of at least one Class A gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitor along
with at least one Class B gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitor to
achieve effective regulation of the growth of turfgrass or other
plants.
[0008] In one embodiment of the invention, provided is a method for
regulating the growth of a plant, and especially a turfgrass, which
comprises applying to the plant a Class A. gibberellin biosynthesis
inhibitor and applying to the plant a Class B gibberellin
biosynthesis inhibitor, especially wherein the inhibitors exhibit
synergism in regulating growth of the plant. Preferred Class A
gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitors are encompassed by the formula:
##STR1##
[0009] wherein
[0010] A is an --OR.sub.2 or --NR.sub.3R.sub.4 radical,
[0011] R is C.sub.3-C.sub.6 cycloalkyl,
[0012] R.sub.2 R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are each independently hydrogen,
C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.6 haloalkyl, C.sub.2-C.sub.10
alkoxyalkyl, C.sub.2-C.sub.10 alkylthioalkyl, C.sub.3-C.sub.6
alkenyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted by halogen,
C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkoxy or C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkylthio;
C.sub.3-C.sub.6 alkynyl; phenyl or C.sub.1-C.sub.6 aralkyl, wherein
the phenyl nucleus is unsubstituted or substituted by halogen,
C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkoxy,
[0013] C.sub.1-C.sub.4 haloalkyl, nitro or cyano; one of R.sub.3
and R.sub.4 is methoxy; or
[0014] R.sub.3 and R.sub.4, together with the nitrogen atom to
which they are attached, form a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring
system which may contain an additional oxygen or sulfur atom in the
ring; and the metal or ammonium salts thereof. A particularly
preferred such inhibitor is trinexapac-ethyl.
[0015] Some preferred Class B gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitors
are encompassed by the the formula: ##STR2##
[0016] wherein
[0017] R.sub.8 is 2-pyrazinyl, 3-pyridyl, or 5-pyrimidinyl;
[0018] R.sub.9 is phenyl, pyridyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.12 alkyl, or
C.sub.3-C.sub.8 cycloalkyl;
[0019] R.sub.10 is trifluoromethoxyphenyl, tetrafluoroethoxyphenyl,
pentafluoroethoxyphenyl, 3,4-(difluoromethylenedioxy)phenyl, or
2,2,4,4-tetrafluoro-1,3-benzodioxanyl;
[0020] X is hydrogen, hydroxy, lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, or
lower alkanoyloxy;
[0021] or an acid addition salt thereof. A particularly preferred
such inhibitor is flurprimidol. Additional Class B gibberellin
biosynthesis inhibitors which may be used are encompassed by the
formula: ##STR3## wherein [0022] R.sub.5 is alkenyl, alkynyl or
optionally substituted aralkyl; [0023] Y is .dbd.N-- or .dbd.CH--;
[0024] R.sub.6 is cycloalkyl, alkyl or haloalkyl; and [0025]
R.sub.7 is hydrogen, methyl or alkenyl, or an ester, an ether, an
acid addition salt or a metal complex thereof. A particularly
preferred such inhibitor is paclobutrazol.
[0026] In accordance with methods of the invention, the Class A and
Class B inhibitors can be applied simultaneously to plants such as
turfgrass, for example in a single tank mix; alternatively, the
Class A and Class B inhibitors can be applied separately to the
turfgrass or other plant, for example in rotation.
[0027] Another embodiment of the invention provides a composition
for regulating plant growth that includes both a Class A
gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitor and a Class B gibberellin
biosynthesis inhibitor. In preferred embodiments the inhibitor
combination exhibits synergism in the regulation of plant growth
and especially in the regulation of turfgrass growth. Particular
agents within Class A and Class B include those within the formulas
noted above, and those specifically named above.
[0028] The present invention provides improved methods and
compositions for regulating plant growth using combinations of
gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitors. Additional embodiments as well
as features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from
the descriptions herein.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0029] For the purposes of promoting an understanding of the
principles of the invention, reference will now be made to the
embodiment illustrated in the drawings and specific language will
be used to describe the same. It will nevertheless be understood
that no limitation of the scope of the invention is thereby
intended, and alterations and modifications in the illustrated
device, and further applications of the principles of the invention
as illustrated therein are herein contemplated as would normally
occur to one skilled in the art to which the invention relates.
[0030] As disclosed above, the present invention provides methods
and compositions for regulating plant growth that involve the use
of a combination of gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitors. Particular
embodiments involve the use of Class A and Class B gibberellin
biosynthesis inhibitors, for example including the use of
trinexapac-ethyl
(4-(Cyclopropyl-alpha-hydroxymethylene)-3,5-dioxo-cyclohexanecarboxylic
acid ethyl ester) as a Class A inhibitor, and the use of
flurprimidol
(.alpha.-(1-methylethyl)-.alpha.-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-5-pyrimidin-
emethanol) and/or paclobutrazol
((R*,R*)-.beta.-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-.alpha.-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-1-
,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol) as a Class B gibberellin biosynthesis
inhibitor.
[0031] Methods and compositions of the invention employ at least
one Class A gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitor. This class of
inhibitors is known to those skilled in the art, and includes
compounds which act at a late stage in the biosynthetic pathway of
gibberellins, after the production of the first gibberellic acid
compound (GA.sub.12), for example preventing the conversion of
GA.sub.20 to GA.sub.1. Trinexapac-ethyl and related compounds can
be used to provide the Class A gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitor.
Class A inhibitors which may be used in the invention thus are
described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,693,745, and encompassed by formula:
##STR4##
[0032] wherein
[0033] A is an --OR.sub.2 or --NR.sub.3R.sub.4 radical,
[0034] R is C.sub.3-C.sub.6 cycloalkyl,
[0035] R.sub.2 R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are each independently hydrogen,
C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.6 haloalkyl, C.sub.2-C.sub.10
alkoxyalkyl, C.sub.2-C.sub.10 alkylthioalkyl, C.sub.3-C.sub.6
alkenyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted by halogen,
C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkoxy or C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkylthio;
C.sub.3-C.sub.6 alkynyl; phenyl or C.sub.1-C.sub.6 aralkyl, wherein
the phenyl nucleus is unsubstituted or substituted by halogen,
C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkoxy,
[0036] C.sub.1-C.sub.4 haloalkyl, nitro or cyano; one of R.sub.3
and R.sub.4 is methoxy; or
[0037] R.sub.3 and R.sub.4, together with the nitrogen atom to
which they are attached, form a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring
system which may contain an additional oxygen or sulfur atom in the
ring; and the metal or ammonium salts thereof.
[0038] Trinexapac
(4-(Cyclopropyl-alpha-hydroxymethylene)-3,5-dioxo-cyclohexanecarboxylic
acid) and its salts or C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl esters, including for
example trinexapac-ethyl, are particularly preferred agents from
this class.
[0039] Class B gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitors are also known
to those skilled in the art and include compounds that act early in
the biosynthetic pathway of gibberellins. For example, Class B
inhibitors are known which interfere with the biosynthesis of
gibberellic acid before the production of the first gibberellic
acid compound, GA.sub.12. GA.sub.12 is not only the first GA
produced but is also a precursor for all other GAs. This in effect
means that GA production may be substantially slowed by the use of
such Class B gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitors. A group of such
inhibitors is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,243,405, and encompassed
by the formula: ##STR5## wherein [0040] R.sub.5 is alkenyl, alkynyl
or optionally substituted aralkyl; [0041] Y is .dbd.N-- or
.dbd.CH--; [0042] R.sub.6 is cycloalkyl, alkyl or haloalkyl; and
[0043] R.sub.7 is hydrogen, methyl or alkenyl., or an ester, an
ether, an acid addition salt or a metal complex thereof.
[0044] Another group of Class B gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitors
described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,002,628, and encompassed by the
formula: ##STR6##
[0045] wherein
[0046] R.sub.8 is 2-pyrazinyl, 3-pyridyl, or 5-pyrimidinyl;
[0047] R.sub.9 is phenyl, pyridyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.12 alkyl, or
C.sub.3-C.sub.8 cycloalkyl;
[0048] R.sub.10 is trifluoromethoxyphenyl, tetrafluoroethoxyphenyl,
pentafluoroethoxyphenyl, 3,4-(difluoromethylenedioxy)phenyl, or
2,2,4,4-tetrafluoro-1,3-benzodioxanyl;
[0049] X is hydrogen, hydroxy, lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, or
lower alkanoyloxy;
[0050] or an acid addition salt thereof.
[0051] In accordance with the invention, the Class A and Class B
gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitors can be used together, for
example in a tank mix, or can be used separately, for example
applied separately on the same date or in rotation over time. When
used together, the inhibitor combination can be present in a
composition in which they are combined at effective concentrations
and in effective ratios to achieve plant growth regulation.
Generally, the Class A and Class B plant growth regulators will be
present in a molar ratio of about 1:0.625 to about 1:5 with respect
to one another.
[0052] Preferably the amounts and molar ratios utilized will
provide an identifiable synergism among the compounds and the
regulation of plant growth, in particular in the regulation of
turfgrass growth. In the case of turfgrass, this synergism may be
evident in relative improvements in turf color, turf density,
reduced turf scalping, growth inhibition, and/or turf quality, at
any time point after application of the plant growth regulators.
These turf characteristics are known and used by those skilled in
the art in managing turfgrass, for example turfgrass occurring on
golf courses and in particular on the fairways, putting greens and
driving tees of golf courses which are maintained at relatively
short lengths such as 2 inches or less, with fairways more
typically being maintained at about 0.5 inch to about 1 inch, and
putting greens typically being maintained at about 0.1 inch to 0.2
inch, and driving tees more typically being maintained at about 0.2
inch to 0.5 inch. In one feature of the invention, it has been
discovered that the combination of a Class A and Class B inhibitor
can provide a more rapid regulation of turfgrass growth and a
consequent more rapid improvement in turf quality than either
inhibitor applied alone at twice the rate of the combination. Thus,
a decreased time interval is provided between application of the
growth regulators and the achievement of substantial improvements
in desirable turf characteristics.
[0053] The Class A and Class B inhibitors will be included in
compositions at a level or concentration suitable for direct
application to the turfgrass or other plant from conventional
spraying equipment, or suitable for dilution to prepare such a
composition for direct application. Plant growth regulator
concentrates of the invention may for example include the Class A
and Class B inhibitors each at a level of about 0.5 pounds per
gallon to about 4 pounds per gallon in the case of liquid
concentrate formulations or about 25% to 8.0% active ingredient in
the case of dry concentrate formulations. Such a concentrate can
then be diluted with water or another solvent by a user for
application to the turfgrass or other plant. The as-applied
composition will contain the plant growth regulator(s) at a
concentration or level suitable for application to the turfgrass or
other plants. This may vary widely depending upon the type of spray
equipment being used, and the mechanism(s) of absorption for the
regulator molecule. For example, root-absorbed growth regulators
such as paclobutrazol and flurprimidol are usually applied in
relatively high volume spray systems, and thus can be included in
as-applied liquid at relatively low concentrations. Foliar-absorbed
growth regulators such as trinexapac-ethyl may be applied in
relatively low volume spray systems to minimize run off from the
foliage, and thus may be commonly included in the as-applied liquid
at relatively higher concentrations. When applying a combination of
a root-absorbed (paclobutrazol or flurprimidol) and a
foliar-absorbed regulator (trinexapac-ethyl), strategies may be
adopted to facilitate effective uptake of the chemicals. For
example, the two growth regulators may be applied separately under
conditions conducive to their mode of uptake. On the other hand,
they may also be applied together while achieving suitable
uptake-of each. For example, in one mode of application, the
root-absorbed and foliar-absorbed regulators can be applied
together with a low-volume spray system, to minimize run-off and
allow for the foliar uptake of the foliar-absorbed regulator. After
a residence time, e.g. 0.5 to about 24 hours, the turfgrass or
other plant area can then be watered, to move the root-absorbed
regulator to the plant roots for absorption. These and other
suitable modes of application of the growth regulator combination
will be apparent to those skilled in the art given the teachings
herein.
[0054] As to application rate, this will vary depending on the
plant to be treated and suitable application rates for plant growth
regulators are used herein or can be determined using routine
experimentation. Generally, when treating turfgrass, the Class A
gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitor, such as trinexapac-ethyl, will
be applied at a rate about 0.02 to about 0.7 pounds of active
ingredient per acre. Class B gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitors
will generally be applied at a rate of about 0.05 to about 1.5
pounds of active ingredient per acre. For example, flurprimidol
will typically be applied at a rate in the range of about 0.05 to
about 1.5 pounds of active ingredient per acre, and paclobutrazol
will typically be applied at a rate in the range of about 0.05 to
about 1.0 pounds of active ingredient per acre. These rates may be
used when applying the inhibitors separately (e.g. in rotation) or
when applying the inhibitors together. When applying the inhibitors
in rotation, it will desirable to apply the two inhibitors within
about four weeks of one another, although shorter or longer times
may also be used within the scope of the present invention. In one
mode of operation, the two active ingredients can be applied at
times and under conditions wherein effective growth regulating
amounts of each are present in the plant.
[0055] Turfgrass species that can be growth regulated in accordance
with the invention include, for example, warm-season species such
as Bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum); Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon);
Buffalograss (Buchloe dactyloides); Carpetgrass (Axonopus affinis);
Centipedegrass (Eremochloa ophiuroides); Kikuyugrass (Pennisetum
cladestinum); Seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum); St.
Augustinegrass (Stenotaphrum secundatum); Zoysiagrass (Zoysia
matrella (japonica)); cool-season species such as Annual ryegrass
(Lolium multiflorum); Bentgrass (Agrostis spp.); Fescue (Festuca
spp.); Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis); Perennial ryegrass
(Lolium perenne); Bentgrass/Poa annua mixtures; Kentucky
bluegrass/Fescue/Ryegrass mixtures; and Kentucky
bluegrass/ryegrass/Poa annua mixtures. Preferred turfgrasses to be
controlled in the invention include Bermudagrass (Cynodon
dactylon); Annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum); Bentgrass
(Agrostis spp.); Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis); and Perennial
ryegrass (Lolium perenne).
[0056] Gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitors used in the invention
can be combined with suitable liquid carriers to form liquid
compositions. Any suitable carrier may be used, including those
consisting essentially of water, or those including organic
solvents such as alcohols, e.g. ethanol, liquid fertilizer
formulations, or mixtures thereof. Water or other aqueous carriers
are preferred.
[0057] Additional formulation adjuvants can be present as is
conventional in the field. Typically, these will be included at
levels up to about 30 percent by weight of the composition, more
often at levels not exceeding about 20 percent by weight of the
composition. Such adjuvants may for example include one or more
surface-active agents. Potential surface active agents include the
alkali, alkaline earth and ammonium salts of aromatic sulfonic
acids, such as lignin-, phenol-, naphthalene-, and
dibutylnaphthalenesulfonic acid, as well as those of fatty acids,
alkyl and alkylaryl sulfonates, alkyllaurel ether and fatty alcohol
sulfates, and salts of sulfated hexa-, hepta- and octadecanols or
fatty alcohol glycol ethers, condensation products of sulfonated
naphthalene and its derivatives with formaldehyde, condensation
products of naphthalene or naphthalenesulfonic acids with phenol
and formaldehyde, polyoxyethylene octyl phenol ether, ethoxylated
isooctyl, octyl or nonylphenol, alkylphenol or tributylphenyl
polyglycol ether, alkylaryl polyether alcohols, isotridecyl
alcohol, fatty alcohol ethylene oxide condensates, ethoxylated
castor oil, polyoxyethylene alkyl ether or polyoxypropylene, lauryl
alcohol polyglycol ether acetate, sorbitol ester, lignin sulfite
waste liquors, or methylcellulose. The resulting liquid formulation
may be a solution, suspension, emulsion (including microemulsions),
or any other suitable form known in the art.
[0058] For the purpose of promoting a further understanding of the
present invention and its features and advantages, the following
specific Examples are provided. It will be understood that these
Examples are illustrative, and not limiting, of the invention.
EXAMPLE 1
[0059] Tifsport Bermudagrass growing on a nursery area in
South-Carolina was treated with Cutless 50W (Cutless) and Primo
Maxx 1EC (Primo) either singly or tank mixed to determine growth
regulator activity. Cutless 50W is a commercially available product
containing flurprimidol. Primo Maxx is a commercially available
product containing trinexapac-ethyl. Primo was applied alone at
0.05 and 0.1 pound of active ingredient per acre (LB AI/A), Cutless
was applied alone at 0.125 and 0.25 LB AI/A, and Primo+Cutless were
applied at 0.05+0.125 and 0.1+0.25 LB AI/A. Plot size was
6'.times.12' with four replications. Three applications with a
CO.sub.2 back-pack sprayer were made, occurring on May 29, June 27
and July 29. Plots received approximately 0.25 inches of irrigation
on each treatment date within 8 hours but not sooner than 4 hours
after treatment. Ratings to evaluate performance included injury
(0-10 with 0=No injury, 10=Death), color (plus or minus 100 with
100=Color of untreated, plus 100=Darker green than untreated, minus
100=Lighter green than untreated), density (DENS) (0-10 with 0=Bare
ground, 10=Maximum potential density), quality (QUAL) (0-9 with
0=Poor quality,. 9=Maximum potential quality), growth inhibition
(GRINHIB) (percentage estimated), and scalping (CUT) (percentage
estimated). The results are presented in Table 1. The following
abbreviations are used in Table 1 and in the other Tables presented
in these Examples: AI/A=active ingredient per acre; DAAA=Days after
application; LB=pounds. Means followed by the same letter do not
significantly differ (P=0.05, Duncan's New MRT). TABLE-US-00001
TABLE 1 Evaluation Date 13Jun02 13Jun02 13Jun02 13Jun02 20Jun02
Evaluation Type* COLOR DENS QUAL CUT COLOR Footnote No. Eval
Unit/Scale* PRM Data Type* % VISUAL 0-10 SCAL 0-9 SCAL % VISUAL %
VISUAL Trt Appl Treatment Form Fm Ra Timing/ Trt-Eval Interval No
Code Name* Conc Ds* Rate Un* Dev Stg 15DAAA 15DAAA 15DAAA 15DAAA
22DAAA 1 A PRIMO 1 EC 0.05 LB AI/A JUNE 117.5 9.13 ab 8.50 a 6.3 d
117.5 ab A CUTLESS 50 WP 0.125 LB AI/A JUNE ab B PRIMO 1 EC 0.05 LB
AI/A JULY B CUTLESS 50 WP 0.125 LB AI/A JULY C PRIMO 1 EC 0.05 LB
AI/A AUGUST C CUTLESS 50 WP 0.125 LB AI/A AUGUST 2 A PRIMO 1 EC 0.1
LB AI/A JUNE 122.5 a 9.63 a 7.88 a 2.5 d 122.5 a A CUTLESS 50 WP
0.25 LB AI/A JUNE B PRIMO 1 EC 0.1 LB AI/A JULY B CUTLESS 50 WP
0.25 LB AI/A JULY C PRIMO 1 EC 0.1 LB AI/A AUGUST C CUTLESS 50 WP
0.25 LB AI/A AUGUST 3 A PRIMO 1 EC 0.05 LB AI/A JUNE 100.0 d 6.88 e
6.13 b 57.5 a 101.3 c B PRIMO 1 EC 0.05 LB AI/A JULY C PRIMO 1 EC
0.05 LB AI/A AUGUST 4 A PRIMO 1 EC 0.1 LB AI/A JUNE 108.8 c 8.00 cd
7.50 ab 35.0 bc 111.3 b B PRIMO 1 EC 0.1 LB AI/A JULY C PRIMO 1 EC
0.1 LB AI/A AUGUST 5 A CUTLESS 50 WP 0.125 LB AI/A JUNE 106.3 7.75
d 7.38 ab 20.0 cd 101.3 c B CUTLESS 50 WP 0.125 LB AI/A JULY cd C
CUTLESS 50 WP 0.125 LB AI/A AUGUST 6 A CUTLESS 50 WP 0.25 LB AI/A
JUNE 115.0 b 8.63 bc 8.07 a 11.3 d 111.3 b B CUTLESS 50 WP 0.25 LB
AI/A JULY C CUTLESS 50 WP 0.25 LB AI/A AUGUST 7 O UNTREATED 100.0 d
6.25 e 6.00 b 47.5 ab 100.0 c LSD (P = .05) 6.15 0.772 1.449 17.87
6.31 CV 3.77 6.46 13.27 46.79 3.89 Replicate F 1.526 0.485 0.077
1.398 0.923 Replicate Prob (F) 0.2419 0.6967 0.9718 0.2757 0.4497
Treatment F 17.601 21.441 3.836 12.578 17.176 Treatment Prob (F)
0.0001 0.0001 0.0122 0.0001 0.0001 Evaluation Date 20Jun02 20Jun02
27Jun02 27Jun02 27Jun02 Evaluation Type* DENS QUAL COLOR DENS QUAL
Footnote No. Eval Unit/Scale* PRM Data Type* 0-10 SCAL 0-9 SCAL %
VISUAL 0-10 SCAL 0-9 SCAL Trt Appl Treatment Form Fm Ra Timing/
Trt-Eval Interval No Code Name* Conc Ds* Rate Un* Dev Stg 15DAAA
15DAAA 29DAAA 29DAAA 29DAAA 1 A PRIMO 1 EC 0.05 LB AI/A JUNE 9.1 ab
8.4 a 102.5 cd 8.1 b 8.0 b A CUTLESS 50 WP 0.125 LB AI/A JUNE B
PRIMO 1 EC 0.05 LB AI/A JULY B CUTLESS 50 WP 0.125 LB AI/A JULY C
PRIMO 1 EC 0.05 LB AI/A AUGUST C CUTLESS 50 WP 0.125 LB AI/A AUGUST
9.9 a 8.8 a 118.8 a 9.6 a 8.9 a 2 A PRIMO 1 EC 0.1 LB AI/A JUNE A
CUTLESS 50 WP 0.25 LB AI/A JUNE B PRIMO 1 EC 0.1 LB AI/A JULY B
CUTLESS 50 WP 0.25 LB AI/A JULY C PRIMO 1 EC 0.1 LB AI/A AUGUST C
CUTLESS 50 WP 0.25 LB AI/A AUGUST 7.4 d 6.9 c 98.8 d 7.3 c 7.1 d 3
A PRIMO 1 EC 0.05 LB AI/A JUNE B PRIMO 1 EC 0.05 LB AI/A JULY C
PRIMO 1 EC 0.05 LB AI/A AUGUST 8.4 bc 7.8 b 105.0 c 8.1 b 7.5 cd 4
A PRIMO 1 EC 0.1 LB AI/A JUNE B PRIMO 1 EC 0.1 LB AI/A JULY C PRIMO
1 EC 0.1 LB AI/A AUGUST 7.6 cd 7.3 bc 100.0 d 7.3 c 7.1 d 5 A
CUTLESS 50 WP 0.125 LB AI/A JUNE B CUTLESS 50 WP 0.125 LB AI/A JULY
C CUTLESS 50 WP 0.125 LB AI/A AUGUST 8.4 bc 7.6 b 108.8 b 8.5 b 7.9
bc 6 A CUTLESS 50 WP 0.25 LB AI/A JUNE B CUTLESS 50 WP 0.25 LB AI/A
JULY C CUTLESS 50 WP 0.25 LB AI/A AUGUST 6.4 e 6.1 d 100.0 d 7.3 c
7.1 d 7 O UNTREATED 0.789 0.587 3.74 0.504 0.456 LSD (P = .05) 6.5
5.23 2.4 4.23 4.01 CV 0.877 4.935 0.891 3.595 0.853 Replicate F
0.4715 0.0113 0.4649 0.0340 0.4833 Replicate Prob (F) 19.056 20.099
31.313 26.690 17.842 Treatment F 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001
Treatment Prob (F) Evaluation Date 09Jul02 09Jul02 09Jul02 09Jul02
29Jul02 Evaluation Type* COLOR DENS QUAL CUT COLOR Eval Unit/Scale*
% VISUAL 0-10 SCAL 0-9 SCAL % VISUAL % VISUAL Trt Appl Treatment
Form Fm Ra Timing/ Trt-Eval Interval No Code Name* Conc Ds* Rate
Un* Dev Stg 29DAAA 29DAAA 29DAAA 12DAAA 32DAAA 1 A PRIMO 1 EC 0.05
LB AI/A JUNE 125.0 b 10.0 a 9.0 a 0.0 c 107.5bc A CUTLESS 50 WP
0.125 LB AI/A JUNE B PRIMO 1 EC 0.05 LB AI/A JULY B CUTLESS 50 WP
0.125 LB AI/A JULY C PRIMO 1 EC 0.05 LB AI/A AUGUST C CUTLESS 50 WP
0.125 LB AI/A AUGUST 2 A PRIMO 1 EC 0.1 LB AI/A JUNE 132.5 a 10.0 a
9.0 a 0.0 c 119.5 a A CUTLESS 50 WP 0.25 LB AI/A JUNE B PRIMO 1 EC
0.1 LB AI/A JULY B CUTLESS 50 WP 0.25 LB AI/A JULY C PRIMO 1 EC 0.1
LB AI/A AUGUST C CUTLESS 50 WP 0.25 LB AI/A AUGUST 3 A PRIMO 1 EC
0.05 LB AI/A JUNE 105.0 e 7.5 d 7.1 d 15.0 b 98.8 c B PRIMO 1 EC
0.05 LB AI/A JULY C PRIMO 1 EC 0.05 LB AI/A AUGUST 4 A PRIMO 1 EC
0.1 LB AI/A JUNE 111.3 d 8.3 c 7.8 c 5.0 bc 101.3bc B PRIMO 1 EC
0.1 LB AI/A JULY C PRIMO 1 EC 0.1 LB AI/A AUGUST 5 A CUTLESS 50 WP
0.125 LB AI/A JUNE 105.0 e 7.5 d 7.1 d 7.5 bc 100.0 c B CUTLESS 50
WP 0.125 LB AI/A JULY C CUTLESS 50 WP 0.125 LB AI/A AUGUST 6 A
CUTLESS 50 WP 0.25 LB AI/A JUNE 116.3 c 8.9 b 8.1 b 0.0 c 110.0 b B
CUTLESS 50 WP 0.25 LB AI/A JULY C CUTLESS 50 WP 0.25 LB AI/A AUGUST
7 O UNTREATED 100.0 f 6.5 e 5.9 e 40.0 100.0 c LSD (P = .05) 2.61
0.456 0.310 10.59 8.58 CV 1.54 3.67 2.71 73.91 5.48 Replicate F
0.774 0.853 1.636 1.383 1.254 Replicate Prob (F) 0.5235 0.4833
0.2162 0.2801 0.3197 Treatment F 180.484 74.937 115.364 16.477
6.880 Treatment Prob (F) 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0006
Evaluation Date 29Jul02 29Jul02 29Jul02 29Jul02 29Jul02 Evaluation
Type* DENS QUAL GRINHIB CUT COLOR Eval Unit/Scale* 0-10 SCAL 0-9
SCAL % VISUAL % VISUAL % VISUAL Trt Appl Treatment Form Fm Ra
Timing/ Trt-Eval Interval No Code Name* Conc Ds* Rate Un* Dev Stg
32DAAA 32DAAA 32DAAA 32DAAA 32DAAA 1 A PRIMO 1 EC 0.05 LB AI/A JUNE
7.6 b 7.4 b 13.8 b 13.8 cd 125.0 a A CUTLESS 50 WP 0.125 LB AI/A
JUNE B PRIMO 1 EC 0.05 LB AI/A JULY B CUTLESS 50 WP 0.125 LB AI/A
JULY C PRIMO 1 EC 0.05 LB AI/A AUGUST C CUTLESS 50 WP 0.125 LB AI/A
AUGUST 2 A PRIMO 1 EC 0.1 LB AI/A JUNE 9.5 a 8.6 a 28.8 a 0.0 e
120.0 a A CUTLESS 50 WP 0.25 LB AI/A JUNE B PRIMO 1 EC 0.1 LB AI/A
JULY B CUTLESS 50 WP 0.25 LB AI/A JULY C PRIMO 1 EC 0.1 LB AI/A
AUGUST C CUTLESS 50 WP 0.25 LB AI/A AUGUST 3 A PRIMO 1 EC 0.05 LB
AI/A JUNE 6.3 cd 5.8 de 0.0 d 25.0 b 103.8bc B PRIMO 1 EC 0.05 LB
AI/A JULY C PRIMO 1 EC 0.05 LB AI/A AUGUST 4 A PRIMO 1 EC 0.1 LB
AI/A JUNE 6.5 cd 5.9 de 5.0 cd 21.3 bc 108.8bc B PRIMO 1 EC 0.1 LB
AI/A JULY C PRIMO 1 EC 0.1 LB AI/A AUGUST 5 A CUTLESS 50 WP 0.125
LB AI/A JUNE 7.1 bc 6.5 cd 3.8 cd 11.3 cd 105.0bc B CUTLESS 50 WP
0.125 LB AI/A JULY C CUTLESS 50 WP 0.125 LB AI/A AUGUST 6 A CUTLESS
50 WP 0.25 LB AI/A JUNE 7.6 b 7.1 bc 10.0 bc 6.3 de 110.0 b B
CUTLESS 50 WP 0.25 LB AI/A JULY C CUTLESS 50 WP 0.25 LB AI/A AUGUST
7 O UNTREATED 5.6 5.3 0.0 36.3 100.0 c LSD (P = .05) 0.855 0.802
6.38 10.58 10.58 CV 8.02 8.13 49.09 43.82 43.82 Replicate F 1.042
0.571 1.339 3.164 3.164 Replicate Prob (F) 0.3979 0.6410 0.2931
0.0498 0.0498 Treatment F 19.168 18.388 22.355 11.795 11.795
Treatment Prob (F) 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 Evaluation
Date 14Aug02 14Aug02 14Aug02 Evaluation Type* DENS QUAL GRINHIB
Eval Unit/Scale* % VISUAL 0-9 SCAL % VISUAL Appl Treatment Form Fm
Ra Timing/ Trt-Eval Interval Trt No Code Name* Conc Ds* Rate Un*
Dev Stg 16DAAA 16DAAA 16DAAA 1 A PRIMO 1 EC 0.05 LB AI/A JUNE 9.8 a
8.8 a 15.0 b A CUTLESS 50 WP 0.125 LB AI/A JUNE B PRIMO 1 EC 0.05
LB AI/A JULY B CUTLESS 50 WP 0.125 LB AI/A JULY C PRIMO 1 EC 0.05
LB AI/A AUGUST C CUTLESS 50 WP 0.125 LB AI/A AUGUST 2 A PRIMO 1 EC
0.1 LB AI/A JUNE 9.1 a 8.4 a 21.3 a A CUTLESS 50 WP 0.25 LB AI/A
JUNE B PRIMO 1 EC 0.1 LB AI/A JULY B CUTLESS 50 WP 0.25 LB AI/A
JULY C PRIMO 1 EC 0.1 LB AI/A AUGUST C CUTLESS 50 WP 0.25 LB AI/A
AUGUST 3 A PRIMO 1 EC 0.05 LB AI/A JUNE 7.6 b 7.3 b 3.8 cd B PRIMO
1 EC 0.05 LB AI/A JULY C PRIMO 1 EC 0.05 LB AI/A AUGUST 4 A PRIMO 1
EC 0.1 LB AI/A JUNE 8.1 b 7.8 b 8.8 c B PRIMO 1 EC 0.1 LB AI/A JULY
C PRIMO 1 EC 0.1 LB AI/A AUGUST 5 A CUTLESS 50 WP 0.125 LB AI/A
JUNE 7.6 b 7.3 b 6.3 c B CUTLESS 50 WP 0.125 LB AI/A JULY C CUTLESS
50 WP 0.125 LB AI/A AUGUST 6 A CUTLESS 50 WP 0.25 LB AI/A JUNE 8.0
b 7.5 b 15.0 b B CUTLESS 50 WP 0.25 LB AI/A JULY C CUTLESS 50 WP
0.25 LB AI/A AUGUST 7 O UNTREATED 6.6 c 6.3 c 0.0 d LSD (P = .05)
6.12 0.619 5.58 CV 3.73 5.49 37.53 Replicate F 0.632 0.600 0.507
Replicate Prob (F) 0.6041 0.6233 0.6824 Treatment F 19.246 15.446
15.676 Treatment Prob (F) 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001
[0060] Evaluations made 13 days after the May 29 application showed
significantly (P=0.05, Duncan's New MRT), better color, density and
scalping reduction with Primo +Cutless tank mixed at 0.05+0.125 LB
AI/A than Primo alone at 0.1 LB AI/A. There was no significant
difference between Cutless applied alone at 0.25 LB AI/A and the
tank mix on this observation date. By 29 days after the first
application, the difference noted above had disappeared and. the
low rate tank mix treatment was not superior to either material
applied alone at two times (2.times.) the respective tank mix
rates.
[0061] By 12 days after the June 27 application, the low rate tank
mix gave significantly better color, density and quality compared
with either material applied alone at 2.times. the respective tank
mix rates. The tank mix treatment continued to show better density,
quality and overall growth inhibition compared with Primo alone at
0.1 LB AI/A 32 days after the second application. Cutless at 0.25
LB AI/A performed similar to the low rate tank mix on this
date.
[0062] Ratings 16 days after the July 29 application showed that
the low rate tank mix provided significantly better color, density
and quality than either Cutless or Primo applied alone at 2.times.
the respective tank mix rates.
[0063] In summary, Primo+Cutless applied to Tifsport Bermudagrass
at 0.05+0.125 LB AI/A provided significantly better turf color,
density and quality than either material applied alone at 2.times.
the respective tank mix rates (Primo 0.1, Cutless 0.25 LB AI/A) in
ratings made 12 to 16 days after application. Differences between
tank mix and single treatments largely disappeared by 29 to 32 days
after application. This trial indicates that tank mix applications
of Primo+Cutless at rates substantially lower than those
recommended for either material applied alone will provide good
turfgrass color, density and quality, and lead to more rapid
regulation and improvement of the turfgrass than either active
ingredient applied alone at 2.times. the respective tank mix
rates.
EXAMPLE 2
[0064] Tifway (419) Bermudagrass growing under fairway conditions
in South Carolina was treated with Cutless 50W and Primo Maxx 1EC
either singly or tank mixed to determine growth regulator activity.
Primo was applied alone at 0.05 and 0.1 LB AI/A, Cutless was
applied alone at 0.125 and 0.25 LB AI/A, and Primo+Cutless were
applied at 0.05+0.125 and 0.1+0.25 LB AI/A. Plot size was
6'.times.12' with four replications. Three applications with a
CO.sub.2 back-pack sprayer were made, occurring on May 29, June 27
and July 29. Plots received approximately 0.25 inches of irrigation
on each treatment date within 8 hours but not sooner than 4 hours
after treatment. Ratings to evaluate performance have included
injury (0-10 with 0=No injury, 10=Death), color (plus or minus 100
with 100=Color of untreated, plus 100=Darker green than untreated,
minus 100=Lighter green than untreated), density (0-10 with 0=Bare
ground, 10=Maximum potential density), quality (0-9 with 0=Poor
quality, 9=Maximum potential quality), growth inhibition
(percentage estimated), and scalping (percentage estimated). The
results are presented in Table 2 below. TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2
Evaluation Date 09Jun02 09Jun02 09Jun02 09Jun02 14Jun02 Evaluation
Type* COLOR DENS QUAL CUT COLOR Eval Unit/Scale* % VISUAL 0-10 SCAL
0-9 SCAL % VISUAL % VISUAL Trt Appl Treatment Form Fm Ra Timing/
Trt-Eval Interval No Code Name* Conc Ds* Rate Un* Dev Stg 11DAAA
11DAAA 11DAAA 11DAAA 16DAAA 1 A PRIMO 1 EC 0.05 LB AI/A JUNE 98.8 a
10.00 a 8.75 a 0.0 a 116.3 a A CUTLESS 50 WP 0.125 LB AI/A JUNE B
PRIMO 1 EC 0.05 LB AI/A JULY B CUTLESS 50 WP 0.125 LB AI/A JULY C
PRIMO 1 EC 0.05 LB AI/A AUGUST C CUTLESS 50 WP 0.125 LB AI/A AUGUST
2 A PRIMO 1 EC 0.1 LB AI/A JUNE 99.0 a 9.95 a 8.88 a 0.0 a 120.0 a
A CUTLESS 50 WP 0.25 LB AI/A JUNE B PRIMO 1 EC 0.1 LB AI/A JULY B
CUTLESS 50 WP 0.25 LB AI/A JULY C PRIMO 1 EC 0.1 LB AI/A AUGUST C
CUTLESS 50 WP 0.25 LB AI/A AUGUST 3 A PRIMO 1 EC 0.05 LB AI/A JUNE
97.5 ab 9.75 a 8.68 a 0.0 a 102.5 bc B PRIMO 1 EC 0.05 LB AI/A JULY
C PRIMO 1 EC 0.05 LB AI/A AUGUST 4 A PRIMO 1 EC 0.1 LB AI/A JUNE
93.3 b 9.75 a 8.38 a 0.0 a 115.0 a B PRIMO 1 EC 0.1 LB AI/A JULY C
PRIMO 1 EC 0.1 LB AI/A AUGUST 5 A CUTLESS 50 WP 0.125 LB AI/A JUNE
98.8 a 9.70 a 8.80 a 0.0 a 107.5 b B CUTLESS 50 WP 0.125 LB AI/A
JULY C CUTLESS 50 WP 0.125 LB AI/A AUGUST 6 A CUTLESS 50 WP 0.25 LB
AI/A JUNE 99.5 a 9.88 a 8.80 a 0.0 a 118.8 a B CUTLESS 50 WP 0.25
LB AI/A JULY C CUTLESS 50 WP 0.25 LB AI/A AUGUST 7 UNTREATED 100.0
a 9.63 a 8.63 a 0.0 a 100.0 c LSD (P = .05) 4.80 0.360 0.461 0.00
5.94 CV 3.3 2.47 3.57 0.0 3.59 Replicate F 0.896 2.990 0.356 0.000
1.043 Replicate Prob (F) 0.4622 0.0584 0.7854 1.0000 0.3973
Treatment F 1.984 1.286 1.140 0.000 16.230 Treatment Prob (F)
0.1215 0.3127 0.3794 1.0000 0.0001 Evaluation Date 14Jun02 14Jun02
14Jun02 Evaluation Type* DENS QUAL CUT Eval Unit/Scale* 0-10 SCAL
0-9 SCAL % VISUAL Trt Appl Treatment Form Fm Ra Timing/ Trt-Eval
Interval No Code Name* Conc Ds* Rate Un* Dev Stg 16DAAA 11DAAA
16DAAA 1 A PRIMO 1 EC 0.05 LB AI/A JUNE 9.38 a 8.70 ab 0.0 d A
CUTLESS 50 WP 0.125 LB AI/A JUNE B PRIMO 1 EC 0.05 LB AI/A JULY B
CUTLESS 50 WP 0.125 LB AI/A JULY C PRIMO 1 EC 0.05 LB AI/A AUGUST C
CUTLESS 50 WP 0.125 LB AI/A AUGUST 2 A PRIMO 1 EC 0.1 LB AI/A JUNE
9.50 a 8.75 a 1.3 cd A CUTLESS 50 WP 0.25 LB AI/A JUNE B PRIMO 1 EC
0.1 LB AI/A JULY B CUTLESS 50 WP 0.25 LB AI/A JULY C PRIMO 1 EC 0.1
LB AI/A AUGUST C CUTLESS 50 WP 0.25 LB AI/A AUGUST 3 A PRIMO 1 EC
0.05 LB AI/A JUNE 8.38 b 8.13 cd 7.5 a B PRIMO 1 EC 0.05 LB AI/A
JULY C PRIMO 1 EC 0.05 LB AI/A AUGUST 4 A PRIMO 1 EC 0.1 LB AI/A
JUNE 9.00 ab 8.38 bc 3.8 bc B PRIMO 1 EC 0.1 LB AI/A JULY C PRIMO 1
EC 0.1 LB AI/A AUGUST 5 A CUTLESS 50 WP 0.125 LB AI/A JUNE 8.50 b
8.38 bc 6.3 ab B CUTLESS 50 WP 0.125 LB AI/A JULY C CUTLESS 50 WP
0.125 LB AI/A AUGUST 6 A CUTLESS 50 WP 0.25 LB AI/A JUNE 9.38 a
8.57 ab 0.0 d B CUTLESS 50 WP 0.25 LB AI/A JULY C CUTLESS 50 WP
0.25 LB AI/A AUGUST 7 UNTREATED 8.38 b 7.88 d 8.8 a LSD (P = .05)
0.678 0.319 3.17 CV 5.11 2.56 54.38 Replicate F 9.600 13.807 1.304
Replicate Prob (F) 0.0005 0.0001 0.3036 Treatment F 4.886 8.586
11.609 Treatment Prob (F) 0.0040 0.0002 0.0001 Evaluation Date
27Jun02 27Jun02 27Jun02 10Jul02 10Jul02 Evaluation Type* COLOR DENS
QUAL COLOR DENS Eval Unit/Scale* % VISUAL 0-10SCAL 0-9SCAL % VISUAL
0-10SCAL Trt Appl Treatment Form Fm Ra Timing/ Trt-Eval Interval No
Code Name* Conc Ds* Rate Un* Dev Stg 29DAAA 29DAAA 29DAAA 13DAAA
13DAAA 1 A PRIMO 1 EC 0.05 LB AI/A JUNE 106.3 b 8.13 b 7.88 b 116.3
b 8.63 b A CUTLESS 50 WP 0.125 LB AI/A JUNE B PRIMO 1 EC 0.05 LB
AI/A JULY B CUTLESS 50 WP 0.125 LB AI/A JULY C PRIMO 1 EC 0.05 LB
AI/A AUGUST C CUTLESS 50 WP 0.125 LB AI/A AUGUST 2 A PRIMO 1 EC 0.1
LB AI/A JUNE 120.0 a 9.50 a 9.25 a 121.3 a 9.63 a A CUTLESS 50 WP
0.25 LB AI/A JUNE B PRIMO 1 EC 0.1 LB AI/A JULY B CUTLESS 50 WP
0.25 LB AI/A JULY C PRIMO 1 EC 0.1 LB AI/A AUGUST C CUTLESS 50 WP
0.25 LB AI/A AUGUST 3 A PRIMO 1 EC 0.05 LB AI/A JUNE 101.3 c 7.50
cd 7.38 bc 105.0 d 7.38 cd B PRIMO 1 EC 0.05 LB AI/A JULY C PRIMO 1
EC 0.05 LB AI/A AUGUST 4 A PRIMO 1 EC 0.1 LB AI/A JUNE 107.5 b 8.00
bc 7.88 b 110.0 c 7.38 cd B PRIMO 1 EC 0.1 LB AI/A JULY C PRIMO 1
EC 0.1 LB AI/A AUGUST 5 A CUTLESS 50 WP 0.125 LB AI/A JUNE 100.0 c
7.00 de 7.13 c 101.3 e 7.00 de B CUTLESS 50 WP 0.125 LB AI/A JULY C
CUTLESS 50 WP 0.125 LB AI/A AUGUST 6 A CUTLESS 50 WP 0.25 LB AI/A
JUNE 108.8 b 8.00 bc 7.75 b 112.5 c 7.88 c B CUTLESS 50 WP 0.25 LB
AI/A JULY C CUTLESS 50 WP 0.25 LB AI/A AUGUST 7 UNTREATED 100.0 c
6.63 e 6.25 100.0 e 6.63 LSD (P = .05) 4.58 0.575 0.521 3.10 0.667
CV 2.9 4.95 4.59 1.91 5.76 Replicate F 0.344 0.397 4.839 0.205
2.483 Replicate Prob (F) 0.7940 0.7565 0.0122 0.8919 0.0938
Treatment F 21.000 23.066 27.000 56.727 21.177 Treatment Prob (F)
0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 Evaluation Date 10Jul02 29Jul02
29Jul02 29Jul02 Evaluation Type* QUAL COLOR DENS QUAL Eval
Unit/Scale* 0-9SCAL % VISUAL 0-10SCAL 0-9SCAL Trt Appl Treatment
Form Fm Ra Timing/ Trt-Eval Interval No Code Name* Conc Ds* Rate
Un* Dev Stg 13DAAA 32DAAA 32DAAA 32DAAA 1 A PRIMO 1 EC 0.05 LB AI/A
JUNE 7.88 b 108.8 b 8.25 b 7.75 ab A CUTLESS 50 WP 0.125 LB AI/A
JUNE B PRIMO 1 EC 0.05 LB AI/A JULY B CUTLESS 50 WP 0.125 LB AI/A
JULY C PRIMO 1 EC 0.05 LB AI/A AUGUST C CUTLESS 50 WP 0.125 LB AI/A
AUGUST 2 A PRIMO 1 EC 0.1 LB AI/A JUNE 8.63 a 116.3 a 9.00 a 8.25 a
A CUTLESS 50 WP 0.25 LB AI/A JUNE B PRIMO 1 EC 0.1 LB AI/A JULY B
CUTLESS 50 WP 0.25 LB AI/A JULY C PRIMO 1 EC 0.1 LB AI/A AUGUST C
CUTLESS 50 WP 0.25 LB AI/A AUGUST 3 A PRIMO 1 EC 0.05 LB AI/A JUNE
6.88 d 100.0 c 7.50 c 7.00 cd B PRIMO 1 EC 0.05 LB AI/A JULY C
PRIMO 1 EC 0.05 LB AI/A AUGUST 4 A PRIMO 1 EC 0.1 LB AI/A JUNE 7.13
cd 102.5 c 7.50 c 7.38 bc B PRIMO 1 EC 0.1 LB AI/A JULY C PRIMO 1
EC 0.1 LB AI/A AUGUST 5 A CUTLESS 50 WP 0.125 LB AI/A JUNE 6.88 d
101.3 c 7.50 c 7.13 cd B CUTLESS 50 WP 0.125 LB AI/A JULY C CUTLESS
50 WP 0.125 LB AI/A AUGUST 6 A CUTLESS 50 WP 0.25 LB AI/A JUNE 7.50
bc 107.5 b 8.13 b 7.75 ab B CUTLESS 50 WP 0.25 LB AI/A JULY C
CUTLESS 50 WP 0.25 LB AI/A AUGUST 7 UNTREATED 6.25 100.0 c 7.13
6.63 d LSD (P = .05) 0.515 3.56 0.502 0.529 CV 4.74 2.28 4.3 4.81
Replicate F 4.240 0.155 0.209 0.070 Replicate Prob (F) 0.0197
0.9250 0.8890 0.9751 Treatment F 20.107 25.138 14.322 9.469
Treatment Prob (F) 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001
[0065] Evaluations 11 and 16. days after the May 29 application
showed no significant differences (P=0.05, Duncan's New MRT) in
color, density, quality and scalping reduction with Primo+Cutless
tank mixed at 0.05+0.125 LB AI/A than with Primo or Cutless alone
at 0.1 and 0.25 LB AI/A, respectively. There was no significant
difference between Cutless applied alone at 0.25 LB AI/A and the
tank mix on this observation date. Likewise, no differences were
noted 29 days after the first applications.
[0066] By 13 days after the June 27 application, the low rate tank
mix gave significantly better color, density and quality compared
with Primo applied alone at 2.times. the tank mix rate. This tank
mix rate also gave better color and density than Cutless applied
alone at an 0.25 LB AI/A. Differences between the low rate tank mix
and the materials applied alone at 2.times. the respective tank mix
rates had largely disappeared by 32 days after the second
application.
[0067] In summary, Primo+Cutless applied to Tifway (419)
Bermudagrass at 0.05+0.125 provided significantly better turf
color, density and quality than either material applied alone at
2.times. the respective tank mix rates (Primo 0.1, Cutless 0.25 LB
AI/A) in selected ratings made 13 days after application.
Differences between tank mix and single treatments largely
disappeared by 29 to 32 days after application. This trial
indicates that tank mix applications of Primo+Cutless at rates
substantially lower than those recommended for either material
applied alone will provide a relatively rapid improvement and good
turfgrass color, density and quality.
EXAMPLE 3
[0068] Tifway (419) Bermudagrass growing on a nursery area in South
Carolina was treated with Cutless 50W and Primo Maxx 1EC either
singly or tank mixed to determine growth regulator activity. Primo
was applied alone at 0.05 and 0.1 LB AI/A, Cutless was applied
alone at 0.125 and 0.25 LB AI/A, and Primo+Cutless were applied at
0.05+0.125 and 0.1+0.25 LB AI/A. Plot size was 6'.times.12' with
four replications. Two applications with a CO.sub.2 back-pack
sprayer were made, occurring on June 13 and July 9. Plots received
approximately 0.25 inches or irrigation on each treatment date
within 8 hours but not sooner than 4 hours after treatment. Ratings
to evaluate performance have included injury (0-10 with 0=No
injury, 10=Death), color (plus or minus 100 with 100=Color of
untreated, plus 100=Darker green than untreated, minus 100=Lighter
green than untreated), density (0-10 with 0=Bare ground, 10=Maximum
potential density), quality (0-9 with 0=Poor quality, 9=Maximum
potential quality), growth inhibition (percentage estimated), and
scalping (percentage estimated). The results are presented in Table
3 below. TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Evaluation Date 20Jun02 27Jun02
27Jun02 27Jun02 27Jun02 Evaluation Type* COLOR COLOR DENS QUAL
GRINHIB Eval Unit/Scale* % VISUAL % VISUAL 0-10SCAL 0-9 SCAL %
VISUAL Trt Appl Treatment Form Fm Ra Timing/ Trt-Eval Interval No
Code Name* Conc Ds* Rate Un* Dev Stg 7DAAA 14DAAA 14DAAA 14DAAA
14DAAA 1 A PRIMO 1 EC 0.05 LB AI/A JUNE 92.5 bc 121.3 a 9.88 a 9.00
a 45.0 a A CUTLESS 50 WP 0.125 LB AI/A JUNE B PRIMO 1 EC 0.05 LB
AI/A JULY B CUTLESS 50 WP 0.125 LB AI/A JULY 2 A PRIMO 1 EC 0.1 LB
AI/A JUNE 77.5 d 120.0 a 9.38 ab. 8.63 a 50.0 a A CUTLESS 50 WP
0.25 LB AI/A JUNE B PRIMO 1 EC 0.1 LB AI/A JULY B CUTLESS 50 WP
0.25 LB AI/A JULY 3 A PRIMO 1 EC 0.05 LB AI/A JUNE 98.8 a 105.0 d
7.88 d 7.25 c 8.8 c B PRIMO 1 EC 0.05 LB AI/A JULY 4 A PRIMO 1 EC
0.1 LB AI/A JUNE 87.5 c 111.3 c 8.75 bc 8.00 b 26.3 b B PRIMO 1 EC
0.1 LB AI/A JULY 5 A CUTLESS 50 WP 0.125 LB AI/A JUNE 98.8 a 105.0
d 8.13 cd 7.38 c 11.3 c B CUTLESS 50 WP 0.125 LB AI/A JULY 6 A
CUTLESS 50 WP 0.25 LB AI/A JUNE 96.3 ab 115.0 b 8.88 b 8.50 a 30.0
b B CUTLESS 50 WP 0.25 LB AI/A JULY 7 UNTREATED 100.0 a 100.0 e
6.88 e 6.63 d 0.0 d LSD (P = .05) 5.13 3.59 0.673 0.495 6.31 CV
3.71 2.18 5.31 4.21 17.37 Replicate F 1.875 1.831 1.101 0.938 5.192
Replicate Prob (F) 0.1700 0.1777 0.3742 0.4431 0.0093 Treatment F
22.200 45.000 19.551 26.571 78.560 Treatment Prob (F) 0.0001 0.0001
0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 Evaluation Date 09Jul02 09Jul02 09Jul02
09Jul02 Evaluation Type* COLOR DENS QUAL CUT Eval Unit/Scale* %
VISUAL 0-10SCAL 0-9 SCAL % VISUAL Trt Appl Treatment Form Fm Ra
Timing/ Trt-Eval Interval No Code Name* Conc Ds* Rate Un* Dev Stg
26DAAA 26DAAA 26DAAA 26DAAA 1 A PRIMO 1 EC 0.05 LB AI/A JUNE 118.8
b 8.63 ab 7.88 b 1.3 d A CUTLESS 50 WP 0.125 LB AI/A JUNE B PRIMO 1
EC 0.05 LB AI/A JULY B CUTLESS 50 WP 0.125 LB AI/A JULY 2 A PRIMO 1
EC 0.1 LB AI/A JUNE 127.5 a 9.50 a 8.75 a 0.0 d A CUTLESS 50 WP
0.25 LB AI/A JUNE B PRIMO 1 EC 0.1 LB AI/A JULY B CUTLESS 50 WP
0.25 LB AI/A JULY 3 A PRIMO 1 EC 0.05 LB AI/A JUNE 101.3 e 6.50 c
5.88 e 37.5 b B PRIMO 1 EC 0.05 LB AI/A JULY 4 A PRIMO 1 EC 0.1 LB
AI/A JUNE 107.5 d 6.75 c 6.63 cd 21.3 c B PRIMO 1 EC 0.1 LB AI/A
JULY 5 A CUTLESS 50 WP 0.125 LB AI/A JUNE 101.3 e 6.63 c 6.25 de
41.3 b B CUTLESS 50 WP 0.125 LB AI/A JULY 6 A CUTLESS 50 WP 0.25 LB
AI/A JUNE 112.5 c 7.50 bc 7.13 c 5.0 d B CUTLESS 50 WP 0.25 LB AI/A
JULY 7 UNTREATED 100.0 6.13 c 4.63 f 75.0 LSD (P = .05) 4.77 1.324
0.552 9.99 CV 2.92 12.08 5.52 25.98 Replicate F 3.087 1.691 1.101
3.809 Replicate Prob (F) 0.0534 0.2045 0.3745 0.0283 Treatment F
41.885 7.875 52.942 66.579 Treatment Prob (F) 0.0001 0.0003 0.0001
0.0001 Evaluation Date 29Jul02 29Jul02 29Jul02 29Jun02 29Jul02
Evaluation Type* COLOR DENS QUAL GRINHIB CUT Eval Unit/Scale* %
VISUAL 0-10SCAL 0-9 SCAL % VISUAL % VISUAL Trt Appl Treatment Form
Fm Ra Timing/ Trt-Eval Interval No Code Name* Conc Ds* Rate Un* Dev
Stg 20DAAB 20DAAB 20DAAB 20DAAB 20DAAB 1 A PRIMO 1 EC 0.05 LB AI/A
JUNE 122.5 a 8.50 a 7.88 a 21.3 b 2.5 d A CUTLESS 50 WP 0.125 LB
AI/A JUNE B PRIMO 1 EC 0.05 LB AI/A JULY B CUTLESS 50 WP 0.125 LB
AI/A JULY 2 A PRIMO 1 EC 0.1 LB AI/A JUNE 120.0 a 8.13 ab 7.50 ab
41.3 a 0.0 d A CUTLESS 50 WP 0.25 LB AI/A JUNE B PRIMO 1 EC 0.1 LB
AI/A JULY B CUTLESS 50 WP 0.25 LB AI/A JULY 3 A PRIMO 1 EC 0.05 LB
AI/A JUNE 102.5 b 6.25 d 6.00 d 3.8 cd 21.3 b B PRIMO 1 EC 0.05 LB
AI/A JULY 4 A PRIMO 1 EC 0.1 LB AI/A JUNE 107.5 b 6.75 cd 6.13 cd
10.0 c 15.0 bc B PRIMO 1 EC 0.1 LB AI/A JULY 5 A CUTLESS 50 WP
0.125 LB AI/A JUNE 105.0 b 7.38 bc 6.88 bc 10.0 c 11.3 c B CUTLESS
50 WP 0.125 LB AI/A JULY 6 A CUTLESS 50 WP 0.25 LB AI/A JUNE 121.3
a 8.50 a 7.88 a 20.0 b 0.0 d B CUTLESS 50 WP 0.25 LB AI/A JULY 7
UNTREATED 102.5 b 5.00 a 4.50 e 0.0 d 50.0 a LSD (P = .05) 5.56
0.899 0.755 7.46 7.98 CV 3.35 8.39 7.6 33.07 37.61 Replicate F
6.362 5.268 4.662 0.697 1.072 Replicate Prob (F) 0.0040 0.0087
0.0140 0.5660 0.3857 Treatment F 24.234 18.593 23.492 30.543 43.433
Treatment Prob (F) 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 Evaluation
Date 14Aug02 14Aug02 14Aug02 14Aug02 14Aug02 Evaluation Type* COLOR
DENS QUAL INJURY GRINHIB Eval Unit/Scale* % VISUAL 0-10SCAL 0-9
SCAL 0-10SCAL % VISUAL Trt Appl Treatment Form Fm Ra Timing/
Trt-Eval Interval No Code Name* Conc Ds* Rate Un* Dev Stg 36DAKB
36DAAB 36DAAB 36DAAB 36DAAB 1 A PRIMO 1 EC 0.05 LB AI/A JUNE 120.0
a 8.50 a 7.88 a 0.00 b 12.5 b A CUTLESS 50 WP 0.125 LB AI/A JUNE B
PRIMO 1 EC 0.05 LB AI/A JULY B CUTLESS 50 WP 0.125 LB AI/A JULY 2 A
PRIMO 1 EC 0.1 LB AI/A JUNE 115.0 ab 7.00 c 6.88 b 2.63 a 31.3 a A
CUTLESS 50 WP 0.25 LB AI/A JUNE B PRIMO 1 EC 0.1 LB AI/A JULY B
CUTLESS 50 WP 0.25 LB AI/A JULY 3 A PRIMO 1 EC 0.05 LB AI/A JUNE
105.0 cd 7.25 c 6.88 b 0.00 b 2.5 d B PRIMO 1 EC 0.05 LB AI/A JULY
4 A PRIMO 1 EC 0.1 LB AI/A JUNE 110.0 bc 7.75 bc 7.50 ab 0.00 b 8.8
bc B PRIMO 1 EC 0.1 LB AI/A JULY 5 A CUTLESS 50 WP 0.125 LB AI/A
JUNE 105.0 cd 7.38 c 7.25 ab 0.00 b 3.8 cd B CUTLESS 50 WP 0.125 LB
AI/A JULY 6 A CUTLESS 50 WP 0.25 LB AI/A JUNE 116.3 ab 8.13 ab 7.63
ab 0.00 b 13.8 b B CUTLESS 50 WP 0.25 LB AI/A JULY 7 UNTREATED
100.0 d 6.25 d 6.00 c 0.00 b 0.0 d LSD (P = .05) 6.89 0.708 0.783
0.623 5.77 CV 4.21 6.39 7.38 111.74 37.49 Replicate F 2.806 2.253
0.600 1.000 2.289 Replicate Prob (F) 0.0691 0.1170 0.6233 0.4155
0.1130 Treatment F 9.719 9.786 5.657 22.424 29.526 Treatment Prob
(F) 0.0001 0.0001 0.0019 0.0001 0.0001
[0069] Evaluations 14 days after the June 13 application showed
significantly (P=0.05, Duncan's new MRT) better color, density and
overall growth inhibition with Primo +Cutless tank mixed at
0.05+0.125 LB AI/A than with Primo alone at 0.1 LB AI/A or Cutless
alone at 0.25 LB AI/A. By 26 days after the first application, the
low rate tank mix provided better color, density, quality and
scalping reduction than Primo applied alone at 0.1 LB AI/A. Cutless
applied alone at 0.25 LB AI/A was not significantly different from
the low rate tank mix with any of the evaluation criteria.
[0070] By 20 days after the second application made July 9, the low
rate tank mix gave significantly better color, density, quality,
overall growth inhibition and scalping reduction than Primo applied
alone at 0.1 LB AI/A. Ratings made 36 days after the second
application showed few, if any, significant differences between the
low rate tank mix and either material applied alone at 2.times. the
respective tank mix rate.
[0071] In summary, Primo+Cutless applied to Tifway (419)
Bermudagrass at 0.05+0.125 provided significantly better turf
color, density and quality than either material applied alone at
2.times. the respective tank mix rates (Primo 0.1, Cutless 0.25 LB
AI/A) in ratings made 14 to 20 days after application. Differences
between tank mix and single treatments largely disappeared by 26 to
36 days after application. This trial indicates that tank mix
applications of Primo+Cutless at rates substantially lower than
those recommended for either material applied alone will provide a
relatively rapid regulation and good turfgrass color, density and
quality.
EXAMPLE 4
[0072] The general procedure of Example 1 was repeated, except
adding to the protocol testing of combinations of paclobutrazol and
trinexepac-ethyl. The application regimen for each plot is outlined
below. TABLE-US-00004 Plot PGR regimen 1 Primo + Cutless 0.05 +
0.125 lb AI/A 2 Primo + TGR 0.05 + 0.125 lb AI/A 3 Primo 0.05 lb
AI/A 4 Primo 0.1 lb AI/A 5 Cutless 0.125 lb AI/A 6 Cutless 0.25 lb
AI/A 7 TGR 0.125 lb AI/A 8 TGR 0.25 lb AI/A 9 Untreated (check)
[0073] Applications were made on August 20. The results evidenced
that surprisingly beneficial treatments of turfgrass were achieved
through combinations of trinexapac-ethyl with paclobutrazol and
with flurprimidol, in a fashion similar to Examples 1-3 above.
[0074] While the invention has been illustrated and described in
detail in the drawings and foregoing description, the same is to be
considered as illustrative and not restrictive in character, it
being understood that only the preferred embodiment has been shown
and described and that all changes and modifications that come
within the spirit of the invention are desired to be protected. In
addition, all patents and other publications cited herein are
hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety as if each had
been individually incorporated by reference and fully set
forth.
* * * * *