U.S. patent application number 11/482049 was filed with the patent office on 2007-01-25 for infra-red multi-wavelength laser source.
This patent application is currently assigned to INSTITUT FRANCO-ALLEMAND DE RECHERCHES DE SAINT-LOUIS. Invention is credited to Antoine Hirth, Christelle Kieleck.
Application Number | 20070019688 11/482049 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 36128436 |
Filed Date | 2007-01-25 |
United States Patent
Application |
20070019688 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Hirth; Antoine ; et
al. |
January 25, 2007 |
Infra-red multi-wavelength laser source
Abstract
The present invention relates in particular to the field of
lasers and in particular to a laser source having a neodymium-doped
crystal (2;23) or fiber and pumpable by pumping means (3; 25) and a
non-linear Raman effect converter stimulated in methane (4; 32),
characterized in that the crystal (2; 23) or fiber pumped by said
pumping means (3; 25) is able to emit a laser radiation at a
wavelength between 1.31 and 1.36 .mu.m and in that the Raman
converter (4; 32) is able to convert the radiation generated by the
crystal (2; 23) or by the fiber into at least one second radiation
(7; 36) with a wavelength between 2 and 2.3 .mu.m.
Inventors: |
Hirth; Antoine; (Niffer,
FR) ; Kieleck; Christelle; (Saint Louis, FR) |
Correspondence
Address: |
OLIFF & BERRIDGE, PLC
P.O. BOX 19928
ALEXANDRIA
VA
22320
US
|
Assignee: |
INSTITUT FRANCO-ALLEMAND DE
RECHERCHES DE SAINT-LOUIS
Saint-Louis Cedex
FR
|
Family ID: |
36128436 |
Appl. No.: |
11/482049 |
Filed: |
July 7, 2006 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
372/3 ; 372/21;
372/6; 372/70 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H01S 3/06741 20130101;
H01S 3/08086 20130101; H01S 3/1083 20130101; H01S 3/305
20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
372/003 ;
372/006; 372/070; 372/021 |
International
Class: |
H01S 3/30 20060101
H01S003/30; H01S 3/091 20060101 H01S003/091; H01S 3/10 20060101
H01S003/10; H01S 3/092 20060101 H01S003/092 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Jul 7, 2005 |
FR |
05 07239 |
Claims
1. A laser source having a neodymium-doped crystal or fiber
pumpable by a pumping device, and a non-linear Raman effect
converter stimulated in methane, wherein: the crystal or fiber
pumped by the pumping device is able to emit a laser radiation at a
wavelength between 1.31 and 1.36 .mu.m; and the Raman effect
converter is able to convert the radiation generated by the crystal
or fiber into at least one second radiation with a wavelength
between 2 and 2.3 .mu.m.
2. The laser source according to claim 1, wherein the Raman effect
converter is able to convert the radiation generated by the crystal
or fiber into the at least one second radiation with a wavelength
between 2.14 and 2.23 .mu.m.
3. The laser source according to claim 2, wherein the
neodymium-doped crystal is chosen from the following crystals:
Nd:YAG, Nd:YALO, Nd:YVO.sub.4, or Nd:KGW.
4. The laser source according to claim 1, wherein the pumping
device comprises a solid laser.
5. The laser source according to claim 1, wherein the Raman effect
converter is comprised of a hollow fiber containing methane under
pressure.
6. The laser source according to claim 5, wherein the hollow fiber
is photonic crystal guided.
7. A laser source having a neodymium-doped crystal or fiber
pumpable by a pumping device, and a non-linear Raman effect
converter stimulated in methane, wherein: the crystal or fiber
pumped by the pumping device is able to emit a laser radiation at a
wavelength between 1.31 and 1.36 .mu.m, the Raman effect converter
is able to convert the radiation generated by the crystal or fiber
into at least one second radiation with a wavelength between 2 and
2.3 .mu.m; and an optical parametric oscillator can be pumped by
the second radiation coming from the Raman effect converter.
8. The laser source according to claim 7, wherein the optical
parametric oscillator is comprised of a laser cavity using a
crystal or quasi-phase-matched semiconductors.
9. The laser source according to claim 7, wherein the optical
parametric oscillator is able to emit two radiations whose
wavelength is between 3.8 and 5 .mu.m.
10. The laser source according to claim 7, wherein the crystal is
made of neodymium-doped yttrium vanadate and in that the optical
parametric oscillator is able to generate a first radiation with a
wavelength between 4.1 and 4.2 .mu.m and a second radiation with a
wavelength between 4.6 and 4.7 .mu.m.
11. The laser source according to claim 4, wherein the solid laser
is at least one laser diode.
12. The laser source according to claim 8, wherein the crystal is
ZnGeP.sub.2 (ZGP) or CdSe.
13. The laser source according to claim 8, wherein the
quasi-phase-matched semiconductors is GaAs or ZnSe.
Description
INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE
[0001] The disclosure of French Patent Application No. 05 07239
filed on Jul. 7, 2005, including the specification, drawings and
abstract, is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
BACKGROUND
[0002] The invention relates to lasers, in particular, a laser
source able to emit several different wavelengths in the infrared.
Laser sources that are able to emit several wavelengths in the
various atmospheric transmission bands are needed for numerous
applications, such as LIDARs, detecting atmospheric pollutants, or
optronic countermeasures.
[0003] The common element for this type of laser developed today is
a solid fixed or tunable wavelength source associated with
nonlinear optical components, such as an optical parametric
oscillator (OPO) or Raman converter.
[0004] The problems encountered in developing these lasers relate
to the spatial quality of the beams obtained, the average pulsed
energy or power performances, and the total efficiency expressed as
usable laser power generated in the spectral bands to be covered
relative to the electric power injected into the pumping diodes.
Very often, at the output of an OPO converter, one of the two
wavelengths generated (signal or idler) is outside the spectral
range investigated. Thus, when the wavelength does not exceed 2
.mu.m, an OPO designed to cover the II band, namely 3 to 5 .mu.m,
cannot emit in the upper part at about 5 .mu.m and in the bottom
part at the same time. When, for optronic countermeasure
applications, the goal is to cover the I band (about 2.1-2.2 .mu.m)
and the II band (about 4.1/4.2 and 4.6/4.7 .mu.m) with a pumping
laser followed by an OPO, the pumping wavelength must be above 2
.mu.m. Today, for these applications, two diode-pumped solid source
designs are preferred.
[0005] A source based on a neodymium laser emitting at about 1
.mu.m, and associated with 2 OPOs in a cascade, is needed to reach
the II band. For example, Nd:YVO.sub.4 emitting at 1.06 .mu.m at a
repetition rate of 5 kHz followed by a first OPO (PPNL, PPKTP, KTP,
KTA, etc.) that supplies two waves at 2.18 .mu.m and 2.06 is
needed. .lamda.1=2.06 .mu.m can be considered as being in the I
band. The wave at 2.18 .mu.m pumps a second OPO (ZGP for example)
so that two wavelengths can be obtained, namely 4.1 and 4.6 .mu.m
in the II band. The theoretical efficiency is 18% at the output of
the first OPO for .lamda.=2.18 .mu.m assuming that the efficiencies
are near-identical for the signal and the idler. By comparison to
the pump beam at 1.06 .mu.m, the beam at 2.18 .mu.m has a spatial
profile of distinctly inferior quality. At the output from the
second OPO for the two II band wavelengths, .lamda..sub.2 at
4.1/4.2 .mu.m and .lamda..sub.3 at 4.6/4.7 .mu.m, the total
efficiency is less than 9% and the profiles of the emitted beams
have deteriorated still further.
[0006] Another at least equally advantageous solution is based on a
Tm--Ho source emitting at 2.09 .mu.m associated with a single OPO
to emit in the II band. At 2.09 .mu.m, the beam quality is
excellent (M.sup.2<1.2) and the efficiency is over 20%. However,
in a ZGP OPO emitting at 3.83 and 4.6 .mu.m, one of the two
wavelengths, .lamda.2=3.83 .mu.m, is not ideally placed for
optronic countermeasure applications. Moreover, the ZGP crystal
has, at 2.09 .mu.m, depending on the quality, an absorption
coefficient of between 0.03 and 0.1/cm. This Tm:YLF.fwdarw.Ho:YAG
source design as the pumping source for an OPO has two other
drawbacks.
[0007] The Ho:YAG pumping wave supplied by Tm:YLF at 1.91 .mu.m is
close to a water vapor absorption line, which leads to intensity
fluctuations. For a military application, the Tm:YLF source must be
placed in a dry-air enclosure. Replacement of Tm:YLF by a thulium
doped silica fiber laser makes the assembly more stable, but has a
lower efficiency because the pumping efficiency of thulium at
.lamda.=0.793 .mu.m is not the same in silica as in a YLF crystal.
Moreover, the length of the Ho:YAG crystal laser pulses in the
Q-switched mode varies considerably with the repetition rate. The
length increases from 30 ns to 120 ns for a rate increasing from 10
kHz to 50 kHz. Thus, the OPO, placed behind the Ho:YAG pulsed
source, has a behavior that varies considerably with the repetition
rate. In the Tm:YLF.fwdarw.Ho:YAG source, the Tm:YLF crystal
remains fairly fragile despite the use of composite crystals that
allow the fracture limit to be pushed back to 15 kW/cm.sup.2.
SUMMARY
[0008] For generating a laser radiation in the infrared, U.S. Pat.
No. 4,213,060 describes a source having a neodymium laser able to
generate a first radiation at the 1.06 .mu.m wavelength, this first
radiation being introduced into a tunable optical parametric
oscillator that is able to convert the first radiation into a
second radiation with a wavelength of 1.4 to 4 .mu.m. This second
radiation being introduced into a Raman converter with gas, for
example methane, that is able to convert it into a third radiation
whose frequency depends on that of the second radiation. Such a
source has drawbacks. Several radiations are obtained at different
wavelengths and obtaining other wavelengths requires the OPO to be
tuned. Hence the system needs to be adjusted, in particular, by
changing the position of the OPO crystal which is necessary for
obtaining all the desired wavelengths in the context of the
invention, namely about 2.1-2.2 .mu.m in the I band and about
4.1-4.2 and 4.6-4.7 .mu.m in the II band.
[0009] For generating a laser radiation in the infrared whose
wavelength is between 2 and 5 .mu.m, U.S. Pat. No. 5,400,173
describes a source having a neodymium laser able to generate a
first radiation with a wavelength of 1.06 .mu.m. This first
radiation is introduced into a first tunable optical parametric
oscillator that is able to convert the first radiation into a
second radiation and a third radiation with respectively
wavelengths of 1.5-1.6 .mu.m and 3.1-3.6 .mu.m, with these
radiations being injected into a second tunable OPO from which the
third, fourth, and fifth radiations emerge with wavelengths of
between 2.1 and 3 .mu.m and 3.2 and 4.9 .mu.m, respectively.
[0010] FIG. 2 shows that such a device is not able to
simultaneously produce the wavelengths desired in the context of
the invention, namely about 2.1-2.2 .mu.m in the I band and about
4.1-4.2 and 4.6-4.7 .mu.m in the II band.
[0011] The present invention thus remedies these drawbacks, plus
achieves various other advantages, by proposing a laser source that
is able to emit at least one laser radiation at different
wavelengths of about 2.1-2.2 .mu.m in the I band and preferably
also in the II band at about 4.1-4.2 and 4.6-4.7 .mu.m
simultaneously or not, allowing generation of a pulsed high-rate or
low-rate radiation with a high energy per pulse that can reach
about one hundred kHz with a very low variation in pulse length and
having high efficiency.
[0012] The solution provided is a laser source having a
neodymium-doped crystal or fiber pumpable by a pumping device, and
a non-linear Raman effect converter stimulated in methane, wherein
the crystal or fiber pumped by the pumping device is able to emit a
laser radiation at a wavelength between 1.31 and 1.36 .mu.m, and
the Raman effect converter is able to convert the radiation
generated by the crystal or fiber into at least one second
radiation with a wavelength between 2 and 2.3 .mu.m.
[0013] According to one particular feature, the pumping device is
able to achieve emission of the neodymium-doped crystal at its
.sup.4F.sub.3/2.fwdarw..sup.4I.sub.13/2 transition.
[0014] According to another feature, the neodymium-doped crystal is
chosen from the following crystals: YAG, YALO, YVO.sub.4, or
KGW.
[0015] According to another feature, the pumping device comprises a
solid laser, for example at least one laser diode.
[0016] According to another particular feature, the Raman effect
converter is comprised of a hollow fiber containing methane under
pressure.
[0017] According to another feature, the hollow fiber is of the
photonic crystal guided type.
[0018] According to an additional feature, a laser source according
to the invention additionally has an optical parametric oscillator
that can be pumped by the second radiation coming from the Raman
effect converter.
[0019] According to another feature, the optical parametric
oscillator is comprised of a laser cavity using a crystal, such as
for example ZnGeP.sub.2 (ZGP) or CdSe, or quasi-phase-matched
semiconductors such as GaAs or ZnSe.
[0020] According to one particular feature, the optical parametric
oscillator is able to emit two radiations whose wavelengths are
between 3.8 and 5 .mu.m.
[0021] According to one particular feature, the optical parametric
oscillator is able to generate a first radiation with a wavelength
between 4.1 and 4.2 .mu.m and a second radiation with a wavelength
between 4.6 and 4.7 .mu.m.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0022] Other advantages and features of the present invention will
appear from the description of a number of alternative embodiments
of the invention with reference to the attached drawings
wherein:
[0023] FIG. 1 shows the general means of which the invention is
composed;
[0024] FIG. 2 shows a first embodiment of the invention; and
[0025] FIG. 3 shows a second embodiment of the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0026] FIG. 1 is a general schematic drawing of a laser source
according to the invention.
[0027] This laser source 2 has a neodymium-doped crystal pumpable
by a pumping device 3, a non-linear Raman effect converter 4
stimulated in methane, and an optical parametric oscillator 5.
[0028] The pumping device 3 is able to cause the neodymium-doped
crystal to emit at its .sup.4F.sub.3/2.fwdarw..sup.4I.sub.13/2
transition such that the latter crystal emits a laser radiation 6
at a wavelength .lamda.p between 1.31 and 1.36 .mu.m depending on
the nature of the crystal.
[0029] The non-linear Raman effect converter 4 stimulated in
methane is of the known type and is comprised of a hollow fiber
which, in its hollow part, contains methane under pressure.
[0030] The laser radiation emitted by the neodymium-doped crystal
is guided inside the hollow fiber and reacts with the methane to
generate a radiation 7 with a wavelength .lamda.1 between 2.1 and
2.3 .mu.m as a function of the input wavelength .lamda.p of the
radiation and hence, as mentioned above, of the nature of the
neodymium-doped crystal.
[0031] Means 8, 9 for dividing the radiation 7 coming from Raman
effect converter 4 are disposed between this converter 4 and the
optical parametric oscillator 5. These dividing means 8,9 are able
to divide the radiation 7 coming from the Raman effect converter 4
into a first radiation 10 able to be emitted directly by the laser
source and a second radiation 11 able to supply the optical
parametric oscillator 5.
[0032] The optical parametric oscillator 5 is classical and
corresponds to the prior art. It uses a singly resonant cavity with
a single pump passage and employs classical ZnGeP.sub.2 crystals
allowing phase matching for .lamda.p=2.2 .mu.m.
[0033] The radiation 11, supplying the optical parametric
oscillator 5 with wavelength .lamda.1, is converted, in the latter,
into two radiations 12 and 13 with respective wavelengths .lamda.2
and .lamda.3 between 3 and 5 .mu.m.
[0034] The table below presents the approximately values of the
wavelengths .lamda.p, .lamda.1, .lamda.2, and .lamda.3 for various
Nd:X crystals, namely the following crystals: yttrium aluminum
garnet (YAG), yttrium vanadate (YVO.sub.4), yttrium aluminate
(YALO), and potassium gadolinium tungstate (KGW). TABLE-US-00001
Nd:X .lamda. (.mu.m) .lamda.1 (.mu.m) .lamda.2/.lamda.3 (.mu.m)
Nd:YAG 1.321 2.148 3.76/5 Nd:YALO 1.341 2.201 4.06/4.8 Nd:YVO.sub.4
1.3425 2.205 4.1/4.8 Nd:KGW 1.351 2.228 4.018/5
[0035] FIG. 2 shows one particular embodiment of a laser source
according to the invention. This source has three cavities 20, 30,
and 40.
[0036] The first cavity 20 has a first mirror 21, an acousto-optic
modulator or an electro-optic Q-switch 22, a crystal 23, and a
second mirror 34. A pumping device 25 for pumping the crystal 23 is
associated with this cavity and, more particularly, with the
crystal 23. The cavity 20 is thus delimited by the two mirrors 21
and 34.
[0037] The acousto-optic modulator 22 is of the known type. Its
function is to allow discontinuous operation of the laser source
and to adjust its operating frequency according to the desired
application. Thus, for example, it enables operation at a high
repetition rate, particularly up to over 100 kHz, when the crystal
is made of neodymium-doped yttrium vanadate (Nd:YVO.sub.4).
[0038] The crystal 23 is made of neodymium-doped yttrium vanadate
while the pumping device 25 has diodes and means for supplying
these diodes. The diodes are able to emit at a wavelength of 0.808
.mu.m to achieve emission of the neodymium-doped crystal at its
.sup.4F.sub.3/2.fwdarw..sup.4I.sub.13/2 transition such that, when
pumped in this way, it emits a laser radiation 26 at a wavelength
.lamda.p of 1.3425 .mu.m. The mirrors 21 and 34 are highly
reflecting at the emission wavelength .lamda.p of 1.3425 .mu.m of
the crystal 23 to allow the Raman converter to pump at the maximum
power available in cavity 20.
[0039] The second cavity 30 has a mirror 24 with a maximum
transmission at a wavelength .lamda.p of 1.3425 .mu.m and a maximum
reflection at the wavelength .lamda.1 of about 2.1 and 2.2 .mu.m.
It also has a first collimation lens 31, a non-linear Raman effect
converter 32 stimulated in methane (CH.sub.4, {overscore
(V)}.sub.R=2914 cm.sup.-1), a second collimation lens 33 and the
mirror 34 common to cavity 20 and having a maximum reflection at
the wavelength .lamda.p of 1.3425 .mu.m and an optimized
transmission at wavelengths .lamda.1 at about 2.1 and 2.2 .mu.m to
obtain the best Raman converter efficiency.
[0040] This Raman effect converter 32 is comprised of a hollow
fiber guided by photonic band gap crystals with low losses at 1.34
.mu.m and 2.2 .mu.m and having a window at each of its ends. To
obtain a satisfactory conversion efficiency of 1.3 at about 2.1/2.2
.mu.m, the methane is used at a pressure of several tens of
atmospheres and the pump power density reaches several 100
MW/cm.sup.2 at 1 GW/cm.sup.2 [1]. The core of the hollow fiber has
a diameter of approximately 20 to 50 .mu.m while its length is a
few tens of cm. The theoretical efficiency at the output of the
Raman converter is approximately 45% and, in practice, an
efficiency of at least 15% is obtained (diode 0.808
.mu.m.fwdarw.2.2 .mu.m).
[0041] The second mirror 24 is highly reflective at the emission
wavelength of the Raman effect converter 32 while the mirror 34 has
optimized transmission for wavelengths of about 2.1/2.2 .mu.m.
[0042] Thus, the Raman effect converter 32 is pumped by the laser
radiation 26 and emits a radiation 36 at the first methane Stokes
line at a wavelength .lamda.1 that is between 2.1 and 2.2
.mu.m.
[0043] The third cavity 40 is comprised of a classical optical
parametric oscillator 41 using a singly resonant cavity between
mirrors 44 and 54, single pump passage. In this case, the radiation
36 has a wavelength .lamda.p=2.2 .mu.m, employing classical
ZnGeP.sub.2 crystals allowing phase matching for .lamda.p=2.2
.mu.m. This optical parametric oscillator 41 is able to emit two
radiations 45 and 46, namely the signal and its idler, one at a
wavelength .lamda.2 of approximately 4.1/4.2 .mu.m and the other at
a wavelength .lamda.3 of approximately 4.6/4.7 .mu.m.
[0044] In addition, means 50 for dividing the radiation 36 coming
from Raman effect converter 32 are disposed between the second
cavity 30 and the third cavity 40. A part 52 of this radiation is
directed toward the optical parametric oscillator 41 via focusing
means 51, in this case a focusing lens, while a second part 53 can
be emitted by the laser source.
[0045] The operation of the laser source is as follows:
[0046] When the laser diodes are supplied with current, they emit,
in the direction of crystal 23, a continuous radiation at a
wavelength of 0.808 .mu.m giving rise to a corresponding emission
at the .sup.4F.sub.3/2.fwdarw..sup.4I.sub.13,2 transition of the
neodymium. Since the acousto-optical modulator 22 is adjusted to a
certain operating frequency of the source, for example 100 kHz,
crystal 23 begins to lase at this frequency thus generating a
pulsed radiation 26 at a wavelength of 1.3425 .mu.m. This pulsed
radiation 26 leaves the first cavity and penetrates into second
cavity 30 then into Raman converter 32 which can modify its
wavelength. The Raman converter 32 is pumped by the pulsed laser
radiation 26 and emits a radiation 36 at the first methane Stokes
line at a wavelength .lamda.1 that is between 2.1 and 2.2
.mu.m.
[0047] Part of this pulsed radiation 36 is picked up by means 50
dividing the radiation 36 coming from Raman converter 32 and can
thus be emitted by the source while the other part of this
radiation 36 passes through the focusing lens 51 that creates a
focal spot a few hundred .mu.m in diameter; the interaction length
(Rayleigh length) can be a few millimeters or centimeters,
depending on the focal length of the lens, the M.sup.2, and the
pump beam diameter. The radiation leaving the focusing lens
penetrates into the third cavity 40, in this case the optical
parametric oscillator 41 from which emerge two synchronized pulsed
radiations, namely signal 45 and its idler 46, one at a wavelength
.lamda.2 of approximately 4.1/4.2 .mu.m and the other at a
wavelength .lamda.3 of approximately 4.6/4.7 .mu.m, these two
radiations 45 and 56 being emittable by the laser source.
[0048] The use of an Nd:YVO.sub.4 crystal allows operation at a
high repetition rate (over 100 kHz) and allows pulsed energies of
0.1 to 0.5 mJ or even more to be supplied.
[0049] FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a second embodiment of the
invention in which, relative to the embodiment described above, the
first cavity is replaced by a master laser oscillator power
amplifier (MOPA) which has an oscillator 60 using an
neodymium-doped yttrium aluminate crystal (Nd:YALO) and a system 61
amplifying the radiation coming from oscillator 60. With such a
laser source, it is possible to operate at a limited rate of a few
tens of Hz with an energy of over 100 mJ per pulse and per wave
generated at the optical parametric oscillator output. The use of
an Nd:YAG crystal (.lamda.p=1.321 .mu.m) also enables high
operating rates to be achieved.
[0050] Of course, numerous modifications can be made to the
embodiments described above without departing from the framework of
the invention.
[0051] Thus, other neodymium-doped crystals than those referred to
in the application can be used in the framework of the invention.
Also, the optical parametric oscillator (OPO) using ZnGeP.sub.2
(ZGP) crystals can be replaced by an OPO using CdSe crystals or
quasi-phase-matched semiconductors such as GaAs or ZnSe. In place
of neodymium-doped sources using crystals and emitting at about
1.32/1.34 .mu.m, one can also use doped fiber sources. Thus, a
neodymium-doped fluoride glass laser could be used.
* * * * *