U.S. patent application number 11/585926 was filed with the patent office on 2007-02-22 for isolated human enzyme proteins, nucleic acid molecules encoding human enzyme proteins, and uses thereof.
This patent application is currently assigned to APPLERA CORPORATION. Invention is credited to Ellen M. Beasley, Valentina DiFrancesco, Fangcheng Gong, Karen A. Ketchum.
Application Number | 20070041958 11/585926 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 27122103 |
Filed Date | 2007-02-22 |
United States Patent
Application |
20070041958 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Gong; Fangcheng ; et
al. |
February 22, 2007 |
Isolated human enzyme proteins, nucleic acid molecules encoding
human enzyme proteins, and uses thereof
Abstract
The present invention provides amino acid sequences of peptides
that are encoded by genes within the human genome, the enzyme
peptides of the present invention. The present invention
specifically provides isolated peptide and nucleic acid molecules,
methods of identifying orthologs and paralogs of the enzyme
peptides, and methods of identifying modulators of the enzyme
peptides.
Inventors: |
Gong; Fangcheng;
(Germantown, MD) ; Ketchum; Karen A.; (Germantown,
MD) ; DiFrancesco; Valentina; (Rockville, MD)
; Beasley; Ellen M.; (Darnestown, MD) |
Correspondence
Address: |
CELERA GENOMICS;ATTN: WAYNE MONTGOMERY, VICE PRES, INTEL PROPERTY
45 WEST GUDE DRIVE
C2-4#20
ROCKVILLE
MD
20850
US
|
Assignee: |
APPLERA CORPORATION
Norwalk
CT
06856-5435
|
Family ID: |
27122103 |
Appl. No.: |
11/585926 |
Filed: |
October 25, 2006 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
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Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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10611945 |
Jul 3, 2003 |
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11585926 |
Oct 25, 2006 |
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09901151 |
Jul 10, 2001 |
6677144 |
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10611945 |
Jul 3, 2003 |
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09799344 |
Mar 6, 2001 |
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09901151 |
Jul 10, 2001 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
424/94.1 ;
435/183; 435/320.1; 435/325; 435/69.1; 435/7.1; 506/14;
536/23.2 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A01K 2217/05 20130101;
A61K 38/00 20130101; C12Q 1/32 20130101; G01N 33/573 20130101; C12Y
102/05001 20130101; C12N 9/0008 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
424/094.1 ;
435/006; 435/007.1; 435/069.1; 435/183; 435/320.1; 435/325;
536/023.2 |
International
Class: |
C12Q 1/68 20060101
C12Q001/68; G01N 33/53 20060101 G01N033/53; C07H 21/04 20060101
C07H021/04; C12P 21/06 20060101 C12P021/06; A61K 38/43 20060101
A61K038/43; C12N 9/00 20060101 C12N009/00 |
Claims
1. An isolated peptide consisting of an amino acid sequence
selected from the group consisting of: (a) an amino acid sequence
shown in SEQ ID NO:2; (b) an amino acid sequence of an allelic
variant of an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:2, wherein
said allelic variant is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule that
hybridizes under stringent conditions to the opposite strand of a
nucleic acid molecule shown in SEQ ID NOS:1 or 3; (c) an amino acid
sequence of an ortholog of an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID
NO:2, wherein said ortholog is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule
that hybridizes under stringent conditions to the opposite strand
of a nucleic acid molecule shown in SEQ ID NOS:1 or 3; and (d) a
fragment of an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:2, wherein
said fragment comprises at least 10 contiguous amino acids.
2. An isolated peptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected
from the group consisting of: (a) an amino acid sequence shown in
SEQ ID NO:2; (b) an amino acid sequence of an allelic variant of an
amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:2, wherein said allelic
variant is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule that hybridizes under
stringent conditions to the opposite strand of a nucleic acid
molecule shown in SEQ ID NOS:1 or 3; (c) an amino acid sequence of
an ortholog of an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:2, wherein
said ortholog is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule that hybridizes
under stringent conditions to the opposite strand of a nucleic acid
molecule shown in SEQ ID NOS:1 or 3; and (d) a fragment of an amino
acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:2, wherein said fragment comprises
at least 10 contiguous amino acids.
3. An isolated antibody that selectively binds to a peptide of
claim 2.
4. A method for producing any of the peptides of claim 1 comprising
introducing a nucleotide sequence encoding any of the amino acid
sequences in (a)-(d) into a host cell, and culturing the host cell
under conditions in which the peptides are expressed from the
nucleotide sequence.
5. A method for producing any of the peptides of claim 2 comprising
introducing a nucleotide sequence encoding any of the amino acid
sequences in (a)-(d) into a host cell, and culturing the host cell
under conditions in which the peptides are expressed from the
nucleotide sequence.
6. A method for detecting the presence of any of the peptides of
claim 2 in a sample, said method comprising contacting said sample
with a detection agent that specifically allows detection of the
presence of the peptide in the sample and then detecting the
presence of the peptide.
7. A method for identifying a modulator of a peptide of claim 2,
said method comprising contacting said peptide with an agent and
determining if said agent has modulated the function or activity of
said peptide.
8. The method of claim 7, wherein said agent is administered to a
host cell comprising an expression vector that expresses said
peptide.
9. A method for identifying an agent that binds to any of the
peptides of claim 2, said method comprising contacting the peptide
with an agent and assaying the contacted mixture to determine
whether a complex is formed with the agent bound to the
peptide.
10. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an agent identified by
the method of claim 9 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier
therefor.
11. A method for treating a disease or condition mediated by a
human enzyme protein, said method comprising administering to a
patient a pharmaceutically effective amount of an agent identified
by the method of claim 9.
12. A method for identifying a modulator of the expression of a
peptide of claim 2, said method comprising contacting a cell
expressing said peptide with an agent, and determining if said
agent has modulated the expression of said peptide.
13. An isolated human enzyme peptide having an amino acid sequence
that shares at least 70% homology with an amino acid sequence shown
in SEQ ID NO:2.
14. A peptide according to claim 13 that shares at least 90 percent
homology with an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:2.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The present invention is in the field of enzyme proteins
that are related to the pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme subfamily,
recombinant DNA molecules, and protein production. The present
invention specifically provides novel peptides and proteins that
effect protein phosphorylation and nucleic acid molecules encoding
such peptide and protein molecules, all of which are useful in the
development of human therapeutics and diagnostic compositions and
methods.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Many human enzymes serve as targets for the action of
pharmaceutically active compounds. Several classes of human enzymes
that serve as such targets include helicase, steroid esterase and
sulfatase, convertase, synthase, dehydrogenase, monoxygenase,
transferase, kinase, glutanase, decarboxylase, isomerase and
reductase. It is therefore important in developing new
pharmaceutical compounds to identify target enzyme proteins that
can be put into high-throughput screening formats. The present
invention advances the state of the art by providing novel human
drug target enzymes related to the pyruvate dehydrogenase
subfamily.
[0003] Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex, E1 Subunit
[0004] The novel human protein, and encoding gene, provided by the
present invention is related to the pyruvate dehydrogenase E1-alpha
precursor protein (see De Meirleir et al., J. Biol. Chem. 263 (4),
1991-1995 (1988)). The pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex is
comprised of a plurality of each of three different enzymes:
pyruvate decarboxylase (E1), dihydrolipoyl transacetylase (E2), and
dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (E3). Each of these three different
enzymes is comprised of multiple subunits; the E1 enzyme is a
heterotetramer consisting of two alpha and two beta subunits. The
E1-alpha subunit contains the E1 active site and is therefore
critical for the functioning of the PDH complex. PDH plays an
important role in all metabolically active tissues; however, it
plays a particularly critical role in the brain since the brain
normally obtains all its energy from aerobic oxidation of
glucose.
[0005] Genetic defects in the PDH complex are the main cause of
lactic acidosis, particularly in children. Furthermore, in the
majority of cases, the specific genetic defects leading to lactic
acidosis are in the E1-alpha subunit. PDH deficiency due to genetic
defects can cause fatal lactic acidosis in newborns and chronic
neurological dysfunction and neurodegeneration with gross
structural abnormalities in the CNS. PDH deficiency is one of the
most common pathologies of mitochondrial energy metabolism. It is
common for even heterozygous females to show severe clinical
symptoms.
[0006] For a further review of the PDH complex, particularly PDH-E1
and the PDH-E1-alpha subunit, see:
[0007] 1. Bindoff, L. A.; Birch-Machin, M. A.; Farnsworth, L.;
Gardner-Medwin, D.; Lindsay, J. G.; Tumbull, D. M. Familial
intermittent ataxia due to a defect of the E1 component of pyruvate
dehydrogenase complex. J. Neurol. Sci. 93: 311-318, 1989. PubMed ID
: 2592988; 2. Blair, H. J.; Reed, V.; Laval, S. H.; Boyd, Y. The
locus for pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 alpha-subunit (Pdha1) lies
between Plp and Amg on the mouse X chromosome. Mammalian Genome 4:
230-233, 1993. PubMed ID: 7684627; 3. Borglum, A. D.; Flint, T.;
Hansen, L. L.; Kruse, T. A. Refined localization of the pyruvate
dehydrogenase E1-alpha gene (PDHA1) by linkage analysis. Hum.
Genet. 99: 80-82, 1997. PubMed ID: 9003499; 4. Brown, G. K.; Haan,
E. A.; Kirby, D. M.; Scholem, R. D.; Wraith, J. E.; Rogers, J. G.;
Danks, D. M. `Cerebral` lactic acidosis: defects in pyruvate
metabolism with profound brain damage and minimal systemic
acidosis. Europ. J. Pediat. 147: 10-14, 1988. PubMed ID: 3123240;
5. Brown, G. K.; Otero, L. J.; LeGris, M.; Brown, R. M. Pyruvate
dehydrogenase deficiency. J. Med. Genet. 31: 875-879, 1994. PubMed
ID: 7853374; 6. Brown, R. M.; Dahl, H.-H. M.; Brown, G. K. An
homologous locus to the human X-linked pyruvate dehydrogenase
E1-alpha subunit gene is located at the distal end of the mouse X
chromosome. (Abstract) Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 51: 970, 1989.; 7.
Brown, R. M.; Dahl, H.-H. M.; Brown, G. K. X-chromosome
localization of the functional gene for the E1-alpha subunit of the
human pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Genomics 4: 174-181, 1989.
PubMed ID: 2737678; 8. Brown, R. M.; Dahl, H.-H. M.; Brown, G. K.
Regional localization of the X-linked human pyruvate dehydrogenase
E1-alpha subunit gene. (Abstract) Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 51: 970,
1989.; 9. Brown, R. M.; Otero, L. J.; Brown, G. K. Transfection
screening for primary defects in the pyruvate dehydrogenase
E1-alpha subunit gene. Hum. Molec. Genet. 6: 1361-1367, 1997.
PubMed ID: 9259285; 10. Chun, K.; MacKay, N.; Petrova-Benedict, R.;
Robinson, B. H. Mutations in the X-linked E1-alpha subunit of
pyruvate dehydrogenase leading to deficiency of the pyruvate
dehydrogenase complex. Hum. Molec. Genet. 2: 449-454, 1993. PubMed
ID: 8504306; 11. Chun, K.; MacKay, N.; Petrova-Benedict, R.;
Robinson, B. H. Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency due to a 20-bp
deletion in exon 11 of the pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) E1-alpha
gene. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 49: 414-420, 1991. PubMed ID: 1907799; 12.
Dahl, H.-H. M. Pyruvate dehydrogenase E1-alpha deficiency: males
and females differ yet again. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 56: 553-557, 1995.
PubMed ID: 7887408; 13. Dahl, H.-H. M.; Brown, G. K. Pyruvate
dehydrogenase deficiency in a male caused by a point mutation
(F205L) in the E1-alpha subunit. Hum. Mutat. 3: 152-155, 1994.
PubMed ID : 8199595; 14. Dahl, H.-H. M.; Brown, G. K.; Brown, R.
M.; Hansen, L. L.; Kerr, D. S.; Wexler, I. D.; Patel, M. S.; De
Meirleir, L.; Lissens, W.; Chun, K.; MacKay, N.; Robinson, B. H.
Mutations and polymorphisms in the pyruvate dehydrogenase E1-alpha
gene. Hum. Mutat. 1: 97-102, 1992. PubMed ID: 1301207; 15. Dahl,
H.-H. M.; Hansen, L. L.; Brown, R. M.; Danks, D. M.; Rogers, J. G.;
Brown, G. K. X-linked pyruvate dehydrogenase E1-alpha subunit
deficiency in heterozygous females: variable manifestation of the
same mutation. J. Inherit. Metab. Dis. 15: 835-847, 1992. PubMed
ID: 1293379; 16. Dahl, H.-H. M.; Maragos, C.; Brown, R. M.; Hansen,
L. L.; Brown, G. K. Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency caused by
deletion of a 7-bp repeat sequence in the E1-alpha gene. Am. J.
Hum. Genet. 47: 286-293, 1990. PubMed ID: 2378353; 17. de Meirleir,
L.; Lissens, W.; Vamos, E.; Liebaers, I. Pyruvate dehydrogenase
(PDH) deficiency caused by a 21-base pair insertion mutation in the
E1-alpha subunit. Hum. Genet. 88: 649-652, 1992. PubMed ID:
1551669; 18. De Meirleir, L.; Specola, N.; Seneca, S.; Lissens, W.
Pyruvate dehydrogenase E1-alpha deficiency in a family: different
clinical presentation in two siblings. J. Inherit. Metab. Dis. 21:
224-226, 1998. PubMed ID : 9686362; 19. de Meirleir, L. J.;
Lissens, W.; Vamos, E.; Liebaers, I.; Pyruvate dehydrogenase
deficiency due to a mutation of the E1-alpha subunit. J. Inherit.
Metab. Dis. 14: 301-304, 1991. PubMed ID: 1770778; 20. Endo, H.;
Hasegawa, K.; Narisawa, K.; Tada, K.; Kagawa, Y.; Ohta, S.
Defective gene in lactic acidosis: abnormal pyruvate dehydrogenase
E1 alpha-subunit caused by a frame shift. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 44:
358-364, 1989. PubMed ID: 2537010; 21. Endo, H.; Miyabayashi, S.;
Tada, K.; Narisawa, K. A four-nucleotide insertion at the E1-alpha
gene in a patient with pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency. J.
Inherit. Metab. Dis. 14: 793-799, 1991. PubMed ID: 1779625; 22.
Fitzgerald, J.; Wilcox, S. A.; Graves, J. A. M.; Dahl, H.-H. M. A
eutherian X-linked gene, PDHA1, is autosomal in marsupials: a model
for the evolution of a second, testis-specific variant in eutherian
mammals. Genomics 18: 636-642, 1993. PubMed ID: 8307573; 23.
Hansen, L. L.; Brown, G. K.; Kirby, D. M.; Dahl, H.-H. M.
Characterization of the mutations in three patients with pyruvate
dehydrogenase E1-alpha deficiency. J. Inherit. Metab. Dis. 14:
140-151, 1991. PubMed ID: 1909401; 24. Harris, E. E.; Hey, J. X
chromosome evidence for ancient human histories. Proc. Nat. Acad.
Sci. 96: 3320-3324, 1999. PubMed ID: 10077682; 25. Ho, L.; Wexler,
I. D.; Liu, T.-C.; Thekkumkara, T. J.; Patel, M. S.
Characterization of cDNAs encoding human pyruvate dehydrogenase
alpha subunit. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 86: 5330-5334, 1989. PubMed
ID: 2748588; 26. Huq, A. H. M. M.; Ito, M.; Naito, E.; Saijo, T.;
Takeda, E.; Kuroda, Y. Demonstration of an unstable variant of
pyruvate dehydrogenase protein (E1) in cultured fibroblasts from a
patient with congenital lactic acidemia. Pediat. Res. 30: 11-14,
1991. PubMed ID: 1909778; 27. Ito, M.; Huq, A. H. M. M.; Naito, E.;
Saijo, T.; Takeda, E.; Kuroda, Y. Mutation of E1 -alpha gene in a
female patient with pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency due to rapid
degradation of E1 protein. J. Inherit. Metab. Dis. 15: 848-856,
1992. PubMed ID: 1338114; 28. Kerr, D. S.; Berry, S. A.; Lusk, M.
M.; Ho, L.; Patel, M. S. A deficiency of both subunits of pyruvate
dehydrogenase which is not expressed in fibroblasts. Pediat. Res.
24: 95-100, 1988. PubMed ID : 3137520; 29. Lissens, W.; De
Meirleir, L.; Seneca, S.; Benelli, C.; Marsac, C.; Poll-The, B. T.;
Briones, P.; Ruitenbeek, W.; van Diggelen, O.; Chaigne, D.;
Ramaekers, V.; Liebaers, I. :Mutation analysis of the pyruvate
dehydrogenase E(1)a gene in eight patients with a pyruvate
dehydrogenase complex deficiency. Hum. Mutat. 7: 46-51, 1996.
PubMed ID: 8664900; 30. Lissens, W.; De Meirleir, L.; Seneca, S.;
Liebaers, I.; Brown, G. K.; Brown, R. M.; Ito, M.; Naito, E.;
Kuroda, Y.; Kerr, D. S.; Wexler, I. D.; Patel, M. S.; Robinson, B.
H.; Seyda, A. Mutations in the X-linked pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1)
alpha subunit gene (PDHA1) in patients with a pyruvate
dehydrogenase complex deficiency. Hum. Mutat. 15: 209-219, 2000.
PubMed ID: 10679936; 31. Lissens, W.; Vreken, P.; Barth, P. G.;
Wijburg, F. A.; Ruitenbeek, W.; Wanders, R. J. A.; Seneca, S.;
Liebaers, I.; De Meirleir, L. Cerebral palsy and pyruvate
dehydrogenase deficiency: identification of two new mutations in
the E1-alpha gene. Europ. J. Pediat. 158: 853-857, 1999. PubMed ID:
10486093; 32. Livingstone, I. R.; Gardner-Medwin, D.; Pennington,
R. J. T. Familial intermittent ataxia with possible X-linked
recessive inheritance: two patients with abnormal pyruvate
metabolism and a response to acetazolamide. J. Neurol. Sci. 64:
89-97, 1984. PubMed ID : 6539810; 33. Matthews, P. M.; Brown, R.
M.; Otero, L.; Marchington, D.; Leonard, J. V.; Brown, G. K.
Neurodevelopmental abnormalities and lactic acidosis in a girl with
a 20-bp deletion in the X-linked pyruvate dehydrogenase E1-alpha
subunit gene. Neurology 43: 2025-2030, 1993. PubMed ID: 7692352;
34. Matthews, P. M.; Brown, R. M.; Otero, L. J.; Marchington, D.
R.; LeGris, M.; Howes, R.; Meadows, L. S.; Shevell, M.; Scriver, C.
R.; Brown, G. K. Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency: clinical
presentation and molecular genetic characterization of five new
patients. Brain 117: 435-443, 1994. PubMed ID: 8032855; 35.
Matthews, P. M.; Marchington, D. R.; Squier, M.; L and, J.; Brown,
R. M.; Brown, G. K. Molecular genetic characterization of an
X-linked form of Leigh's syndrome. Ann. Neurol. 33: 652-655, 1993.
PubMed ID: 8498846; 36. Olson, S.; Song, B. J.; Huh, T.-L.; Chi,
Y.-T.; Veech, R. L.; McBride, O. W. Three genes for enzymes of the
pyruvate dehydrogenase complex map to human chromosomes 3, 7, and
X. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 46: 340-349, 1990. PubMed ID: 1967901; 37.
Otero, L. J.; Brown, G. K.; Silver, K.; Arnold, D. L.; Matthews, P.
M. Association of cerebral dysgenesis and lactic acidemia with
X-linked PDH E1-alpha subunit mutations in females. Pediat. Neurol.
13: 327-332, 1995.; 38. Otero, L. J.; Brown, R. M.; Brown, G. K.
Arginine 302 mutations in the pyruvate dehydrogenase E1-alpha
subunit gene: identification of further patients and in vitro
demonstration of pathogenicity. Hum. Mutat. 12: 114-121, 1998.
PubMed ID: 9671272; 39. Patel, M. S.; Harris, R. A. Mammalian
alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complexes: gene regulation and
genetic defects. FASEB J. 9: 1164-1172, 1995. PubMed ID: 7672509;
40. Robinson, B. H.; MacMillan, H.; Petrova-Benedict, R.; Sherwood,
W. G. Variable clinical presentation in patients with defective E1
component of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. J. Pediat. 111:
525-533, 1987. PubMed ID: 3116190; 41. Seyda, A.; McEachern, G.;
Haas, R.; Robinson, B. H. Sequential deletion of C-terminal amino
acids of the E1-alpha component of the pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH)
complex leads to reduced steady-state levels of functional
E1-alpha-2-beta-2 tetramers: implications for patients with PDH
deficiency. Hum. Molec. Genet. 9: 1041-1048, 2000. PubMed ID:
10767328; 42. Shevell, M. I.; Matthews, P. M.; Scriver, C. R.;
Brown, R. M.; Otero, L. J.; Legris, M.; Brown, G. K.; Arnold, D. L.
Cerebral dysgenesis and lactic acidemia: an MRI/MRS phenotype
associated with pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency. Pediat. Neuro.
11: 224-229, 1994.; 43. Szabo, P.; Rex Sheu, K.-F.; Robinson, R.
M.; Grzeschik, K.-H.; Blass, J. P. The gene for the alpha
polypeptide of pyruvate dehydrogenase is X-linked in humans. Am. J.
Hum. Genet. 46: 874-878, 1990. PubMed ID: 2339687; 44. Takakubo,
F.; Cartwright, P.; Hoogenraad, N.; Thorbum, D. R.; Collins, F.;
Lithgow, T.; Dahl, H.-H. M. An amino acid substitution in the
pyruvate dehydrogenase E1-alpha gene, affecting mitochondrial
import of the precursor protein. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 57: 772-780,
1995. PubMed ID: 7573035; 45. Takakubo, F.; Thorburn, D. R.; Dahl,
H.-H. M. A four-nucleotide insertion hotspot in the X chromosome
located pyruvate dehydrogenase E1-alpha gene (PDHA1). Hum. Molec.
Genet. 2: 473-474, 1993. PubMed ID : 8504309; 46. Wexler, I. D.;
Hemalatha, S. G.; Liu, T.-C.; Berry, S. A.; Kerr, D. S.; Patel, M.
S. A mutation in the E1-alpha subunit of pyruvate dehydrogenase
associated with variable expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase
complex deficiency. Pediat. Res. 32: 169-174, 1992. PubMed ID:
1508605.
[0008] Enzyme proteins, particularly members of the pyruvate
dehydrogenase enzyme subfamily, are a major target for drug action
and development. Accordingly, it is valuable to the field of
pharmaceutical development to identify and characterize previously
unknown members of this subfamily of enzyme proteins. The present
invention advances the state of the art by providing previously
unidentified human enzyme proteins, and the polynucleotides
encoding them, that have homology to members of the pyruvate
dehydrogenase enzyme subfamily. These novel compositions are useful
in the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of biological processes
associated with human diseases.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0009] The present invention is based in part on the identification
of amino acid sequences of human enzyme peptides and proteins that
are related to the pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme subfamily, as well
as allelic variants and other mammalian orthologs thereof. These
unique peptide sequences, and nucleic acid sequences that encode
these peptides, can be used as models for the development of human
therapeutic targets, aid in the identification of therapeutic
proteins, and serve as targets for the development of human
therapeutic agents that modulate enzyme activity in cells and
tissues that express the enzyme. Experimental data as provided in
FIG. 1 indicates expression in humans in teratocarcinoma of
neuronal precursor cells, skin, skin melanotic melanoma, muscle
rhabdomyosarcoma, brain neuroblastoma, brain, breast, stomach,
pancreas adenocarcinoma, uterus serous papillary carcinoma, brain
anaplastic oligodendroglioma, colon adenocarcinoma, and fetal
brain.
DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURE SHEETS
[0010] FIG. 1 provides the nucleotide sequence of a cDNA molecule
that encodes the enzyme protein of the present invention. (SEQ ID
NO:1) In addition, structure and functional information is
provided, such as ATG start, stop and tissue distribution, where
available, that allows one to readily determine specific uses of
inventions based on this molecular sequence. Experimental data as
provided in FIG. 1 indicates expression in humans in
teratocarcinoma of neuronal precursor cells, skin, skin melanotic
melanoma, muscle rhabdomyosarcoma, brain neuroblastoma, brain,
breast, stomach, pancreas adenocarcinoma, uterus serous papillary
carcinoma, brain anaplastic oligodendroglioma, colon
adenocarcinoma, and fetal brain.
[0011] FIG. 2 provides the predicted amino acid sequence of the
enzyme of the present invention. (SEQ ID NO:2) In addition
structure and functional information such as protein family,
function, and modification sites is provided where available,
allowing one to readily determine specific uses of inventions based
on this molecular sequence.
[0012] FIG. 3 provides genomic sequences that span the gene
encoding the enzyme protein of the present invention. (SEQ ID NO:3)
In addition structure and functional information, such as
intron/exon structure, promoter location, etc., is provided where
available, allowing one to readily determine specific uses of
inventions based on this molecular sequence. As illustrated in FIG.
3, SNPs were identified at 22 different nucleotide positions.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0013] General Description
[0014] The present invention is based on the sequencing of the
human genome. During the sequencing and assembly of the human
genome, analysis of the sequence information revealed previously
unidentified fragments of the human genome that encode peptides
that share structural and/or sequence homology to
protein/peptide/domains identified and characterized within the art
as being a enzyme protein or part of a enzyme protein and are
related to the pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme subfamily. Utilizing
these sequences, additional genomic sequences were assembled and
transcript and/or cDNA sequences were isolated and characterized.
Based on this analysis, the present invention provides amino acid
sequences of human enzyme peptides and proteins that are related to
the pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme subfamily, nucleic acid sequences
in the form of transcript sequences, cDNA sequences and/or genomic
sequences that encode these enzyme peptides and proteins, nucleic
acid variation (allelic information), tissue distribution of
expression, and information about the closest art known
protein/peptide/domain that has structural or sequence homology to
the enzyme of the present invention.
[0015] In addition to being previously unknown, the peptides that
are provided in the present invention are selected based on their
ability to be used for the development of commercially important
products and services. Specifically, the present peptides are
selected based on homology and/or structural relatedness to known
enzyme proteins of the pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme subfamily and
the expression pattern observed. Experimental data as provided in
FIG. 1 indicates expression in humans in teratocarcinoma of
neuronal precursor cells, skin, skin melanotic melanoma, muscle
rhabdomyosarcoma, brain neuroblastoma, brain, breast, stomach,
pancreas adenocarcinoma, uterus serous papillary carcinoma, brain
anaplastic oligodendroglioma, colon adenocarcinoma, and fetal
brain. The art has clearly established the commercial importance of
members of this family of proteins and proteins that have
expression patterns similar to that of the present gene. Some of
the more specific features of the peptides of the present
invention, and the uses thereof, are described herein, particularly
in the Background of the Invention and in the annotation provided
in the Figures, and/or are known within the art for each of the
known pyruvate dehydrogenase family or subfamily of enzyme
proteins.
[0016] Specific Embodiments
[0017] Peptide Molecules
[0018] The present invention provides nucleic acid sequences that
encode protein molecules that have been identified as being members
of the enzyme family of proteins and are related to the pyruvate
dehydrogenase enzyme subfamily (protein sequences are provided in
FIG. 2, transcript/cDNA sequences are provided in FIG. 1 and
genomic sequences are provided in FIG. 3). The peptide sequences
provided in FIG. 2, as well as the obvious variants described
herein, particularly allelic variants as identified herein and
using the information in FIG. 3, will be referred herein as the
enzyme peptides of the present invention, enzyme peptides, or
peptides/proteins of the present invention.
[0019] The present invention provides isolated peptide and protein
molecules that consist of, consist essentially of, or comprise the
amino acid sequences of the enzyme peptides disclosed in the FIG.
2, (encoded by the nucleic acid molecule shown in FIG. 1,
transcript/cDNA or FIG. 3, genomic sequence), as well as all
obvious variants of these peptides that are within the art to make
and use. Some of these variants are described in detail below.
[0020] As used herein, a peptide is said to be "isolated" or
"purified" when it is substantially free of cellular material or
free of chemical precursors or other chemicals. The peptides of the
present invention can be purified to homogeneity or other degrees
of purity. The level of purification will be based on the intended
use. The critical feature is that the preparation allows for the
desired function of the peptide, even if in the presence of
considerable amounts of other components (the features of an
isolated nucleic acid molecule is discussed below).
[0021] In some uses, "substantially free of cellular material"
includes preparations of the peptide having less than about 30% (by
dry weight) other proteins (i.e., contaminating protein), less than
about 20% other proteins, less than about 10% other proteins, or
less than about 5% other proteins. When the peptide is
recombinantly produced, it can also be substantially free of
culture medium, i.e., culture medium represents less than about 20%
of the volume of the protein preparation.
[0022] The language "substantially free of chemical precursors or
other chemicals" includes preparations of the peptide in which it
is separated from chemical precursors or other chemicals that are
involved in its synthesis. In one embodiment, the language
"substantially free of chemical precursors or other chemicals"
includes preparations of the enzyme peptide having less than about
30% (by dry weight) chemical precursors or other chemicals, less
than about 20% chemical precursors or other chemicals, less than
about 10% chemical precursors or other chemicals, or less than
about 5% chemical precursors or other chemicals.
[0023] The isolated enzyme peptide can be purified from cells that
naturally express it, purified from cells that have been altered to
express it (recombinant), or synthesized using known protein
synthesis methods. Experimental data as provided in FIG. 1
indicates expression in humans in teratocarcinoma of neuronal
precursor cells, skin, skin melanotic melanoma, muscle
rhabdomyosarcoma, brain neuroblastoma, brain, breast, stomach,
pancreas adenocarcinoma, uterus serous papillary carcinoma, brain
anaplastic oligodendroglioma, colon adenocarcinoma, and fetal
brain. For example, a nucleic acid molecule encoding the enzyme
peptide is cloned into an expression vector, the expression vector
introduced into a host cell and the protein expressed in the host
cell. The protein can then be isolated from the cells by an
appropriate purification scheme using standard protein purification
techniques. Many of these techniques are described in detail
below.
[0024] Accordingly, the present invention provides proteins that
consist of the amino acid sequences provided in FIG. 2 (SEQ ID
NO:2), for example, proteins encoded by the transcript/cDNA nucleic
acid sequences shown in FIG. 1 (SEQ ID NO:1) and the genomic
sequences provided in FIG. 3 (SEQ ID NO:3). The amino acid sequence
of such a protein is provided in FIG. 2. A-protein consists of an
amino acid sequence when the amino acid sequence is the final amino
acid sequence of the protein.
[0025] The present invention further provides proteins that consist
essentially of the amino acid sequences provided in FIG. 2 (SEQ ID
NO:2), for example, proteins encoded by the transcript/cDNA nucleic
acid sequences shown in FIG. 1 (SEQ ID NO:1) and the genomic
sequences provided in FIG. 3 (SEQ ID NO:3). A protein consists
essentially of an amino acid sequence when such an amino acid
sequence is present with only a few additional amino acid residues,
for example from about 1 to about 100 or so additional residues,
typically from 1 to about 20 additional residues in the final
protein.
[0026] The present invention further provides proteins that
comprise the amino acid sequences provided in FIG. 2 (SEQ ID NO:2),
for example, proteins encoded by the transcript/cDNA nucleic acid
sequences shown in FIG. 1 (SEQ ID NO:1) and the genomic sequences
provided in FIG. 3 (SEQ ID NO:3). A protein comprises an amino acid
sequence when the amino acid sequence is at least part of the final
amino acid sequence of the protein. In such a fashion, the protein
can be only the peptide or have additional amino acid molecules,
such as amino acid residues (contiguous encoded sequence) that are
naturally associated with it or heterologous amino acid
residues/peptide sequences. Such a protein can have a few
additional amino acid residues or can comprise several hundred or
more additional amino acids. The preferred classes of proteins that
are comprised of the enzyme peptides of the present invention are
the naturally occurring mature proteins. A brief description of how
various types of these proteins can be made/isolated is provided
below.
[0027] The enzyme peptides of the present invention can be attached
to heterologous sequences to form chimeric or fusion proteins. Such
chimeric and fusion proteins comprise a enzyme peptide operatively
linked to a heterologous protein having an amino acid sequence not
substantially homologous to the enzyme peptide. "Operatively
linked" indicates that the enzyme peptide and the heterologous
protein are fused in-frame. The heterologous protein can be fused
to the N-terminus or C-terminus of the enzyme peptide.
[0028] In some uses, the fusion protein does not affect the
activity of the enzyme peptide per se. For example, the fusion
protein can include, but is not limited to, enzymatic fusion
proteins, for example beta-galactosidase fusions, yeast two-hybrid
GAL fusions, poly-His fusions, MYC-tagged, HI-tagged and Ig
fusions. Such fusion proteins, particularly poly-His fusions, can
facilitate the purification of recombinant enzyme peptide. In
certain host cells (e.g., mammalian host cells), expression and/or
secretion of a protein can be increased by using a heterologous
signal sequence.
[0029] A chimeric or fusion protein can be produced by standard
recombinant DNA techniques. For example, DNA fragments coding for
the different protein sequences are ligated together in-frame in
accordance with conventional techniques. In another embodiment, the
fusion gene can be synthesized by conventional techniques including
automated DNA synthesizers. Alternatively, PCR amplification of
gene fragments can be carried out using anchor primers which give
rise to complementary overhangs between two consecutive gene
fragments which can subsequently be annealed and re-amplified to
generate a chimeric gene sequence (see Ausubel et al., Current
Protocols in Molecular Biology, 1992). Moreover, many expression
vectors are commercially available that already encode a fusion
moiety (e.g., a GST protein). A enzyme peptide-encoding nucleic
acid can be cloned into such an expression vector such that the
fusion moiety is linked in-frame to the enzyme peptide.
[0030] As mentioned above, the present invention also provides and
enables obvious variants of the amino acid sequence of the proteins
of the present invention, such as naturally occurring mature forms
of the peptide, allelic/sequence variants of the peptides,
non-naturally occurring recombinantly derived variants of the
peptides, and orthologs and paralogs of the peptides. Such variants
can readily be generated using art-known techniques in the fields
of recombinant nucleic acid technology and protein biochemistry. It
is understood, however, that variants exclude any amino acid
sequences disclosed prior to the invention.
[0031] Such variants can readily be identified/made using molecular
techniques and the sequence information disclosed herein. Further,
such variants can readily be distinguished from other peptides
based on sequence and/or structural homology to the enzyme peptides
of the present invention. The degree of homology/identity present
will be based primarily on whether the peptide is a functional
variant or non-functional variant, the amount of divergence present
in the paralog family and the evolutionary distance between the
orthologs.
[0032] To determine the percent identity of two amino acid
sequences or two nucleic acid sequences, the sequences are aligned
for optimal comparison purposes (e.g., gaps can be introduced in
one or both of a first and a second amino acid or nucleic acid
sequence for optimal alignment and non-homologous sequences can be
disregarded for comparison purposes). In a preferred embodiment, at
least 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, or 90% or more of the length of
a reference sequence is aligned for comparison purposes. The amino
acid residues or nucleotides at corresponding amino acid positions
or nucleotide positions are then compared. When a position in the
first sequence is occupied by the same amino acid residue or
nucleotide as the corresponding position in the second sequence,
then the molecules are identical at that position (as used herein
amino acid or nucleic acid "identity" is equivalent to amino acid
or nucleic acid "homology"). The percent identity between the two
sequences is a function of the number of identical positions shared
by the sequences, taking into account the number of gaps, and the
length of each gap, which need to be introduced for optimal
alignment of the two sequences.
[0033] The comparison of sequences and determination of percent
identity and similarity between two sequences can be accomplished
using a mathematical algorithm. (Computational Molecular Biology,
Lesk, A. M., ed., Oxford University Press, New York, 1988;
Biocomputing: Informatics and Genome Projects, Smith, D. W., ed.,
Academic Press, New York, 1993; Computer Analysis of Sequence Data,
Part 1, Griffin, A. M., and Griffin, H. G., eds., Humana Press, New
Jersey, 1994; Sequence Analysis in Molecular Biology, von Heinje,
G., Academic Press, 1987; and Sequence Analysis Primer, Gribskov,
M. and Devereux, J., eds., M Stockton Press, New York, 1991). In a
preferred embodiment, the percent identity between two amino acid
sequences is determined using the Needleman and Wunsch (J. Mol.
Biol. (48):444-453 (1970)) algorithm which has been incorporated
into the GAP program in the GCG software package (available at
http://www.gcg.com), using either a Blossom 62 matrix or a PAM250
matrix, and a gap weight of 16, 14, 12, 10, 8, 6, or 4 and a length
weight of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. In yet another preferred embodiment,
the percent identity between two nucleotide sequences is determined
using the GAP program in the GCG software package (Devereux, J., et
al., Nucleic Acids Res. 12(1):387 (1984)) (available at
http://www.gcg.com), using a NWSgapdna.CMP matrix and a gap weight
of 40, 50, 60, 70, or 80 and a length weight of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or
6. In another embodiment, the percent identity between two amino
acid or nucleotide sequences is determined using the algorithm of
E. Myers and W. Miller (CABIOS, 4:11-17 (1989)) which has been
incorporated into the ALIGN program (version 2.0), using a PAM120
weight residue table, a gap length penalty of 12 and a gap penalty
of 4.
[0034] The nucleic acid and protein sequences of the present
invention can further be used as a "query sequence" to perform a
search against sequence databases to, for example, identify other
family members or related sequences. Such searches can be performed
using the NBLAST and XBLAST programs (version 2.0) of Altschul, et
al. (J. Mol. Biol. 215:403-10 (1990)). BLAST nucleotide searches
can be performed with the NBLAST program, score=100, wordlength=12
to obtain nucleotide sequences homologous to the nucleic acid
molecules of the invention. BLAST protein searches can be performed
with the XBLAST program, score=50, wordlength=3 to obtain amino
acid sequences homologous to the proteins of the invention. To
obtain gapped alignments for comparison purposes, Gapped BLAST can
be utilized as described in Altschul et al. (Nucleic Acids Res.
25(17):3389-3402 (1997)). When utilizing BLAST and gapped BLAST
programs, the default parameters of the respective programs (e.g.,
XBLAST and NBLAST) can be used.
[0035] Full-length pre-processed forms, as well as mature processed
forms, of proteins that comprise one of the peptides of the present
invention can readily be identified as having complete sequence
identity to one of the enzyme peptides of the present invention as
well as being encoded by the same genetic locus as the enzyme
peptide provided herein. The gene encoding the novel enzyme of the
present invention is located on a genome component that has been
mapped to human chromosome X (as indicated in FIG. 3), which is
supported by multiple lines of evidence, such as STS and BAC map
data.
[0036] Allelic variants of a enzyme peptide can readily be
identified as being a human protein having a high degree
(significant) of sequence homology/identity to at least a portion
of the enzyme peptide as well as being encoded by the same genetic
locus as the enzyme peptide provided herein. Genetic locus can
readily be determined based on the genomic information provided in
FIG. 3, such as the genomic sequence mapped to the reference human.
The gene encoding the novel enzyme of the present invention is
located on a genome component that has been mapped to human
chromosome X (as indicated in FIG. 3), which is supported by
multiple lines of evidence, such as STS and BAC map data. As used
herein, two proteins (or a region of the proteins) have significant
homology when the amino acid sequences are typically at least about
70-80%, 80-90%, and more typically at least about 90-95% or more
homologous. A significantly homologous amino acid sequence,
according to the present invention, will be encoded by a nucleic
acid sequence that will hybridize to a enzyme peptide encoding
nucleic acid molecule under stringent conditions as more fully
described below.
[0037] FIG. 3 provides information on SNPs that have been found in
the gene encoding the enzyme protein of the present invention. SNPs
were identified at 22 different nucleotide positions, including
non-synonymous coding SNPs at 18 nucleotide positions. Changes in
the amino acid sequence caused by these SNPs is indicated in FIG. 3
and can readily be determined using the universal genetic code and
the protein sequence provided in FIG. 2 as a reference. The SNPs
located 5' of the ORF and in introns may affect control/regulatory
elements.
[0038] Paralogs of a enzyme peptide can readily be identified as
having some degree of significant sequence homology/identity to at
least a portion of the enzyme peptide, as being encoded by a gene
from humans, and as having similar activity or function. Two
proteins will typically be considered paralogs when the amino acid
sequences are typically at least about 60% or greater, and more
typically at least about 70% or greater homology through a given
region or domain. Such paralogs will be encoded by a nucleic acid
sequence that will hybridize to a enzyme peptide encoding nucleic
acid molecule under moderate to stringent conditions as more fully
described below.
[0039] Orthologs of a enzyme peptide can readily be identified as
having some degree of significant sequence homology/identity to at
least a portion of the enzyme peptide as well as being encoded by a
gene from another organism. Preferred orthologs will be isolated
from mammals, preferably primates, for the development of human
therapeutic targets and agents. Such orthologs will be encoded by a
nucleic acid sequence that will hybridize to a enzyme peptide
encoding nucleic acid molecule under moderate to stringent
conditions, as more fully described below, depending on the degree
of relatedness of the two organisms yielding the proteins.
[0040] Non-naturally occurring variants of the enzyme peptides of
the present invention can readily be generated using recombinant
techniques. Such variants include, but are not limited to
deletions, additions and substitutions in the amino acid sequence
of the enzyme peptide. For example, one class of substitutions are
conserved amino acid substitution. Such substitutions are those
that substitute a given amino acid in a enzyme peptide by another
amino acid of like characteristics. Typically seen as conservative
substitutions are the replacements, one for another, among the
aliphatic amino acids Ala, Val, Leu, and Ile; interchange of the
hydroxyl residues Ser and Thr; exchange of the acidic residues Asp
and Glu; substitution between the amide residues Asn and Gln;
exchange of the basic residues Lys and Arg; and replacements among
the aromatic residues Phe and Tyr. Guidance concerning which amino
acid changes are likely to be phenotypically silent are found in
Bowie et al., Science 247:1306-1310 (1990).
[0041] Variant enzyme peptides can be fully functional or can lack
function in one or more activities, e.g. ability to bind substrate,
ability to phosphorylate substrate, ability to mediate signaling,
etc. Fully functional variants typically contain only conservative
variation or variation in non-critical residues or in non-critical
regions. FIG. 2 provides the result of protein analysis and can be
used to identify critical domains/regions. Functional variants can
also contain substitution of similar amino acids that result in no
change or an insignificant change in function. Alternatively, such
substitutions may positively or negatively affect function to some
degree.
[0042] Non-functional variants typically contain one or more
non-conservative amino acid substitutions, deletions, insertions,
inversions, or truncation or a substitution, insertion, inversion,
or deletion in a critical residue or critical region.
[0043] Amino acids that are essential for function can be
identified by methods known in the art, such as site-directed
mutagenesis or alanine-scanning mutagenesis (Cunningham et al.,
Science 244:1081-1085 (1989)), particularly using the results
provided in FIG. 2. The latter procedure introduces single alanine
mutations at every residue in the molecule. The resulting mutant
molecules are then tested for biological activity such as enzyme
activity or in assays such as an in vitro proliferative activity.
Sites that are critical for binding partner/substrate binding can
also be determined by structural analysis such as crystallization,
nuclear magnetic resonance or photoaffinity labeling (Smith et al.,
J. Mol. Biol. 224:899-904 (1992); de Vos et al. Science 255:306-312
(1992)).
[0044] The present invention further provides fragments of the
enzyme peptides, in addition to proteins and peptides that comprise
and consist of such fragments, particularly those comprising the
residues identified in FIG. 2. The fragments to which the invention
pertains, however, are not to be construed as encompassing
fragments that may be disclosed publicly prior to the present
invention.
[0045] As used herein, a fragment comprises at least 8, 10, 12, 14,
16, or more contiguous amino acid residues from a enzyme peptide.
Such fragments can be chosen based on the ability to retain one or
more of the biological activities of the enzyme peptide or could be
chosen for the ability to perform a function, e.g. bind a substrate
or act as an immunogen. Particularly important fragments are
biologically active fragments, peptides that are, for example,
about 8 or more amino acids in length. Such fragments will
typically comprise a domain or motif of the enzyme peptide, e.g.,
active site, a transmembrane domain or a substrate-binding domain.
Further, possible fragments include, but are not limited to, domain
or motif containing fragments, soluble peptide fragments, and
fragments containing immunogenic structures. Predicted domains and
functional sites are readily identifiable by computer programs well
known and readily available to those of skill in the art (e.g.,
PROSITE analysis). The results of one such analysis are provided in
FIG. 2.
[0046] Polypeptides often contain amino acids other than the 20
amino acids commonly referred to as the 20 naturally occurring
amino acids. Further, many amino acids, including the terminal
amino acids, may be modified by natural processes, such as
processing and other post-translational modifications, or by
chemical modification techniques well known in the art. Common
modifications that occur naturally in enzyme peptides are described
in basic texts, detailed monographs, and the research literature,
and they are well known to those of skill in the art (some of these
features are identified in FIG. 2).
[0047] Known modifications include, but are not limited to,
acetylation, acylation, ADP-ribosylation, amidation, covalent
attachment of flavin, covalent attachment of a heme moiety,
covalent attachment of a nucleotide or nucleotide derivative,
covalent attachment of a lipid or lipid derivative, covalent
attachment of phosphotidylinositol, cross-linking, cyclization,
disulfide bond formation, demethylation, formation of covalent
crosslinks, formation of cystine, formation of pyroglutamate,
formylation, gamma carboxylation, glycosylation, GPI anchor
formation, hydroxylation, iodination, methylation, myristoylation,
oxidation, proteolytic processing, phosphorylation, prenylation,
racemization, selenoylation, sulfation, transfer-RNA mediated
addition of amino acids to proteins such as arginylation, and
ubiquitination.
[0048] Such modifications are well known to those of skill in the
art and have been described in great detail in the scientific
literature. Several particularly common modifications,
glycosylation, lipid attachment, sulfation, gamma-carboxylation of
glutamic acid residues, hydroxylation and ADP-ribosylation, for
instance, are described in most basic texts, such as
Proteins--Structure and Molecular Properties, 2nd Ed., T. E.
Creighton, W. H. Freeman and Company, New York (1993). Many
detailed reviews are available on this subject, such as by Wold,
F., Posttranslational Covalent Modification of Proteins, B. C.
Johnson, Ed., Academic Press, New York 1-12 (1983); Seifter et al.
(Meth. Enzymol. 182: 626-646 (1990)) and Rattan et al. (Ann. N.Y.
Acad. Sci. 663:48-62 (1992)).
[0049] Accordingly, the enzyme peptides of the present invention
also encompass derivatives or analogs in which a substituted amino
acid residue is not one encoded by the genetic code, in which a
substituent group is included, in which the mature enzyme peptide
is fused with another compound, such as a compound to increase the
half-life of the enzyme peptide (for example, polyethylene glycol),
or in which the additional amino acids are fused to the mature
enzyme peptide, such as a leader or secretory sequence or a
sequence for purification of the mature enzyme peptide or a
pro-protein sequence.
[0050] Protein/Peptide Uses
[0051] The proteins of the present invention can be used in
substantial and specific assays related to the functional
information provided in the Figures; to raise antibodies or to
elicit another immune response; as a reagent (including the labeled
reagent) in assays designed to quantitatively determine levels of
the protein (or its binding partner or ligand) in biological
fluids; and as markers for tissues in which the corresponding
protein is preferentially expressed (either constitutively or at a
particular stage of tissue differentiation or development or in a
disease state). Where the protein binds or potentially binds to
another protein or ligand (such as, for example, in a
enzyme-effector protein interaction or enzyme-ligand interaction),
the protein can be used to identify the binding partner/ligand so
as to develop a system to identify inhibitors of the binding
interaction. Any or all of these uses are capable of being
developed into reagent grade or kit format for commercialization as
commercial products.
[0052] Methods for performing the uses listed above are well known
to those skilled in the art. References disclosing such methods
include "Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual", 2d ed., Cold
Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Sambrook, J., E. F. Fritsch and T.
Maniatis eds., 1989, and "Methods in Enzymology: Guide to Molecular
Cloning Techniques", Academic Press, Berger, S. L. and A. R. Kimmel
eds., 1987.
[0053] The potential uses of the peptides of the present invention
are based primarily on the source of the protein as well as the
class/action of the protein. For example, enzymes isolated from
humans and their human/mammalian orthologs serve as targets for
identifying agents for use in mammalian therapeutic applications,
e.g. a human drug, particularly in modulating a biological or
pathological response in a cell or tissue that expresses the
enzyme. Experimental data as provided in FIG. 1 indicates that the
enzyme proteins of the present invention are expressed in humans in
teratocarcinoma of neuronal precursor cells, skin, skin melanotic
melanoma, muscle rhabdomyosarcoma, brain neuroblastoma, brain,
breast, stomach, pancreas adenocarcinoma, uterus serous papillary
carcinoma, brain anaplastic oligodendroglioma, and colon
adenocarcinoma, as indicated by virtual northern blot analysis, and
in fetal brain, as indicated by the tissue source of the cDNA clone
of the present invention. A large percentage of pharmaceutical
agents are being developed that modulate the activity of enzyme
proteins, particularly members of the pyruvate dehydrogenase
subfamily (see Background of the Invention). The structural and
functional information provided in the Background and Figures
provide specific and substantial uses for the molecules of the
present invention, particularly in combination with the expression
information provided in FIG. 1. Experimental data as provided in
FIG. 1 indicates expression in humans in teratocarcinoma of
neuronal precursor cells, skin, skin melanotic melanoma, muscle
rhabdomyosarcoma, brain neuroblastoma, brain, breast, stomach,
pancreas adenocarcinoma, uterus serous papillary carcinoma, brain
anaplastic oligodendroglioma, colon adenocarcinoma, and fetal
brain. Such uses can readily be determined using the information
provided herein, that which is known in the art, and routine
experimentation.
[0054] The proteins of the present invention (including variants
and fragments that may have been disclosed prior to the present
invention) are useful for biological assays related to enzymes that
are related to members of the pyruvate dehydrogenase subfamily.
Such assays involve any of the known enzyme functions or activities
or properties useful for diagnosis and treatment of enzyme-related
conditions that are specific for the subfamily of enzymes that the
one of the present invention belongs to, particularly in cells and
tissues that express the enzyme. Experimental data as provided in
FIG. 1 indicates that the enzyme proteins of the present invention
are expressed in humans in teratocarcinoma of neuronal precursor
cells, skin, skin melanotic melanoma, muscle rhabdomyosarcoma,
brain neuroblastoma, brain, breast, stomach, pancreas
adenocarcinoma, uterus serous papillary carcinoma, brain anaplastic
oligodendroglioma, and colon adenocarcinoma, as indicated by
virtual northern blot analysis, and in fetal brain, as indicated by
the tissue source of the cDNA clone of the present invention.
[0055] The proteins of the present invention are also useful in
drug screening assays, in cell-based or cell-free systems.
Cell-based systems can be native, i.e., cells that normally express
the enzyme, as a biopsy or expanded in cell culture. Experimental
data as provided in FIG. 1 indicates expression in humans in
teratocarcinoma of neuronal precursor cells, skin, skin melanotic
melanoma, muscle rhabdomyosarcoma, brain neuroblastoma, brain,
breast, stomach, pancreas adenocarcinoma, uterus serous papillary
carcinoma, brain anaplastic oligodendroglioma, colon
adenocarcinoma, and fetal brain. In an alternate embodiment,
cell-based assays involve recombinant host cells expressing the
enzyme protein.
[0056] The polypeptides can be used to identify compounds that
modulate enzyme activity of the protein in its natural state or an
altered form that causes a specific disease or pathology associated
with the enzyme. Both the enzymes of the present invention and
appropriate variants and fragments can be used in high-throughput
screens to assay candidate compounds for the ability to bind to the
enzyme. These compounds can be further screened against a
functional enzyme to determine the effect of the compound on the
enzyme activity. Further, these compounds can be tested in animal
or invertebrate systems to determine activity/effectiveness.
Compounds can be identified that activate (agonist) or inactivate
(antagonist) the enzyme to a desired degree.
[0057] Further, the proteins of the present invention can be used
to screen a compound for the ability to stimulate or inhibit
interaction between the enzyme protein and a molecule that normally
interacts with the enzyme protein, e.g. a substrate or a component
of the signal pathway that the enzyme protein normally interacts
(for example, another enzyme). Such assays typically include the
steps of combining the enzyme protein with a candidate compound
under conditions that allow the enzyme protein, or fragment, to
interact with the target molecule, and to detect the formation of a
complex between the protein and the target or to detect the
biochemical consequence of the interaction with the enzyme protein
and the target, such as any of the associated effects of signal
transduction such as protein phosphorylation, cAMP turnover, and
adenylate cyclase activation, etc.
[0058] Candidate compounds include, for example, 1) peptides such
as soluble peptides, including Ig-tailed fusion peptides and
members of random peptide libraries (see, e.g., Lam et al., Nature
354:82-84 (1991); Houghten et al., Nature 354:84-86 (1991)) and
combinatorial chemistry-derived molecular libraries made of D-
and/or L-configuration amino acids; 2) phosphopeptides (e.g.,
members of random and partially degenerate, directed phosphopeptide
libraries, see, e.g., Songyang et al., Cell 72:767-778 (1993)); 3)
antibodies (e.g., polyclonal, monoclonal, humanized,
anti-idiotypic, chimeric, and single chain antibodies as well as
Fab, F(ab').sub.2, Fab expression library fragments, and
epitope-binding fragments of antibodies); and 4) small organic and
inorganic molecules (e.g., molecules obtained from combinatorial
and natural product libraries).
[0059] One candidate compound is a soluble fragment of the receptor
that competes for substrate binding. Other candidate compounds
include mutant enzymes or appropriate fragments containing
mutations that affect enzyme function and thus compete for
substrate. Accordingly, a fragment that competes for substrate, for
example with a higher affinity, or a fragment that binds substrate
but does not allow release, is encompassed by the invention.
[0060] The invention further includes other end point assays to
identify compounds that modulate (stimulate or inhibit) enzyme
activity. The assays typically involve an assay of events in the
signal transduction pathway that indicate enzyme activity. Thus,
the phosphorylation of a substrate, activation of a protein, a
change in the expression of genes that are up- or down-regulated in
response to the enzyme protein dependent signal cascade can be
assayed.
[0061] Any of the biological or biochemical functions mediated by
the enzyme can be used as an endpoint assay. These include all of
the biochemical or biochemical/biological events described herein,
in the references cited herein, incorporated by reference for these
endpoint assay targets, and other functions known to those of
ordinary skill in the art or that can be readily identified using
the information provided in the Figures, particularly FIG. 2.
Specifically, a biological function of a cell or tissues that
expresses the enzyme can be assayed. Experimental data as provided
in FIG. 1 indicates that the enzyme proteins of the present
invention are expressed in humans in teratocarcinoma of neuronal
precursor cells, skin, skin melanotic melanoma, muscle
rhabdomyosarcoma, brain neuroblastoma, brain, breast, stomach,
pancreas adenocarcinoma, uterus serous papillary carcinoma, brain
anaplastic oligodendroglioma, and colon adenocarcinoma, as
indicated by virtual northern blot analysis, and in fetal brain, as
indicated by the tissue source of the cDNA clone of the present
invention.
[0062] Binding and/or activating compounds can also be screened by
using chimeric enzyme proteins in which the amino terminal
extracellular domain, or parts thereof, the entire transmembrane
domain or subregions, such as any of the seven transmembrane
segments or any of the intracellular or extracellular loops and the
carboxy terminal intracellular domain, or parts thereof, can be
replaced by heterologous domains or subregions. For example, a
substrate-binding region can be used that interacts with a
different substrate then that which is recognized by the native
enzyme. Accordingly, a different set of signal transduction
components is available as an end-point assay for activation. This
allows for assays to be performed in other than the specific host
cell from which the enzyme is derived.
[0063] The proteins of the present invention are also useful in
competition binding assays in methods designed to discover
compounds that interact with the enzyme (e.g. binding partners
and/or ligands). Thus, a compound is exposed to a enzyme
polypeptide under conditions that allow the compound to bind or to
otherwise interact with the polypeptide. Soluble enzyme polypeptide
is also added to the mixture. If the test compound interacts with
the soluble enzyme polypeptide, it decreases the amount of complex
formed or activity from the enzyme target. This type of assay is
particularly useful in cases in which compounds are sought that
interact with specific regions of the enzyme. Thus, the soluble
polypeptide that competes with the target enzyme region is designed
to contain peptide sequences corresponding to the region of
interest.
[0064] To perform cell free drug screening assays, it is sometimes
desirable to immobilize either the enzyme protein, or fragment, or
its target molecule to facilitate separation of complexes from
uncomplexed forms of one or both of the proteins, as well as to
accommodate automation of the assay.
[0065] Techniques for immobilizing proteins on matrices can be used
in the drug screening assays. In one embodiment, a fusion protein
can be provided which adds a domain that allows the protein to be
bound to a matrix. For example, glutathione-S-transferase fusion
proteins can be adsorbed onto glutathione sepharose beads (Sigma
Chemical, St. Louis, Mo.) or glutathione derivatized microtitre
plates, which are then combined with the cell lysates (e.g.,
.sup.35S-labeled) and the candidate compound, and the mixture
incubated under conditions conducive to complex formation (e.g., at
physiological conditions for salt and pH). Following incubation,
the beads are washed to remove any unbound label, and the matrix
immobilized and radiolabel determined directly, or in the
supernatant after the complexes are dissociated. Alternatively, the
complexes can be dissociated from the matrix, separated by
SDS-PAGE, and the level of enzyme-binding protein found in the bead
fraction quantitated from the gel using standard electrophoretic
techniques. For example, either the polypeptide or its target
molecule can be immobilized utilizing conjugation of biotin and
streptavidin using techniques well known in the art. Alternatively,
antibodies reactive with the protein but which do not interfere
with binding of the protein to its target molecule can be
derivatized to the wells of the plate, and the protein trapped in
the wells by antibody conjugation. Preparations of a enzyme-binding
protein and a candidate compound are incubated in the enzyme
protein-presenting wells and the amount of complex trapped in the
well can be quantitated. Methods for detecting such complexes, in
addition to those described above for the GST-immobilized
complexes, include immunodetection of complexes using antibodies
reactive with the enzyme protein target molecule, or which are
reactive with enzyme protein and compete with the target molecule,
as well as enzyme-linked assays which rely on detecting an
enzymatic activity associated with the target molecule.
[0066] Agents that modulate one of the enzymes of the present
invention can be identified using one or more of the above assays,
alone or in combination. It is generally preferable to use a
cell-based or cell free system first and then confirm activity in
an animal or other model system. Such model systems are well known
in the art and can readily be employed in this context.
[0067] Modulators of enzyme protein activity identified according
to these drug screening assays can be used to treat a subject with
a disorder mediated by the enzyme pathway, by treating cells or
tissues that express the enzyme. Experimental data as provided in
FIG. 1 indicates expression in humans in teratocarcinoma of
neuronal precursor cells, skin, skin melanotic melanoma, muscle
rhabdomyosarcoma, brain neuroblastoma, brain, breast, stomach,
pancreas adenocarcinoma, uterus serous papillary carcinoma, brain
anaplastic oligodendroglioma, colon adenocarcinoma, and fetal
brain. These methods of treatment include the steps of
administering a modulator of enzyme activity in a pharmaceutical
composition to a subject in need of such treatment, the modulator
being identified as described herein.
[0068] In yet another aspect of the invention, the enzyme proteins
can be used as "bait proteins" in a two-hybrid assay or
three-hybrid assay (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,283,317; Zervos et
al. (1993) Cell 72:223-232; Madura et al. (1993) J. Biol. Chem.
268:12046-12054; Bartel et al. (1993) Biotechniques 14:920-924;
Iwabuchi et al. (1993) Oncogene 8:1693-1696; and Brent WO94/10300),
to identify other proteins, which bind to or interact with the
enzyme and are involved in enzyme activity. Such enzyme-binding
proteins are also likely to be involved in the propagation of
signals by the enzyme proteins or enzyme targets as, for example,
downstream elements of a enzyme-mediated signaling pathway.
Alternatively, such enzyme-binding proteins are likely to be enzyme
inhibitors.
[0069] The two-hybrid system is based on the modular nature of most
transcription factors, which consist of separable DNA-binding and
activation domains. Briefly, the assay utilizes two different DNA
constructs. In one construct, the gene that codes for a enzyme
protein is fused to a gene encoding the DNA binding domain of a
known transcription factor (e.g., GAL-4). In the other construct, a
DNA sequence, from a library of DNA sequences, that encodes an
unidentified protein ("prey" or "sample") is fused to a gene that
codes for the activation domain of the known transcription factor.
If the "bait" and the "prey" proteins are able to interact, in
vivo, forming a enzyme-dependent complex, the DNA-binding and
activation domains of the transcription factor are brought into
close proximity. This proximity allows transcription of a reporter
gene (e.g., LacZ) which is operably linked to a transcriptional
regulatory site responsive to the transcription factor. Expression
of the reporter gene can be detected and cell colonies containing
the functional transcription factor can be isolated and used to
obtain the cloned gene which encodes the protein which interacts
with the enzyme protein.
[0070] This invention further pertains to novel agents identified
by the above-described screening assays. Accordingly, it is within
the scope of this invention to further use an agent identified as
described herein in an appropriate animal model. For example, an
agent identified as described herein (e.g., a enzyme-modulating
agent, an antisense enzyme nucleic acid molecule, a enzyme-specific
antibody, or a enzyme-binding partner) can be used in an animal or
other model to determine the efficacy, toxicity, or side effects of
treatment with such an agent. Alternatively, an agent identified as
described herein can be used in an animal or other model to
determine the mechanism of action of such an agent. Furthermore,
this invention pertains to uses of novel agents identified by the
above-described screening assays for treatments as described
herein.
[0071] The enzyme proteins of the present invention are also useful
to provide a target for diagnosing a disease or predisposition to
disease mediated by the peptide. Accordingly, the invention
provides methods for detecting the presence, or levels of, the
protein (or encoding mRNA) in a cell, tissue, or organism.
Experimental data as provided in FIG. 1 indicates expression in
humans in teratocarcinoma of neuronal precursor cells, skin, skin
melanotic melanoma, muscle rhabdomyosarcoma, brain neuroblastoma,
brain, breast, stomach, pancreas adenocarcinoma, uterus serous
papillary carcinoma, brain anaplastic oligodendroglioma, colon
adenocarcinoma, and fetal brain. The method involves contacting a
biological sample with a compound capable of interacting with the
enzyme protein such that the interaction can be detected. Such an
assay can be provided in a single detection format or a
multi-detection format such as an antibody chip array.
[0072] One agent for detecting a protein in a sample is an antibody
capable of selectively binding to protein. A biological sample
includes tissues, cells and biological fluids isolated from a
subject, as well as tissues, cells and fluids present within a
subject.
[0073] The peptides of the present invention also provide targets
for diagnosing active protein activity, disease, or predisposition
to disease, in a patient having a variant peptide, particularly
activities and conditions that are known for other members of the
family of proteins to which the present one belongs. Thus, the
peptide can be isolated from a biological sample and assayed for
the presence of a genetic mutation that results in aberrant
peptide. This includes amino acid substitution, deletion,
insertion, rearrangement, (as the result of aberrant splicing
events), and inappropriate post-translational modification.
Analytic methods include altered electrophoretic mobility, altered
tryptic peptide digest, altered enzyme activity in cell-based or
cell-free assay, alteration in substrate or antibody-binding
pattern, altered isoelectric point, direct amino acid sequencing,
and any other of the known assay techniques useful for detecting
mutations in a protein. Such an assay can be provided in a single
detection format or a multi-detection format such as an antibody
chip array.
[0074] In vitro techniques for detection of peptide include enzyme
linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), Western blots,
immunoprecipitations and immunofluorescence using a detection
reagent, such as an antibody or protein binding agent.
Alternatively, the peptide can be detected in vivo in a subject by
introducing into the subject a labeled anti-peptide antibody or
other types of detection agent. For example, the antibody can be
labeled with a radioactive marker whose presence and location in a
subject can be detected by standard imaging techniques.
Particularly useful are methods that detect the allelic variant of
a peptide expressed in a subject and methods which detect fragments
of a peptide in a sample.
[0075] The peptides are also useful in pharmacogenomic analysis.
Pharmacogenomics deal with clinically significant hereditary
variations in the response to drugs due to altered drug disposition
and abnormal action in affected persons. See, e.g., Eichelbaum, M.
(Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 23(10-11):983-985 (1996)), and
Linder, M. W. (Clin. Chem. 43(2):254-266 (1997)). The clinical
outcomes of these variations result in severe toxicity of
therapeutic drugs in certain individuals or therapeutic failure of
drugs in certain individuals as a result of individual variation in
metabolism. Thus, the genotype of the individual can determine the
way a therapeutic compound acts on the body or the way the body
metabolizes the compound. Further, the activity of drug
metabolizing enzymes effects both the intensity and duration of
drug action. Thus, the pharmacogenomics of the individual permit
the selection of effective compounds and effective dosages of such
compounds for prophylactic or therapeutic treatment based on the
individual's genotype. The discovery of genetic polymorphisms in
some drug metabolizing enzymes has explained why some patients do
not obtain the expected drug effects, show an exaggerated drug
effect, or experience serious toxicity from standard drug dosages.
Polymorphisms can be expressed in the phenotype of the extensive
metabolizer and the phenotype of the poor metabolizer. Accordingly,
genetic polymorphism may lead to allelic protein variants of the
enzyme protein in which one or more of the enzyme functions in one
population is different from those in another population. The
peptides thus allow a target to ascertain a genetic predisposition
that can affect treatment modality. Thus, in a ligand-based
treatment, polymorphism may give rise to amino terminal
extracellular domains and/or other substrate-binding regions that
are more or less active in substrate binding, and enzyme
activation. Accordingly, substrate dosage would necessarily be
modified to maximize the therapeutic effect within a given
population containing a polymorphism. As an alternative to
genotyping, specific polymorphic peptides could be identified.
[0076] The peptides are also useful for treating a disorder
characterized by an absence of, inappropriate, or unwanted
expression of the protein. Experimental data as provided in FIG. 1
indicates expression in humans in teratocarcinoma of neuronal
precursor cells, skin, skin melanotic melanoma, muscle
rhabdomyosarcoma, brain neuroblastoma, brain, breast, stomach,
pancreas adenocarcinoma, uterus serous papillary carcinoma, brain
anaplastic oligodendroglioma, colon adenocarcinoma, and fetal
brain. Accordingly, methods for treatment include the use of the
enzyme protein or fragments.
[0077] Antibodies
[0078] The invention also provides antibodies that selectively bind
to one of the peptides of the present invention, a protein
comprising such a peptide, as well as variants and fragments
thereof. As used herein, an antibody selectively binds a target
peptide when it binds the target peptide and does not significantly
bind to unrelated proteins. An antibody is still considered to
selectively bind a peptide even if it also binds to other proteins
that are not substantially homologous with the target peptide so
long as such proteins share homology with a fragment or domain of
the peptide target of the antibody. In this case, it would be
understood that antibody binding to the peptide is still selective
despite some degree of cross-reactivity.
[0079] As used herein, an antibody is defined in terms consistent
with that recognized within the art: they are multi-subunit
proteins produced by a mammalian organism in response to an antigen
challenge. The antibodies of the present invention include
polyclonal antibodies and monoclonal antibodies, as well as
fragments of such antibodies, including, but not limited to, Fab or
F(ab').sub.2, and Fv fragments.
[0080] Many methods are known for generating and/or identifying
antibodies to a given target peptide. Several such methods are
described by Harlow, Antibodies, Cold Spring Harbor Press,
(1989).
[0081] In general, to generate antibodies, an isolated peptide is
used as an imnimunogen and is administered to a mammalian organism,
such as a rat, rabbit or mouse. The full-length protein, an
antigenic peptide fragment or a fusion protein can be used.
Particularly important fragments are those covering functional
domains, such as the domains identified in FIG. 2, and domain of
sequence homology or divergence amongst the family, such as those
that can readily be identified using protein alignment methods and
as presented in the Figures.
[0082] Antibodies are preferably prepared from regions or discrete
fragments of the enzyme proteins. Antibodies can be prepared from
any region of the peptide as described herein. However, preferred
regions will include those involved in function/activity and/or
enzyme/binding partner interaction. FIG. 2 can be used to identify
particularly important regions while sequence alignment can be used
to identify conserved and unique sequence fragments.
[0083] An antigenic fragment will typically comprise at least 8
contiguous amino acid residues. The antigenic peptide can comprise,
however, at least 10, 12, 14, 16 or more amino acid residues. Such
fragments can be selected on a physical property, such as fragments
correspond to regions that are located on the surface of the
protein, e.g., hydrophilic regions or can be selected based on
sequence uniqueness (see FIG. 2).
[0084] Detection on an antibody of the present invention can be
facilitated by coupling (i.e., physically linking) the antibody to
a detectable substance. Examples of detectable substances include
various enzymes, prosthetic groups, fluorescent materials,
luminescent materials, bioluminescent materials, and radioactive
materials. Examples of suitable enzymes include horseradish
peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, .beta.-galactosidase, or
acetylcholinesterase; examples of suitable prosthetic group
complexes include streptavidin/biotin and avidin/biotin; examples
of suitable fluorescent materials include umbelliferone,
fluorescein, fluorescein isothiocyanate, rhodamine,
dichlorotriazinylamine fluorescein, dansyl chloride or
phycoerythrin; an example of a luminescent material includes
luminol; examples of bioluminescent materials include luciferase,
luciferin, and aequorin, and examples of suitable radioactive
material include .sup.125I, .sup.131I, .sup.35S or .sup.3H.
[0085] Antibody Uses
[0086] The antibodies can be used to isolate one of the proteins of
the present invention by standard techniques, such as affinity
chromatography or immunoprecipitation. The antibodies can
facilitate the purification of the natural protein from cells and
recombinantly produced protein expressed in host cells. In
addition, such antibodies are useful to detect the presence of one
of the proteins of the present invention in cells or tissues to
determine the pattern of expression of the protein among various
tissues in an organism and over the course of normal development.
Experimental data as provided in FIG. 1 indicates that the enzyme
proteins of the present invention are expressed in humans in
teratocarcinoma of neuronal precursor cells, skin, skin melanotic
melanoma, muscle rhabdomyosarcoma, brain neuroblastoma, brain,
breast, stomach, pancreas adenocarcinoma, uterus serous papillary
carcinoma, brain anaplastic oligodendroglioma, and colon
adenocarcinoma, as indicated by virtual northern blot analysis, and
in fetal brain, as indicated by the tissue source of the cDNA clone
of the present invention. Further, such antibodies can be used to
detect protein in situ, in vitro, or in a cell lysate or
supernatant in order to evaluate the abundance and pattern of
expression. Also, such antibodies can be used to assess abnormal
tissue distribution or abnormal expression during development or
progression of a biological condition. Antibody detection of
circulating fragments of the full length protein can be used to
identify turnover.
[0087] Further, the antibodies can be used to assess expression in
disease states such as in active stages of the disease or in an
individual with a predisposition toward disease related to the
protein's function. When a disorder is caused by an inappropriate
tissue distribution, developmental expression, level of expression
of the protein, or expressed/processed form, the antibody can be
prepared against the normal protein. Experimental data as provided
in FIG. 1 indicates expression in humans in teratocarcinoma of
neuronal precursor cells, skin, skin melanotic melanoma, muscle
rhabdomyosarcoma, brain neuroblastoma, brain, breast, stomach,
pancreas adenocarcinoma, uterus serous papillary carcinoma, brain
anaplastic oligodendroglioma, colon adenocarcinoma, and fetal
brain. If a disorder is characterized by a specific mutation in the
protein, antibodies specific for this mutant protein can be used to
assay for the presence of the specific mutant protein.
[0088] The antibodies can also be used to assess normal and
aberrant subcellular localization of cells in the various tissues
in an organism. Experimental data as provided in FIG. 1 indicates
expression in humans in teratocarcinoma of neuronal precursor
cells, skin, skin melanotic melanoma, muscle rhabdomyosarcoma,
brain neuroblastoma, brain, breast, stomach, pancreas
adenocarcinoma, uterus serous papillary carcinoma, brain anaplastic
oligodendroglioma, colon adenocarcinoma, and fetal brain. The
diagnostic uses can be applied, not only in genetic testing, but
also in monitoring a treatment modality. Accordingly, where
treatment is ultimately aimed at correcting expression level or the
presence of aberrant sequence and aberrant tissue distribution or
developmental expression, antibodies directed against the protein
or relevant fragments can be used to monitor therapeutic
efficacy.
[0089] Additionally, antibodies are useful in pharmacogenomic
analysis. Thus, antibodies prepared against polymorphic proteins
can be used to identify individuals that require modified treatment
modalities. The antibodies are also useful as diagnostic tools as
an immunological marker for aberrant protein analyzed by
electrophoretic mobility, isoelectric point, tryptic peptide
digest, and other physical assays known to those in the art.
[0090] The antibodies are also useful for tissue typing.
Experimental data as provided in FIG. 1 indicates expression in
humans in teratocarcinoma of neuronal precursor cells, skin, skin
melanotic melanoma, muscle rhabdomyosarcoma, brain neuroblastoma,
brain, breast, stomach, pancreas adenocarcinoma, uterus serous
papillary carcinoma, brain anaplastic oligodendroglioma, colon
adenocarcinoma, and fetal brain. Thus, where a specific protein has
been correlated with expression in a specific tissue, antibodies
that are specific for this protein can be used to identify a tissue
type.
[0091] The antibodies are also useful for inhibiting protein
function, for example, blocking the binding of the enzyme peptide
to a binding partner such as a substrate. These uses can also be
applied in a therapeutic context in which treatment involves
inhibiting the protein's function. An antibody can be used, for
example, to block binding, thus modulating (agonizing or
antagonizing) the peptides activity. Antibodies can be prepared
against specific fragments containing sites required for function
or against intact protein that is associated with a cell or cell
membrane. See FIG. 2 for structural information relating to the
proteins of the present invention.
[0092] The invention also encompasses kits for using antibodies to
detect the presence of a protein in a biological sample. The kit
can comprise antibodies such as a labeled or labelable antibody and
a compound or agent for detecting protein in a biological sample;
means for determining the amount of protein in the sample; means
for comparing the amount of protein in the sample with a standard;
and instructions for use. Such a kit can be supplied to detect a
single protein or epitope or can be configured to detect one of a
multitude of epitopes, such as in an antibody detection array.
Arrays are described in detail below for nuleic acid arrays and
similar methods have been developed for antibody arrays.
[0093] Nucleic Acid Molecules
[0094] The present invention further provides isolated nucleic acid
molecules that encode a enzyme peptide or protein of the present
invention (cDNA, transcript and genomic sequence). Such nucleic
acid molecules will consist of, consist essentially of, or comprise
a nucleotide sequence that encodes one of the enzyme peptides of
the present invention, an allelic variant thereof, or an ortholog
or paralog thereof.
[0095] As used herein, an "isolated" nucleic acid molecule is one
that is separated from other nucleic acid present in the natural
source of the nucleic acid. Preferably, an "isolated" nucleic acid
is free of sequences which naturally flank the nucleic acid (i.e.,
sequences located at the 5' and 3' ends of the nucleic acid) in the
genomic DNA of the organism from which the nucleic acid is derived.
However, there can be some flanking nucleotide sequences, for
example up to about 5KB, 4KB, 3KB, 2KB, or 1KB or less,
particularly contiguous peptide encoding sequences and peptide
encoding sequences within the same gene but separated by introns in
the genomic sequence. The important point is that the nucleic acid
is isolated from remote and unimportant flanking sequences such
that it can be subjected to the specific manipulations described
herein such as recombinant expression, preparation of probes and
primers, and other uses specific to the nucleic acid sequences.
[0096] Moreover, an "isolated" nucleic acid molecule, such as a
transcript/cDNA molecule, can be substantially free of other
cellular material, or culture medium when produced by recombinant
techniques, or chemical precursors or other chemicals when
chemically synthesized. However, the nucleic acid molecule can be
fused to other coding or regulatory sequences and still be
considered isolated.
[0097] For example, recombinant DNA molecules contained in a vector
are considered isolated. Further examples of isolated DNA molecules
include recombinant DNA molecules maintained in heterologous host
cells or purified (partially or substantially) DNA molecules in
solution. Isolated RNA molecules include in vivo or in vitro RNA
transcripts of the isolated DNA molecules of the present invention.
Isolated nucleic acid molecules according to the present invention
further include such molecules produced synthetically.
[0098] Accordingly, the present invention provides nucleic acid
molecules that consist of the nucleotide sequence shown in FIGS. 1
or 3 (SEQ ID NO:1, transcript sequence and SEQ ID NO:3, genomic
sequence), or any nucleic acid molecule that encodes the protein
provided in FIG. 2, SEQ ID NO:2. A nucleic acid molecule consists
of a nucleotide sequence when the nucleotide sequence is the
complete nucleotide sequence of the nucleic acid molecule.
[0099] The present invention further provides nucleic acid
molecules that consist essentially of the nucleotide sequence shown
in FIGS. 1 or 3 (SEQ ID NO:1, transcript sequence and SEQ ID NO:3,
genomic sequence), or any nucleic acid molecule that encodes the
protein provided in FIG. 2, SEQ ID NO:2. A nucleic acid molecule
consists essentially of a nucleotide sequence when such a
nucleotide sequence is present with only a few additional nucleic
acid residues in the final nucleic acid molecule.
[0100] The present invention further provides nucleic acid
molecules that comprise the nucleotide sequences shown in FIGS. 1
or 3 (SEQ ID NO:1, transcript sequence and SEQ ID NO:3, genomic
sequence), or any nucleic acid molecule that encodes the protein
provided in FIG. 2, SEQ ID NO:2. A nucleic acid molecule comprises
a nucleotide sequence when the nucleotide sequence is at least part
of the final nucleotide sequence of the nucleic acid molecule. In
such a fashion, the nucleic acid molecule can be only the
nucleotide sequence or have additional nucleic acid residues, such
as nucleic acid residues that are naturally associated with it or
heterologous nucleotide sequences. Such a nucleic acid molecule can
have a few additional nucleotides or can comprises several hundred
or more additional nucleotides. A brief description of how various
types of these nucleic acid molecules can be readily made/isolated
is provided below.
[0101] In FIGS. 1 and 3, both coding and non-coding sequences are
provided. Because of the source of the present invention, humans
genomic sequence (FIG. 3) and cDNA/transcript sequences (FIG. 1),
the nucleic acid molecules in the Figures will contain genomic
intronic sequences, 5' and 3' non-coding sequences, gene regulatory
regions and non-coding intergenic sequences. In general such
sequence features are either noted in FIGS. 1 and 3 or can readily
be identified using computational tools known in the art. As
discussed below, some of the non-coding regions, particularly gene
regulatory elements such as promoters, are useful for a variety of
purposes, e.g. control of heterologous gene expression, target for
identifying gene activity modulating compounds, and are
particularly claimed as fragments of the genomic sequence provided
herein.
[0102] The isolated nucleic acid molecules can encode the mature
protein plus additional amino or carboxyl-terminal amino acids, or
amino acids interior to the mature peptide (when the mature form
has more than one peptide chain, for instance). Such sequences may
play a role in processing of a protein from precursor to a mature
form, facilitate protein trafficking, prolong or shorten protein
half-life or facilitate manipulation of a protein for assay or
production, among other things. As generally is the case in situ,
the additional amino acids may be processed away from the mature
protein by cellular enzymes.
[0103] As mentioned above, the isolated nucleic acid molecules
include, but are not limited to, the sequence encoding the enzyme
peptide alone, the sequence encoding the mature peptide and
additional coding sequences, such as a leader or secretory sequence
(e.g., a pre-pro or pro-protein sequence), the sequence encoding
the mature peptide, with or without the additional coding
sequences, plus additional non-coding sequences, for example
introns and non-coding 5' and 3' sequences such as transcribed but
non-translated sequences that play a role in transcription, mRNA
processing (including splicing and polyadenylation signals),
ribosome binding and stability of mRNA. In addition, the nucleic
acid molecule may be fused to a marker sequence encoding, for
example, a peptide that facilitates purification.
[0104] Isolated nucleic acid molecules can be in the form of RNA,
such as mRNA, or in the form DNA, including cDNA and genomic DNA
obtained by cloning or produced by chemical synthetic techniques or
by a combination thereof. The nucleic acid, especially DNA, can be
double-stranded or single-stranded. Single-stranded nucleic acid
can be the coding strand (sense strand) or the non-coding strand
(anti-sense strand).
[0105] The invention further provides nucleic acid molecules that
encode fragments of the peptides of the present invention as well
as nucleic acid molecules that encode obvious variants of the
enzyme proteins of the present invention that are described above.
Such nucleic acid molecules may be naturally occurring, such as
allelic variants (same locus), paralogs (different locus), and
orthologs (different organism), or may be constructed by
recombinant DNA methods or by chemical synthesis. Such
non-naturally occurring variants may be made by mutagenesis
techniques, including those applied to nucleic acid molecules,
cells, or organisms. Accordingly, as discussed above, the variants
can contain nucleotide substitutions, deletions, inversions and
insertions. Variation can occur in either or both the coding and
non-coding regions. The variations can produce both conservative
and non-conservative amino acid substitutions.
[0106] The present invention further provides non-coding fragments
of the nucleic acid molecules provided in FIGS. 1 and 3. Preferred
non-coding fragments include, but are not limited to, promoter
sequences, enhancer sequences, gene modulating sequences and gene
termination sequences. Such fragments are useful in controlling
heterologous gene expression and in developing screens to identify
gene-modulating agents. A promoter can readily be identified as
being 5' to the ATG start site in the genomic sequence provided in
FIG. 3.
[0107] A fragment comprises a contiguous nucleotide sequence
greater than 12 or more nucleotides. Further, a fragment could at
least 30, 40, 50, 100, 250 or 500 nucleotides in length. The length
of the fragment will be based on its intended use. For example, the
fragment can encode epitope bearing regions of the peptide, or can
be useful as DNA probes and primers. Such fragments can be isolated
using the known nucleotide sequence to synthesize an
oligonucleotide probe. A labeled probe can then be used to screen a
cDNA library, genomic DNA library, or mRNA to isolate nucleic acid
corresponding to the coding region. Further, primers can be used in
PCR reactions to clone specific regions of gene.
[0108] A probe/primer typically comprises substantially a purified
oligonucleotide or oligonucleotide pair. The oligonucleotide
typically comprises a region of nucleotide sequence that hybridizes
under stringent conditions to at least about 12, 20, 25, 40, 50 or
more consecutive nucleotides.
[0109] Orthologs, homologs, and allelic variants can be identified
using methods well known in the art. As described in the Peptide
Section, these variants comprise a nucleotide sequence encoding a
peptide that is typically 60-70%, 70-80%, 80-90%, and more
typically at least about 90-95% or more homologous to the
nucleotide sequence shown in the Figure sheets or a fragment of
this sequence. Such nucleic acid molecules can readily be
identified as being able to hybridize under moderate to stringent
conditions, to the nucleotide sequence shown in the Figure sheets
or a fragment of the sequence. Allelic variants can readily be
determined by genetic locus of the encoding gene. The gene encoding
the novel enzyme of the present invention is located on a genome
component that has been mapped to human chromosome X (as indicated
in FIG. 3), which is supported by multiple lines of evidence, such
as STS and BAC map data.
[0110] FIG. 3 provides information on SNPs that have been found in
the gene encoding the enzyme protein of the present invention. SNPs
were identified at 22 different nucleotide positions, including
non-synonymous coding SNPs at 18 nucleotide positions. Changes in
the amino acid sequence caused by these SNPs is indicated in FIG. 3
and can readily be determined using the universal genetic code and
the protein sequence provided in FIG. 2 as a reference. The SNPs
located 5' of the ORF and in introns may affect control/regulatory
elements.
[0111] As used herein, the term "hybridizes under stringent
conditions" is intended to describe conditions for hybridization
and washing under which nucleotide sequences encoding a peptide at
least 60-70% homologous to each other typically remain hybridized
to each other. The conditions can be such that sequences at least
about 60%, at least about 70%, or at least about 80% or more
homologous to each other typically remain hybridized to each other.
Such stringent conditions are known to those skilled in the art and
can be found in Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley
& Sons, N.Y. (1989), 6.3.1-6.3.6. One example of stringent
hybridization conditions are hybridization in 6.times. sodium
chloride/sodium citrate (SSC) at about 45 C, followed by one or
more washes in 0.2.times.SSC, 0.1% SDS at 50-65 C. Examples of
moderate to low stringency hybridization conditions are well known
in the art.
[0112] Nucleic Acid Molecule Uses
[0113] The nucleic acid molecules of the present invention are
useful for probes, primers, chemical intermediates, and in
biological assays. The nucleic acid molecules are useful as a
hybridization probe for messenger RNA, transcript/cDNA and genomic
DNA to isolate full-length cDNA and genomic clones encoding the
peptide described in FIG. 2 and to isolate cDNA and genomic clones
that correspond to variants (alleles, orthologs, etc.) producing
the same or related peptides shown in FIG. 2. As illustrated in
FIG. 3, SNPs were identified at 22 different nucleotide
positions.
[0114] The probe can correspond to any sequence along the entire
length of the nucleic acid molecules provided in the Figures.
Accordingly, it could be derived from 5' noncoding regions, the
coding region, and 3' noncoding regions. However, as discussed,
fragments are not to be construed as encompassing fragments
disclosed prior to the present invention.
[0115] The nucleic acid molecules are also useful as primers for
PCR to amplify any given region of a nucleic acid molecule and are
useful to synthesize antisense molecules of desired length and
sequence.
[0116] The nucleic acid molecules are also useful for constructing
recombinant vectors. Such vectors include expression vectors that
express a portion of, or all of, the peptide sequences. Vectors
also include insertion vectors, used to integrate into another
nucleic acid molecule sequence, such as into the cellular genome,
to alter in situ expression of a gene and/or gene product. For
example, an endogenous coding sequence can be replaced via
homologous recombination with all or part of the coding region
containing one or more specifically introduced mutations.
[0117] The nucleic acid molecules are also useful for expressing
antigenic portions of the proteins.
[0118] The nucleic acid molecules are also useful as probes for
determining the chromosomal positions of the nucleic acid molecules
by means of in situ hybridization methods. The gene encoding the
novel enzyme of the present invention is located on a genome
component that has been mapped to human chromosome X (as indicated
in FIG. 3), which is supported by multiple lines of evidence, such
as STS and BAC map data.
[0119] The nucleic acid molecules are also useful in making vectors
containing the gene regulatory regions of the nucleic acid
molecules of the present invention.
[0120] The nucleic acid molecules are also useful for designing
ribozymes corresponding to all, or a part, of the mRNA produced
from the nucleic acid molecules described herein.
[0121] The nucleic acid molecules are also useful for making
vectors that express part, or all, of the peptides.
[0122] The nucleic acid molecules are also useful for constructing
host cells expressing a part, or all, of the nucleic acid molecules
and peptides.
[0123] The nucleic acid molecules are also useful for constructing
transgenic animals expressing all, or a part, of the nucleic acid
molecules and peptides.
[0124] The nucleic acid molecules are also useful as hybridization
probes for determining the presence, level, form and distribution
of nucleic acid expression. Experimental data as provided in FIG. 1
indicates that the enzyme proteins of the present invention are
expressed in humans in teratocarcinoma of neuronal precursor cells,
skin, skin melanotic melanoma, muscle rhabdomyosarcoma, brain
neuroblastoma, brain, breast, stomach, pancreas adenocarcinoma,
uterus serous papillary carcinoma, brain anaplastic
oligodendroglioma, and colon adenocarcinoma, as indicated by
virtual northern blot analysis, and in fetal brain, as indicated by
the tissue source of the cDNA clone of the present invention.
Accordingly, the probes can be used to detect the presence of, or
to determine levels of, a specific nucleic acid molecule in cells,
tissues, and in organisms. The nucleic acid whose level is
determined can be DNA or RNA. Accordingly, probes corresponding to
the peptides described herein can be used to assess expression
and/or gene copy number in a given cell, tissue, or organism. These
uses are relevant for diagnosis of disorders involving an increase
or decrease in enzyme protein expression relative to normal
results.
[0125] In vitro techniques for detection of mRNA include Northern
hybridizations and in situ hybridizations. In vitro techniques for
detecting DNA includes Southern hybridizations and in situ
hybridization.
[0126] Probes can be used as a part of a diagnostic test kit for
identifying cells or tissues that express a enzyme protein, such as
by measuring a level of a enzyme-encoding nucleic acid in a sample
of cells from a subject e.g., mRNA or genomic DNA, or determining
if a enzyme gene has been mutated. Experimental data as provided in
FIG. 1 indicates that the enzyme proteins of the present invention
are expressed in humans in teratocarcinoma of neuronal precursor
cells, skin, skin melanotic melanoma, muscle rhabdomyosarcoma,
brain neuroblastoma, brain, breast, stomach, pancreas
adenocarcinoma, uterus serous papillary carcinoma, brain anaplastic
oligodendroglioma, and colon adenocarcinoma, as indicated by
virtual northern blot analysis, and in fetal brain, as indicated by
the tissue source of the cDNA clone of the present invention.
[0127] Nucleic acid expression assays are useful for drug screening
to identify compounds that modulate enzyme nucleic acid
expression.
[0128] The invention thus provides a method for identifying a
compound that can be used to treat a disorder associated with
nucleic acid expression of the enzyme gene, particularly biological
and pathological processes that are mediated by the enzyme in cells
and tissues that express it. Experimental data as provided in FIG.
1 indicates expression in humans in teratocarcinoma of neuronal
precursor cells, skin, skin melanotic melanoma, muscle
rhabdomyosarcoma, brain neuroblastoma, brain, breast, stomach,
pancreas adenocarcinoma, uterus serous papillary carcinoma, brain
anaplastic oligodendroglioma, colon adenocarcinoma, and fetal
brain. The method typically includes assaying the ability of the
compound to modulate the expression of the enzyme nucleic acid and
thus identifying a compound that can be used to treat a disorder
characterized by undesired enzyme nucleic acid expression. The
assays can be performed in cell-based and cell-free systems.
Cell-based assays include cells naturally expressing the enzyme
nucleic acid or recombinant cells genetically engineered to express
specific nucleic acid sequences.
[0129] The assay for enzyme nucleic acid expression can involve
direct assay of nucleic acid levels, such as mRNA levels, or on
collateral compounds involved in the signal pathway. Further, the
expression of genes that are up- or down-regulated in response to
the enzyme protein signal pathway can also be assayed. In this
embodiment the regulatory regions of these genes can be operably
linked to a reporter gene such as luciferase.
[0130] Thus, modulators of enzyme gene expression can be identified
in a method wherein a cell is contacted with a candidate compound
and the expression of mRNA determined. The level of expression of
enzyme mRNA in the presence of the candidate compound is compared
to the level of expression of enzyme mRNA in the absence of the
candidate compound. The candidate compound can then be identified
as a modulator of nucleic acid expression based on this comparison
and be used, for example to treat a disorder characterized by
aberrant nucleic acid expression. When expression of mRNA is
statistically significantly greater in the presence of the
candidate compound than in its absence, the candidate compound is
identified as a stimulator of nucleic acid expression. When nucleic
acid expression is statistically significantly less in the presence
of the candidate compound than in its absence, the candidate
compound is identified as an inhibitor of nucleic acid
expression.
[0131] The invention further provides methods of treatment, with
the nucleic acid as a target, using a compound identified through
drug screening as a gene modulator to modulate enzyme nucleic acid
expression in cells and tissues that express the enzyme.
Experimental data as provided in FIG. 1 indicates that the enzyme
proteins of the present invention are expressed in humans in
teratocarcinoma of neuronal precursor cells, skin, skin melanotic
melanoma, muscle rhabdomyosarcoma, brain neuroblastoma, brain,
breast, stomach, pancreas adenocarcinoma, uterus serous papillary
carcinoma, brain anaplastic oligodendroglioma, and colon
adenocarcinoma, as indicated by virtual northern blot analysis, and
in fetal brain, as indicated by the tissue source of the cDNA clone
of the present invention. Modulation includes both up-regulation
(i.e. activation or agonization) or down-regulation (suppression or
antagonization) or nucleic acid expression.
[0132] Alternatively, a modulator for enzyme nucleic acid
expression can be a small molecule or drug identified using the
screening assays described herein as long as the drug or small
molecule inhibits the enzyme nucleic acid expression in the cells
and tissues that express the protein. Experimental data as provided
in FIG. 1 indicates expression in humans in teratocarcinoma of
neuronal precursor cells, skin, skin melanotic melanoma, muscle
rhabdomyosarcoma, brain neuroblastoma, brain, breast, stomach,
pancreas adenocarcinoma, uterus serous papillary carcinoma, brain
anaplastic oligodendroglioma, colon adenocarcinoma, and fetal
brain.
[0133] The nucleic acid molecules are also useful for monitoring
the effectiveness of modulating compounds on the expression or
activity of the enzyme gene in clinical trials or in a treatment
regimen. Thus, the gene expression pattern can serve as a barometer
for the continuing effectiveness of treatment with the compound,
particularly with compounds to which a patient can develop
resistance. The gene expression pattern can also serve as a marker
indicative of a physiological response of the affected cells to the
compound. Accordingly, such monitoring would allow either increased
administration of the compound or the administration of alternative
compounds to which the patient has not become resistant. Similarly,
if the level of nucleic acid expression falls below a desirable
level, administration of the compound could be commensurately
decreased.
[0134] The nucleic acid molecules are also useful in diagnostic
assays for qualitative changes in enzyme nucleic acid expression,
and particularly in qualitative changes that lead to pathology. The
nucleic acid molecules can be used to detect mutations in enzyme
genes and gene expression products such as mRNA. The nucleic acid
molecules can be used as hybridization probes to detect naturally
occurring genetic mutations in the enzyme gene and thereby to
determine whether a subject with the mutation is at risk for a
disorder caused by the mutation. Mutations include deletion,
addition, or substitution of one or more nucleotides in the gene,
chromosomal rearrangement, such as inversion or transposition,
modification of genomic DNA, such as aberrant methylation patterns
or changes in gene copy number, such as amplification. Detection of
a mutated form of the enzyme gene associated with a dysfunction
provides a diagnostic tool for an active disease or susceptibility
to disease when the disease results from overexpression,
underexpression, or altered expression of a enzyme protein.
[0135] Individuals carrying mutations in the enzyme gene can be
detected at the nucleic acid level by a variety of techniques. FIG.
3 provides information on SNPs that have been found in the gene
encoding the enzyme protein of the present invention. SNPs were
identified at 22 different nucleotide positions, including
non-synonymous coding SNPs at 18 nucleotide positions. Changes in
the amino acid sequence caused by these SNPs is indicated in FIG. 3
and can readily be determined using the universal genetic code and
the protein sequence provided in FIG. 2 as a reference. The SNPs
located 5' of the ORF and in introns may affect control/regulatory
elements. The gene encoding the novel enzyme of the present
invention is located on a genome component that has been mapped to
human chromosome X (as indicated in FIG. 3), which is supported by
multiple lines of evidence, such as STS and BAC map data. Genomic
DNA can be analyzed directly or can be amplified by using PCR prior
to analysis. RNA or cDNA can be used in the same way. In some uses,
detection of the mutation involves the use of a probe/primer in a
polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (see, e.g. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,683,195
and 4,683,202), such as anchor PCR or RACE PCR, or, alternatively,
in a ligation chain reaction (LCR) (see, e.g., Landegran et al.,
Science 241:1077-1080 (1988); and Nakazawa et al., PNAS 91:360-364
(1994)), the latter of which can be particularly useful for
detecting point mutations in the gene (see Abravaya et al., Nucleic
Acids Res. 23:675-682 (1995)). This method can include the steps of
collecting a sample of cells from a patient, isolating nucleic acid
(e.g., genomic, mRNA or both) from the cells of the sample,
contacting the nucleic acid sample with one or more primers which
specifically hybridize to a gene under conditions such that
hybridization and amplification of the gene (if present) occurs,
and detecting the presence or absence of an amplification product,
or detecting the size of the amplification product and comparing
the length to a control sample. Deletions and insertions can be
detected by a change in size of the amplified product compared to
the normal genotype. Point mutations can be identified by
hybridizing amplified DNA to normal RNA or antisense DNA
sequences.
[0136] Alternatively, mutations in a enzyme gene can be directly
identified, for example, by alterations in restriction enzyme
digestion patterns determined by gel electrophoresis.
[0137] Further, sequence-specific ribozymes (U.S. Pat. No.
5,498,531) can be used to score for the presence of specific
mutations by development or loss of a ribozyme cleavage site.
Perfectly matched sequences can be distinguished from mismatched
sequences by nuclease cleavage digestion assays or by differences
in melting temperature.
[0138] Sequence changes at specific locations can also be assessed
by nuclease protection assays such as RNase and S1 protection or
the chemical cleavage method. Furthermore, sequence differences
between a mutant enzyme gene and a wild-type gene can be determined
by direct DNA sequencing. A variety of automated sequencing
procedures can be utilized when performing the diagnostic assays
(Naeve, C. W., (1995) Biotechniques 19:448), including sequencing
by mass spectrometry (see, e.g., PCT International Publication No.
WO 94/16101; Cohen et al., Adv. Chromatogr. 36:127-162 (1996); and
Griffin et al., Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 38:147-159 (1993)).
[0139] Other methods for detecting mutations in the gene include
methods in which protection from cleavage agents is used to detect
mismatched bases in RNA/RNA or RNA/DNA duplexes (Myers et al.,
Science 230:1242 (1985)); Cotton et al., PNAS 85:4397 (1988);
Saleeba et al., Meth. Enzymol. 217:286-295 (1992)), electrophoretic
mobility of mutant and wild type nucleic acid is compared (Orita et
al., PNAS 86:2766 (1989); Cotton et al., Mutat. Res. 285:125-144
(1993); and Hayashi et al., Genet. Anal. Tech. Appl. 9:73-79
(1992)), and movement of mutant or wild-type fragments in
polyacrylamide gels containing a gradient of denaturant is assayed
using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (Myers et al., Nature
313:495 (1985)). Examples of other techniques for detecting point
mutations include selective oligonucleotide hybridization,
selective amplification, and selective primer extension.
[0140] The nucleic acid molecules are also useful for testing an
individual for a genotype that while not necessarily causing the
disease, nevertheless affects the treatment modality. Thus, the
nucleic acid molecules can be used to study the relationship
between an individual's genotype and the individual's response to a
compound used for treatment (pharmacogenomic relationship).
Accordingly, the nucleic acid molecules described herein can be
used to assess the mutation content of the enzyme gene in an
individual in order to select an appropriate compound or dosage
regimen for treatment. FIG. 3 provides information on SNPs that
have been found in the gene encoding the enzyme protein of the
present invention. SNPs were identified at 22 different nucleotide
positions, including non-synonymous coding SNPs at 18 nucleotide
positions. Changes in the amino acid sequence caused by these SNPs
is indicated in FIG. 3 and can readily be determined using the
universal genetic code and the protein sequence provided in FIG. 2
as a reference. The SNPs located 5' of the ORF and in introns may
affect control/regulatory elements.
[0141] Thus nucleic acid molecules displaying genetic variations
that affect treatment provide a diagnostic target that can be used
to tailor treatment in an individual. Accordingly, the production
of recombinant cells and animals containing these polymorphisms
allow effective clinical design of treatment compounds and dosage
regimens.
[0142] The nucleic acid molecules are thus useful as antisense
constructs to control enzyme gene expression in cells, tissues, and
organisms. A DNA antisense nucleic acid molecule is designed to be
complementary to a region of the gene involved in transcription,
preventing transcription and hence production of enzyme protein. An
antisense RNA or DNA nucleic acid molecule would hybridize to the
mRNA and thus block translation of mRNA into enzyme protein.
[0143] Alternatively, a class of antisense molecules can be used to
inactivate mRNA in order to decrease expression of enzyme nucleic
acid. Accordingly, these molecules can treat a disorder
characterized by abnormal or undesired enzyme nucleic acid
expression. This technique involves cleavage by means of ribozymes
containing nucleotide sequences complementary to one or more
regions in the mRNA that attenuate the ability of the mRNA to be
translated. Possible regions include coding regions and
particularly coding regions corresponding to the catalytic and
other functional activities of the enzyme protein, such as
substrate binding.
[0144] The nucleic acid molecules also provide vectors for gene
therapy in patients containing cells that are aberrant in enzyme
gene expression. Thus, recombinant cells, which include the
patient's cells that have been engineered ex vivo and returned to
the patient, are introduced into an individual where the cells
produce the desired enzyme protein to treat the individual.
[0145] The invention also encompasses kits for detecting the
presence of a enzyme nucleic acid in a biological sample.
Experimental data as provided in FIG. 1 indicates that the enzyme
proteins of the present invention are expressed in humans in
teratocarcinoma of neuronal precursor cells, skin, skin melanotic
melanoma, muscle rhabdomyosarcoma, brain neuroblastoma, brain,
breast, stomach, pancreas adenocarcinoma, uterus serous papillary
carcinoma, brain anaplastic oligodendroglioma, and colon
adenocarcinoma, as indicated by virtual northern blot analysis, and
in fetal brain, as indicated by the tissue source of the cDNA clone
of the present invention. For example, the kit can comprise
reagents such as a labeled or labelable nucleic acid or agent
capable of detecting enzyme nucleic acid in a biological sample;
means for determining the amount of enzyme nucleic acid in the
sample; and means for comparing the amount of enzyme nucleic acid
in the sample with a standard. The compound or agent can be
packaged in a suitable container. The kit can further comprise
instructions for using the kit to detect enzyme protein mRNA or
DNA.
[0146] Nucleic Acid Arrays
[0147] The present invention further provides nucleic acid
detection kits, such as arrays or microarrays of nucleic acid
molecules that are based on the sequence information provided in
FIGS. 1 and 3 (SEQ ID NOS:1 and 3).
[0148] As used herein "Arrays" or "Microarrays" refers to an array
of distinct polynucleotides or oligonucleotides synthesized on a
substrate, such as paper, nylon or other type of membrane, filter,
chip, glass slide, or any other suitable solid support. In one
embodiment, the microarray is prepared and used according to the
methods described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,837,832, Chee et al., PCT
application W095/11995 (Chee et al.), Lockhart, D. J. et al. (1996;
Nat. Biotech. 14: 1675-1680) and Schena, M. et al. (1996; Proc.
Natl. Acad. Sci. 93: 10614-10619), all of which are incorporated
herein in their entirety by reference. In other embodiments, such
arrays are produced by the methods described by Brown et al., U.S.
Pat. No. 5,807,522.
[0149] The microarray or detection kit is preferably composed of a
large number of unique, single-stranded nucleic acid sequences,
usually either synthetic antisense oligonucleotides or fragments of
cDNAs, fixed to a solid support. The oligonucleotides are
preferably about 6-60 nucleotides in length, more preferably 15-30
nucleotides in length, and most preferably about 20-25 nucleotides
in length. For a certain type of microarray or detection kit, it
may be preferable to use oligonucleotides that are only 7-20
nucleotides in length. The microarray or detection kit may contain
oligonucleotides that cover the known 5', or 3', sequence,
sequential oligonucleotides which cover the full length sequence;
or unique oligonucleotides selected from particular areas along the
length of the sequence. Polynucleotides used in the microarray or
detection kit may be oligonucleotides that are specific to a gene
or genes of interest.
[0150] In order to produce oligonucleotides to a known sequence for
a microarray or detection kit, the gene(s) of interest (or an ORF
identified from the contigs of the present invention) is typically
examined using a computer algorithm which starts at the 5' or at
the 3' end of the nucleotide sequence. Typical algorithms will then
identify oligomers of defined length that are unique to the gene,
have a GC content within a range suitable for hybridization, and
lack predicted secondary structure that may interfere with
hybridization. In certain situations it may be appropriate to use
pairs of oligonucleotides on a microarray or detection kit. The
"pairs" will be identical, except for one nucleotide that
preferably is located in the center of the sequence. The second
oligonucleotide in the pair (mismatched by one) serves as a
control. The number of oligonucleotide pairs may range from two to
one million. The oligomers are synthesized at designated areas on a
substrate using a light-directed chemical process. The substrate
may be paper, nylon or other type of membrane, filter, chip, glass
slide or any other suitable solid support.
[0151] In another aspect, an oligonucleotide may be synthesized on
the surface of the substrate by using a chemical coupling procedure
and an ink jet application apparatus, as described in PCT
application W095/251116 (Baldeschweiler et al.) which is
incorporated herein in its entirety by reference. In another
aspect, a "gridded" array analogous to a dot (or slot) blot may be
used to arrange and link cDNA fragments or oligonucleotides to the
surface of a substrate using a vacuum system, thermal, UV,
mechanical or chemical bonding procedures. An array, such as those
described above, may be produced by hand or by using available
devices (slot blot or dot blot apparatus), materials (any suitable
solid support), and machines (including robotic instruments), and
may contain 8, 24, 96, 384, 1536, 6144 or more oligonucleotides, or
any other number between two and one million which lends itself to
the efficient use of commercially available instrumentation.
[0152] In order to conduct sample analysis using a microarray or
detection kit, the RNA or DNA from a biological sample is made into
hybridization probes. The mRNA is isolated, and cDNA is produced
and used as a template to make antisense RNA (aRNA). The aRNA is
amplified in the presence of fluorescent nucleotides, and labeled
probes are incubated with the microarray or detection kit so that
the probe sequences hybridize to complementary oligonucleotides of
the microarray or detection kit. Incubation conditions are adjusted
so that hybridization occurs with precise complementary matches or
with various degrees of less complementarity. After removal of
nonhybridized probes, a scanner is used to determine the levels and
patterns of fluorescence. The scanned images are examined to
determine degree of complementarity and the relative abundance of
each oligonucleotide sequence on the microarray or detection kit.
The biological samples may be obtained from any bodily fluids (such
as blood, urine, saliva, phlegm, gastric juices, etc.), cultured
cells, biopsies, or other tissue preparations. A detection system
may be used to measure the absence, presence, and amount of
hybridization for all of the distinct sequences simultaneously.
This data may be used for large-scale correlation studies on the
sequences, expression patterns, mutations, variants, or
polymorphisms among samples.
[0153] Using such arrays, the present invention provides methods to
identify the expression of the enzyme proteins/peptides of the
present invention. In detail, such methods comprise incubating a
test sample with one or more nucleic acid molecules and assaying
for binding of the nucleic acid molecule with components within the
test sample. Such assays will typically involve arrays comprising
many genes, at least one of which is a gene of the present
invention and or alleles of the enzyme gene of the present
invention. FIG. 3 provides information on SNPs that have been found
in the gene encoding the enzyme protein of the present invention.
SNPs were identified at 22 different nucleotide positions,
including non-synonymous coding SNPs at 18 nucleotide positions.
Changes in the amino acid sequence caused by these SNPs is
indicated in FIG. 3 and can readily be determined using the
universal genetic code and the protein sequence provided in FIG. 2
as a reference. The SNPs located 5' of the ORF and in introns may
affect control/regulatory elements.
[0154] Conditions for incubating a nucleic acid molecule with a
test sample vary. Incubation conditions depend on the format
employed in the assay, the detection methods employed, and the type
and nature of the nucleic acid molecule used in the assay. One
skilled in the art will recognize that any one of the commonly
available hybridization, amplification or array assay formats can
readily be adapted to employ the novel fragments of the Human
genome disclosed herein. Examples of such assays can be found in
Chard, T, An Introduction to Radioimmunoassay and Related
Techniques, Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
(1986); Bullock, G. R. et al, Techniques in Immunocytochemistry,
Academic Press, Orlando, Fla. Vol. 1 (1 982), Vol. 2 (1983), Vol. 3
(1985); Tijssen, P., Practice and Theory of Enzyme Immunoassays:
Laboratory Techniques in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,
Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (1985).
[0155] The test samples of the present invention include cells,
protein or membrane extracts of cells. The test sample used in the
above-described method will vary based on the assay format, nature
of the detection method and the tissues, cells or extracts used as
the sample to be assayed. Methods for preparing nucleic acid
extracts or of cells are well known in the art and can be readily
be adapted in order to obtain a sample that is compatible with the
system utilized.
[0156] In another embodiment of the present invention, kits are
provided which contain the necessary reagents to carry out the
assays of the present invention.
[0157] Specifically, the invention provides a compartmentalized kit
to receive, in close confinement, one or more containers which
comprises: (a) a first container comprising one of the nucleic acid
molecules that can bind to a fragment of the Human genome disclosed
herein; and (b) one or more other containers comprising one or more
of the following: wash reagents, reagents capable of detecting
presence of a bound nucleic acid.
[0158] In detail, a compartmentalized kit includes any kit in which
reagents are contained in separate containers. Such containers
include small glass containers, plastic containers, strips of
plastic, glass or paper, or arraying material such as silica. Such
containers allows one to efficiently transfer reagents from one
compartment to another compartment such that the samples and
reagents are not cross-contaminated, and the agents or solutions of
each container can be added in a quantitative fashion from one
compartment to another. Such containers will include a container
which will accept the test sample, a container which contains the
nucleic acid probe, containers which contain wash reagents (such as
phosphate buffered saline, Tris-buffers, etc.), and containers
which contain the reagents used to detect the bound probe. One
skilled in the art will readily recognize that the previously
unidentified enzyme gene of the present invention can be routinely
identified using the sequence information disclosed herein can be
readily incorporated into one of the established kit formats which
are well known in the art, particularly expression arrays.
[0159] Vectors/Host Cells
[0160] The invention also provides vectors containing the nucleic
acid molecules described herein. The term "vector" refers to a
vehicle, preferably a nucleic acid molecule, which can transport
the nucleic acid molecules. When the vector is a nucleic acid
molecule, the nucleic acid molecules are covalently linked to the
vector nucleic acid. With this aspect of the invention, the vector
includes a plasmid, single or double stranded phage, a single or
double stranded RNA or DNA viral vector, or artificial chromosome,
such as a BAC, PAC, YAC, OR MAC.
[0161] A vector can be maintained in the host cell as an
extrachromosomal element where it replicates and produces
additional copies of the nucleic acid molecules. Alternatively, the
vector may integrate into the host cell genome and produce
additional copies of the nucleic acid molecules when the host cell
replicates.
[0162] The invention provides vectors for the maintenance (cloning
vectors) or vectors for expression (expression vectors) of the
nucleic acid molecules. The vectors can function in prokaryotic or
eukaryotic cells or in both (shuttle vectors).
[0163] Expression vectors contain cis-acting regulatory regions
that are operably linked in the vector to the nucleic acid
molecules such that transcription of the nucleic acid molecules is
allowed in a host cell. The nucleic acid molecules can be
introduced into the host cell with a separate nucleic acid molecule
capable of affecting transcription. Thus, the second nucleic acid
molecule may provide a trans-acting factor interacting with the
cis-regulatory control region to allow transcription of the nucleic
acid molecules from the vector. Alternatively, a trans-acting
factor may be supplied by the host cell. Finally, a trans-acting
factor can be produced from the vector itself. It is understood,
however, that in some embodiments, transcription and/or translation
of the nucleic acid molecules can occur in a cell-free system.
[0164] The regulatory sequence to which the nucleic acid molecules
described herein can be operably linked include promoters for
directing mRNA transcription. These include, but are not limited
to, the left promoter from bacteriophage .lamda., the lac, TRP, and
TAC promoters from E. coli, the early and late promoters from SV40,
the CMV immediate early promoter, the adenovirus early and late
promoters, and retrovirus long-terminal repeats.
[0165] In addition to control regions that promote transcription,
expression vectors may also include regions that modulate
transcription, such as repressor binding sites and enhancers.
Examples include the SV40 enhancer, the cytomegalovirus immediate
early enhancer, polyoma enhancer, adenovirus enhancers, and
retrovirus LTR enhancers.
[0166] In addition to containing sites for transcription initiation
and control, expression vectors can also contain sequences
necessary for transcription termination and, in the transcribed
region a ribosome binding site for translation. Other regulatory
control elements for expression include initiation and termination
codons as well as polyadenylation signals. The person of ordinary
skill in the art would be aware of the numerous regulatory
sequences that are useful in expression vectors. Such regulatory
sequences are described, for example, in Sambrook et al., Molecular
Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. 2nd ed., Cold Spring Harbor
Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., (1989).
[0167] A variety of expression vectors can be used to express a
nucleic acid molecule. Such vectors include chromosomal, episomal,
and virus-derived vectors, for example vectors derived from
bacterial plasmids, from bacteriophage, from yeast episomes, from
yeast chromosomal elements, including yeast artificial chromosomes,
from viruses such as baculoviruses, papovaviruses such as SV40,
Vaccinia viruses, adenoviruses, poxviruses, pseudorabies viruses,
and retroviruses. Vectors may also be derived from combinations of
these sources such as those derived from plasmid and bacteriophage
genetic elements, e.g. cosmids and phagemids. Appropriate cloning
and expression vectors for prokaryotic and eukaryotic hosts are
described in Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory
Manual. 2nd ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring
Harbor, N.Y., (1989).
[0168] The regulatory sequence may provide constitutive expression
in one or more host cells (i.e. tissue specific) or may provide for
inducible expression in one or more cell types such as by
temperature, nutrient additive, or exogenous factor such as a
hormone or other ligand. A variety of vectors providing for
constitutive and inducible expression in prokaryotic and eukaryotic
hosts are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
[0169] The nucleic acid molecules can be inserted into the vector
nucleic acid by well-known methodology. Generally, the DNA sequence
that will ultimately be expressed is joined to an expression vector
by cleaving the DNA sequence and the expression vector with one or
more restriction enzymes and then ligating the fragments together.
Procedures for restriction enzyme digestion and ligation are well
known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
[0170] The vector containing the appropriate nucleic acid molecule
can be introduced into an appropriate host cell for propagation or
expression using well-known techniques. Bacterial cells include,
but are not limited to, E. coli, Streptomyces, and Salmonella
typhimurium. Eukaryotic cells include, but are not limited to,
yeast, insect cells such as Drosophila, animal cells such as COS
and CHO cells, and plant cells.
[0171] As described herein, it may be desirable to express the
peptide as a fusion protein. Accordingly, the invention provides
fusion vectors that allow for the production of the peptides.
Fusion vectors can increase the expression of a recombinant
protein, increase the solubility of the recombinant protein, and
aid in the purification of the protein by acting for example as a
ligand for affinity purification. A proteolytic cleavage site may
be introduced at the junction of the fusion moiety so that the
desired peptide can ultimately be separated from the fusion moiety.
Proteolytic enzymes include, but are not limited to, factor Xa,
thrombin, and enteroenzyme. Typical fusion expression vectors
include pGEX (Smith et al., Gene 67:31-40 (1988)), pMAL (New
England Biolabs, Beverly, Mass.) and pRIT5 (Pharmacia, Piscataway,
N.J.) which fuse glutathione S-transferase (GST), maltose E binding
protein, or protein A, respectively, to the target recombinant
protein. Examples of suitable inducible non-fusion E. coli
expression vectors include pTrc (Amann et al., Gene 69:301-315
(1988)) and pET 11d (Studier et al., Gene Expression Technology:
Methods in Enzymology 185:60-89 (1990)).
[0172] Recombinant protein expression can be maximized in host
bacteria by providing a genetic background wherein the host cell
has an impaired capacity to proteolytically cleave the recombinant
protein. (Gottesman, S., Gene Expression Technology: Methods in
Enzymology 185, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif. (1990) 119-128).
Alternatively, the sequence of the nucleic acid molecule of
interest can be altered to provide preferential codon usage for a
specific host cell, for example E. coli. (Wada et al., Nucleic
Acids Res. 20:2111-2118 (1992)).
[0173] The nucleic acid molecules can also be expressed by
expression vectors that are operative in yeast. Examples of vectors
for expression in yeast e.g., S. cerevisiae include pYepSec1
(Baldari, et al., EMBO J. 6:229-234 (1987)), pMFa (Kujan et al.,
Cell 30:933-943(1982)), pJRY88 (Schultz et al., Gene 54:113-123
(1987)), and pYES2 (Invitrogen Corporation, San Diego, Calif.).
[0174] The nucleic acid molecules can also be expressed in insect
cells using, for example, baculovirus expression vectors.
Baculovirus vectors available for expression of proteins in
cultured insect cells (e.g., Sf9 cells) include the pAc series
(Smith et al., Mol. Cell Biol. 3:2156-2165 (1983)) and the pVL
series (Lucklow et al., Virology 170:31-39 (1989)).
[0175] In certain embodiments of the invention, the nucleic acid
molecules described herein are expressed in mammalian cells using
mammalian expression vectors. Examples of mammalian expression
vectors include pCDM8 (Seed, B. Nature 329:840(1987)) and pMT2PC
(Kaufman et al., EMBO J. 6:187-195 (1987)).
[0176] The expression vectors listed herein are provided by way of
example only of the well-known vectors available to those of
ordinary skill in the art that would be useful to express the
nucleic acid molecules. The person of ordinary skill in the art
would be aware of other vectors suitable for maintenance
propagation or expression of the nucleic acid molecules described
herein. These are found for example in Sambrook, J., Fritsh, E. F.,
and Maniatis, T. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. 2nd, ed.,
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press,
Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989.
[0177] The invention also encompasses vectors in which the nucleic
acid sequences described herein are cloned into the vector in
reverse orientation, but operably linked to a regulatory sequence
that permits transcription of antisense RNA. Thus, an antisense
transcript can be produced to all, or to a portion, of the nucleic
acid molecule sequences described herein, including both coding and
non-coding regions. Expression of this antisense RNA is subject to
each of the parameters described above in relation to expression of
the sense RNA (regulatory sequences, constitutive or inducible
expression, tissue-specific expression).
[0178] The invention also relates to recombinant host cells
containing the vectors described herein. Host cells therefore
include prokaryotic cells, lower eukaryotic cells such as yeast,
other eukaryotic cells such as insect cells, and higher eukaryotic
cells such as mammalian cells.
[0179] The recombinant host cells are prepared by introducing the
vector constructs described herein into the cells by techniques
readily available to the person of ordinary skill in the art. These
include, but are not limited to, calcium phosphate transfection,
DEAE-dextran-mediated transfection, cationic lipid-mediated
transfection, electroporation, transduction, infection,
lipofection, and other techniques such as those found in Sambrook,
et al. (Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. 2nd, ed, Cold
Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold
Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989).
[0180] Host cells can contain more than one vector. Thus, different
nucleotide sequences can be introduced on different vectors of the
same cell. Similarly, the nucleic acid molecules can be introduced
either alone or with other nucleic acid molecules that are not
related to the nucleic acid molecules such as those providing
trans-acting factors for expression vectors. When more than one
vector is introduced into a cell, the vectors can be introduced
independently, co-introduced or joined to the nucleic acid molecule
vector.
[0181] In the case of bacteriophage and viral vectors, these can be
introduced into cells as packaged or encapsulated virus by standard
procedures for infection and transduction. Viral vectors can be
replication-competent or replication-defective. In the case in
which viral replication is defective, replication will occur in
host cells providing functions that complement the defects.
[0182] Vectors generally include selectable markers that enable the
selection of the subpopulation of cells that contain the
recombinant vector constructs. The marker can be contained in the
same vector that contains the nucleic acid molecules described
herein or may be on a separate vector. Markers include tetracycline
or ampicillin-resistance genes for prokaryotic host cells and
dihydrofolate reductase or neomycin resistance for eukaryotic host
cells. However, any marker that provides selection for a phenotypic
trait will be effective.
[0183] While the mature proteins can be produced in bacteria,
yeast, mammalian cells, and other cells under the control of the
appropriate regulatory sequences, cell-free transcription and
translation systems can also be used to produce these proteins
using RNA derived from the DNA constructs described herein.
[0184] Where secretion of the peptide is desired, which is
difficult to achieve with multi-transmembrane domain containing
proteins such as enzymes, appropriate secretion signals are
incorporated into the vector. The signal sequence can be endogenous
to the peptides or heterologous to these peptides.
[0185] Where the peptide is not secreted into the medium, which is
typically the case with enzymes, the protein can be isolated from
the host cell by standard disruption procedures, including freeze
thaw, sonication, mechanical disruption, use of lysing agents and
the like. The peptide can then be recovered and purified by
well-known purification methods including ammonium sulfate
precipitation, acid extraction, anion or cationic exchange
chromatography, phosphocellulose chromatography,
hydrophobic-interaction chromatography, affinity chromatography,
hydroxylapatite chromatography, lectin chromatography, or high
performance liquid chromatography.
[0186] It is also understood that depending upon the host cell in
recombinant production of the peptides described herein, the
peptides can have various glycosylation patterns, depending upon
the cell, or maybe non-glycosylated as when produced in bacteria.
In addition, the peptides may include an initial modified
methionine in some cases as a result of a host-mediated
process.
[0187] Uses of Vectors and Host Cells
[0188] The recombinant host cells expressing the peptides described
herein have a variety of uses. First, the cells are useful for
producing a enzyme protein or peptide that can be further purified
to produce desired amounts of enzyme protein or fragments. Thus,
host cells containing expression vectors are useful for peptide
production.
[0189] Host cells are also useful for conducting cell-based assays
involving the enzyme protein or enzyme protein fragments, such as
those described above as well as other formats known in the art.
Thus, a recombinant host cell expressing a native enzyme protein is
useful for assaying compounds that stimulate or inhibit enzyme
protein function.
[0190] Host cells are also useful for identifying enzyme protein
mutants in which these functions are affected. If the mutants
naturally occur and give rise to a pathology, host cells containing
the mutations are useful to assay compounds that have a desired
effect on the mutant enzyme protein (for example, stimulating or
inhibiting function) which may not be indicated by their effect on
the native enzyme protein.
[0191] Genetically engineered host cells can be further used to
produce non-human transgenic animals. A transgenic animal is
preferably a mammal, for example a rodent, such as a rat or mouse,
in which one or more of the cells of the animal include a
transgene. A transgene is exogenous DNA which is integrated into
the genome of a cell from which a transgenic animal develops and
which remains in the genome of the mature animal in one or more
cell types or tissues of the transgenic animal. These animals are
useful for studying the function of a enzyme protein and
identifying and evaluating modulators of enzyme protein activity.
Other examples of transgenic animals include non-human primates,
sheep, dogs, cows, goats, chickens, and amphibians.
[0192] A transgenic animal can be produced by introducing nucleic
acid into the male pronuclei of a fertilized oocyte, e.g., by
microinjection, retroviral infection, and allowing the oocyte to
develop in a pseudopregnant female foster animal. Any of the enzyme
protein nucleotide sequences can be introduced as a transgene into
the genome of a non-human animal, such as a mouse.
[0193] Any of the regulatory or other sequences useful in
expression vectors can form part of the transgenic sequence. This
includes intronic sequences and polyadenylation signals, if not
already included. A tissue-specific regulatory sequence(s) can be
operably linked to the transgene to direct expression of the enzyme
protein to particular cells.
[0194] Methods for generating transgenic animals via embryo
manipulation and microinjection, particularly animals such as mice,
have become conventional in the art and are described, for example,
in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,736,866 and 4,870,009, both by Leder et al.,
U.S. Pat. No. 4,873,191 by Wagner et al. and in Hogan, B.,
Manipulating the Mouse Embryo, (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1986). Similar methods are used
for production of other transgenic animals. A transgenic founder
animal can be identified based upon the presence of the transgene
in its genome and/or expression of transgenic mRNA in tissues or
cells of the animals. A transgenic founder animal can then be used
to breed additional animals carrying the transgene. Moreover,
transgenic animals carrying a transgene can further be bred to
other transgenic animals carrying other transgenes. A transgenic
animal also includes animals in which the entire animal or tissues
in the animal have been produced using the homologously recombinant
host cells described herein.
[0195] In another embodiment, transgenic non-human animals can be
produced which contain selected systems that allow for regulated
expression of the transgene. One example of such a system is the
cre/loxP recombinase system of bacteriophage P1. For a description
of the cre/loxP recombinase system, see, e.g., Lakso et al. PNAS
89:6232-6236 (1992). Another example of a recombinase system is the
FLP recombinase system of S. cerevisiae (O'Gorman et al. Science
251:1351-1355 (1991). If a cre/loxP recombinase system is used to
regulate expression of the transgene, animals containing transgenes
encoding both the Cre recombinase and a selected protein is
required. Such animals can be provided through the construction of
"double" transgenic animals, e.g., by mating two transgenic
animals, one containing a transgene encoding a selected protein and
the other containing a transgene encoding a recombinase.
[0196] Clones of the non-human transgenic animals described herein
can also be produced according to the methods described in Wilmut,
I. et al. Nature 385:810-813 (1997) and PCT International
Publication Nos. WO 97/07668 and WO 97/07669. In brief, a cell,
e.g., a somatic cell, from the transgenic animal can be isolated
and induced to exit the growth cycle and enter G.sub.o phase. The
quiescent cell can then be fused, e.g., through the use of
electrical pulses, to an enucleated oocyte from an animal of the
same species from which the quiescent cell is isolated. The
reconstructed oocyte is then cultured such that it develops to
morula or blastocyst and then transferred to pseudopregnant female
foster animal. The offspring born of this female foster animal will
be a clone of the animal from which the cell, e.g., the somatic
cell, is isolated.
[0197] Transgenic animals containing recombinant cells that express
the peptides described herein are useful to conduct the assays
described herein in an in vivo context. Accordingly, the various
physiological factors that are present in vivo and that could
effect substrate binding, enzyme protein activation, and signal
transduction, may not be evident from in vitro cell-free or
cell-based assays. Accordingly, it is useful to provide non-human
transgenic animals to assay in vivo enzyme protein function,
including substrate interaction, the effect of specific mutant
enzyme proteins on enzyme protein function and substrate
interaction, and the effect of chimeric enzyme proteins. It is also
possible to assess the effect of null mutations, that is, mutations
that substantially or completely eliminate one or more enzyme
protein functions.
[0198] All publications and patents mentioned in the above
specification are herein incorporated by reference. Various
modifications and variations of the described method and system of
the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art without
departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. Although the
invention has been described in connection with specific preferred
embodiments, it should be understood that the invention as claimed
should not be unduly limited to such specific embodiments. Indeed,
various modifications of the above-described modes for carrying out
the invention which are obvious to those skilled in the field of
molecular biology or related fields are intended to be within the
scope of the following claims.
Sequence CWU 1
1
6 1 1546 DNA Homo sapiens 1 tgctggggca cctgaaggag acttgggggc
acccgcgtcg tgcctcctgg gttgtgagga 60 gtcgccgctg ccgccactgc
ctgtgcttca tgaggaagat gctcgccgcc gtctcccgcg 120 tgctgtctgg
cgcttctcag aagccggcaa gcagagtgct ggtagcatcc cgtaattttg 180
caaatgatgc tacatttgaa attaagaaat gtgaccttca ccggctggaa gaaggccctc
240 ctgtcacaac agtgctcacc agggaggatg ggctcaaata ctacaggatg
atgcagactg 300 tacgccgaat ggagttgaaa gcagatcagc tgtataaaca
gaaaattatt cgtggtttct 360 gtcacttgtg tgatggtcag tttctccttc
ctctaacaca ggaagcttgc tgtgtgggcc 420 tggaggccgg catcaacccc
acagaccatc tcatcacagc ctaccgggct cacggcttta 480 ctttcacccg
gggcctttcc gtccgagaaa ttctcgcaga gcttacagga cgaaaaggag 540
gttgtgctaa agcgaaagga ggatcgatgc acatgtatgc caagaacttc tacgggggca
600 atggcatcgt gggagcgcag gtgcccctgg gcgctgggat tgctctagcc
tgtaagtata 660 atggaaaaga tgaggtctgc ctgactttat atggcgatgg
tgctgctaac cagggccaga 720 tattcgaagc ttacaacatg gcagctttgt
ggaaattacc ttgtattttc atctgtgaga 780 ataatcgcta tggaatggga
acgtctgttg agagagcggc agccagcact gattactaca 840 agagaggcga
tttcattcct gggctgagag tggatggaat ggatatcctg tgcgtccgag 900
aggcaacaag gtttgctgct gcctattgta gatctgggaa ggggcccatc ctgatggagc
960 tgcagactta ccgttaccac ggacacagta tgagtgaccc tggagtcagt
taccgtacac 1020 gagaagaaat tcaggaagta agaagtaaga gtgaccctat
tatgcttctc aaggacagga 1080 tggtgaacag caatcttgcc agtgtggaag
aactaaagga aattgatgtg gaagtgagga 1140 aggagattga ggatgctgcc
cagtttgcca cggccgatcc tgagccacct ttggaagagc 1200 tgggctacca
catctactcc agcgacccac cttttgaagt tcgtggtgcc aatcagtgga 1260
tcaagtttaa gtcagtcagt taaggggagg agaaggagag gttatacctt cagggggcta
1320 ccagacagtg ttctcaactt ggttaaggag gaagaaaacc cagtcaatga
aattcaatga 1380 aattcttgga aacttccatt aagtgtgtag attgagcagg
tagtaattgc atgcagtttg 1440 tacattagtg cattaaaaga tgaattattg
agtgcttaaa aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa 1500 aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa
aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaa 1546 2 397 PRT Homo sapiens 2 Met Arg
Lys Met Leu Ala Ala Val Ser Arg Val Leu Ser Gly Ala Ser 1 5 10 15
Gln Lys Pro Ala Ser Arg Val Leu Val Ala Ser Arg Asn Phe Ala Asn 20
25 30 Asp Ala Thr Phe Glu Ile Lys Lys Cys Asp Leu His Arg Leu Glu
Glu 35 40 45 Gly Pro Pro Val Thr Thr Val Leu Thr Arg Glu Asp Gly
Leu Lys Tyr 50 55 60 Tyr Arg Met Met Gln Thr Val Arg Arg Met Glu
Leu Lys Ala Asp Gln 65 70 75 80 Leu Tyr Lys Gln Lys Ile Ile Arg Gly
Phe Cys His Leu Cys Asp Gly 85 90 95 Gln Phe Leu Leu Pro Leu Thr
Gln Glu Ala Cys Cys Val Gly Leu Glu 100 105 110 Ala Gly Ile Asn Pro
Thr Asp His Leu Ile Thr Ala Tyr Arg Ala His 115 120 125 Gly Phe Thr
Phe Thr Arg Gly Leu Ser Val Arg Glu Ile Leu Ala Glu 130 135 140 Leu
Thr Gly Arg Lys Gly Gly Cys Ala Lys Ala Lys Gly Gly Ser Met 145 150
155 160 His Met Tyr Ala Lys Asn Phe Tyr Gly Gly Asn Gly Ile Val Gly
Ala 165 170 175 Gln Val Pro Leu Gly Ala Gly Ile Ala Leu Ala Cys Lys
Tyr Asn Gly 180 185 190 Lys Asp Glu Val Cys Leu Thr Leu Tyr Gly Asp
Gly Ala Ala Asn Gln 195 200 205 Gly Gln Ile Phe Glu Ala Tyr Asn Met
Ala Ala Leu Trp Lys Leu Pro 210 215 220 Cys Ile Phe Ile Cys Glu Asn
Asn Arg Tyr Gly Met Gly Thr Ser Val 225 230 235 240 Glu Arg Ala Ala
Ala Ser Thr Asp Tyr Tyr Lys Arg Gly Asp Phe Ile 245 250 255 Pro Gly
Leu Arg Val Asp Gly Met Asp Ile Leu Cys Val Arg Glu Ala 260 265 270
Thr Arg Phe Ala Ala Ala Tyr Cys Arg Ser Gly Lys Gly Pro Ile Leu 275
280 285 Met Glu Leu Gln Thr Tyr Arg Tyr His Gly His Ser Met Ser Asp
Pro 290 295 300 Gly Val Ser Tyr Arg Thr Arg Glu Glu Ile Gln Glu Val
Arg Ser Lys 305 310 315 320 Ser Asp Pro Ile Met Leu Leu Lys Asp Arg
Met Val Asn Ser Asn Leu 325 330 335 Ala Ser Val Glu Glu Leu Lys Glu
Ile Asp Val Glu Val Arg Lys Glu 340 345 350 Ile Glu Asp Ala Ala Gln
Phe Ala Thr Ala Asp Pro Glu Pro Pro Leu 355 360 365 Glu Glu Leu Gly
Tyr His Ile Tyr Ser Ser Asp Pro Pro Phe Glu Val 370 375 380 Arg Gly
Ala Asn Gln Trp Ile Lys Phe Lys Ser Val Ser 385 390 395 3 18400 DNA
Homo sapiens misc_feature (1)...(18400) n = A,T,C or G 3 agttgttcct
tctaacccat tgatttgttc aatcatgtat ttaagtagga cctatatttt 60
acttgttcct tgctatatct tcagtgtgta gtacagtgtc tgacacaaaa tcggtgctca
120 ataataggtg ttggatgaat gagcaaatga atgaatgaat tcatattcat
atggcctaca 180 gagttcccgt acatgcacaa ccaatatcac caccccgtgg
agatgactcc caaattaata 240 tttttagcaa atgttccaga cttacaactc
caacttcccg ggggacatct tcagatagct 300 gtgccactgc caccaccagg
tcaacatgtc ccaaaccatt cagaccagct ttttctcctg 360 agctggacat
ctggcctcca accttttcat tctcttttac ctttcatatt ctatcagcag 420
cagcagctgc tgaaatcata ccatgcaagt ttctcacgtc catctctgcc ttttaatggc
480 gccctctcac tcctttaaga agttttcttc cactgcaaca cgatctctca
gtccagagtc 540 tggcccagtg cccaaattat ttctctagct atgctgagag
ctggtcatgc tttgaacttc 600 tgctttgaat actttcagtg acactgggag
agaattatct cattggacca ttgtcattgt 660 tagaaaattc attgttatgc
tgaaatgaaa tgattttatt cacacacaca cacacacaca 720 cacaaaatag
ctcttcctcc tggaacatga ctggcctgaa aatgtgtgaa gacatatcca 780
atcctctctg gttttactgt tcatccaatt ttctgttctc ctcctggcag gaggattata
840 tttcaccttg tggaactcag acatggtcgg gtaactagct ctggtccgtg
aaaattgaga 900 ggaagtgaca tgtgtcactt ctgggcagaa gctttgagag
ccggtttaaa tgatcccttt 960 tctcttcatc catgagacaa gctaagttcc
agagagaggg tgccacgctg tgagggacct 1020 gtgttacgag tacgatggct
cgcgtcactt caaattcttg aaatcactga aatttggagg 1080 tcagttgtta
catcataacc cagccaattc tagttagcct gttttcttcc taacttcttt 1140
aatcgttctt cataagtcac aatcgcagcc cctcaccgtt ctgaccactg tcccctggat
1200 tccactcagt ttactcatta tcccccttaa aatgtggagc ccaaatctga
acccggaacc 1260 ccaggtgcaa tcccactagg acacaacaca atgggttcct
gagccctttg atcctctgaa 1320 tagagcccct tgttgctttg gtgttttgtc
tctgtgtgtg cttttatcat cggctgagcc 1380 acgctgttaa ctcgcagtga
gcctgtgaac caataactag agaaaaaaga tttttcccat 1440 tgtcctctcg
acatatattg ggaaacaaat tttttgatcc gcgttcaagt agacagggca 1500
gaactgtcca actgctacgt gatcttttaa agacaaagtt agtggcagac catttacaga
1560 aaccagatgt tctgtctttt ggctctgagc atgctgctaa tcttcatcat
ctagtgtact 1620 gaacgagatg tactgaacga gggctgcaga gctgcagcac
cggcaggagt aggcgctcgg 1680 taggacgggg cctgcacaac ctccccggta
gtcagcagag cggaatctag gaaggctcct 1740 ttcccgcggc gccctggagg
cgggggcccc accttcccac gcaggcgcta tcaagccccg 1800 cctcctcacc
cgcccgcggc gtggcgtcgg aaagagccct cagcccctcc ctctctggcg 1860
ctgataccca atgggcagcc tcaggccttt agcgggggcg gggcaccccc tggacgccgt
1920 tctggttggc ccgcggcccg gcgcagcgca tgacgttatt acgactctgt
cacgccgcgg 1980 tgcgactgag gcgtggcgtc tgctggggca cctgaaggag
acttgggggc acccgcgtcg 2040 tgcctcctgg gttgtgagga gtcgccgctg
ccgccactgc ctgtgcttca tgaggaagat 2100 gctcgccgcc gtctcccgcg
tgctgtctgg cgcttctcag aagccggtga gacctcccgg 2160 gcgggccggg
atggggcgcg agtggggctg aggcggggcc ggagggcagg gcgggccagg 2220
ccgggccacc cagagcgggg tggaaggcgc caggggagcc ggggagcctt tacttcgcct
2280 ccgcgccctg cattccgttc ctggcctcgg gagaagcggc acggaccggg
atcacgccaa 2340 ggtccgtgtg aacttccccc ttctcgacac ccacctcccg
cccccgggcc cagctgtgcg 2400 ccaggcgaag tcggtgtgct caagaggtgc
ctgttgggtt acaggacacg gaaagggtgg 2460 cctcggcctc cttcgagtct
ccaattgacc ccactcattt cggatcttct aacttaattt 2520 ctcttgaccg
agaggctttg taatagcgta gaatctggag acagggtggc ttcgttcaaa 2580
cagcaccctc accattgact agccctgtga ccttgagcaa gtttttaaac gtcccgggga
2640 cccggtttcc taaaatgttt gctcgaagtg gagttaatct ctaaatggag
ataagagtta 2700 tctctgaaat gttatcggtt attaaaatgt tatcagttaa
ctctaaaatg gagataataa 2760 gagtccccac ctcttggggt tgtcttgagg
attcaacgag tgacacgtgt ggaaacgatt 2820 ccaaatagca cctggcacat
aatcgataac atgtgtgttg aatagtgtta tttattgagt 2880 ctccagttcg
gtatacattt cttgaacacc tgtgctcagt tctgaggcgg gttcacagaa 2940
ggtcagcctc ttcagaaaca aacttcctcc tcttccctct ccctcaacat ctgagctttt
3000 cttggcagtg agttcaggag cgccgaagca gaactcagag gacgctgccc
tcccctcccc 3060 ttacctacac attcttaggg tacaagtagc taaagcaaag
agcaacgatg cttgaggggt 3120 ggggggtaga gtttagcact atttcatggc
ctcagcattt agaggtgcct aacacctgag 3180 ctagcattct gaccccccta
ggcacagtga ggtcgtgtta attggtgtaa ctgcaggcct 3240 cgggattctg
gtatttcccc caggacttga taccgctcta cttagtacag gcaagagatt 3300
gtcaaaaggt aaagaggtat gcccctctag gaatcctgtt gcctaaaata atgacaaaac
3360 tgccgggtgc ggtgctcagg cctgtaatcc cagcattttg ggaggctgag
gcaggtggat 3420 cacctgaagg tcagaagttc gagatcagcc tggccaacat
ggtgaaaccc cgtctctact 3480 aaaaatacaa aattagccgg tcgtggtggc
gggctcctgt aatcccagct actcgggagg 3540 ctgaggcggg agaatagcct
gaacccggga gcggagtttg cagtgagcgg agatcgtgcc 3600 attgcactac
ggcctgggcg acaagaagca agaactccgt attttaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa 3660
aaaaaaaaaa aaaagcgttc cctttaggga tatctgtggg tagagggctg taccggtagt
3720 tacgggctca gaaacatcct tcctttaggc acctgatgta ggttttcttc
ttcttctgca 3780 agtcaggttc attgtttcct gtatcagttt gcagggtccc
cccccccccg ccaccttaca 3840 gtaggaagaa aattgagttc cagatatgaa
gtcacctttg aaagtgccca ggtatctttc 3900 cacttggtgg tgtaaactct
tcagataatt agaagttttc tgtgtcactc aacttgtcat 3960 ggactaattt
aggaaacatt cctgaagctt ttaaggatag aactaaaagt ttcactttta 4020
tttttttaaa gggtggaata ataaactaac gtgttgactc tttgtatttt gtaattcttc
4080 atacttatgg atgtcttttt acttaactat aagtaacaaa atagatcaac
gttttagttt 4140 ttttatatta tacatgtaaa aagacatttt gcatataagc
ctttcacaaa aatcttgaca 4200 gtaaacaata agcagtggct cacccaaatt
aggcagactt actgcactag actcctacca 4260 tctgtgtgat actccatgaa
gggagggaga aggggaggga gaagggtagg cagctggtct 4320 gatggctgtg
acacaagata atccccttaa cctcccaaga cgctgtgtgt tttttccttt 4380
tttattctcc ctggtttact ttcgttttgt ttgagacagg gtctctgtgt cacccaggct
4440 ggagtgcagt agcaggacag ctcactgcag ccttagcctg ctgggctcaa
gcgatcctcc 4500 tgccttagcc tcctgagtag ctgggaacac aggcatgtgc
caccaccaca cccagccaat 4560 taaaaaaatt ttttttttac tagagacatg
gtcttgctac gttgcccagt ctggtctcca 4620 tctccaggct caagcagtcc
tcccacctcg gcctcccaaa gtgctgggat tactctcact 4680 ctcttaaaac
caggcaggta gggagattta tctcaggctt aaagattgcc attgtctcat 4740
caaagagtgt ttggtgtgaa actttgaaat gaatatcaag attgtgtttt tatttttgaa
4800 taaggtttat agttttcata gttcttattt catggaagaa gattgaatgc
atttaaaatg 4860 ttattttatt gtttgcattt ctgtatggct ccttttgtga
gatctttact agcaatgttt 4920 tggctttata agtggtaggt aagagtttta
atttacactg ttagaatctg gaatttttga 4980 aacgtttttc ctctttcaca
tgaatggttc ctatgtattt aggaagttaa agttttactt 5040 ttttttaatt
aatttttttt tttaggctgg aatgcagtgg cacagtcata gctcactgta 5100
gcctcaggtg tgtgccacca tacctgacta attttttaat atttattttt gtagagatga
5160 gagtctcatg ttgcccaggc tggctttgaa ctcctggctt caagtggtcc
tcccaccctg 5220 gcctcccaaa gtgctgggga ttataggtgt gagccatcat
gcccggccta gtttttattt 5280 tttaaaattt gagtgggttg ttcgtggtct
ctgtcagaga ggaatcccat ttaacagaga 5340 atctttttat ggctctccag
agaaaatgaa tggtaaactt atcttttcaa caagctctca 5400 ctcagaaatg
atacacacac acttctgata ggacttttag cttctttaac tttgttcctt 5460
tcactcatat cagtggttct tatttttgag atacacagta atgaagccat gggagaaagt
5520 atctaagtag ctttctggca gtcctaatct ttgcaggcgc aagattacag
gcgcatgcca 5580 cagcactggg ccccttcttg ctctttattg tatagcatta
tcctgcctca ttgtttcaac 5640 tctaggattg agaaagaagt taccttttct
ctgttactgt cgcctggctg gtttggactc 5700 ctgccttcca aaaactgcag
tttctgtagt tgtatttgga aatttatttc acaatacaat 5760 aaatttctgg
ccccacaaaa tatttattaa ctgccaagaa taacacatct gtttgattgc 5820
taaatataac cattgatttg ctgtttcacc ttctctcagc tttacttctt cccaaattcc
5880 taaatttcct tcactttttc tgagatacat tagtggactg tctctgcctg
taagttaact 5940 gaaacactga ttcctagtat ttcagttgtt ttcctccagc
actgtcattg tctgtgtttg 6000 ttggctttgt ccaataatgg tctattgagg
ggtgaagata tacgtaatta gctttctgcc 6060 tattggcttg tacactccag
ggtatacttg gcagatcagt cttaactctt ctcaccaaga 6120 tcagtccagt
gctggattag gtaaggtatg aacacatcag atgtgctttt tatggagaaa 6180
tcatgttggt ttacacgtca gtgtgtgaga atgtggcaga agggagctaa aatagtatga
6240 taatactact ggataaattt tgtggtctaa cctaaacctt agccattaca
tagaatactt 6300 ttgctgtgag caggtttgct cagttgtaaa actggaaagg
aatcatttct caccccccgc 6360 ctccaagctt tttacctcca aacagtgaca
gccacccaaa catcaagaga acagtgtttc 6420 agagaacatt tctactgggg
cttcaggagg agcctgtcca agatttaggc tgttcaaatt 6480 ataaattata
aaacagctgg ctcaagccca ttgtgtttaa gtcagagagt gctaagtatc 6540
ttttcttttg tcttgtctcc ctaaagtatt tatctcatac ttcaatcaat ttaaaatatt
6600 ttttcttaca gatccaattt gatagaagag tcaagtttgc ctagagtgga
gattaaatca 6660 tagttttatt tgaagtataa ttttggcttg ctcaaaatga
acagtatctg gttatgacta 6720 agaatggcat gaaaaggcca gacgcagtgg
ctcatgcctg caatcccagt actttgggag 6780 gccaaggcag gtggatcacc
tgaggtcagg agttggagac cagcctggcc aacatggtga 6840 aaccccatct
ctactaaaaa tataaaaatt agccgggccg tggtggtggg cacctgtaat 6900
cccagctact cgggagactg agacaggaga aatcacttga acccgggaag cggaggttgc
6960 agtgagccga gatcgcacca ctgcactcca gcctgggtga taaaagcaaa
actccgtctc 7020 aaaacaaaca aacaaaagaa tggcataaac agacacagct
cacagatgat ctagtctctt 7080 tagccactaa tttcattata ttctcactat
aatttctttg aaaacaaagg atgggtttgt 7140 tttttgcccc tctttgcgct
gcttgccttc agatgcggga taatcctgtt tcattggcca 7200 aagcatggat
tcattttgga ggccaaggaa gatgcaaaca cagtgcacag ggtggaagag 7260
aagcctatga atatgttggg gcttattaaa tttccataac ttcattctga taactgatta
7320 ttatactttc caaaatagct gacaattaaa aagtactgat ttgtttgtat
atttttgtct 7380 tttaaggcaa gcagagtgct ggtagcatcc cgtaattttg
caaatgatgc tacatttgaa 7440 attaaggtaa gagtgtttta ctttgttaat
aattttttca caggtacact ctgatataca 7500 gttttacctt tagaatagaa
catcttgatg ttcatgatta gtcatcattt tcttctaaat 7560 gtccaggatc
agaagttcag agaagcttat tcaaaagttt ggaatgtaat tcagtgaaat 7620
atttgaataa gaagagtctt agttgtttct ttgaaggttc tttcaaccta taactcagtt
7680 ggcttctagg ggctttcagt gaaaatcatc ttagaaagat ttccttcccc
caagccccat 7740 ctcattgcac agtgaggttt atggatttaa ggaacagagg
cgatatgaag cattactgat 7800 gtgctccttt gcagtttttc aagttcaata
ttatttgcaa tggagttaga tcttagagtg 7860 gtcaacagtg tttgcaatgt
agtatgtgga ggataataac taccttattc catttcagaa 7920 atgtgacctt
caccggctgg aagaaggccc tcctgtcaca acagtgctca ccagggagga 7980
tgggctcaaa tactacagga tgatgcagac tgtacgccga atggagttga aagcagatca
8040 gctgtataaa cagaaaatta ttcgtggttt ctgtcacttg tgtgatggtc
aggtgagtgg 8100 taggtttgtg gtggaactgt gttatttagg tactgaagta
tggcttgtac ttattgggct 8160 ttaccctgcc atatgtatca gaagagtttg
aggctggtaa tgtaattttc ttttatttat 8220 ttattttttt gagacagtct
ctctctgtcg cccaggttag agtacagtgg tgatcttggc 8280 tcactgcagc
ctctggttag agtacagtgt gatcttggct cactgcagcc tctgtccact 8340
gggctcaagc aatcctccca cctcagcctc ccgagtatgt gggaccacag gtgcacacca
8400 acacacccag ctaatttttg tattttttgg agatacgggg tttcactatg
ttgcccaggc 8460 tagtctcaaa cttctgggct caagtggtcc gcccaccttg
gcctcccaag gtgctaggat 8520 tacaggcgtg agccactgtg cctggctgaa
gccagtattt tagaattaaa aagtagaatg 8580 ccaaaacctg ctatgaagct
taggctaaag aattcattca cacataacat tgccagtttt 8640 ctgtacctgt
tcttagagtt ttactatttt aaaactttct ggcactatga tcgcctgtac 8700
tgtatataat ttggagagaa aggattagtt tgttttttgt tttgtgggct taggtcaagg
8760 gttagagtca aatacctaca agggccagcc aggtagaata aatgagtgaa
gaaggctagg 8820 tatacaaaac agaaaatggt gacagggact catgctgaac
tggcaccagc atgccctacc 8880 cagaggaatg ccatgacttg gttccagcca
gttggtgcca tgtggaaatc aggggtaatg 8940 tttcctgttt tccatgtcta
agagaaggcg gaagtctgga ttttcatgtg aaattcccag 9000 tgttttaatg
ttgacatctg atgtaggctt ttattttagg tcatcataca ggagaaagga 9060
aggaagtggc acatgtgtgg gttgccagtt tattgcttct ggtttgggcc ttccactctg
9120 tattttgggg gaaaatagct actttctctg gttattaatg acagggtcta
ctagcccaca 9180 tatttcactg tggtctagga aacgttttta tttagaaaca
tgtatcatat tgcctcatag 9240 tttctccttc ctctaacaca ggaagcttgc
tgtgtgggcc tggaggccgg catcaacccc 9300 acagaccatc tcatcacagc
ctaccgggct cacggcttta ctttcacccg gggcctttcc 9360 gtccgagaaa
ttctcgcaga gcttacaggt ttgctgttga tttacagaaa ggggaaatga 9420
gtggattaag tttttaaata tctgtgcatt aagatgctat tatgagttaa tatttgttaa
9480 aaattttaag tttctttttt taaccctctc tcctttggtg ctctggtact
tctgttgtgc 9540 tcttgagtta actgaccatt tgtgaagttc tctggcccct
caggtaaaag tttaaaacag 9600 gttggtgcta taaaatcaca gtaggtttgg
ttatcattca agcatgccag aagaagtcta 9660 gcagtcatag aaagtaagtt
cggttgaagc actccatggt atgcaatgta aattctagaa 9720 atcttcttaa
tattcccctt ttctttgtcc cccgtgacta tttgtttgtt ttggtggttt 9780
tttttttttt ttttttttga gactgtgtct cactccgttg tccaggtggt gtgcagtggt
9840 gtgatcaggg ctcactgcaa cctccacctc ccgggttcaa gtgattctca
tgcctccacc 9900 tcctgagtag ctgggactac aggcatgcac caccacacct
ggctaatttt tgtattttta 9960 gtagagatgg ggtttcaaca tgttggccag
gctggtctcc aactcctgac ctcaggtgat 10020 ccacctgcct tggcctccca
aagtgtgctg gggttacagg cgtgagccac cgcacctggc 10080 ctgttttgtt
tttttgagac agagtctcgc tttgttgccc aggctggagt gcagtggcct 10140
gcctcagcct cccaaaatgc taggattaca ggcgtgagcc actgtgcccg gtcctcctcc
10200 tcctcctttt tttttttttt ttttgagaca gagtttcact ctttcaccca
ggctggagtg 10260 gctggagtga agtggtatga ttttggctca ctgcagcctc
cgccccccgg gttcaagcaa 10320 ttctcctgcc tcagcctcct gagtagctag
gattataggt gcccaaccac cacacctggc 10380 taatttctgt atttttagta
gagaccaggt ttcaccatgt tggccaggct ggtcttgaac 10440 tcttgacctc
aggtgatcca ccctcttcgg cctcccaaaa tgttaggatt acaggcgtga 10500
gccgccgtgc ccggccctcc ttgactcttg aactatggtt gtccctctat atatccaggg
10560 gattggttct aggaccctcg agtatacaaa aatcctcaaa tactcaagtc
ccaaagtcag 10620 ccttccatat cttcgggttt gcatcctgag aatattctat
tttcaataca tgtgtggctg 10680 aaaaaaaatc tgtgtataag tgtacctgtg
cagttcaaac cctgttcaag gattgaatat 10740 atttagtgta ctagtatagg
agaggtccta agatgtttgt aactggccag aaaacccaga 10800 aaagtccagg
gtatcatctg gatggaacat ctgaaggaaa ctaagtgact agagagtagg 10860
aaaagctgga aaggttgaag cacatggaac tagtgaaagg acaaggagaa acatgtgttt
10920 gcctggaggg acaggtactt agacgactga actggcctct gtgttctaat
ggttgagcct 10980 cagagtacat atttggggtg cggtttggtt tgctttgtag
agttggtttg ttctgcacat 11040 gtgtatgttc tgccatttcc aggacgaaaa
ggaggttgtg ctaaagggaa aggaggatcg 11100 atgcacatgt atgccaagaa
cttctacggg ggcaatggca tcgtgggagc gcaggtagtc 11160 aaggacgagg
attgtgtgct gctttagatt tggccctgga ctttgtcttg aaaaaccttt 11220
cacagcccca gacaactttt cctgaagcta gtacagccat gtgctgcaca gtgacgcttt
11280 ggtcaatgtc gcatatatga tgttggaccc ataagattat aatggagctg
aaaaattcct 11340 gtcgcctagt gatgttgtag tggcacaaca cattaccttt
tctacgttta ggtacacaaa 11400 tattttgcct acaggattca gtagagtcac
atgctgtgca gggttgtagc ctaggagcag 11460 taggctctac tatacagcct
aggtgtgcag tgggctgtac catctaggtt cgtgcattac 11520 agtatggtgt
tcacatgaca aaatcgccta gtgatgcaat tctgagaata tatccctgtt 11580
gttaagtgac gcgtgactat tttgggggct tggtttgctt ttaaagacct agtgcttcat
11640 atcctaccgt ttgagagatg agtagatttg gatggtgatt tataatgttt
ccttttaggt 11700 gtctgctgtt ttataagtaa gcaggaacct ctagcagtgg
agccatacct tccccttcct 11760 atttatattt cagtacatta attgctttat
cttgtcaact tcattttggg gtccttgttc 11820 tcatcagtta gtgaatgatg
aagaattaac agcacaaaat tatatccgga ctgtttcttt 11880 tcctttctaa
tatattaaga ttctattatg tgttgttttt ttttaaacct aggttttatt 11940
tttccttttg aaatggagtc ttgctcagcc gcccaggctg gagcagtggt gtaatctcag
12000 ctcactgcaa cctccacccc cgggttcaag caattctcct gcctcagcct
cccgagtagc 12060 tgggaatata gttacgtgcc accatgccca accatttttt
gtatttttag tagagacggg 12120 gtttcaccat cttgtccagg atggtctcga
tctgtggacc tcgtgatctg cccaaagtgc 12180 tgggattaca ggcgtgagcc
accacgcccg gccaggtttt attttttaac tcttgaatgc 12240 agaaatgtta
gtgcttactg gttaaaatag aacatagtat ttatatatta ctttagtgct 12300
ttattgaaaa tatcggaggt gggataaaca gagagatagg gttggaagga gagtttgtag
12360 cagcagtgta atttctgtgt cagattctgg ccaggagtga aaatgcaggg
cattaattag 12420 tatctcccct catggatttc tgtggttcct ttctcggttg
tccttaatgt taggtgcccc 12480 tgggcgctgg gattgctcta gcctgtaagt
ataatggaaa agatgaggtc tgcctgactt 12540 tatatggcga tggtgctgct
aaccaggtaa ttatgtctct taacttccca aaaacagtct 12600 tattttcaaa
gtctttaata tttacagttg aatttctaaa gaagtagcat attgcttatt 12660
aggtgaaata gcaagtccta tggctagctc aaatttggtt gacttatggc cagattagag
12720 attgacctct tagcgttgtt tcacaagaga cttacggggg cacattcctg
tgaaggagct 12780 cacctttgct ctacatcagt gcttggcaaa ggccctgtgg
taaaggacct ccccacaacc 12840 tattgcaaaa caatacagac ccattctctt
ggatgtccgg gctggcagtg tcaaattcgg 12900 ataatagcgt ctgagtccta
actcagtttc tatgcttctc ttgttaccga gtaatcccca 12960 gtctgtggcc
agcactctgt gaagccctgt tctagaggct gattcttagg tgctggttca 13020
ctctggctat ccagtgggcc tgatagattt catattgatc ttttttccag tgtgttcctt
13080 actgctagca tggccccaaa gaaacaagta gtagttggtt tgtcaccttc
cttagttgca 13140 agagtatgat gcctgctact tctcctccac cacccacccc
gctttccctc accacccaaa 13200 gctcggtttt agaagaggag gctttctgtg
ctttatgaaa gctttctgtg ccaggcagag 13260 cagcagctgt tagagatgat
gaagcctgga gaaagaagcc aaatgaaacc ccttttcgta 13320 actacttcca
gggccagata ttcgaagctt acaacatggc agctttgtgg aaattacctt 13380
gtattttcat ctgtgagaat aatcgctatg gaatgggaac gtctgttgag agagcggcag
13440 ccagcactga ttactacaag agaggcgatt tcattcctgg gctgagagta
aggacacctg 13500 tggtggggcc ggggccaagg ccaaggccaa gggtatgtac
cttgtgcaga cccttgacga 13560 tcttagaaac attggagagt ttcattctca
tacaggagca ggtcatgtga aagtaaaatg 13620 gtttggggca gttggattca
tgcttcgccc ctcccctgtt tattaccagg tggatggaat 13680 ggatatcctg
tgcgtccgag aggcaacaag gtttgctgcc gcctatngta gatctgnnnn 13740
nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn
13800 nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn
nnnnnnnnnn 13860 nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn
nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn 13920 nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn
nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn 13980 nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn
nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn 14040 nnnnnnnnnn
nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn 14100
nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn
14160 nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn
nnnnnnnnnn 14220 nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn
nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn 14280 nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn
nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn 14340 nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn
nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn 14400 nnnnnnnnnn
nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn 14460
nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn
14520 nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn
nnnnnnnnnn 14580 nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn
nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn 14640 nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn
nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn 14700 nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn
nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn 14760 nnnnnnnnnn
nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn 14820
nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn
14880 nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn
nnnnnnnnnn 14940 nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn
nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn 15000 nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn
nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn 15060 nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn
nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn 15120 nnnnnnnnnn
nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn 15180
nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn
15240 nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn
nnnnnnnnnn 15300 nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn
nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn 15360 nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn
nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn 15420 nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn
nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn 15480 nnnnnnnnnn
nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn 15540
nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn
15600 nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn
nnnnnnnnnn 15660 nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn
nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn 15720 nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnncctt ttagtgttac
ttcagatgat ataggcataa gatacattgg 15780 ttttgctggc tgtgcttctt
tagggggact taagggagaa aggcaaggca catggatttc 15840 ctgcttggcg
ctctgatgtc tcaaagtcta attatcacca cacacaccat ctctgctgtc 15900
cccacccatg tagtatacag gagcccaaat gggtgggaca agtgacactt ctttagaacc
15960 ttacatctaa atcaaagcag caagcaaaaa cttggcccct gttgtcggta
atgccaggga 16020 agccatgtga ctcaccagtg tacggttttc tagaaaagac
agaagcagtt attacagaat 16080 gttaggctgc gttctggtat tttgaaagta
taacaacaac tctgccacgc ctatagtgac 16140 ataagcattg gtatgcccct
ttgtttcaga aacacacttc tgtatttcac ctcattggga 16200 caatccaacc
ccatatcatg tttcatcacg ccgtccttgc tctactggaa ctgctcttac 16260
tgatcgatta ctacttttcc ctccccatag ttaccgtaca cgagaagaaa ttcaggaagt
16320 aagaagtaag agtgacccta ttatgcttct caaggacagg atggtgaaca
gcaatcttgc 16380 cagtgtggaa gaactaaagg tacagtcact tgttcatggt
ggtttgaagg ttggctttaa 16440 aagttgccac ccctgggtgg ccacagagtt
tgtgtgggtt cctccaagcc cagaaagtga 16500 tgtcctggga cataaatagt
tccatagttc caaagtccct tggggtgggg gcttttcctt 16560 tagtttcctc
tattcaaaat tgtattactc ttcagatttc agattttggt ggactgtgaa 16620
ccaccatcac agtggcaaag cccccacagt agtatggttc ttttttccta aaagtatact
16680 gtggattttt aattcataaa atagatacac cctagaaatc tgtnnnnnnn
nnnnnnnnnn 16740 nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn
nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn 16800 nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn
nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn 16860 nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn
nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn 16920 nnnnnnnnnn
nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn 16980
nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn
17040 nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn
nnnnnnnnnn 17100 nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn
nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn 17160 nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn
nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn 17220 nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn
nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn 17280 nnnnnnnnnn
nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn 17340
nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn
17400 nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn
nnnnnnnnnn 17460 nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn
nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn 17520 nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn
nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn 17580 nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn
nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn 17640 nnnnnnnnnn
nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn 17700
nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn
17760 nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn
nnnnnnnnnn 17820 nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn
nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn 17880 nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn
nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn 17940 nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn
nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn 18000 nnnnnnnnnn
nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn 18060
nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn
18120 nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn
nnnnnnnnnn 18180 nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn
nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn 18240 nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn
nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn 18300 nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn
nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn 18360 nnnnnnnnnn
nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn 18400 4 414 PRT Homo sapiens 4 Glu
Thr Trp Gly His Pro Arg Arg Ala Ser Trp Val Val Arg Ser Arg 1 5 10
15 Arg Cys Arg His Cys Leu Cys Phe Met Arg Lys Met Leu Ala Ala Val
20 25 30 Ser Arg Val Leu Ser Gly Ala Ser Gln Lys Pro Ala Ser Arg
Val Leu 35 40 45 Val Ala Ser Arg Asn Phe Ala Asn Asp Ala Thr Phe
Glu Ile Lys Lys 50 55 60 Cys Asp Leu His Arg Leu Glu Glu Gly Pro
Pro Val Thr Thr Val Leu 65 70 75 80 Thr Arg Glu Asp Gly Leu Lys Tyr
Tyr Arg Met Met Gln Thr Val Arg 85 90 95 Arg Met Glu Leu Lys Ala
Asp Gln Leu Tyr Lys Gln Lys Ile Ile Arg 100 105 110 Gly Phe Cys His
Leu Cys Asp Gly Gln Glu Ala Cys Cys Val Gly Leu 115 120 125 Glu Ala
Gly Ile Asn Pro Thr Asp His Leu Ile Thr Ala Tyr Arg Ala 130 135 140
His Gly Phe Thr Phe Thr Arg Gly Leu Ser Val Arg Glu Ile Leu Ala 145
150 155 160 Glu Leu Thr Gly Arg Lys Gly Gly Cys Ala Lys Gly Lys Gly
Gly Ser 165 170 175 Met His Met Tyr Ala Lys Asn Phe Tyr Gly Gly Asn
Gly Ile Val Gly 180 185 190 Ala Gln Val Pro Leu Gly Ala Gly Ile Ala
Leu Ala Cys Lys Tyr Asn 195 200 205 Gly Lys Asp Glu Val Cys Leu Thr
Leu Tyr Gly Asp Gly Ala Ala Asn 210 215 220 Gln Gly Gln Ile Phe Glu
Ala Tyr Asn Met Ala Ala Leu Trp Lys Leu 225 230 235 240 Pro Cys Ile
Phe Ile Cys Glu Asn Asn Arg Tyr Gly Met Gly Thr Ser 245 250 255 Val
Glu Arg Ala Ala Ala Ser Thr Asp Tyr Tyr Lys Arg Gly Asp Phe 260 265
270 Ile Pro Gly Leu Arg Val Asp Gly Met Asp Ile Leu Cys Val Arg Glu
275 280 285 Ala Thr Arg Phe Ala Ala Ala Tyr Cys Arg Ser Gly Lys Gly
Pro Ile 290 295 300 Leu Met Glu Leu Gln Thr Tyr Arg Tyr His Gly His
Ser Met Ser Asp 305 310 315 320 Pro Gly Val Ser Tyr Arg Thr Arg Glu
Glu Ile Gln Glu Val Arg Ser 325 330 335 Lys Ser Asp Pro Ile Met Leu
Leu Lys Asp Arg Met Val Asn Ser Asn 340 345 350 Leu Ala Ser Val Glu
Glu Leu Lys Glu Ile Asp Val Glu Val Arg Lys 355 360 365 Glu Ile Glu
Asp Pro Ala Gln Phe Ala Ala Ala Asp Pro Glu Pro Pro 370 375 380 Leu
Glu Glu Leu Gly Tyr His Ile Tyr Ser Ser Asp Pro Pro Phe Glu 385 390
395 400 Val Arg Gly Ala Asn Gln Trp Ile Lys Phe Lys Ser Val Ser 405
410 5 390 PRT Homo sapiens 5 Met Arg Lys Met Leu Ala Ala Val Ser
Arg Val Leu Ser Gly Ala Ser 1 5 10 15 Gln Lys Pro Ala Ser Arg Val
Leu Val Ala Ser Arg Asn Phe Ala Asn 20 25 30 Asp Ala Thr Phe Glu
Ile Lys Lys Cys Asp Leu His Arg Leu Glu Glu 35 40 45 Gly Pro Pro
Val Thr Thr Val Leu Thr Arg Glu Asp Gly Leu Lys Tyr 50 55 60 Tyr
Arg Met Met Gln Thr Val Arg Arg Met Glu Leu Lys Ala Asp Gln 65 70
75 80 Leu Tyr Lys Gln Lys Ile Ile Arg Gly Phe Cys His Leu Cys Asp
Gly 85 90 95 Gln Glu Ala Cys Cys Val Gly Leu Glu Ala Gly Ile Asn
Pro Thr Asp 100 105 110 His Leu Ile Thr Ala Tyr Arg Ala His Gly Phe
Thr Phe Thr Arg Gly 115 120 125 Leu Ser Val Arg Glu Ile Leu Ala Glu
Leu Thr Gly Arg Lys Gly Gly 130 135 140 Cys Ala Lys Gly Lys Gly Gly
Ser Met His Met Tyr Ala Lys Asn Phe 145 150 155 160 Tyr Gly Gly Asn
Gly Ile Val Gly Ala Gln Val Pro Leu Gly Ala Gly 165 170 175 Ile Ala
Leu Ala Cys Lys Tyr Asn Gly Lys Asp Glu Val Cys Leu Thr 180 185 190
Leu Tyr Gly Asp Gly Ala Ala Asn Gln Gly Gln Ile Phe Glu Ala Tyr 195
200 205 Asn Met Ala Ala Leu Trp Lys Leu Pro Cys Ile Phe Ile Cys Glu
Asn 210 215 220 Asn Arg Tyr Gly Met Gly Thr Ser Val Glu Arg Ala Ala
Ala Ser Thr 225 230 235 240 Asp Tyr Tyr Lys Arg Gly Asp Phe Ile Pro
Gly Leu Arg Val Asp Gly 245 250 255 Met Asp Ile Leu Cys Val Arg Glu
Ala Thr Arg Phe Ala Ala Ala Tyr 260 265 270 Cys Arg Ser Gly Lys Gly
Pro Ile Leu Met Glu Leu Gln Thr Tyr Arg 275 280 285 Tyr His Gly His
Ser Met Ser Asp Pro Gly Val Ser Tyr Arg Thr Arg 290 295 300 Glu Glu
Ile Gln Glu Val Arg Ser Lys Ser Asp Pro Ile Met Leu Leu 305 310 315
320 Lys Asp Arg Met Val Asn Ser Asn Leu Ala Ser Val Glu Glu Leu Lys
325 330 335 Glu Ile Asp Val Glu Val Arg Lys Glu Ile Glu Asp Ala Ala
Gln Phe 340 345 350 Ala Thr Ala Asp Pro Glu Pro Pro Leu Glu Glu Leu
Gly Tyr His Ile 355 360 365 Tyr Ser Ser Asp Pro Pro Phe Glu Val Arg
Gly Ala Asn Gln Trp Ile 370 375 380 Lys Phe Lys Ser Val Ser 385 390
6 390 PRT Mus musculus 6 Met Arg Lys Met Leu Ala Ala Val Ser Arg
Val Leu Ala Gly Ser Ala 1 5 10 15 Gln Lys Pro Ala Ser Arg Val Leu
Val Ala Ser Arg Asn Phe Ala Asn 20 25 30 Asp Ala Thr Phe Glu Ile
Lys Lys Cys Asp Leu His Arg Leu Glu Glu 35 40 45 Gly Pro Pro Val
Thr Thr Val Leu Thr Arg Glu Asp Gly Leu Lys Tyr 50 55 60 Tyr Arg
Met Met Gln Thr Val Arg Arg Met Glu Leu Lys Ala Asp Gln 65 70 75 80
Leu Tyr Lys Gln Lys Ile Ile Arg Gly Phe Cys His Leu Cys Asp Gly 85
90 95 Gln Glu Ala Cys Cys Val Gly Leu Glu Ala Gly Ile Asn Pro Thr
Asp 100 105 110 His Leu Ile Thr Ala Tyr Arg Ala His Gly Phe Thr Phe
Thr Arg Gly 115 120 125 Leu Pro Val Arg Ala Ile Leu Ala Glu Leu Thr
Gly Arg Arg Gly Gly 130 135 140 Cys Ala Lys Gly Lys Gly Gly Ser Met
His Met Tyr Ala Lys Asn Phe 145 150 155 160 Tyr Gly Gly Asn Gly Ile
Val Gly Ala Gln Val Pro Leu Gly Ala Gly 165 170 175 Ile Ala Leu Ala
Cys Lys Tyr Asn Gly Lys Asp Glu Val Cys Leu Thr 180 185 190 Leu Tyr
Gly Asp Gly Ala Ala Asn Gln Gly Gln Ile Phe Glu Ala Tyr 195 200 205
Asn Met Ala Ala Leu Trp Lys Leu Pro Cys Ile Phe Ile Cys Glu Asn 210
215 220 Asn Arg Tyr Gly Met Gly Thr Ser Val Glu Arg Ala Ala Ala Ser
Thr 225 230 235 240 Asp Tyr Tyr Lys Arg Gly Asp Phe Ile Pro Gly Leu
Arg Val Asp Gly 245 250 255 Met Asp Ile Leu Cys Val Arg Glu Ala Thr
Lys Phe Ala Ala Ala Tyr 260 265 270 Cys Arg Ser Gly Lys Gly Pro Ile
Leu Met Glu Leu Gln Thr Tyr Arg 275 280 285 Tyr His Gly His Ser Met
Ser Asp Pro Gly Val Ser Tyr Arg Thr Arg 290 295 300 Glu Glu Ile Gln
Glu Val Arg Ser Lys Ser Asp Pro Ile Met Leu Leu 305 310 315 320 Lys
Asp Arg Met Val Asn Ser Asn Leu Ala Ser Val Glu Glu Leu Lys 325 330
335 Glu Ile Asp Val Glu Val Arg Lys Glu Ile Glu Asp Ala Ala Gln Phe
340 345 350 Ala Thr Ala Asp Pro Glu Pro Pro Leu Glu Glu Leu Gly Tyr
His Ile 355 360 365 Tyr Ser Ser Asp Pro Pro Phe Glu Val Arg Gly Ala
Asn Gln Trp Ile 370 375 380 Lys Phe Lys Ser Val Ser 385 390
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References