U.S. patent application number 11/216679 was filed with the patent office on 2007-03-01 for candle and method of making same.
Invention is credited to Bradley Barbera, David Cole.
Application Number | 20070048684 11/216679 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 36997831 |
Filed Date | 2007-03-01 |
United States Patent
Application |
20070048684 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Cole; David ; et
al. |
March 1, 2007 |
Candle and method of making same
Abstract
A candle including regions made up of fuels which produce
differing flame heights and/or flame levels when burned, and a
method of making such a candle, are disclosed.
Inventors: |
Cole; David; (Tai Tam,
HK) ; Barbera; Bradley; (Geneva, IL) |
Correspondence
Address: |
MARSHALL, GERSTEIN & BORUN LLP
233 S. WACKER DRIVE, SUITE 6300
SEARS TOWER
CHICAGO
IL
60606
US
|
Family ID: |
36997831 |
Appl. No.: |
11/216679 |
Filed: |
August 31, 2005 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
431/291 ;
431/289; 431/325 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C11C 5/008 20130101;
C11C 5/02 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
431/291 ;
431/289; 431/325 |
International
Class: |
F23D 3/16 20060101
F23D003/16 |
Claims
1. A candle, comprising: a candle body comprising first and second
regions, the first region formed of a first fuel producing a first
flame height when burned, and the second region formed of a second
fuel, different from the first fuel, producing a second, larger
flame height when burned, wherein the first region is disposed over
the second region; and a wick disposed in the candle passing
through the first and second regions, a portion of the wick
protruding from the first region, wherein the candle, when lit,
provides an overall flame level lower, with respect to the base of
the candle, than the flame level which would result from the same
candle without the first region.
2. The candle of claim 1, further comprising a non-flammable,
open-ended container, wherein the candle is disposed inside the
container with the protruding portion of the wick exposed.
3. The candle of claim 2, wherein the candle, in lit use, will not
ignite a single layer of tissue paper placed on the top of the
container within ten seconds.
4. The candle of claim 3, wherein the second region is such that an
identical candle, omitting the first region, in lit use ignites a
single layer of tissue paper placed on the top of the container
within ten seconds.
5. A candle according to claim 1, wherein the first region
comprises less than 10% of the candle, based on the total weight of
the fuel.
6. A candle according claim 1, wherein the first region has a
smaller average cross-sectional area than the second region.
7. A candle according claim 1, wherein at least one of the fuels is
non-liquid.
8. A candle according to claim 7, wherein at least one of the fuels
comprises a wax.
9. A candle according to claim 7, wherein the first fuel is
non-liquid and comprises vegetable oil triglycerides.
10. A candle according to claim 9, wherein the first fuel comprises
palm oil triglycerides.
11. A candle according to claim 9, wherein the second fuel is
non-liquid and comprises an aliphatic hydrocarbon.
12. A candle according to claim 11, wherein the second fuel
comprises an alkane.
13. A candle according to claim 12, wherein the second fuel
comprises a semi-refined paraffin.
14. A candle, comprising: a candle body comprising first, second,
and third regions formed of corresponding first, second, and third
fuels, the first region disposed over the second region and the
second region disposed over the third region, wherein the fuel
forming the second region produces a flame height, when burned,
different from the flame height produced by the fuel forming the
first region and different from the flame height produced by the
fuel forming the third region; and a wick disposed in the candle
passing through the first, second, and third regions, a portion of
the wick protruding from the first region.
15. A candle according to claim 14, wherein at least one of the
fuel regions is non-liquid.
16. A candle according to claim 15, wherein each of the first,
second, and third fuel regions is solid.
17. A candle according to claim 16, wherein the second region has a
smaller average cross-sectional area than the third region and
wherein the fuel forming the second region produces a flame height
smaller than the fuel forming the third region.
18. A candle according claim 17, wherein the first region has a
larger average cross-sectional area than the second region and
wherein the fuel forming the first region produces a flame height
larger than the fuel forming the second region.
19. A candle according claim 17, wherein the first region has a
smaller average cross-sectional area than the second region and
wherein the fuel forming the first region produces a flame height
smaller than the fuel forming the second region.
20. A candle according claim 16, wherein the fuel forming the
second region produces a flame height larger than the fuel forming
the first region and larger than the fuel forming the third
region.
21. A candle according to claim 14, comprising a plurality of
regions comprising respective fuels, wherein the wick passes
through each of the regions, and wherein the size of the flame
height produced by each of the fuel regions is in relative
proportion to the average cross-sectional area of each of the
regions.
22. A candle according to claim 14, wherein at least one of the
differences in flame height is at least 20% of the flame height
produced by produced by the fuel forming the second region.
23. A candle according to claim 22, wherein the difference in flame
height is at least 33% of the flame height produced by produced by
the fuel forming the second region.
24. A candle according to claim 23, wherein the difference in flame
height is at least 100% of the flame height produced by produced by
the fuel forming the second region.
25. A method of making a candle, comprising the steps of: providing
a body of first solid wax fuel disposed in a non-flammable
container and having a wick disposed therein, a portion of the wick
exposed at a top end of the body and the container; forming a layer
of second solid wax fuel over the top end of the body; and
selecting the second solid wax fuel to provide a flame height
shorter than the flame height provided by the first solid wax fuel
when burned under identical conditions.
26. The method of claim 25, further comprising selecting the first
solid wax fuel and providing the body of first solid wax fuel such
that the body of first solid wax fuel would, in lit use in the
container, ignite a single layer of tissue paper placed on the top
of the container within ten seconds.
Description
BACKGROUND
[0001] 1. Field of the Disclosure
[0002] The disclosure relates generally to candles. More
particularly, the disclosure relates to candles engineered for
particular burn characteristics, having candle regions made of
differing materials.
[0003] 2. Brief Description of Related Technology
[0004] The Uniform Fire Code "tissue test" examines whether a
candle product will cause a hole to develop in a single ply tissue
or ignite the tissue when placed over a lit candle product for ten
seconds. (See, e.g., Uniform Fire Code, 1997 Edition, published by
the International Fire Code Institute, Section 1109--"Control of
Sources of Ignition", subsection 1109.8.2, paragraph 5.2.) The
candle is tested in conditions of intended use, with any
accessories in place (e.g., anything that a candle is intended to
be burned in or on, such as a jar and a globe).
[0005] For a candle product to pass the tissue test, the flame
height must be of small enough size, or disposed at a distance
sufficiently low enough to not cause ignition of the tissue. In
general, maintaining flame distances far enough from the tissue has
required the wax level to be placed relatively low in a container,
resulting in decreased burn time per container volume. However,
because flame height is also related to overall flame size and heat
output from combustion, reducing flame size can also cause the
reduction of percentage of consumption of the product and/or burn
time, due to a smaller effective wax pool. To achieve a suitable
percentage of consumption, a sufficiently large wax pool diameter
must be created, which is typically addressed through increased
flame size or lower melt point of fuel. However, having a wax with
too low of a melt point can cause stability failure.
SUMMARY
[0006] One aspect of the disclosure provides a candle including a
candle body including a top region and a bottom region and a wick
disposed in the candle passing through the regions such that the
candle, when lit, provides an overall flame level lower, with
respect to the base of the candle, than the flame level which would
result from the same candle without the top region.
[0007] Another aspect of the disclosure provides a candle including
a candle body including first, second, and third regions and a wick
disposed in the candle passing through the first, second, and third
regions, wherein at least two of the regions have differing burn
characteristics.
[0008] Still another aspect of the disclosure provides a method of
making a candle including the steps of providing a body of first
fuel disposed in a non-flammable container and having a wick
disposed therein, a portion of the wick exposed at a top end of the
body and the container; forming a layer of second fuel over the top
end of the body; and selecting the second fuel to provide a flame
height-shorter than the flame height provided by the first solid
wax fuel when burned under identical conditions.
[0009] Further aspects and advantages will be apparent to those of
ordinary skill in the art from a review of the following detailed
description, taken in conjunction with the drawings. While the
candle and method are susceptible of embodiments in various forms,
the description hereafter includes specific embodiments with the
understanding that the disclosure is illustrative, and is not
intended to limit the invention to the specific embodiments
described herein.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0010] For further facilitating the understanding of the present
invention, four drawing figures are appended hereto, wherein:
[0011] FIG. 1 illustrates a cross-section of a "Venetian"-style
candle having two regions of two different fuels.
[0012] FIG. 2 illustrates a cross-section of an hourglass-shaped
candle having three fuel regions.
[0013] FIG. 3 illustrates a cross-section of another Venetian-style
candle having three fuel regions.
[0014] FIG. 4 illustrates a cross-section of a conical or pyramidal
free-standing candle having four fuel regions of four different
fuels.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0015] The candle includes regions having differing burn
characteristics. The candle and method are contemplated to include
embodiments including any combination of one or more of the
additional optional elements, features, and steps further described
below (including those shown in the figures), unless stated
otherwise.
[0016] The various regions of the candle preferably are disposed
generally one above the other, with respect to a wick running
through them.
[0017] In a solid candle, flame temperature and size (e.g.,
approximated by height) affect the size of the resulting wax pool
when the candle fuel is burned. Accordingly, the selection of fuel
can be made with respect to the cross-sectional area (e.g., in
cross section with respect to a wick disposed down the center) of
the candle to provide a wax pool of a desired size. For example, in
a candle having one region that has a smaller cross-sectional area
than another region (e.g., average cross-sectional areas), a fuel
providing a relatively small flame can be used in the region of
smaller cross-sectional area. The control of the flame size and
resulting wax pool can be used in a free-standing candle to improve
stability, for example. In a candle in a container (such as a glass
jar candle), the control over flame size can be used to ensure
clean sidewalls in a container of varying cross-section, for
example.
[0018] The burn characteristics of the various fuel regions can
also be selected to meet safety goals. For example, a fuel
providing a relatively small flame can be used in a region of
relatively small cross-sectional area when the candle includes a
container (e.g., a glass jar), to maintain the temperature of the
container side walls below a desired limit.
[0019] As another example, a fuel providing a relatively small
flame, especially a short flame, can be used in a top region of a
candle disposed in a container, such that items placed over the
container will be less subject to burn from the flame (e.g., to
pass the U.F.C. tissue test). As the top region fuel burns off and
the wax pool becomes increasingly higher in concentration of the
fuel from the region below, a fuel providing a larger flame can be
used in the lower region because the base of the flame will have
been moved down by an amount at least approximately equivalent to
the thickness of the first region, and often more due to blending
(e.g., diffusion and dilution) of fuels as the melted wax pool
begins to intersect the lower fuel region.
[0020] According to one configuration, the candle includes a first
fuel which produces a flame of a first height when burned forming a
first fuel region, and a second, different fuel which produces a
flame of a second, different height when burned forming a second
fuel region. The first fuel region can be equal in size (e.g.,
thickness or overall size; weight can be used to approximate size)
to the second fuel region, or one can be larger than another. For
example, the first fuel region can make up less than 50% of the
candle, based on the total weight of the candle, and preferably 5
wt. % to 10 wt. %, e.g., 7 wt. %, especially when the first fuel
produces a flame height shorter than the second fuel and the first
fuel region is disposed above the second fuel region. A variation
on such a candle, wherein the first fuel produces a flame height
shorter than the second fuel and the first fuel region is disposed
above the second fuel region, can be useful in improving the safety
of a candle with respect to avoiding heating, burning, or igniting
items above the candle.
[0021] In another, nonexclusive, variation on such a candle, the
first fuel region has a smaller cross-sectional area (preferably
the cross-sectional area of the top of the region, and more
preferably the average cross-sectional area) than the second fuel
region, and the first fuel produces a flame height smaller (e.g.,
shorter) than the second fuel. This variation can be useful in
tapered, round-bottomed candles such as so-called "Venetian"
candles to prevent the glass of the candle container in the narrow
section from becoming dangerously hot. A third or more of such
lower regions, with increasing flame size, can produce a stable
cone-shaped candle, with or without a container therefor. This
variation can also permit the manufacture of a candle having other
variations on shape, such as an hourglass shape (e.g., wherein a
third region having the same fuel as the second region is disposed
as the top region), while maintaining stability and safety. The
inverse composition in such a three-region candle (i.e., a
three-layered candle wherein the middle layer produces a relatively
large flame) can also find use, such as to increase (e.g., briefly)
the flame size in a jar candle mid-burn (or during the burn in the
lower half or lower third of the candle) to ensure clean side
walls, for example.
[0022] Thus, in one particular type of embodiment, the candle
includes a candle including first and second regions, the first
region formed of a first fuel producing a first flame height when
burned, and the second region formed of a second fuel, different
from the first fuel, producing a second, larger flame height when
burned, wherein the first region is disposed over the second
region, and the candle further includes a wick disposed in the
candle passing through the first and second regions, a portion of
the wick protruding from the first region, wherein the candle, when
lit, provides an overall flame level lower, with respect to the
base of the candle, than the flame level which would result from
the same candle without the first region. The flame level can be
measured from the base of the candle to the tip of the flame.
[0023] The first region can, for example, make up less than 10% of
the candle, based on the total weight of the fuel in the candle, to
allow for a large flame size during the majority of the candle burn
and thereby achieve better total fuel consumption.
[0024] This type of embodiment is particularly useful for use as a
Venetian-style candle (wherein the first region would have a
smaller average cross-sectional area than the second region), and
preferably includes a non-flammable, open-ended container, wherein
the candle is disposed inside the container with the protruding
portion of wick exposed. In one variation on this embodiment, the
candle, in lit use, will not ignite a single layer of tissue paper
placed on the top of the container within ten seconds. This
embodiment is particularly useful when the second region is such
that the same candle without the first region ignites a single
layer of tissue paper placed on the top of the container within ten
seconds. At least one of the fuels in this type of embodiment
preferably is non-liquid (e.g., a wax), and more preferably both
are solid waxes, such as in typical Venetian-style candles.
[0025] Another type of embodiment includes a candle including
first, second, and third regions formed of corresponding first,
second, and third fuels, the first region disposed over the second
region and the second region disposed over the third region,
wherein the fuel forming the second region produces a flame height,
when burned, different from the flame height produced by the fuel
forming the first region and different from the flame height
produced by the fuel forming the third region, and the candle
further includes a wick disposed in the candle passing through the
first, second, and third regions, a portion of the wick protruding
from the first region. The first and third fuels can be the same or
different. At least one of the fuels in this type of embodiment
preferably is non-liquid (e.g., a wax), and more preferably all are
solids, such as waxes. In one such candle having at least three
regions, the second region has a smaller average cross-sectional
area than the third region, and preferably the fuel forming the
second region produces a flame height smaller than the fuel forming
the third region. This type of configuration can be useful when the
first region has a larger average cross-sectional area than the
second region, such as in an hourglass shape, and preferably then
the fuel forming the first region produces a flame height larger
than the fuel forming the second region. In the alternative, this
type of configuration can be useful when the first region has a
smaller average cross-sectional area than the second region, such
as in a pyramidal, conical, or Venetian-style candle, and
preferably then the fuel forming the first region produces a flame
height smaller than the fuel forming the second region. In this
alternative, the fuel forming the second region can produce a flame
height larger than the fuel forming the first region and larger
than the fuel forming the third region, such as when the candle is
disposed in a non-flammable container for use when burning and the
second layer is used to melt off residual wax from the side wall(s)
of the container. In such candles having at least three regions,
the size of the flame produced by each of the regions can be
selected (based on selection of fuels and/or wick) in relative
proportion to the average cross-sectional area of each of the
regions.
[0026] The difference in flame size (e.g., height) from a first
fuel to a second fuel can be of any value useful for the intended
purpose, such as the purposes described above as examples. Values
of at least 20%, at least 33%, and at least 100% are contemplated.
The height of a flame can be measured as the distance from its base
at the top of the wax pool to its tip. For example, flame height
can be evaluated visually, holding a non-flammable ruler behind the
flame, but as close to the flame as possible, and observing the
height of the flame from base to tip when the flame is steady.
[0027] Any suitable candle fuel can be used, animal, vegetable,
mineral, and synthetic waxes. Solid waxes are preferred for all
regions, and preferably all regions are opaque. The fuel regions
can also include functional and aesthetic additives including, but
not limited to, colorants, fragrances, and actives such as
sanitizers and insect repellants.
[0028] Without intending to be bound to any particular theory, it
is believed that flame size and height (all other elements being
equal, such as wick material and size) are related to the rate of
fuel movement during burning. Primary factors are believed to
include fuel molecule size and factors influencing interaction of
the fuel with the wick material (e.g., polarity of the fuel). Flame
size (e.g., height) for a particular fuel can be determined through
simple, routine experimentation, as can the relative difference in
flame size (e.g., height) from one fuel to another, holding other
elements constant.
[0029] Accordingly, preferred small (including short) flame fuels
will have one or more characteristics such as long molecular chain
length, molecular chain branching, and overall high molecular
weight. Glycerides, and derivatives thereof are preferred. In
particular, long-chain triglycerides, and derivatives thereof, are
preferred. Vegetable oil triglycerides, such as palm oil
triglycerides (e.g., primarily having C.sub.16-C.sub.18 fatty acid
ester substituents), are suitable. The use of additives to a fuel
to reduce flame size and height is contemplated. Such additives
include hardeners and binders, typically polymers. Suitable
hardeners include VYBAR hardeners available from Baker Petrolite
Polymers Division, of Sugar Land, Tex., are believed to be
polyethylene poly(alpha olefin) polymers. Hydrogenated oils are
contemplated, especially for solid candles.
[0030] Likewise, preferred large (including tall) flame materials
include aliphatic hydrocarbons, such as alkanes, and derivatives
thereof, especially relatively short-chained molecules. Paraffins,
especially semi-refined paraffins, are preferred. Alcohols are also
contemplated.
[0031] The candle preferably is made of non-liquid fuels (e.g.,
solids and gels), although liquid fuels can be used if desired. The
state of the fuel, e.g., as a solid or a liquid, is defined as its
state at room temperature. Regions formed from liquid fuels may
naturally partition based on density, or may be separated, such as
by a divider wall (e.g., of wax, another fuel, or a material which
does not negatively affect the function of the candle).
[0032] Preferably, the candle in a container for use will pass the
U.F.C. tissue test. More preferably, multiple samples of the candle
will pass the U.F.C. tissue test by the following method. To
evaluate whether a type of candle passes the tissue test, six
samples are evaluated. If six out of six samples pass the tissue
test, the candle is considered a "pass." If five out of six samples
pass the tissue test, the tissue test must be repeated. If four or
fewer out of six samples pass the tissue test, the candle is
considered a fail. If any fewer than six out of six samples pass
the second round of testing, the candle is considered a "fail." If
six out of six samples pass the second round of testing, the candle
is considered a "pass."
[0033] The candle can be made by any candle-forming technique, such
as by pouring one fuel over another into a mold (e.g., as liquid
fuels or melted solid fuels), or by forming each fuel section
separately, then combining the sections and inserting a wick.
[0034] For example, one method for forming a candle described above
includes the step of providing a body of first solid wax fuel
having a wick disposed therein. The body of first solid wax fuel
can be formed by pouring wax into a non-flammable container having
a wick already disposed therein and held in position during
pouring. The method includes the step of forming a layer of second
solid wax fuel over the top end of the body of wax. Preferably, the
fuels are selected such that the second solid wax fuel provides a
flame height shorter than the flame height provided by the first
solid wax fuel when burned under identical conditions. The
selection of first fuel and performance of the method preferably
results in a body of first solid wax fuel in the container that,
when lit, would ignite a single layer of tissue paper placed on the
top of the container within ten seconds, and preferably the
selection of second fuel and performance of the method is such that
the finished candle, when lit and throughout its burn life, would
not ignite a single layer of tissue paper placed on the top of the
container within ten seconds.
[0035] Various embodiments of the candle will now be described in
connection with the drawing figures.
[0036] FIG. 1 illustrates a cross-section of a Venetian-style
candle 10, including a glass candle container 12 having the typical
shape. In this embodiment, a cap of low flame height fuel 14 is
disposed over a base of relatively higher flame height fuel 18. A
wick 20 runs through the center.
[0037] FIG. 2 illustrates a cross-section of an hourglass-shaped
candle 22, including a similarly-shaped glass candle container 24.
The candle includes regions 28 of fuel which provide relatively
large flames, and region 30, in the vicinity of the narrow portion
of the container 24, of fuel which provides a relatively small
flame. The small flame reduces the temperature that the narrow
portion of the container 24 will reach, making it safer both from
the perspective of integrity of the container and from the
perspective of a user who touches the container. A wick 32 runs
through the center.
[0038] FIG. 3 illustrates a cross-section of another Venetian-style
candle 34, including a glass candle container 38. In this
embodiment, a region of relatively large flame size fuel 40 is
disposed between regions of relatively smaller flame size fuel 42,
towards the bottom of the container 38. A wick 44 runs through the
center. The regions 42 can be made of fuels typical for such
containers, and the smaller region 40 can be made of a fuel which
burns with a larger flame than typical for such containers. The
region 40 providing a relatively large flame can be useful in a
solid candle for melting off any residual fuel on the side walls of
the container 38, providing a cleaner appearance and higher
percentage consumption.
[0039] FIG. 4 illustrates a cross-section of a conical or pyramidal
free-standing candle 48. The candle has regions 50, 52, 54, and 58,
of fuels which burn with progressively larger flames, to create
larger wax pools as the cross-section of the candle becomes larger.
A wick 70 runs through the center.
EXAMPLES
[0040] The following examples are provided for illustration and are
not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
Example 1
[0041] A single waxed wick was cut into three segments and placed
into three separate wax blends: (1) 100% Palm Triglycerides 1; (2)
60% of a 1:1 mixture of Palm Triglycerides 1 to Palm Triglycerides
and 40% paraffin; and (3) 100% refined paraffin. Palm Triglycerides
1 was a mixture of triglycerides having an iodine value of about
0.7 (g I.sub.2/100 g), a free fatty acid content of about 0.2%, and
the typical and measured approximate fatty acid ester profile in
Table 1 below. TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Palm Triglycerides 1 Fatty
Acid Ester Profile Chain length % (typical) % (analyzed) C12 and
lower 0.5 max 0.3 C14 2.5 max 1.3 C16 49-63 56.5 C18 38-48 40.9 C20
1.5 max 0.5 C22 and higher 1.5 max --
[0042] Palm Triglycerides 2 was a mixture of triglycerides having
an iodine value of about 0.24 (g I.sub.2/100 g), an acid value of
about 209 (mg KOH/g), a saponification value of about 210 (mg
KOH/g), and the typical and measured approximate fatty acid ester
profile in Table 2 below. TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Palm Triglycerides
2 Fatty Acid Ester Profile Chain length % (typical) % (analyzed)
C12 and lower 1 max trace C14 2 max 0.7 C16 52-56 54.9 C18 42-47
43.8 C20 trace trace C22 and higher 1 max 0.6
[0043] Measured flame heights were 12 mm, 16 mm, and 25+ mm, to a
precision of within 1 mm, in samples one to three, respectively.
Flame heights clearly reduced with increased concentration of palm
triglycerides.
Example 2
[0044] 15 grams of Palm Triglycerides 1 was poured onto "Venetian"
type glass candle holders previously filled with 202 grams of
paraffin. Two sample sets from two different sources were used.
Both sample sets were previously found to fail the U.F.C. tissue
test due to igniting of the tissue. Upon lighting samples and
allowing burning for ten minutes, the U.F.C. tissue test was
performed. Both sample sets passed.
Example 3
[0045] Three sample sets were made with: (1) 2 samples of 215 g
semi-refined paraffin (EPIWAX EP858, available from EPChem
International, Singapore) capped with 15 grams of Palm
Triglycerides 1; (2) 1 sample of 215 g EP858 semi-refined paraffin
capped with 10 g of Palm Triglycerides 1; (3) 1 sample of 230 g
semi-refined paraffin capped with 10 g of Palm Triglycerides 1.
Samples were made by pouring semi-refined paraffin into a
Venetian-style glass candle holder, allowing cooling, then capping
shrink depression with Palm Triglycerides 1.
[0046] Repeated tissue testing of samples resulted in no failures
in sets 2 and 3. The samples of set 1 resulted in no ignition,
passing the U.F.C. tissue test, but a visible hole was made in the
tissue. As expected, sample flame heights increased to typical
levels after several hours of burning due to the dilution and
consumption of the Palm Triglycerides 1 cap.
[0047] The foregoing description is given for clearness of
understanding only, and no unnecessary limitations should be
understood therefrom, as modifications within the scope of the
invention may be apparent to those having ordinary skill in the
art. Throughout the specification, where compositions are described
as including components or materials, it is contemplated that the
compositions can also consist essentially of, or consist of, any
combination of the recited components or materials, unless
described otherwise.
* * * * *