U.S. patent application number 11/524356 was filed with the patent office on 2007-01-18 for infectious bovine viral diarrhea virus.
Invention is credited to Knut Elbers, Christiane Meyer, Gregor Meyers, Martina Von Freyburg.
Application Number | 20070015203 11/524356 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 37950928 |
Filed Date | 2007-01-18 |
United States Patent
Application |
20070015203 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Elbers; Knut ; et
al. |
January 18, 2007 |
Infectious bovine viral diarrhea virus
Abstract
The invention belongs to the field of animal health and in
particular Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV). The invention
provides infectious BVDV clones and methods to produce said BVDV
clones. The invention further relates to methods of attenuating
said clones, attenuated BVDV clones and vaccines comprising said
attenuated clones.
Inventors: |
Elbers; Knut;
(Gau-Algesheim, DE) ; Meyer; Christiane;
(Muenster, DE) ; Von Freyburg; Martina; (Mainz,
DE) ; Meyers; Gregor; (Walddorfhaeslach, DE) |
Correspondence
Address: |
MICHAEL P. MORRIS;BOEHRINGER INGELHEIM CORPORATION
900 RIDGEBURY ROAD
P. O. BOX 368
RIDGEFIELD
CT
06877-0368
US
|
Family ID: |
37950928 |
Appl. No.: |
11/524356 |
Filed: |
September 20, 2006 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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10236542 |
Sep 6, 2002 |
7135561 |
|
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11524356 |
Sep 20, 2006 |
|
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60322974 |
Sep 18, 2001 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
435/5 ;
435/6.13 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61P 37/04 20180101;
C12N 7/00 20130101; C12N 2770/24362 20130101; A61K 2039/53
20130101; C12N 2770/24361 20130101; A61K 2039/5254 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
435/006 ;
435/005 |
International
Class: |
C12Q 1/70 20060101
C12Q001/70; C12Q 1/68 20060101 C12Q001/68 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Sep 6, 2001 |
DE |
101 43 813.3 |
Claims
1. A DNA molecule containing a nucleotide sequence complementary to
a BVDV RNA, wherein said RNA, when introduced into susceptible host
cells, induces the generation of infectious BVDV particles a) with
the capability to induce viraemia and leukopenia in calves for a
period of at least 1 day and at least one of the following clinical
symptoms of the group comprising diarrhea and/or pyrexia lasting at
least one day when infected with a dose of
6.times.10.sup.6TCID.sub.50; and/or b) with authentical virulence
as compared to a wild-type BVDV isolate from which such DNA
molecule has been derived; and/or c) which are, when BVDV naive
calves are infected at a dose of 6.times.10.sup.6TCID.sub.50 with
such particles, lethal for at least 30% of such calves within a
period of 21 days; and/or d) with a virulence of not less than 90%
of BVDV particles comprising an RNA with a sequence complementary
to SEQ ID NO. 1; and/or e) comprising a sequence complementary to
SEQ ID NO. 1.
2. An infectious BVDV clone, capable of serving as a template for
transcription into an RNA, wherein said RNA, when introduced into
susceptible host cells, induces the generation of infectious BVDV
particles a) with the capability to induce viraemia and leukopenia
in calves for a period of at least 1 day and at least one of the
following clinical symptoms of the group comprising diarrhea and/or
pyrexia lasting at least one day when infected with a dose of
6.times.10.sup.6TCID.sub.50; and/or b) with authentical virulence
as compared to a wild-type BVDV isolate from which such DNA
molecule has been derived; and/or c) which are, when BVDV naive
calves aged from 3 to 6 months are infected at a dose of
6.times.10.sup.6TCID.sub.50 with such particles, lethal for at
least 30% of such calves within a period of 21 days after
infection; and/or d) with a virulence of not less than 90% of BVDV
particles comprising an RNA with a sequence complementary to SEQ ID
NO. 1; and/or e) comprising a sequence complementary to SEQ ID NO.
1.
3. The infectious BVDV clone of claim 2, wherein the BVDV clone is
a BVDV type 2 clone.
4. An RNA molecule complementary to the DNA molecule of claim
1.
5. An RNA molecule obtainable by transcription of the DNA molecule
of claim 1.
6. A method for the production of an infectious BVDV clone from a
wild-type BVDV isolate, said infectious BVDV clone being
complementary to a RNA having authentical virulence as compared to
said wild-type isolate, comprising the steps of a) isolating viral
particles from an infected animal; b) passaging not more than twice
on suitable cell culture cells; c) preparing RNA from the viral
particles; d) generating full-length complementary DNA after
reverse transcription of the RNA; wherein the reverse transcription
includes a step at elevated temperatures sufficient to break or
reduce secondary structures of the RNA, and the use of a
thermostable enzyme for this step, said enzyme being active at
these elevated temperatures; e) incorporating the complementary DNA
(cDNA) into a plasmid vector or into a DNA virus capable of
directing the transcription of BVDV cDNA into RNA upon infection of
suitable cells.
7. A method of BVDV attenuation of a BVDV strain or clone
comprising introducing one or more mutations into the DNA molecule
of claim 1 wherein said mutation or mutations lead to or increase
an attenuated phenotype of the recovered BVD virus.
8. A method of attenuation of a BVDV strain or clone comprising the
steps of a) introducing one or more mutations into the DNA molecule
of claim 1; b) introducing the mutated DNA into susceptible host
cells wherein said DNA is transcribed into RNA or introducing an
RNA transcribed from said DNA into said cells; and c) collecting
viral particles produced by these cells; wherein said mutation or
mutations results in attenuation.
9. The method of claim 7, wherein the mutation or mutations is a
substitution, deletion, insertion, addition, or combination
thereof.
10. The method of claim 7, wherein the mutation or mutations is in
the glycoprotein E.sup.rns and causes impaired or loss of function
of the mutated protein(s).
11. The method of claim 10, wherein the mutation consists of a)
deletion of all or part of the glycoprotein Ems; and/or b) deletion
or substitution of histidine at position 300 of SEQ ID NO.1; and/or
c) deletion or substitution of histidine at position 349 of SEQ ID
NO. 1.
12. An attenuated BVDV strain or clone obtained by a method
according to claim 7.
13. A vaccine comprising an attenuated BVDV clone or strain
according to claim 12, optionally in combination with a
pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.
14. A method of preventing or treating a BVDV infection in an
animal comprising administering to the animal an attenuated BVDV
clone or strain according to claim 12.
15. A vaccine comprising an attenuated BVD virus type 1, wherein
the RNase activity in its protein E.sup.rns is inactivated,
combined with an attenuated BVD virus type 2, wherein the RNase
activity in its protein E.sup.rns is inactivated, or any other
antigenetic group wherein the RNase activity in its protein
E.sup.rns is inactivated, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier
or excipients.
16. The vaccine according to claim 15, wherein the RNase activity
in the protein E.sup.rns of the attenuated BVD virus type 1,
attenuated BVD virus type 2, and any of such other antigenetic
group is inactivated by deletion or substitution at position 295 to
307 and/or position 338 to 357.
17. The vaccine according to claim 15, wherein the RNase activity
in the protein E.sup.rns of the attenuated BVD virus type 1,
attenuated BVD virus type 2, and any of such other antigenetic
group is inactivated by mutation consists of: a) deletion of all or
part of the glycoprotein E.sup.rns; and/or b) deletion or
substitution of histidine at position 300 according to SEQ ID NO.
1; and/or c) deletion or substitution of histidine at position 349
according to SEQ ID NO. 1.
18. The vaccine according to claim 15, wherein the RNase activity
in the protein E.sup.rns of the attenuated BVD virus type 1,
attenuated BVD virus type 2 and any of such other antigenetic group
is inactivated by deletion or substitution of histidine at position
300 and/or deletion or substitution of histidine at position
349.
19. The vaccine according to claim 15, wherein the RNase activity
in the protein E.sup.rns of the attenuated BVD virus type 1,
attenuated BVD virus type 2 and any of such other antigenetic group
is inactivated by deletion or substitution of histidine at position
300.
20. The vaccine according to claim 15, wherein the RNase activity
in the protein E.sup.rns of the attenuated BVD virus type 1,
attenuated BVD virus type 2 and any of such other antigenetic group
is inactivated by deletion of histidine at position 349.
Description
RELATED APPLICATION
[0001] This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser.
No. 10/236,542, filed Sep. 6, 2002, which claims the benefit of
priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/322,974, filed
Sep. 18, 2001, which are herein incorporated by reference.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The invention belongs to the field of animal health and in
particular Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV). The invention
provides infectious BVDV clones and methods to produce said BVDV
clones. The invention further relates to methods of attenuating
said clones, attenuated BVDV clones and vaccines comprising said
attenuated clones.
[0003] Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) is the causative agent of
BVD and mucosal disease in cattle (Baker, J. C., 1987, J. Am. Vet.
Med. Assoc. 190:1449-1458; Moennig, V. and Plagemann, J., 1992;
Adv. Virus Res. 41:53-91; Thiel, H. J. et al., 1996, Fields
Virology 1059-1073). Fetal infection during pregnancy can result in
the resorption of the fetus, abortions, as well as birth of
immunotolerant calves which are persistently infected with BVDV.
These calves lack or have very low neutralizing antibody titers and
are continuously shedding high amounts of virus. Next to acutely
infected cattle these calves are the major source for virus
spreading and are therefore of prime importance in the epidemiology
of this disease. The major economical impact of BVD results from
high abortion rates, stillbirths, fetal resorption, mummification,
congenital malformations, and birth of weak and undersized calves.
For a detailed review of the pathogenesis, hereby refer to the
article of Moennig, V. and Liess, B. of 1995, Virus,
11(3):477-487.
[0004] Two major antigenic groups of BVDV (type 1 and 2) have been
described (Becher, P. et al. 1999, Virology 262:64-71) which
display limited cross neutralizing antibody reactions (Ridpath, J.
F., et al. 1994, Virology 205:66-74).
[0005] Present vaccines for the prevention and treatment of BVDV
infections still have drawbacks lo (Oirschot, J. T., et al. 1999,
Veterinary Microbiology, 64:169-183). Vaccines against the
classical BVDV type 1 provide only partial protection from type 2
infection, and vaccinated dams may produce calves that are
persistently infected with virulent BVDV type 2 (Bolin, S. R., et
al., 1991, Am. J. Vet. Res. 52:1033-1037; Ridpath, J. F., et al.,
1994, Virology 205:66-74). This problem is probably due to the
great antigenic diversity between type 1 and type 2 strains which
is most pronounced in the glycoprotein E2, the major antigen
(Tijssen, P., et al., 1996, Virology 217:356-361). most monoclonal
antibodies against type 1 strains fail to bind to type 2 viruses
(Ridpath, J. F., et al., 1994, Virology 205:66-74).
[0006] Killed vaccines (inactivated whole virus) or subunit
vaccines (conventionally purified or heterologously expressed
purified viral proteins) are most often inferior to live vaccines
in their efficacy to produce a full protective immune response even
in the presence of adjuvants.
[0007] Live BVDV vaccines, although attenuated, are most often
associated with safety problems. As mentioned above, they cross the
placenta of pregnant cows and lead to clinical manifestations in
the fetus and/or the induction of persistently infected calves.
Therefore, they cannot be applied to breeding herds that contain
pregnant cows. Pregnant cows have to be kept separate from
vaccinated cattle to protect fetuses and must not be vaccinated
themselves. Furthermore, revertants of attenuated live BVDV pose a
serious threat to cattle. For conventionally derived attenuated
viruses wherein the attenuation is achieved by conventional
multiple passaging, the molecular origin as well as the genetic
stability of the attenuation remains unknown and reversion to the
virulent wild-type is unpredictable.
[0008] Live vaccines with defined mutations as a basis for
attenuation would overcome the disadvantages of the present
generation of attenuated vaccines. A further advantage of said
attenuating mutations lies in their defined molecular uniqueness
which can be used as a distinctive label for the attenuated
pestivirus to distinguish it from pestiviruses from the field.
[0009] In the art, BVDV of defined genetic identity which closely
resemble wild-type viruses are hardly known, in particular not for
type 2 BVDV. In the art, there was a long lasting need for methods
to generate such BVDV. Therefore, the technical problem underlying
this invention was to provide a BVDV, in particular a BVDV type 2,
of defined genetic identity.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0010] The invention relates to a DNA molecule comprising a
nucleotide sequence complimentary to a BVDV RNA, wherein said RNA
induces the generation of infectious BVDV particles in susceptible
host cells. In an embodiment, administration of a dose of
6.times.10.sup.6TCID.sub.50 of the infectious BVDV particles to a
calf induces viraemia and leukopenia in said calf for a period of
at least one day and induces diarrhea or pyraemia for a period of
at least one day. In another embodiment, said infectious BVDV
particles have authentical virulence as compared to a wild-type
BVDV isolate from which said DNA molecule was derived. In another
embodiment, administration of a dose of 6.times.10.sup.6TCID.sub.50
per calf of said infectious BVDV particles to BVDV naive calves is
lethal for at least 30% of said calves within 21 days.
[0011] In another embodiment, said BVDV particles have a virulence
of at least 90% of BVDV particles comprising an RNA, wherein the
nucleotide sequence of said RNA is complementary to SEQ ID NO:1. In
another embodiment, the DNA molecules of the invention comprise a
nucleotide sequence complementary to a BVDV RNA, whereon the
nucleotide sequence of said BVDV RNA comprises a sequence
complementary to SEQ ID NO: 1. In another embodiment, the DNA
molecule of the invention comprises SEQ ID NO:1.
[0012] The invention also relates to an infectious BVDV clone,
i.e., a vector comprising a DNA molecule of the invention or a host
cell strain comprising said vector. In a preferred embodiment, the
invectious BVDV clone is a BVDV type 2 clone.
[0013] The invention also relates to a BVDV particle generated by
transcription of a DNA molecule or a BVDV clone of the invention
into RNA, wherein a cell is transfected with said RNA such that
BVDV particles are produced by said cell.
[0014] The invention also relates to fragments, derivatives and
variants of the molecules of the invention.
[0015] The invention also relates to a method for producing a BVDV
type 2 clone comprising: (a) isolating a wild-type BVDV type 2
strain; (b) passaging said wild-type BVDV type 2 strain in cell
culture; (c) infecting a bovine with said passaged wild-type BVDV
type 2 strain of step (b); (d) isolating a BVDV type 2 strain from
said infected bovine of step (c); (e) passaging said isolated BVDV
type 2 strain of step (d) in cell culture no more than two times;
(f) transcribing the passaged BVDV type 2 strain of step (c) by
reverse transcription; and (g) cloning the transcribed BVDV type 2
strain of step (f). The invention also relates to a BVDV type 2
clone or BVDV strain obtained by methods of the invention. In
another embodiment, a BVDV type 2 particle is obtained by: (1)
transcribing an infectious DNA clone of the invention into RNA; (b)
introducing said RNA into a cell such that a BVDV type 2 particle
is produced; and (c) collecting said BVDV type 2 particle.
[0016] The invention also relates to a method for producing an
infectious BVDV clone from a wild-type BVDV isolate comprising: (a)
isolating viral particles from an infected bovine; (b) passaging
said viral particles not more than two times in cell culture; (c)
preparing RNA from said passaged viral particles of step (b); (d)
transcribing said RNA by reverse transcription to generate
full-length cDNA, wherein said reverse transcription is performed
at an elevated temperature and using a thermostable enzyme such
that secondary structures of said RNA are broken or reduced; and
(e) incorporation of said cDNA into a vector or DNA virus capable
of transcribing said cDNA into RNA upon infection of a cell;
wherein said infectious BVDV clone is complementary to an RNA
having authentical virulence compared to said wild-type BVDV
isolate. In an embodiment, said infectious BVDV clone is
complementary to an RNA having a virulence of at least 90% of said
wild-type isolate.
[0017] The invention also relates to a method for producing an
infectious BVDV clone from a wild-type BVDV isolate comprising: (a)
isolating RNA from cells from an infected bovine; (b) transcribing
said RNA by reverse transcription to generate full-length cDNA,
wherein said reverse transcription is performed at an elevated
temperature and using a therrnostable enzyme, such that secondary
structures of said RNA are broken or reduced; and (c) incorporating
said BVDV cDNA into a vector or DNA virus capable of transcribing
said cDNA into RNA upon infection of a cell; wherein said BVDV
clone is complementary to an RNA having authentical virulence
compared to said wild-type BVDV isolate. In an embodiment, RNA is
isolated from a cell of an infected bovine during viraemia. In
another embodiment, RNA is isolated from an infected bovine after
killing said bovine.
[0018] In an embodiment, full-length BVDV cDNA is assembled from
cDNA fragments after reverse transcription of RNA, preferably,
overlapping cDNA fragments.
[0019] The invention also relates to a method of attenuation of a
BVDV strain, comprising: (a) introducing one or more mutations into
a DNA molecule of the invention, or into a infectious BVDV clone of
the invention; (b) introducing the mutated DNA into susceptible
host cells wherein said DNA is transcribed into RNA or introducing
an RNA transcribed from said DNA into said cells; and (c)
collecting viral particles produced by these cells; wherein said
mutation or mutations results in attenuation. Preferably, the
mutation or mutations is a nucleotide substitution, deletion,
insertion, addition, or combination thereof.
[0020] The invention encompasses BVDV clones wherein the RNase
activity residing in glycoprotein Ems is inactivated. Preferably,
said RNase activity is inactivated by deletion and/or other
mutation such as substitution. Preferably, said deletions and/or
other mutations are located at the amino acids at position 295 to
307 and/or position 338 to 357.
[0021] Preferably, a method of attenuation of the invention
comprises: (a) deletion of all or part of the glycoprotein Ems;
and/or (b) deletion or substitution of histidine at position 300 of
SEQ ID NO: 1; and/or (c) deletion or substitution of histidine at
position 349 of SEQ ID NO:1.
[0022] Most preferably, a method for the attenuation of BVDV,
comprises mutation of a BVDV clone according to the invention at
histidine position 300 and/or position 349 wherein the coding
triplet in the nucleotide sequence is deleted or substituted.
[0023] In another embodiment, a method for the attenuation of BVDV
according to the invention, comprises substituting the codon
encoding histidine 300 for a codon encoding leucine.
[0024] Yet another important embodiment is a method for the
attenuation of BVDV according to the invention, wherein the codon
encoding histidine 349 is deleted.
[0025] Another important embodiment of the invention is a vaccine
comprising an attenuated BVDV clone or strain according to the
invention, optionally in combination with a pharmaceutically
acceptable carrier or excipient.
[0026] The invention further relates to the use of an attenuated
BVDV clone or strain according to the invention in the manufacture
of a vaccine for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of BVDV
infections.
[0027] Preferably, a vaccine of the invention refers to a vaccine
as defined above, wherein one immunologically active component is a
live BVDV, wherein the RNase activity in its protein Ems is
inactivated.
[0028] Preferably, a vaccine according to the invention comprises
an attenuated BVD virus type 1 according to the invention combined
with an attenuated BVD virus type 2 according to the invention or
any other antigenetic group and a pharmaceutically acceptable
carrier or excipient. Said vaccine may be administered as a
combined vaccine. Most preferably, said attenuated BVD virus type 1
according to the invention may be administered first, followed by
an administration of an attenuated BVD virus type 2 according to
the invention three to four weeks later.
[0029] Preferably, a vaccine according to the invention comprises
an attenuated BVD virus type 1 according to the invention wherein
the RNase activity in its protein E.sup.rns is inactivated,
combined with an attenuated BVD virus type 2 according to the
invention wherein the RNase activity in its protein E.sup.rns is
inactivated, or any other antigenetic group wherein the RNase
activity in its protein E.sup.rns is inactivated, and a
pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. Said vaccine may
be administered as a combined vaccine. Most preferably, said
attenuated BVD virus type 1 according to the invention as described
supra may be administered first, followed by an administration of
an attenuated BVD virus type 2 according to the invention as
described supra three to four weeks later.
[0030] The invention preferably relates to a method of treating a
BVDV-infected bovine animal with an attenuated BVDV according to
the invention as described supra, wherein said attenuated BVDV or
the vaccine composition as disclosed supra is administered to the
bovine animal in need thereof at a suitable dose as known to the
skilled person and the reduction of BVDV symptoms such as viremia
and leukopenia and/or pyrexia and/or diarrhea is monitored. Said
treatment preferably may be repeated.
DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
[0031] FIG. 1: Construction of the infectious cDNA clone. The upper
part sketches a BVDV genome (kB) and the encoded polyprotein. The
middle part shows the cDNA clones (white), the RT-PCR product
(light grey) and the PCR products (dark grey) used for engineering
the infectious cDNA clone. The lower part depicts the ends of the
genomic CDNA sequences (underlined) and the sequences added at the
5' and 3' ends for in vitro transcription.
[0032] FIG. 2: Growth curves of the recombinant virus XIKE-A and
the wild type BVDV isolate VLS#399. MDBK cells were infected with
the viruses at an m.o.i of 0.1 and harvested by freezing and
thawing at the indicated time points. Titers were determined after
infection of new MDBK cells by immunofluorescence staining 72 h
p.i.
[0033] FIG. 3: Growth curves of the recombinant virus XIKE-A and
the E.sup.rns mutants XIKE-B (H349.DELTA.) and XIKE-C (H300L). MDBK
cells were infected with the viruses at an m.o.i of 0.1 and
harvested by freezing and thawing at the indicated time points.
Titers were determined after infection of new MDBK cells by
immunofluorescence staining 72 h p.i.
[0034] FIG. 4: Determination of RNase activity of the recombinant
viruses XIKE-A (wild-type sequence), XIKE-B (H349.DELTA.) and
XIKE-C (H300L) in comparison with the wild type strain New York
'93/C from crude cell extracts of MDBK cells infected with the
respective viruses. MDBK cells that were not infected served as a
negative control (n.i.). The enzymatic degradation of poly(U) was
determined by measuring the OD.sub.260 as a marker of the release
of small RNA fragments into the supernatant.
[0035] FIG. 5: Body temperatures of animals infected with New York
'93/C (animal #275, #612 and #1610, broken lines) or XIKE-A (animal
#615, #377 and #091, solid lines).
[0036] FIG. 6: White blood cell 1 (WBC) counts of animals infected
with New York '93/C (animals #275, #612 and #1610, broken lines) or
XIKE-A (animals #615, #377 and #091, solid lines).
[0037] FIG. 7: Body temperatures of animals infected with XIKE-A
(animal #387, #388 and #418, broken lines) or XIKE-B (animal #415,
#417 and #419, solid lines).
[0038] FIG. 8: White blood cell 1 (WBC) counts of animals infected
with XIKE-A (animals #387, #388 and #418, broken lines) or XIKE-B
(animals #415, #417 and #419, solid lines).
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Definitions of Terms Used in the Description
[0039] Before the embodiments of the present invention it must be
noted that as used herein and in the appended claims, the singular
forms "a", "an", and "the" include plural reference unless the
context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to
"a BVDV virus" includes a plurality of such BVDV viruses, reference
to "the cell" is a reference to one or more cells and equivalents
thereof known to those skilled in the art, and so forth. Unless
defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein
have the same meanings as commonly understood by one of ordinary
skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although any
methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described
herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present
invention, the preferred methods, devices, and materials are now
described. All publications mentioned herein are incorporated by
reference. Nothing herein is to be construed as an admission that
the invention is not entitled to antedate such disclosure by virtue
of prior invention.
[0040] The term "BVDV" as used herein refers to all viruses
belonging to species BVDV 1 and BVDV 2 in the genus pestivirus
within the family Flaviviridae (Becher, P., et al. 1999, Virology
262:64-71).
[0041] The more classical BVDV type 1 strains and the more recently
recognized BVDV type 2 strains display some limited but distinctive
differences in nucleotide and amino acid sequences.
[0042] A "clone" is a DNA vector or host cell strain into which
such vector has been introduced. Preferably, the DNA vector is a
plasmid.
[0043] An "infectious clone" is a DNA vector with the capability to
serve as a template for transcription into an RNA that induces the
generation of the virus when introduced into susceptible cells.
Preferably the RNA is produced by in vitro transcription and
introduced into the cells by transfection technologies known to the
skilled person.
[0044] "BVDV particles" or "viral particles" as used herein relate
to BVD viruses generated from "infectious clones" via RNA, that
will induce production of said BVDV particles when introduced into
susceptible cells.
[0045] The term "attenuated BVDV particles" or "attenuated viral
particles" as used herein relates to BVDV particles attenuated by a
method according to the invention (see infra).
[0046] "Infectivity" is the capability of a virus or viral particle
to induce a certain number of plaques in a plaque test or a certain
TCID.sub.50 score in an endpoint test.
[0047] A full-length RNA is an RNA comprising at least 98% of the
sequence of an RNA occurring in a wild-type isolate. A full-length
complementary DNA is a DNA comprising a sequence complementary to
at least 98% of an RNA occuring in a wild-type isolate.
[0048] As used herein, "calf" relates to a bovine animal of six
months of age or less.
[0049] Virulence: "Authentical virulence" as used herein means that
there is no statistically significant difference between the
virulence of infectious BVDV particles according to the invention
and wild-type BVDV isolates from which said DNA molecules
containing a nucleotide sequence complementary to a BVDV RNA,
preferably a type 2 RNA has been derived, for at least one
predominant clinical parameter. Examples of such predominant
clinical parameters are diarrhea, pyrexia and/or lethality.
[0050] Attenuation: "An attenuated BVDV particle" as used herein
means that there is a statistically significant difference between
the virulence of attenuated BVDV particles according to the
invention, said attenuated BVDV particles being attenuated by a
method according to the invention, and wild-type BVDV isolates from
which said attenuated BVDV particles have been derived, for the
predominant clinical parameters diarrhea, pyrexia and lethality in
animals infected with the same dose, preferably
6.times.10.sup.6TCID.sub.50. Thus, said attenuated BVDV particles
do not cause diarrhea, pyrexia and lethality and thus may be used
in a vaccine.
[0051] "RACE" as used herein means rapid amplification of cDNA ends
and is known as such in the art (Frohman et al, Proc. Natl. Acad.
Sci USA 1988, 85: 8998-9002).
[0052] "Susceptible cell" as used herein is a cell which can be
infected with BVDV or transfected with BVDV RNA, wherein said virus
or RNA, when introduced into said susceptible cells, induces the
generation of infectious BVDV.
[0053] A "fragment" according to the invention is any subunit of a
DNA molecule or infectious BVDV clone according to the invention,
i.e. any subset, characterized in that it is encoded by a shorter
nucleic acid molecule than disclosed which can still be transcribed
into RNA.
[0054] A "functional variant" of the DNA molecule or infectious
BVDV clone according to the invention is a DNA molecule or
infectious BVDV clone which possesses a biological activity (either
functional or structural) that is substantially similar to the DNA
molecule or infectious BVDV clone according to the invention. The
term "functional variant" also includes "a fragment", "a functional
variant", "variant based on the degenerative nucleic acid code" or
"chemical derivative". Such a "functional variant" e.g. may carry
one or several nucleic acid exchanges, deletions or insertions.
Said exchanges, deletions or insertions may account for 10% of the
entire sequence. Said functional variant at least partially retains
its biological activity, e.g. function as an infectious clone or a
vaccine strain, or even exhibits improved biological activity.
[0055] A "variant based on the degenerative nature of the genetic
code" is a variant resulting from the fact that a certain amino
acid may be encoded by several different nucleotide triplets. Said
variant at least partially retains its biological activity, or even
exhibits improved biological activity.
[0056] A "fusion molecule" may be the DNA molecule or infectious
BVDV clone according to the invention fused to e.g. a reporter such
as a radiolabel, a chemical molecule such as a fluorescent label or
any other molecule known in the art.
[0057] As used herein, a "chemical derivative" according to the
invention is a DNA molecule or infectious BVDV clone according to
the invention chemically modified or containing additional chemical
moieties not normally being part of the molecule. Such moieties may
improve the molecule's solubility, absorption, biological half life
etc.
[0058] A molecule is "substantially similar" to another molecule if
both molecules have substantially similar nucleotide sequences or
biological activity. Thus, provided that two molecules possess a
similar activity, they are considered variants as that term is used
herein if the nucleotide sequence is not identical, and two
molecules which have a similar nucleotide sequence are considered
variants as that term is used herein even if their biological
activity is not identical.
[0059] The term "vaccine" as used herein refers to a pharmaceutical
composition comprising at least one immunologically active
component that induces an immunological response in an animal and
possibly but not necessarily one or more additional components that
enhance the immunological activity of said active component. A
vaccine may additionally comprise further components typical of
pharmaceutical compositions. The immunologically active component
of a vaccine may comprise complete virus particles in either their
original form or as attenuated particles in a so called modified
live vaccine (MLV) or particles inactivated by appropriate methods
in a so called killed vaccine (KV). In another form, the
immunologically active component of a vaccine may comprise
appropriate elements of said organisms (subunit vaccines) whereby
these elements are generated either by destroying the whole
particle or the growth cultures containing such particles and
optionally subsequent purification steps yielding the desired
structure(s), or by synthetic processes including an appropriate
manipulation by use of a suitable system based on, for example,
bacteria, insects, mammalian or other species plus optionally
subsequent isolation and purification procedures, or by induction
of said synthetic processes in the animal needing a vaccine by
direct incorporation of genetic material using suitable
pharmaceutical compositions (polynucleotide vaccination). A vaccine
may comprise one or simultaneously more than one of the elements
described above.
[0060] The term "vaccine" as understood herein is a vaccine for
veterinary use comprising antigenic substances and is administered
for the purpose of inducing a specific and active immunity against
a disease provoked by BVDV. The BVDV clone according to the
invention confers active immunity that may be transferred passively
via maternal antibodies against the immunogens it contains and
sometimes also against antigenically related organisms.
[0061] Additional components to enhance the immune response are
constituents commonly referred to as adjuvants, e.g. aluminium
hydroxide, mineral or other oils or ancillary molecules added to
the vaccine or generated by the body after the respective induction
by such additional components, including but not restricted to
interferons, interleukins or growth factors.
[0062] A "pharmaceutical composition" essentially consists of one
or more ingredients capable of modifying physiological e.g.
immunological functions of the organism it is administered to, or
of organisms living in or on the organism. The term includes, but
is not restricted to antibiotics or antiparasitics, as well as
other constituents commonly used to achieve certain other
objectives like, but not limited to, processing traits, sterility,
stability, feasibility to administer the composition via enteral or
parenteral routes such as oral, intranasal, intravenous,
intramuscular, subcutaneous, intradermal or other suitable route,
tolerance after administration, controlled release properties.
DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION
[0063] The solution to the above technical problem is achieved by
the description and the embodiments characterized in the
claims.
[0064] The long lasting need in the art has been overcome for a
live BVDV (bovine viral diarrhea virus) of defined sequence and
specificity correlated to virulence which can be used to generate
specific attenuated BVDV for use, for example, in a vaccine. The
inventors for the first time provide a method to generate
infectious clones and infectious BVDV particles derived thereof of
defined genetic identity which at the same time have the
pathogenicity closely resembling the wild-type virus. Furthermore,
the inventors for the first time disclose an infectious type 2
clone and infectious type 2 BVDV particles derived thereof.
Thirdly, the inventors also disclose a method to generate
attenuated BVDV particles with genetic identity which may be
attenuated by modification at only one defined genetic marker site.
The methods of the invention can be used to disclose a causal link
between genome modification and attenuation, which is essential in
order to understand the functional mechanism of the attenuation and
therefore is helpful in assessing the quality for use as a
vaccine.
[0065] In a first important embodiment, the invention relates to a
DNA molecule containing a nucleotide sequence complementary to a
BVDV RNA, wherein said RNA, when introduced into susceptible host
cells, induces the generation of infectious BVDV particles: [0066]
a) with the capability to induce viraemia and leukopenia in a calf
for a period of at least one day and at least one of the following
clinical symptoms of the group comprising diarrhea and/or pyrexia
lasting at least one day when infected with a dose of
6.times.10.sup.6TCID.sub.50; and/or [0067] b) with authentical
virulence as defined supra as compared to a wild-type BVDV isolate
from which such DNA molecule has been derived; and/or [0068] c)
which are, when BVDV naive calves are infected at a dose of
6.times.10.sup.6TCID.sub.50 with such particles, lethal for at
least 30% of such calves within a period of 21 days; and/or [0069]
d) with a virulence of not less than 90% of BVDV particles
comprising an RNA with a sequence complementary to SEQ ID NO: 1;
and/or [0070] e) comprising a sequence complementary to SEQ ID NO:
1.
[0071] Said dose of 6.times.10.sup.6TCID.sub.50 of step a) is
preferably administered as 2.times.10.sup.6 i.m. (gluteal muscle),
2.times.10.sup.6 intranaseally, and 2.times.10.sup.6 subcutaneously
(over scapula) to obtain a total dose of 6.times.10.sup.6. Said
clinical symptoms of step a) preferably should be observed in at
least two thirds of all infected animals. Said leukopenia of step
a) preferably shall be at least a 35% reduction below baseline on
at least two consecutive days, wherein "baseline" relates to the
average values of all animals 10 days before infection. Diarrhea is
a typical symptom of infection with BVDV.
[0072] Preferably, in a DNA molecule according to the invention as
described supra the pyrexia of step a) is at least 40.degree.
C.
[0073] In a second important embodiment the invention relates to an
infectious BVDV clone, capable of serving as a template for
transcription into an RNA, wherein said RNA, when introduced into
susceptible host cells, induces the generation of infectious BVDV
particles: [0074] f) with the capability to induce viraemia and
leukopenia in calves for a period of at least one day and at least
one of the following clinical symptoms of the group comprising
diarrhea and/or pyrexia lasting at least one day when infected with
a dose of 6.times.10.sup.6TCID.sub.50; and/or [0075] g) with
authentical virulence as compared to a wild-type BVDV isolate from
which such DNA molecule has been derived; and/or [0076] h) which
are, when BVDV naive calves aged from 3 to 6 months are infected at
a dose of 6.times.10.sup.6TCID.sub.50 with such particles, lethal
for at least 30% of such calves within a period of 21 days after
infection; and/or [0077] i) with a virulence of not less than 90%
of BVDV particles comprising an RNA with a sequence complementary
to SEQ ID NO: 1; and/or [0078] j) comprising a sequence
complementary to SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0079] Said dose of 6.times.10.sup.6TCID.sub.50 of step f) is
preferably administered as 2.times.10.sup.6 i.m. (gluteal muscle),
2.times.10.sup.6 intranaseally, and 2.times.10.sup.6 subcutaneously
(over scapula) to obtain a total dose of 6.times.10.sup.6. Said
clinical symptoms of step a) preferably should be observed in at
least two thirds of all infected animals. Said leukopenia of step
f) preferably shall be at least a 35% reduction below baseline on
at least two consecutive days, wherein "baseline" relates to the
average values of all animals 10 days before infection.
[0080] Said infectious BVDV clone preferably is a type 1 or type 2
clone.
[0081] As it is important that said infectious BVDV clone is of
authentical virulence, the virus that serves as the origin for
constructing such clone is preferably obtained directly from a
field isolate or retransferred to animals and subsequently
reisolated from the animal with the strongest clinical symptoms and
subsequently passaged no more than twice in cell culture,
preferably once or not at all. For an illustration example, see
Example 1. Example 1 demonstrates the cDNA-cloning of virus NY93/C
which is, after several cell culture passages, retransferred into a
bovine animal, reisolated and used for RNA preparation and cDNA
cloning after not more than two cell culture passages of the
reisolated virus.
[0082] Another important embodiment of the invention is a BVDV
particle generated by transcription using the DNA molecule or the
BVDV clone according to the invention into RNA, the transfection of
suitable cells or cell lines with said RNA and the collection of
the resulting BVDV particles produced by said cells. Yet another
embodiment is a BVDV particle generated by cloning the DNA molecule
or the BVDV clone according to the invention into the genome of a
suitable DNA virus, such DNA viruses being known to the artisan,
followed by infection of suitable cells resulting in generation of
BVDV particles produced by said cells. Preferably also, the DNA or
infectious clone according to the invention may be transfected into
suitable cells which then produce the RNA as disclosed for
classical swine fever virus (CSFV) by van Gennip, G., et. al.
(1999, J. Virol. Methods 78:117-128) for cells which stably express
T7 Polymerase. Also preferably the DNA or infectious clone
according to the invention may be expressed under control of a
eukaryotic promotor in eukaryotic cells leading to the generation
of infectious BVDV particles being able to be secreted from the
cell (as exemplified by Racaniello, V. R. and Baltimore, D. for
poliovirus, 1981, Science 214:916-919).
[0083] A highly important embodiment of the invention is an
infectious BVDV type 2 clone. Preferably, said infectious BVDV type
2 clone, capable of serving as a template for transcription into an
RNA, wherein said RNA, when introduced into susceptible host cells,
induces the generation of infectious BVDV particles: [0084] k) with
the capability to induce viraemia and leukopenia in calves for a
period of at least 1 day and at least one of the following clinical
symptoms of the group comprising diarrhea and/or pyrexia lasting at
least one day when infected with a dose of
6.times.10.sup.6TCID.sub.50; and/or [0085] l) with authentical
virulence as compared to a wild-type BVDV isolate from which such
DNA molecule has been derived; and/or [0086] m) which are, when
BVDV naive calves aged from 3 to 6 months are infected at a dose of
6.times.10.sup.6TCID.sub.50 with such particles, lethal for at
least 30% of such calves within a period of 21 days after
infection; and/or [0087] n) with a virulence of not less than 90%
of BVDV particles comprising an RNA with a sequence complementary
to SEQ ID NO: 1; and/or [0088] o) comprising a sequence
complementary to SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0089] Preferably, the invention relates to a BVDV type 2 clone
obtainable by a method characterized by the following steps: [0090]
aaa) a wild-type BVDV type 2 strain is isolated; [0091] bbb) said
wild-type BVDV type 2 strain is passaged in cell-culture;
[0092] ccc) said cell culture-passaged BVDV type 2 strain is used
to infect bovine animals and a BVDV strain is re-isolated from the
most severely infected animal; [0093] ddd) said re-isolated BVDV
type 2 strain is passaged no more than twice, preferably once, in
cell culture; [0094] eee) said re-isolated BVDV type 2 strain is
reverse-transcribed and cloned resulting in a full-length cDNA
clone, preferably the 5' and 3' ends are cloned using the
RACE-technology.
[0095] Said infectious DNA clone may then be transcribed into RNA
under appropriate conditions, said RNA is introduced into
appropriate cells or cell lines and the resulting BVDV type 2
particle is collected. Such a clone is exemplified in the
non-limiting Example 1 and characterized by the cDNA sequence SEQ
ID NO: 1. Thus, a preferred embodiment relates to an infectious
BVDV type 2 clone according to the invention as characterized by
the DNA sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or a fragment, functional variant,
variant based on the degenerative nucleic acid code, fusion
molecule or a chemical derivative thereof. A non-limiting example
is provided in Example 1.
[0096] The invention further relates to a BVDV type 2 particle
generated by in vitro transcription of the BVDV clone according to
the invention into RNA, the transfection of suitable cells or cell
lines with said RNA and the collection of the resulting BVDV
particles produced by said cells. Preferably also, the DNA or
infectious clone according to the invention may be transfected into
suitable cells which then produce the RNA as disclosed for
classical swine fever virus (CSFV) by van Gennip, H. G., et. al.,
1999, J. Virol. Methods 78:117-128, for cells which stably express
T7 Polymerase. Also preferably the DNA or infectious clone
according to the invention may be expressed under control of a
eukaryotic promotor in eukaryotic cells leading to the generation
of infectious BVDV particles being able to be so secreted from the
cell (as exemplified by Racaniello, V. R. and Baltimore, D. for
poliovirus 1981,Science 214:916-919).
[0097] Another highly important aspect of the invention is a DNA
molecule containing a nucleotide sequence complementary to a
full-length BVDV type 2 RNA. Preferably, said DNA molecule is
characterized by the sequence SEQ ID NO: 1. Thus, the invention
further relates to a DNA molecule according to the invention as
characterized by SEQ ID NO: 1 or a fragment, functional variant,
variant based on the degenerative nucleic acid code, fusion
molecule or a chemical derivative thereof. A non-limiting example
is provided in Example 1.
[0098] Most preferably, the invention relates to a DNA molecule
according to the invention, consisting of the sequence comprising
SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0099] The invention further relates to an RNA molecule
complementary to the DNA molecule according to the invention as
described supra, or to the BVDV clone according to the invention as
described supra.
[0100] The invention also relates to an RNA molecule obtainable by
transcription of the DNA molecule according to the invention as
described supra, or the BVDV clone according to the invention as
described supra.
[0101] Another important aspect of the invention is a method for
the production of an infectious BVDV clone from a wild-type BVDV
isolate, said infectious BVDV clone being complementary to an RNA
having authentical virulence as compared to said wild-type isolate,
comprising the steps of: [0102] p) isolating viral particles from
an infected animal; [0103] preferably passaging not more than twice
on suitable cell culture cells; [0104] q) preparing RNA from the
viral particles; [0105] r) generating full-length complementary DNA
after reverse transcription of the RNA; wherein the reverse
transcription includes a step at elevated temperatures sufficient
to break or reduce secondary structures of the RNA, and the use of
a thermostable enzyme for this step, said enzyme being active at
these elevated temperatures; [0106] s) incorporating the
complementary DNA (cDNA) into a plasmid vector or into a DNA virus
capable of directing the transcription of BVDV cDNA into RNA upon
infection of suitable cells.
[0107] Said viral particles preferably are isolated during viremia
(step k)). The full length complementary DNA (cDNA) of step m)
preferably may be generated by assembling overlapping partial cDNA
fragments (see also Example 1).
[0108] Another preferred embodiment relates to a method for the
production of an infectious BVDV clone from a wild-type BVDV
isolate, said infectious BVDV clone being complementary to an RNA
having authentical virulence as compared to said wild-type isolate,
comprising the steps of: [0109] ppp) isolating RNA from cells of an
infected animal during viraemia or optionally after killing of said
animal from its organ(s); [0110] qqq) generating full-length
complementary BVDV DNA which preferably is assembled from DNA
fragments after reverse transcription of the RNA; wherein the
reverse transcription includes a step at elevated temperatures
sufficient to break or reduce secondary structures of the RNA, and
the use of a thermostable enzyme for this step, said enzyme being
active at these elevated temperatures; and [0111] rrr)
incorporating the complementary DNA (cDNA) into a plasmid vector or
into a DNA virus capable of directing the transcription of BVDV
cDNA into RNA upon infection of suitable cells.
[0112] Suitable cells for cell culture are Madin-Darby bovine
kidney (MDBK) cells, RD (bovine testicular) cells or bovine
Turbinat (BT) cells. Further suitable cells are known to the person
skilled in the art.
[0113] The infectious clone produced by the method according to the
invention is a type 1 clone or preferably a type 2 clone.
[0114] Another important aspect of the invention is a method for
the production of an infectious BVDV clone from a wild-type BVDV
isolate, said infectious BVDV clone being complementary to an RNA
having a virulence of not less than 90% of said wild-type isolate,
comprising the steps of: [0115] t) isolating viral particles from
an infected animal; [0116] u) passaging not more than twice in
suitable cell culture cells; preferably once or not at all; [0117]
v) preparing RNA from the viral particles; [0118] w) generating
full-length complementary DNA after reverse transcription of the
RNA; wherein the reverse transcription includes a step at elevated
temperatures sufficient to break or reduce secondary structures of
the RNA, and the use of a thermostable enzyme for this step, said
enzyme being active at these elevated temperatures; and [0119] x)
incorporating the complementary DNA (cDNA) into a plasmid vector or
into a DNA virus capable of directing the transcription of BVDV
cDNA into RNA upon infection of suitable cells.
[0120] Said viral particles preferably are isolated during viremia
(step t)). The full length complementary DNA (cDNA) of step x)
preferably may be generated by assembling overlapping partial cDNA
fragments (see also Example 1).
[0121] There was a particular difficulty in the art to clone the 5'
and 3' region of an infectious BVDV. The inventors developed an
inventive method to obtain authentical 5' and 3' regions.
Surprisingly, this was possible by applying the RACE-technology.
However, only the modification by the inventors of this technique
led to the surprising and unexpected generation of BVDV clones of
authentic virulence. Preferably, the invention relates to a method
according to the invention, wherein the 5' end of the RNA is
generated using RACE. Surprisingly, only by applying the RACE
technology in conjunction with a thermostable polymerase it was
possible to dissolve the secondary structure of the genome
successfully.
[0122] Standard molecular biology methods are known to the skilled
person and can also be found e.g. in Sambrook, S. E., et al.(1989)
Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2.sup.nd ed., Cold Spring
Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. and Bertram, S.
and Gassen, H. G. Gentechnische Methoden, G. Fischer Verlag,
Stuttgart, N.Y., 1991).
[0123] Preferably, the invention relates to a method according to
the invention, wherein RACE is carried out with a thermostable
polymerase allowing reaction temperatures of at least 48.degree.
C., preferably 50-55.degree. C., preferably also 56-60.degree.
C.
[0124] Having invented live infectious BVDV particles of defined
sequence, the inventors also invented a method to generate
attenuated BVDV particles with a defined genetic identity which
preferably are attenuated at only one defined genetic marker site.
This surprisingly allows the simple determination of revertants or
the successful attenuation as only the presence of the genetic
marker site needs to be determined by molecular biology methods
known to the artisan. XIKE-B and XIKE-C of Example 1 are
non-limiting examples for such attenuated BVDV particles of defined
sequence.
[0125] Another important aspect of the invention is a method of BVD
virus attenuation by introducing one or more mutations into the DNA
molecule according to the invention as described supra or the
infectious BVDV clone as described supra, wherein said mutation or
mutations lead to or increase an attenuated phenotype of the
recovered BVD virus.
[0126] Yet another important aspect of the invention is a method of
attenuation of a BVDV strain, comprising the steps of: [0127] y)
introducing one or more mutations into the DNA molecule according
to the invention as described supra, or into the infectious BVDV
clone according to the invention as described supra; [0128] z)
introducing the mutated DNA into susceptible host cells wherein
said DNA is transcribed into RNA or introducing an RNA transcribed
from said DNA into said cells; and [0129] aa) collecting viral
particles produced by these cells; [0130] wherein said mutation or
mutations results in attenuation.
[0131] A preferred aspect of the invention is a method of
attenuation according to the invention as described supra, wherein
the mutation or mutations is a nucleotide substitution, deletion,
insertion, addition, or combination thereof.
[0132] According to the invention, "mutation" means the replacement
of a nucleotide or amino acid by another (e.g. C for a T or
histidine for leucine), i.e. a so-called "substitution", or any
other mutation such as "deletion" or "insertion". "Deletion" means
the removal of one or several nucleotides or amino acids. Insertion
means the addition of one or more nucleotides or amino acids.
[0133] As these infectious BVDV clones according to the invention
are viruses of authentical virulence closely resembling wild-type
viruses and at the same time having a defined genotype, said virus
must be used as a positive control in animal experiments. Said
infectious clones are excellent tools for generating specifically
attenuated BVDV clones to be used for e.g. vaccination. The
invention comprises BVDV clones wherein the RNase activity residing
in glycoprotein E.sup.rns is inactivated. Preferably, said RNase
activity is inactivated by deletion and/or other mutation such as
substitution. Preferably, said deletions and/or other mutations are
located at the amino acids at position 295 to 307 and/or position
338 to 357.
[0134] Thus, a more preferred aspect of the invention is a method
of attenuation according to the invention, wherein the mutation or
mutations is in the glycoprotein E.sup.rns and causes impairment or
loss of function of the mutated protein.
[0135] A more preferred aspect of the invention is a method of
attenuation according to the invention, wherein the mutation
consists of: [0136] bb) deletion of all or part of the glycoprotein
E.sup.rns; and/or [0137] cc) deletion or substitution of histidine
at position 300 of SEQ ID NO: 1; and/or [0138] dd) deletion or
substitution of histidine at position 349 of SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0139] Most preferably, yet another important embodiment is a
method for the attenuation of BVDV, comprising the mutation of a
BVDV clone according to the invention at histidine position 300
and/or position 349 wherein the coding triplet in the nucleotide
sequence is deleted or substituted.
[0140] Yet another important embodiment is a method for the
attenuation of BVDV according to the invention, wherein the codon
for histidine 300 is substituted by a codon for leucine.
[0141] Yet another important embodiment is a method for the
attenuation of BVDV according to the invention, wherein the codon
for histidine 349 is deleted.
[0142] Another important embodiment of the invention is an
attenuated BVDV clone or BVDV strain obtainable by a method
according to the invention.
[0143] Another important embodiment of the invention is a vaccine
comprising an attenuated BVDV clone or strain according to the
invention, optionally in combination with a pharmaceutically
acceptable carrier or excipient.
[0144] The invention further relates to the use of an attenuated
BVDV clone or strain according to the invention in the manufacture
of a vaccine for the prophylaxis and treatment of BVDV
infections.
[0145] Preferably, a vaccine of the invention refers to a vaccine
as defined above, wherein one immunologically active component is a
live BVDV, wherein the RNase activity in its protein E.sup.rns is
inactivated. The term "live vaccine" refers to a vaccine comprising
a particle capable of replication, in particular, a replication
active viral component.
[0146] Preferably, a vaccine according to the invention comprises
an attenuated BVD virus type 1 according to the invention combined
with an attenuated BVD virus type 2 according to the invention or
any other antigenetic group and a pharmaceutically acceptable
carrier or excipient. Said vaccine may be administered as a
combined vaccine. Most preferably, said attenuated BVD virus type 1
according to the invention may be administered first, followed by
an administration of an attenuated BVD virus type 2 according to
the invention three to four weeks later.
[0147] Preferably, a vaccine according to the invention comprises
an attenuated BVD virus type 1 according to the invention wherein
the RNase activity in its protein E.sup.rns is inactivated,
combined with an attenuated BVD virus type 2 according to the
invention wherein the RNase activity in its protein Ems is
inactivated, or any other antigenetic group wherein the RNase
activity in its protein Ems is inactivated, and a pharmaceutically
acceptable carrier or excipient. Said vaccine may be administered
as a combined vaccine. Most preferably, said attenuated BVD virus
type 1 according to the invention as described supra may be
administered first, followed by an administration of an attenuated
BVD virus type 2 according to the invention as described supra
three to four weeks later.
[0148] The invention preferably relates to a method of treating a
BVDV-infected bovine animal with an attenuated BVDV according to
the invention as described supra, wherein said attenuated BVDV or
the vaccine composition as disclosed supra is administered to the
bovine animal in need thereof at a suitable dose as known to the
skilled person and the reduction of BVDV symptoms such as viremia
and leukopenia and/or pyrexia and/or diarrhea is monitored. Said
treatment preferably may be repeated.
[0149] The following examples serve to further illustrate the
present invention, but the same should not be construed as limiting
the scope of the invention disclosed herein.
EXAMPLE 1
[0150] Materials & Methods
[0151] Cells and viruses. MDBK cells were obtained from the
American Type Culture Collection (Rockville, Md.). Cells were grown
in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium supplemented with 10% fetal
calf serum (FCS; tested for the absence of pestivirus and
antibodies against pestiviruses) and nonessential amino acids.
Bovine viral diarrhea strain New York '93 (field isolate VLS#399)
was kindly provided by E. J. Dubovi (New York State College of
Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca). The virus
underwent one animal passage and was designated "New York '93/C"
thereafter.
[0152] Infection of cells, immunofluorescence assay and virus
peroxidase assay. Since pestiviruses are highly associated with
their host cells, lysates of infected cells were used for
reinfection of culture cells. Lysates were prepared by freezing and
thawing cells 3 to 5 days after infection and were stored at
-70.degree. C. Unless indicated otherwise in the text, a
multiplicity of infection (m.o.i.) of 0,1 was used for infection of
culture cells.
[0153] For immunofluorescence and peroxidase assays, the infected
cells were fixed with ice-cold acetone:methanol (1:1) for 15 min at
-20.degree. C., air dried and rehydrated with phosphate buffered
saline (PBS). Cells were then incubated with a mixture of anti-BVDV
monospecific antibodies directed against E2 (Weiland, E., et al.,
1989, J. Virol. Methods 24:237-244). After three washes with PBS, a
fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated rabbit anti-mouse
antibody (Dianova, Hamburg, Germany) was used for detecting bound
antibodies in the immunofluorescence assays. For peroxidase assays,
peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-mouse antibody (Dianova) was used
as second antibody. After incubation for one hour at room
temperature, cells were washed three times with PBS. Bound
antibodies were detected with a solution composed of 50 mM sodium
acetate buffer pH 5.0, 1 M aminoethylcarbazole and 0.1%
H.sub.2O.sub.2.
[0154] Northern (RNA) hybridization. RNA was prepared 48 hours
after infection by cesium density gradient centrifugation as
described before (Rumenapf, T., et al. 1989, Virology 171:18-27).
Gel electrophoresis, radioactive labelling of the probe,
hybridization, and post-hybridization washes were done as described
before (Rimenapf, T., et al. 1989, Virology 171:18-27). A
radioactively labelled PCR product (nucleotides 4301 to 5302) from
strain New York 93/C was used as a probe.
[0155] PCR and RT-PCR. PCR was carried out either with
Tfl-Polymerase (Promega, Mannheim, Germany) or with Taq-Polymerase
(Appligene, Heidelberg, Germany) following the manufacturer's
recommendations and using approximately 50-100 ng of DNA template
and 25 pmol of each primer. The sequences of the primers used for
amplification of the 5' end of the genome were upstream, T.sub.25V
primer (Display Systems Biotech, Copenhagen, Denmark); and
downstream, CM79:
[0156] CTCCATGTGCCATGTACAGCAGAG (SEQ ID NO:2) for the first round
and CM86: CTCGTCCACATGGCATCTCGAGAC (SEQ ID NO:3) for the nested
PCR. The primers used for amplification of the 3' end of the genome
were upstream, CM46: GCACTGGTGTCACTCTGTTG (SEQ ID NO:4) for the
first round and CM80: GAGAAGGCTGAGGGTGATGCTGATG (SEQ ID NO:5) for
the nested PCR and downstream, nls-: GACTTTCCGCTTCTTTTTAGG (SEQ ID
NO:6). Reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) was done with the
Titan.TM. One Tube RT-PCR System (Boehringer Mannheim, Germany),
using 2 .mu.g of total RNA as a template and following the
manufacturer's instructions. The primers for amplification of the
E.sup.rns coding region were upstream, CM28: GGAGAGAATATCACCCAGTG
(SEQ ID NO:7); and downstream, CM21: CTCCACTCCGCAGTATGGACTTGC (SEQ
ID NO:8).
[0157] The amplified RT-PCR products were purified by preparative
agarose gel electrophoresis and elution with the Nucleotrap kit
(Macherey-Nagel, Duiren, Germany) as recommended by the
manufacturer.
[0158] Phosphorylation and ligation of DNA-oligonucleotides to the
3' ends of RNA. For ligation of a DNA primer to the 3' end of the
virus genome, the primer was phosphorylated. 10 .mu.g of the
oligonucleotide nls+: CCTAAAAAGAAGCGGAAAGTC (SEQ ID NO:9) were
incubated with 5 units of T4 polynucleotide kinase (New England
Biolabs, Schwalbach, Germany) in 30 .mu.l kinase-mix (2 mM ATP, 50
mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5, 10 mM MgCl2, 10 mM dithiothreitol, 25 .mu.g/ml
bovine serum albumin) for 40 min at 37.degree. C. The primer was
passed through a Sephadex G-15 spin column (Sambrook, S. E., et al.
(1989) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2.sup.nd ed., Cold
Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.) and
further purified by phenol/chloroform extraction and ethanol
precipitation.
[0159] Ligation was carried out using 5 .mu.g of total RNA prepared
from infected culture cells and 150 pmol of the phosphorylated
oligonucleotide with 20 units of T4-RNA-Ligase (New England
Biolabs, Schwalbach, Germany) in 50 .mu.l of ligase-mix (50 mM
Tris-HCl pH 7.8, 10 mM MgCl2, 10 mM dithiothreitol, 1 mM ATP, 40%
polyethylene glycol and 50 units of RNA guard (Amersham, Freiburg,
Germany)) for 16 hours at 17.degree. C. The product was purified by
phenol/chloroform extraction and ethanol precipitation.
[0160] Synthesis and tailing of single-stranded DNA.
Single-stranded (-) DNA from the 5' end of the virus genome was
generated with displayThermo-RT reverse transcriptase (Display
Systems Biotech, Copenhagen, Denmark) using 2 .mu.g of total RNA
from infected cells and 100 pmol of primer CM79 (see "PCR and
RT-PCR"), and following the manufacturer's instructions (reaction:
65.degree. C. for 10 min, 42.degree. C. for 40 min, 65.degree. C.
for 15 min). The DNA was purified by two sequential
phenol/chloroform extractions and ethanol precipitations with 1/4
Vol of 10 M ammonium acetate (Schaefer, B. C., 1995, Anal. Biochem.
227:255-273).
[0161] A poly-dA tail was added to the first cDNA strand with
Terminal deoxynucleotidyl Transferase (TdT) (Roche Molecular
Biochemicals, Mannheim, Germany) using 50% of the "first strand"
product, 50 units terminal transferase, 6.25 .mu.M dATP and 1.5 mM
COCl.sub.2 in 50 .mu.l of TdT buffer as recommended by the
manufacturer. After incubation at 37.degree. C. for 30 min, the
product was purified by phenol/chloroform extraction and ethanol
precipitation.
[0162] Construction of a cDNA library and nucleotide sequencing.
Synthesis of cDNA, cloning and library screening were generally
carried out as described previously (Meyers, G., et al. 1991,
Virology 180:602-616). cDNA synthesis was primed with oligos BVD13,
BVD14 and BVD15 (Meyers, G., et al. 1991, Virology 180:602-616) as
well as with B22.1R (GTTGACATGGCATTTTTCGTG) (SEQ ID NO:10), B12.1R
(CCTCTTATACGTTCTCACAACG) (SEQ ID NO:11), BVD33
(GCATCCATCATNCCRTGATGAT) (SEQ ID NO: 12), N7-3-7
(CAAATCTCTGATCAGTTGTTCCAC) (SEQ ID NO:13), B23-RII
(TTGCACACGGCAGGTCC) (SEQ ID NO:14), and B-3'
(GTCCCCCGGGGGCTGTTAAGGGTTTTCCTAGTCCA) (SEQ ID NO:15). The probe
used for screening the library was the XhoI/AatII insert of a cDNA
clone from BVDV strain cp7 (GenBank accession no. U63479, Meyers,
G. et al. 1996, J. Virol. 70:8606-8613); hybridisation was carried
out at 52.degree. C.
[0163] Exonuclease III and nuclease S1 were used to establish
deletion libraries of cDNA clones (Henikoff, S., 1987, Methods
Enzymol. 155:156-165). Nucleotide sequencing of double-stranded DNA
was carried out with the BigDye Terminator Cycle Sequencing Kit (PE
Applied Biosystems, Weiterstadt, Germany). As a rule, both DNA
strands of the cDNA clones were sequenced; overlaps between
independent cDNA clones were sequenced on at least two clones. In
total, about 47,000 nucleotides were analyzed which equals an
overall coverage of approximately 3.8 for the entire genome.
Sequence analysis and alignments were done with Genetics Computer
Group software (Devereux, J., et al., 1984, Nucleic Acids Res.
12:387-395).
[0164] Construction of the full-length cDNA clone. Restriction,
cloning and other standard procedures were generally carried out as
described elsewhere (Sambrook, S. E., et al.(1989) Molecular
Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2.sup.nd ed., Cold Spring Harbor
Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.). Restriction and
modifying enzymes were obtained from New England Biolabs
(Schwalbach, Germany), Pharmacia (Freiburg, Germany), GibcoBRL
(Eggenstein, Germany), and Boehringer Mannheim (Germany).
[0165] Five cDNA clones from the library were used for construction
of the full-length cDNA clone: plasmid C3/8 (nucleotides 35 to
2411), plasmid C5/11 (nucleotides 22 to 2400) plasmid 8/11
(nucleotides 3400 to 7814), plasmid 13/27 (nucleotides 4783 to
9910) and plasmid C4/24 (nucleotides 8658 to 12322). A fragment
"RT-E2" reaching from nucleotide position 2144 to position 4447 was
obtained by RT-PCR with primers CM29 (GATGTAGACACATGCGACAAGAACC)
(SEQ ID NO:16) and CM51 (GCTTCCACTCTTATGCCTTG) (SEQ ID NO: 17),
using total RNA from MDBK cells infected with field isolate VLS#399
as a template. In the following description, plasmid restriction
sites flanking the viral cDNA inserts are underlined. First, clone
C3/8 was cut with AatII and HindIII, and the cDNA insert was
transferred to pACYC 177 cut with the same enzymes. The resulting
plasmid was named pKANE5. RT-PCR product "RT-E2" was inserted into
the NdeI/HindIII sites of this plasmid after restriction with the
same enzymes; the resulting plasmid was pKANE8. Then, the AatII
fragment from clone C5/11 was transferred into the AatII site of
pKANE8, yielding plasmid pKANE14.
[0166] The 5' end of the recombinant cDNA clone was generated by
PCR with primers CM87 (GCTCTAGACGGCCGTAATACGACTCACTATAGGTATACGAGA
TTAGCTAAAGAACTCGTATATGGATTGGACGTCAAC) (SEQ ID NO: 18) that
introduces a T7 promoter sequence upstream of the first cDNA
nucleotide, and CM79 (see "PCR and RT-PCR"); plasmid C5/11 was used
as the PCR template. The PCR product was ligated into the XbaI and
BsrGI sites of cDNA clone C5/9, resulting in plasmid pKANE22. Later
it was found that oligo CM87 contained a false nucleotide, and
pKANE22 was repaired by PCR with oligos CM88 (GACGGCCGTAATACGA
CTCACTATAGTATACG)(SEQ ID NO: 19) and CM79. The PCR product was
treated with E. coli DNA-Polymerase I (Klenow fragment) to produce
blunt ends and then restricted with BsrGI. It was cloned into the
Spelblunt/BsrGI sites of pKANE22, resulting in plasmid
pKANE22A.
[0167] The insert of cDNA clone 8/11 was cut with XhoI and BamHI
and cloned into pACYC177 cut with the same enzymes; the resulting
plasmid was named pKANE6. The AvrII/BamHI fragment of cDNA clone
13/27 was transferred to pKANE6, yielding plasmid pKANE15. Then,
the EcoRV/MfeI fragment from pKANE14 was inserted into pKANE15
digested with the same enzymes. The resulting plasmid was pKANE21.
pKANE21 was digested with SacII and EcoRV, and a corresponding
fragment from pKANE14 was cloned into these sites, leading to
plasmid pKANE24. Then the SacII/SacII fragment from pKANE 22A was
cloned into pKANE24 cut with the same enzyme. The resulting plasmid
was pKANE28AII.
[0168] The 3' end of the genome was generated by PCR with primers
B2- 11500 (CCTAACCATGATATATGCCTTCTG) (SEQ ID NO:20) and CM81
(CGGAATTCGCCCGGGCTGTTAGAGGTCTTCCCTAGT) (SEQ ID NO:21) which adds an
Srfl site to the 3' end of the genome. The PCR product was cut with
BamHIl and EcoRI and cloned into pACYC177, resulting in plasmid
pKANE17. Then, the Sacl/Kpn2I fragment of cDNA clone C4/24 was
transferred to pKANE17; the plasmid was called pKANE20. The
Stul/EcoRI fragment was excised from pKANE20 and cloned into
plasmid pKANE21 which was digested with EcoRI and partially
digested with Stul. The resulting plasmid was pKANE23. Finally, the
XbaI/PshAI fragment from pKANE28AII was inserted into plasmid
pKANE23 cut with the same enzymes, leading to the full-length cDNA
clone pKANE40.
[0169] Site-directed mutagenesis. All mutants were generated by PCR
using the QuikChange site-directed mutagenesis kit (Stratagene,
Amsterdam, Netherlands) following the manufacturer's instructions.
The plasmid used for introducing mutations into the region coding
for E" was C5/9, a clone obtained from the initial cDNA library
(nucleotides 50 to 2411). Oligonucleotides for generating mutant
H''346''.DELTA. were CM126 (GAGTGGAATAAAGGTTGGTGTAAC) (SEQ ID
NO:22) and CM127 (GTTACACCAACCTTTATTCCACTC) (SEQ ID NO:23), oligos
for mutant H''297''L were CM128 (AACAGGAGTCTATTAGGAATTTGGCCA) (SEQ
ID NO:24) and CM129 (TGGCCAAATTCCTAATAGACTCCTGTT) (SEQ ID NO:25).
The presence of the desired mutations and the absence of second
site mutations were verified by nucleotide sequencing.
[0170] In vitro Transcription and RNA Transfection
[0171] Transcription of RNA and transfection of MDBK cells were
done essentially as described before (Meyers, G. et al. 1996, J.
Virol. 70:1588-95). Briefly, 2 .mu.g of the respective cDNA
construct was linearized with Srfl and purified by phenol
extraction and ethanol precipitation. Transcription with T7 RNA
polymerase (NEB, Schwalbach, Germany) was carried out in a total
volume of 50 .mu.l transcription mix (40mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5; 6mM
MgCl.sub.2; 2mM spermidine; 10 mM NaCl; 0.5 mM of each ATP, GTP,
CTP and UTP; 10 mM dithiothreitol; 100 .mu.g/ml of bovine serum
albumine) with 50 units of T7 RNA polymerase in the presence of 15
units RNAguard (Pharmacia, Freiburg, Germany). After incubation at
37.degree. C. for 1 h the reaction mixture was passed through a
Sephadex G-50 spun column and further purified by phenol extraction
and ethanol precipitation.
[0172] If not specified otherwise, transfection was done with a
suspension of approximately 3.times.10.sup.6 MDBK cells and about
0.5 .mu.g of in vitro transcribed RNA bound to DEAE-dextran
(Pharmacia, Freiburg, Germany). The RNA/DEAE-dextran complex was
established by mixing RNA dissolved in 100 .mu.l HBSS (5 g of
Hepes, 8 g of NaCl, 0.37 g of KCl, 0.125 g of
Na.sub.2HPO4.2H.sub.2O and 1 g of dextrose per Liter; pH 7.05) with
100 .mu.l DEAE-dextran (1 mg/ml in HBSS) and incubation for 30
minutes on ice. Pelleted cells were washed once with DMEM without
FCS, centrifuged and then resuspended in the RNA/DEAE-dextran
mixture. After 30 minutes incubation at 37.degree. C., 20 .mu.l
dimethyl sulfoxide was added and the mixture incubated for 2
minutes at room temperature. After addition of 2 ml HBSS, cells
were pelleted and washed once with HBSS and once with medium
without FCS. Cells were resuspended in DMEM with FCS and seeded in
a 10.0-cm-diameter dish. 48 h to 72 h post transfection cells were
split and seeded as appropriate for subsequent analyses.
[0173] Electroporation was used for determination of the specific
infectivity of RNA. 3.times.10.sup.6 MDBK cells in 0.5 ml of
phosphate buffered saline (PBS) without magnesium and calcium were
mixed with appropriate amounts of RNA and transferred into a 2 mm
electroporation cuvette. Electroporation was done with one pulse of
960 .mu.F, 180 Volt in a Hoefer PG 200 Progenetor II. Afterwards,
the cells were seeded in 3.5 cm dishes and analyzed by
immunofluorescence about 20 h later.
[0174] Determination of RNAse activity. MDBK cells were infected
with the recombinant viruses and grown for 48 hours. Cells infected
with the wild type virus served as a positive control, and
uninfected cells were used as a negative control. Cell preparation
and measurement of RNase activity were carried out as described
before (Meyers, G., et al., 1999, J. Virol. 73:10224-10235) with
the exception that incubation of the probes at 37.degree. C. was 30
min instead of 1 hour because longer incubation resulted in
considerable background activity in MDBK cells.
[0175] Animal experiments. Two animal experiments were carried out
to test the recombinant viruses. In the first experiment, two
groups of 3 flecked cattle female animals (8 to 10 months old) were
inoculated intranasally with 10.sup.5TCID.sub.50 per animal. In the
second experiment, 6 male Holstein and Holstein-cross calves (7 to
10 weeks old) were infected intranasally with
5.times.10.sup.5TCID.sub.50 per animal. In the challenge
experiment, animals were inoculated with
5.times.10.sup.6TCID.sub.50. All animals were tested free of BVDV
specific antigen and antibody prior to infection. The different
groups were housed in separate isolation units. Clinical parameters
were recorded daily as indicated in the results section. Blood was
taken from the venajugularis extema at the time points indicated in
the results section and was stabilized with Heparin (about (ca.) 35
I.U./ml) unless it was used for the production of serum.
[0176] In order to determine the presence of virus in the blood,
buffy coats were prepared from all blood samples. 5 ml ice cold
lysis buffer were added to an aliquot of heparin stabilized blood
(containing ca. 10.sup.7 leucocytes) and incubated on ice for 10
min, followed by centrifugation. The pellet was washed once with
lysis buffer and twice with PBS without Ca.sup.2+ and Mg.sup.2+
before it was resuspended in 2 ml PBS. MDBK cells seeded in 24-well
plates were inoculated with 200 .mu.l of the buffy coat
preparations and incubated for 5 days. Viral antigen was detected
by immunofluorescence microscopy with the BVDV E2 monoclonal
antibody (mAb) mix (see above).
[0177] The presence of virus-neutralizing antibodies was tested in
serum samples that had been inactivated by incubation at 56.degree.
C. for 30 min. The sera were diluted in steps of 1:2 on 96 well
microtitre plates and inoculated with a suspension of strain New
York '93/C/100 TCID.sub.50 per well) for 1 hour at 37.degree. C.
10.sup.1.75 MDBK cells were added to each well and incubated for 5
days. Infection was analysed by immunofluorescence, calculated by
the method of Kaerber (Mayr, A., et al., 1974, Virologische
Arveitsmethoden Bank I. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart) and
expressed as the 50% endpoint dilution which neutralized
approximately 100 TCID.sub.50.
[0178] To detect virus in nasal discharge, nasal swabs were taken
at the time points indicated in the results section, diluted in 2
ml of transport buffer (PBS supplemented with 5% FCS, 100 I.U./ml
penicillin G, 0.1 mg/ml streptomycin and 2.5 .mu.g/ml amphotericin
B) and passed through a 0.2 .mu.m filter. MDBK cells were
inoculated in 24 well plates with 100 .mu.l of these preparations
and analysed by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy after 5
days.
[0179] Results
[0180] Genome analysis. The strain NY '93/C is the second BVDV type
2 genome that has been fully sequenced. Northern blot analysis
showed that, contrary to strain 890 (Ridpath, J. F. and Bolin, S.
R., 1995, Virology 212:39-46), the genome of NY '93/C contains no
large insertions or deletions (data not shown). Nucleotide sequence
analysis revealed that the genome is 12332 nucleotides long and
contains one open reading frame encoding a polyprotein of 3913
amino acids.
[0181] The 5' untranslated region (position 1 to 385) was
determined by RACE technology and was found to be identical with
the New York '93 sequence published by Topliff, C. L. and Kelling,
C. L., 1998, Virology 250:164-172 except for position 21. In
contrast to other known type 2 genomes (Ridpath, J. F. and Bolin,
S. R., 1995, Virology 212:39-46; Topliff, C. L. and Kelling, C. L.,
1998, Virology 250:164-172), strain NY '93/C has adenine at this
position instead of thymidine.
[0182] Construction and analysis of an infectious CDNA clone for NY
'93/C. Although a number of infectious cDNA clones have been
established for CSFV and BVDV type 1 (Mendez, E., et al, 1998, J.
Virol. 72:4737-4745; Meyers, G., et al. 1996, J. Virol.
70:1588-1595 and 1996, J. Virol 70:8606-8613; Moormann. R. J., et
al, 1996, J. Virol. 70:7630770; Vassilev, V. B., et al 1997, J.
Virol. 71:471-478; Kummerer, B. M. et al, 2000, Vet. Microbiol.
77:117-128), this is the first report of an infectious clone from a
BVDV type 2 strain. The clone was designed for runoff transcription
with T7 RNA polymerase, resulting in a genome-like RNA without any
heterologous additions.
[0183] The full-length clone was constituted from four cDNA
plasmids selected from the initial phage library and one RT-PCR
product encompassing the region between positions 2265 and 4301. At
the 5' end, the sequence of the T7 promoter was added for in vitro
transcription, and an Srfl site was added to the 3' end for plasmid
linearization (FIG. 1). The full-length clone was named
pKANE40A.
[0184] MDBK cells were transfected with RNA generated from the
linearized pKANE40A template by in vitro transcription. A runoff
transcript from plasmid pKANE28AII which terminates 19 codons
upstream of the NS5B coding region served as a negative control.
Three days post transfection, BVDV-specific signals were detected
after immunofluorescence staining in cells transfected with RNA
from pKANE40A but not in the control. The virus generated from the
infectious clone pKANE40A was termed XIKE-A. The transfected cells
were passaged twice, and the stock of the second passage was used
for all further experiments. The virus was analysed by RT-PCR
sequencing, taking the nucleotide exchange from C to T at position
1630 as proof of the identity of XIKE-A.
[0185] The specific infectivity of the RNA derived from pKANE40A
was determined in comparison to RNA prepared from cells infected
with the wild type virus NY '93/C. To this end, the concentration
of viral RNA in samples used for transfection of MDBK cells was
measured in comparison with defined amounts of the in vitro
transcribed RNA after Northern blotting and hybridization, using a
phosphoimager. MDBK cells were transfected with similar amounts of
both RNAs, and plaques were counted three days post transfection.
On the average, the infectivity of RNA derived from pKANE40A was
4.32.times.10.sup.2 pfu/.mu.g, and the wild-type RNA yielded
4.times.10.sup.2 pfu/.mu.g.
[0186] The growth characteristics of the recombinant virus were
analysed through a growth curve, using the original field isolate
VLS#399 as a control in the same experiment (FIG. 2). MDBK cells
were infected with an m.o.i. of 0.1, and samples were taken at
seven time points from 2 hours to 96 hours post infection. The
growth curve of the recombinant XIKE-A is somewhat smoother than
that of VLS#399, but both viruses reach a titre of 10.sup.6,39
after 96 hours. XIKE-A was therefore deemed suitable for further
experiments.
[0187] Construction and analysis of E.sup.rns mutants. Previous
experiments with CSFV (Meyers, G., et al., 1999, J. Virol.
73:10224-10235) had shown that the RNAse activity of the
glycoprotein E.sup.rns is destroyed by substitution of histidine
297 or 346 (the numbers represent the residue positions in CSFV
strain Alfort/Tuibingen) by leucine or lysine, or by deletion of
codon "H346". The mutant viruses are viable, but clinically
attenuated. In BVDV strain NY '93/C, the two histidine residues are
located at position 300 and 349, respectively. To test whether the
effects of mutations at these positions would be similar to CSFV in
a BVDV type 2 genome, two infectious clones were engineered with
either a deletion of codon "H349" or a substitution of codon "H300"
by leucine. The resulting recombinant virus mutants were named
XIKE-B (H349.DELTA.) and XIKE-C (H300L).
[0188] Both mutants were stable in MDBK cells for at least five
passages as determined by nucleotide sequencing of RT-PCR products
encompassing the E.sup.rns coding region. The growth
characteristics of the two mutant viruses were compared with virus
derived from the wild type infectious clone XIKE-A (FIG. 3).
[0189] The RNAse activity of XIKE-A, XIKE-B and XIKE-C was
determined in crude cell extracts of cells infected with the same
m.o.i. of either virus two days post infection. Aliquots of the
preparations were tested for their ability to degrade poly(U);
cells infected with the wild type strain NY '93/C served as a
positive control, and uninfected cells were used as a negative
control. After 30 min of incubation, the residual high molecular
weight RNA was precipitated, and OD.sub.260 measurement of the
supernatants revealed the presence of small degraded RNA fragments
(Meyers, G., et al., 1999, J. Virol. 73:10224-10235). High RNAse
activity was found in the NY '93/C and XIKE-A samples whereas the
two mutants XIKE-B and XIKE-C were in the same range as the
negative control (FIG. 4).
[0190] Animal experiment with XIKE-A and NY '93/C. The purpose of
the first animal experiment was to compare the virulence and
pathogenicity of the recombinant virus XIKE-A derived from the
infectious cDNA clone with the wild type strain NY'93/C. Two groups
of three animals (8 to 9 months old) were each infected with
10.sup.5TCID.sub.50 of either XIKE-A (animals #615, #377, #091) or
NY '93/C (animals #275, #612, #1610). Each group was housed in a
separate isolation unit. Body temperatures and clinical signs were
recorded daily; blood samples were taken on days 0, 2 to 16 and 21
p.i. for leukocyte counts and detection of viremia. Sera from all
calves were collected for detection of neutralizing antibodies
against NY '93/C on days 0, 7, 14, 21, 29 and 35 p.i. Nasal swabs
1o for virus isolation were taken on day 0, 2 to 16 and 21 p.i.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Virus isolation from buffy coat preparations
and nasal swabs of animals infected with New York '93/C or XIKE-A.
Virus isolation from buffy coat preparations Virus isolation from
nasal swabs Days p.i. #275 #612 #1610 #615 #275 #612 #1610 #615
#377 #091 -26 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 0 -- -- -- -- --
-- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 3 ++ --
-- -+ ++ ++ -- -- -- -- -- -- 4 -+ ++ ++ ++ ++ -+ -- -- -- -- -- --
5 ++ ++ +- ++ ++ ++ -- -- -- -- -- -- 6 ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ -- -- --
-- -- -- 7 ++ -+ ++ ++ ++ ++ -- -- -- -- -- -- 8 ++ -- -- ++ ++ ++
-- -- -- -- -- -- 9 -- -- -- -- ++ -- ++ +- -- ++ ++ ++ 10 -- -- --
-- -- -- bac -- -- +- bac +- 11 ++ -- -- -- -- -- bac -- -- -- --
-- 12 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 13 -- -- -- -- -- ++ --
-- -- -- -- -- 14 -- -- -- -- -- * -- -- -- -- -- * 15 -- -- -- --
-- * -- -- -- -- -- * 16 -- -- -- -- -- * -- -- -- -- -- * 21 -- --
-- -- -- * -- -- -- -- -- * total 7 4 4 6 7 7 1 1 0 2 1 2 O 5 6, 7
0, 7 1, 7 + virus detected, - no virus detected, bac = bacteria,
*animal was euthanized on day 13 p.i.
[0191] All animals in both groups developed fever (FIG. 5) and a
broad spectrum of clinical signs including respiratory symptoms and
gastrointestinal disorders. Animal #091 was killed on day 13 p.i.
for welfare reasons. All calves in both groups showed leukopenia
starting on day 3 p.i. and persisting for up to day 15 p.i. (FIG.
6). Virus was detected in buffy coat preparations from animals
infected with NY '93/C for 5 days, and with XIKE-A for 7 days.
Nasal shedding was found for 1 or 2 days (Table 1).
[0192] The identity of the viruses was checked by nucleotide
sequencing of RT-PCR products from RNA prepared from buffy coat
preparations from all animals. The entire E.sup.rns coding region
(positions 1140 to 1780) was sequenced and found to be identical
with the known sequences of NY '93/C or XIKE-A, respectively.
Neutralizing antibodies were found in the serum of all calves
starting on day 14 p.i. (Table 2). TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2
Neutralizing antibody titres determined in serum samples of all
calves after experimental infection with New York '93/C or XIKE-A.
Results are expressed as the reciprocal of the serum BVDV-specific
neutralizing antibody titers against New York '93/C (10.sup.2.07
TCID.sub.50). days p.i. 615 377 091 275 612 1610 -26 <2 <2
<2 <2 <2 <2 0 <2 <2 <2 <2 <2 <2 7
<2 <2 <2 <2 <2 <2 13/14 645 323 406 256 128 40 21
1024 1290 * 1290 512 51 29 2580 4096 * 813 2580 2580 35 3251 3251 *
8192 2580 5161 *animal were euthanized on day 13
[0193] The results of this study demonstrated that the recombinant
virus XIKE-A is highly similar to the wild type virus NY '93/C with
regard to both pathogenicity and an the induction of an immune
response in the natural host. It is therefore plausbile to assume
that any deviation from this clinical picture that might be
observed in a virus mutant generated on the basis of the infectious
clone pKANE40A would indeed be caused by the desired mutation.
[0194] Animal experiment with XIKE-B and XIKE-A. In the second
animal experiment, the clinical and immunological characteristics
of the RNAse negative mutant XIKE-B were analysed in comparison
with XIKE-A. The H349.DELTA. mutant was given precedence over the
H300L mutant to minimize the danger of a genomic reversion to
wildtype.
[0195] Two groups of three calves (7 to 10 weeks old) each were
inoculated with a dose of 5.times.10.sup.5TCID.sub.50 of either
XIKE-A (animals #387, #388, #418) or XIKE-B virus (animals #415,
#417, #419). The groups were housed in separate isolation units.
Rectal temperatures and clinical symptoms were monitored daily;
nasal swabs and blood samples were taken on days -8, 0, 2 to 14, 17
and 21. Serum samples were collected on days 0, 8, 12/14, 21,28 and
38/40.
[0196] Nine to ten days post infection, the calves infected with
XIKE-A developed fever for up to 3 days; in addition animal #387
had fever on day 3 p.i. (FIG. 7) that was accompanied by is
diarrhea and respiratory symptoms. Calf #388 showed convulsions.
The group was euthanized for welfare reasons on day 12 p.i. in a
state of marked depression and anorexia. None of the calves
infected with XIKE-B had elevated body temperatures (FIG. 7). Only
mild respiratory symptoms were observed for up to 6 days.
Leukopenia was found in all animals; however, the decrease of
leucocyte numbers was more pronounced in the calves infected with
wild type XIKE-A than in the XIKE-B group (FIG. 8).
[0197] Virus was found in buffy coat preparations of all animals
starting on day 4 p.i.; however, viremia was shorter for the Ems
mutant (about 4 days) than for the virus with wild type sequence
(about 8 days). Nasal shedding of virus could be observed for up to
8 days (about 4.7) with XIKE-A animals, but for a maximum of 1 day
(about 0.7) with XIKE-B animals (Table 3). TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3
Virus isolation from buffy coat preparations and nasal swabs of
animals infected with the recombinant virus XIKE-A (animals #387,
#388 and #418) or the E.sup.rns mutant XIKE-B (animals #415, #417
and #419). Virus isolation from buffy coat preparations Virus
isolation from nasal swabs Days p.i. #415 #417 #419 #387 #388 #415
#417 #419 #387 #388 #418 -8 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 0
-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
-- -- 3 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 4 +- +- -- ++ ++ ++ --
-- -- -- -- -- 5 ++ +- +- ++ ++ ++ -- -- -- -- -- +- 6 ++ +- ++ ++
++ ++ -- +- -- -- -- +- 7 ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ -- -- +- +- -- +- 8 --
+- -- ++ ++ ++ -- -- -- -- -- +- 9 -- -- -- ++ +- ++ -- -- -- ++ ++
+- 10 -- -- -- ++ +- +- -- -- -- +- +- ++ 11 -- -- -- ++ +- ++ --
-- -- +- -- +- 12 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ++ 13 -- -- -- *
* * -- -- -- * * * 14 -- -- -- * * * -- -- -- * * * 17 -- -- -- * *
* -- -- -- * * * 21 * * * -- -- -- * * * total 4 5 3 8 8 8 0 1 1 4
2 8 O 4 8 0, 7 4, 7 + virus detected, - no virus detected, *animals
were euthanized on day 12 p.i.
[0198] Again, nucleotide sequencing of RT-PCR products encompassing
the entire E.sup.rns coding region was used for virus
identification in buffy coat preparations. As expected, isolates
from animals #387, #388 and #418 were wild type. A deletion of the
"H349" codon was confirmed for animals #415, #417 and #419.
Interestingly, an additional point mutation was found in RT-PCR
products from two of these animals (#415 and #419): nucleotide
position 1246 was changed from guanine to thymine, resulting in the
amino acid substitution Q287H. Neutralizing antibodies were first
detected on day 12 p.i. in the serum of the calves infected with
XIKE-A, and on day 14 p.i. in the serum of calves infected with the
E.sup.rns mutant (Table 4). TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Neutralizing
antibody titres determined in serum samples of all calves after
experimental infection with XIKE-A (wild type sequence) or XIKE-B
(H346?). Results are expressed as the reciprocal of the serum
BVDV-specific neutralizing antibody titers against New York `93/C
(10.sup.1.7 TCID.sub.50). days p.i. 387 388 418 415 417 419 0 <2
<2 <2 <2 <2 <2 8 <2 <2 <2 <2 <2 <2
12/14 20 8 128 51 203 64 21 * * * 512 1024 406 28 * * * 2048 1024
4096 38/40 * * * 8182 4096 4096 *animals were euthanized on day
12
EXAMPLE 2
[0199] Experimental Design
[0200] Twelve pregnant heifers were selected from a BVDV negative
herd. The following group of 5/7 heifers were included in the
trial: TABLE-US-00005 No. Inoculation Virus Group 1: 5 One i.n.
administration, XIKE-A 3 ml in each nostril Group 2: 5 One i.n.
administration, NY-93 3 ml in each nostril
[0201] Heifers were moved to the experimental facilities 8 days
before inoculations. Pregnancy status was confirmed after transport
into the experimental facility. Heifers were between days 60 and 90
of gestation on the day of inoculation. Inoculation took place for
all Is animals at one point of time with 2.5.times.10.sup.4
TCID.sub.50/ml of the respective virus applied in 6 ml tissue
culture supernatant.
[0202] Heifers were monitored for the presence of clinical signs of
BVDV infection including abortions during the observation period.
The experiment was terminated 9 weeks after infection. Non-aborted
cows were slaughtered, the uterus examined and collected. Foetal
organ samples were collected during routine necropsy and examined
for BVDV infection.
[0203] The presence of fetal infection was the main evaluation
parameter, composed from the number of BVDV-related cow mortality,
the number of BVDV-related abortions and the number of BVD positive
fetuses at termination. TABLE-US-00006 Group 1 Animal No.
Conclusion 526 BVD abortion 598 BVD abortion 615 BVD abortion 618
BVD abortion 626 Heifer Died due to BVD
[0204] TABLE-US-00007 Group 2 Animal No. Conclusion 184 Heifer Died
due to BVD 203 BVD abortion 232 Heifer Died due to BVD 233 Foetus
BVD positiv (viremic) 252 BVD abortion 267 Heifer died due to BVD
306 BVD abortion
EXAMPLE 3
[0205] This study aimed to assess the efficacy of BVDV isolates
against foetal infection. Efficacy of the NY93 infectious copy
derivative BVDV recombinant (type II) with a deletion of the RNase
function in the E(RNS) protein XIKE-B (H349.DELTA.) is investigated
to prevent fetal infection after an heterologous type I
challenge.
[0206] Between day 60 and 90 is the most sensitive period for fetal
exposure to BVDV. Therefore in this heifers derived from BVDV-free
farm (and confirmed seronegative for BVDV) have been immunized by a
single exposure with XIKE B (i.m.). Thereafter heifers were
inseminated and between day 60-90 animals, when animals are
supposed to be highly sensitive to BVDV fetal infection, a
challenge infection with a wild type field virus was performed. The
intranasal route for challenge was chosen as this mimics the normal
route of infection in the field best.
[0207] Experimental Design:
[0208] Heifers were selected from a BVDV negative herd. The heifers
were tested serologically and virologically negative for BVDV. The
following groups of heifers were included in the trial:
TABLE-US-00008 Challenge No. of heifers: Group Treatment BVDV
Vaccinated Challenged 1 None Type I NA 2 2 Isolate XIKE-B Type I 10
4
[0209] Group 1 remained untreated in the herd of origin until
challenge. Blood samples were collected post-vaccination for buffy
coat preparation and serology.
[0210] Inseminations started 4 weeks after immunisation for all
groups. Group 1 was transported to the experimental facility before
challenge.
[0211] Heifers were challenged 4 months and 10 days after
vaccination. At the day of inoculation, pregnancy status was
between day 60 and 90 of pregnancy.
[0212] The prevention of foetal infection was the main evaluation
parameter.
[0213] Sequence of events and time schedule TABLE-US-00009
Immunisation 10 days after transport to the animal facility
Insemination In a period of 30 days, started approximately 4 weeks
after immunisation Second transport to the challenge At least 10
days before challenge facility Challenge Between day 60 to 90 of
pregnancy Observations Continuous for about 2 months Slaughter of
animals and harvest of About 2 months post-challenge foetuses for
virus isolation testing of fetal organ samples
[0214] BVDV challenge viruses
[0215] The virus is grown in BVDV free medium as appropriate,
aliquoted and frozen at -70 .degree. C. [.+-.10 C]. TABLE-US-00010
Type/designation:: Type I/ncp KE#9 Passage level: 4 Composition:
Isolate obtained from German field Challenge dose: 10.sup.5 per
animal Applied volume: 6 ml per animal (3 ml per nostril)
Inoculation route: Intranasal
[0216] Vaccinations
[0217] The vaccination schedule is described in the Experimental
Design Section. TABLE-US-00011 Description: XIKE-B, live virus BVDV
strain Passage number: 10 Virus dose: 10.sup.5 per animal Applied
vaccine volume: 2 ml per animal Application route: Intramuscular
(i.m.)
[0218] Results:
[0219] Rectal Temperatures
[0220] The temperature values were below 39.degree. C. in all but
one cases, and no unusual fluctuations were seen during the
observation period. Heifer No. 1249 (Group 1) had a temperature of
39.1.degree. C. on 14 DPI (=days post infection) that returned to
normal value on the next day.
[0221] Leukocyte Counts
[0222] DPI values of zero (0) were considered as individual
baseline for comparison. No lower limit of leukocyte counts was
defined in the study protocol. However, a reduction of leukocyte
counts by 40% or more, i.e., values reaching 60% of the baseline
value (established on the day of challenge) or lower, was
considered biologically significant.
[0223] Individual mean leukocyte counts are shown in Table 5 below.
TABLE-US-00012 TABLE 5 Individual mean leukocyte counts Group 1
##STR1## Group 2 ##STR2## *0 day samples were collected on the day
before infection
[0224] Baseline leukocyte counts were similar in all groups. While
both heifers in Group 1 (infected with Type I strain) experienced a
biologically significant reduction in leukocyte counts (values
highlighted with grey colour) after the challenge (maximum drop
noted 4-8 DPI), corresponding vaccinated heifers (Group 2) had no
remarkable falls in leukocytes. The only exception was heifer No.
1197 who showed a significant decrease on a single day, on Day 14
PI. On the very next day, leukocyte count returned to what was
considered normal (less than 40 % deviation from baseline).
[0225] Virus Isolation Data
[0226] Methods applied for virus isolation investigations are
detailed in previous examples. Virus isolation data from buffy
coats (described as day post infection (=DPI) with vaccine
candidate (XIKE B): TABLE-US-00013 Ani- mal 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Group ID DPI DPI DPI DPI DPI DPI DPI DPI 1 1126 - - + + + + - + 1
1249 - - - - + + - - 2 1197 - - - - - - - - 2 1200 - - - - - - - -
2 1214 - - - - - - - - 2 1217 - - - - - - - -
[0227] TABLE-US-00014 Ani- mal 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 Group ID DPI
DPI DPI DPI DPI DPI DPI DPI 1 1126 + - - - - - - - 1 1249 - - - - -
- - - 2 1197 - - - - - - - - 2 1200 - - - - - - - - 2 1214 - - - -
- - - - 2 1217 - - - - - - - -
[0228] TABLE-US-00015 Sternum Animal Mesenteric Small bone Group ID
lymphnodes intestine Spleen Thymus kidney marrow Cerebellum
placenta 1 1126 + + + + + + + + 1 1249 + + + + + + + + 2 1197 - - -
- - - - - 2 1200 - - - - - - - - 2 1214 - - - - - - - - 2 1217 - -
- - - - - -
[0229] All heifers did not show any clinical symptomes typical for
BVDV infection after vaccination with XIKE B. After challenge
heifers of group 1 had on at least one day viremia, whereas in
group 2 on no day after challenge viremia could be detected. All
fetuses from heifers of group 1 were positive for BVDV (all of the
following organs were positive tested for BVDV by virus isolation
(mesenteric lymph nodes; small intestine, spleen, thymus, kidney,
sternum, bone marrow, cerebellum); the fetuses from heifers of
group 2 were all negative (in all tested organs consistently:
mesenteric lymph nodes; small intestine, spleen, thymus, kidney,
sternum, bone marrow, cerebellum) for BVDV.
[0230] Therefore infectious copy derived virus was attenuated
successfully and the potential of the use as vaccine virus in order
to prevent fetal infection was shown.
[0231] The XIKE B virus belongs antigenetically to the BVDV type 2
viruses and is effective in preventing fetal infection after
challenge with an heterologous challenge virus belonging to the
BVDV type 1 antigenic group.
Sequence CWU 1
1
25 1 12332 DNA ORGANISM Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) 1
gtatacgaga ttagctaaag aactcgtata tggattggac gtcaacaaat ttttaattgg
60 caacgtaggg aaccttcccc tcagcgaagg ccgaaaagag gctagccatg
cccttagtag 120 gactagcaaa agtaggggac tagcggtagc agtgagttcg
ttggatggcc gaacccctga 180 gtacagggga gtcgtcaatg gttcgacact
ccattagtcg aggagtctcg agatgccatg 240 tggacgaggg catgcccacg
gcacatctta acccatgcgg gggttgcatg ggtgaaagcg 300 ctattcgtgg
cgttatggac acagcctgat agggtgtagc agagacctgc tattccgcta 360
gtaaaaactc tgctgtacat ggcacatgga gttgttttca aatgaacttt tatacaaaac
420 atataaacaa aaaccagcag gcgtcgtgga acctgtttac gacgtcaacg
ggcgcccact 480 gtttggagag agcagtgact tgcacccgca gtcaacacta
aaactaccac accaacgagg 540 cagcgccaac atcctgacca atgctaggtc
cctaccgcgg aaaggtgact gccggagagg 600 taatgtgtat ggaccggtga
gtggcatcta tatcaaacca ggaccgatct actaccagga 660 ttatgtgggc
cccgtctatc atagagcccc actggaacta tgtagggagg caagtatgtg 720
cgaaacaact aggagagttg gcagagtgac cggtagtgat gggaaattat atcatatcta
780 catctgcata gatgggtgta tcctcctgaa gagggcgact aggaaccaac
cagaagtcct 840 gaaatgggta tacaacagat taaattgtcc tttatgggtc
accagctgct ccgatgaagg 900 gagcaagggt gctacaagta agaagcagcc
taagccagat aggatagaaa aaggtaagat 960 gaaaatagcc ccaaaagaga
cagaaaaaga ttgcaaaacc agaccccccg acgcgactat 1020 agtagtagaa
ggggttaagt accaggtgaa gaaaaaagga aaggtaaggg gaaaaaatac 1080
tcaagatggg ttatatcaca acaagaataa gccccctgaa tcaagaaaaa aattggaaaa
1140 ggcactgctg gcttgggcca tcttagcagc ggtcctgctt cagctggtaa
caggagagaa 1200 tatcacccag tggaacttga tggacaacgg caccgaggga
atacagcaag cgatgttcct 1260 aagaggggtg aacaggagtc tacatggaat
ttggccagag aaaatttgca ccggagtacc 1320 aactcactta gcaacagact
atgagcttaa agagatagtg gggatgatgg acgcgagtga 1380 gaagaccaac
tacacgtgtt gcaggttgca aagacatgag tggaataaac atggttggtg 1440
taactggttt catatagaac cgtggatatg gttgatgaac aaaacccaaa acaacctgac
1500 agaagggcaa ccgcttaggg agtgtgctgt gacttgtagg tatgacaagg
aaacagaatt 1560 gaacatcgtg acacaggcta gggacagacc tacaactctg
acaggttgca agaaaggcaa 1620 gaatttctct ttcgcaggtg ttatactgga
tgggccctgt aactttaaag tatcggttga 1680 agatgtgctg ttcaaggagc
acgattgcgg caacatgctg caagagaccg cgatacagct 1740 actcgatggg
gcaaccaaca ccattgaggg agcaagggta gggacggcca agttgacaac 1800
ctggttaggg aagcaattag ggatccttgg taagaagttg gagaacaaaa gcaaagcatg
1860 gtttggtgca catgcagcaa gtccatactg cggagtggag aggaagatcg
gttacgtatg 1920 gtatacaaaa aactgcactc cagcttgcct tccaagaaac
actagaataa taggccccgg 1980 gaaatttgat accaacgccg aagatggaaa
aatactccat gagatggggg ggcacctctc 2040 agaatttgtc ctattgtcct
tggtggttct gtctgacttt gccccggaaa ccgcgagcgt 2100 catctacttg
gttctacatt ttgcgatccc gcaaagccac gttgatgtag acacatgcga 2160
caagaaccag ctgaatttaa cggtagcaac cacagtagca gaggtcatac cagggacagt
2220 gtggaaccta gggaagtatg tctgcataag accagactgg tggccatatg
agacgacgac 2280 agtcttcgtc atagaggaag cagggcaagt aatcaaattg
atgctaaggg ccatcagaga 2340 cttaactagg atatggaatg ctgccactac
cacagctttc ttaatctttt tagtaaaagc 2400 actgagggga caactaatcc
aagggctatt gtggctgatg ctaataacag gagcacaggg 2460 cttccctgaa
tgcaaagagg gcttccaata tgccatatct aaagacagga aaatggggtt 2520
attggggcca gagagcttaa ctacaacatg gcacctcccc accaaaaaaa tagtggattc
2580 catggtgcat gtatggtgtg aaggaaaaga cttgaaaata ttaaaaatgt
gcacaaagga 2640 agagaggtat ctagtggctg tgcacgagag agccttatca
accagtgccg agtttatgca 2700 gatcagtgat gggacaatag gcccagacgt
gatagatatg cctgatgact ttgagtttgg 2760 actctgccct tgtgactcaa
aaccagtgat aaagggcaaa tttaatgcca gcttactgaa 2820 tggaccagct
ttccagatgg tatgcccaca ggggtggact ggtacaatag aatgcaccct 2880
agcgaaccaa gacaccttgg acacaactgt cattaggaca tatagaagaa ctaccccatt
2940 tcagcggaga aaatggtgta cctatgaaaa aataataggg gaagatatct
atgaatgcat 3000 tctaggtgga aactggacat gcataaccgg tgaccatagc
aggttgaaag acggacctat 3060 caagaagtgt aagtggtgtg gccatgactt
cgtcaactca gaggggctac cacactaccc 3120 aataggcaag tgcatgctca
tcaacgagag tgggtacagg tatgtagatg acacctcttg 3180 cgataggggt
ggtgtagcca tagttccatc tggcaccgta aagtgtagaa taggtaacgt 3240
cacggtgcaa gttatcgcta ctaacaatga tctgggaccc atgccttgca gcccagctga
3300 agtgatagca agtgaaggac cagtggaaaa gactgcatgc acattcaact
attcaaggac 3360 tctacctaat aagtattatg agccaaggga ccggtacttc
caacaataca tgttaaaagg 3420 ggagtggcaa tattggttcg acctggattc
tgtagaccac cacaaagact acttctcaga 3480 gttcataatc atagcagtgg
tcgccttgtt gggtggtaag tacgtactgt ggctcttgat 3540 aacatacaca
atactgtctg agcagatggc tatgggtgct ggagtgaata ctgaagagat 3600
agtcatgata ggcaatttgc tgacagacag tgatattgag gttgtggttt atttccttct
3660 tctgtactta atagttaaag aggaactggc gaggaaatgg attatactgg
tataccacat 3720 ccttgtagcc aaccctatga aaacaattgg ggtcgtctta
ctaatgctag ggggagtggt 3780 gaaggccagc agaatcaatg ctgatgacca
aagtgctatg gacccatgct ttcttctcgt 3840 gacaggcgta gtggctgttt
tgatgatcgc tagaagagaa cctgccacat taccactgat 3900 tgtagcattg
ctagcaataa gaacatcagg attcctactg cccgctagca ttgatgtaac 3960
tgtagcagta gtattaattg tacttttgtt ggctagctac ataacagact actttagata
4020 taaaaagtgg cttcaactct tatttagtct gatagctggt atctttatta
taaggagctt 4080 aaaacatatc aaccagatgg aggtaccaga aatatctatg
ccaagttgga gacctctagc 4140 tctggtcctt ttctatataa catctacagc
aataaccact aattgggaca ttgacttagc 4200 aggcttcctg ctgcaatggg
cgccagcagt gatcatgatg gctaccatgt gggcagactt 4260 tttgactctg
atcatagtcc tgcccagtta cgagttatct aagctttact tcctaaagaa 4320
cgtcaggaca gacgtggaaa agaactggct cggcaaagtg aaatacagac agatcagttc
4380 agtttatgac atctgtgaca gtgaggaagc agtgtaccta tttccatcaa
ggcataagag 4440 tggaagcagg ccagatttca tattaccttt tttgaaagcc
gtgttaataa gctgcatcag 4500 cagccaatgg caagtggttt acatttctta
cctaatactg gaaattacat actatatgca 4560 caggaaaatc atagatgagg
tgtcaggagg agcaaatttt ctatcaagac tcatagcagc 4620 catcatagaa
ttaaattggg ccatagatga tgaggaatgt aaaggactga agaaactgta 4680
tctcttgtca gggagagcga agaatttgat agttaaacat aaggtaagaa atgaagccgt
4740 ccacagatgg tttggtgagg aggaaatata cggggcaccc aaggtgatca
ctatcataaa 4800 agctagtacc ctaagtaaaa acaggcactg cataatctgc
acgatctgtg aagggaaaga 4860 atggaatgga gccaactgcc caaagtgtgg
aagacaagga aagcccataa catgtggaat 4920 gacactcgca gactttgagg
agaaacatta caaaaagata tttataagag aagaatcttc 4980 ttgtcctgtg
ccttttgatc cttcttgcca ttgtaattat tttcgccacg atgggccttt 5040
caggaaagag tataagggtt acgtccaata cacagccaga ggacaactct ttctgaggaa
5100 cctaccaatt ctagcgacga agatgaagct attaatggtg ggaaacctcg
gcgcagaaat 5160 tggcgacctg gaacatctag gatgggtact gagagggcca
gccgtgtgca aaaaaattac 5220 caaccatgag aagtgccacg taaacatcat
ggataagcta actgcatttt ttggaatcat 5280 gcctagaggc acgaccccta
gggcacctgt gaggttcccc acagcactac taaaagtgag 5340 aagggggcta
gagacgggat gggcttacac gcaccaagga gggatcagct cggtagacca 5400
tgtcacagcc ggaaaggatt tactagtgtg tgacagtatg ggcaggacca gggttgtctg
5460 tcatagtaac aataagatga ctgatgagac tgagtatggc atcaagaccg
actcagggtg 5520 tcccgaaggt gcgaggtgtt acgtgctaaa cccagaagct
gttaacattt ctggcacaaa 5580 aggagctatg gtacacctcc agaaaacggg
gggggagttc acatgtgtca ctgcctcagg 5640 gaccccggct ttcttcgatc
tgaaaaatct aaaaggctgg tccgggctac caatttttga 5700 agcatccagt
ggcagggtgg ttggtagggt gaaagtcggc aagaatgagg attccaagcc 5760
caccaaacta atgagcggaa tccagacagt gtctaagaac cagacagacc tagcggacat
5820 cgtaaaaaaa ttgactagta tgaacagagg agagttcaaa cagataacat
tagccactgg 5880 ggcaggaaaa actacggaac tgccaaggtc cgtcatagag
gagataggga ggcacaaaag 5940 ggtcttagtc ctgataccat tgagagcagc
agcagagtca gtgtatcagt atatgagagt 6000 gaagtaccca agtatatctt
tcaatttgag aataggagat atgaaggaag gtgacatggc 6060 cactggtatc
acctacgcct catatgggta cttttgtcag cttcctcagc ccaaactgag 6120
agctgccatg gtagagtact catatatatt cttagatgag taccactgtg ctacacccga
6180 gcaattagca ataattggaa agatacacag gtttgctgaa aatcttagag
tggtagcaat 6240 gacagcaacc ccagctggaa cggtcacaac gactggtcag
aaacacccta tagaggagtt 6300 catagcccca gaggtgatga aaggtgaaga
tctaggtagt gaatacttgg atattgcagg 6360 gttgaagata ccgactgaag
agatgaaagg caacatgctc gtgttcgcgc caactaggaa 6420 catggcagta
gaaacagcta agaaattgaa ggctaaggga tacaactctg gatactatta 6480
cagtggggaa aacccagaga acttgagggt ggtaacctcg caatccccgt atgtggtagt
6540 agccaccaat gccatagagt caggtgtgac attaccagac ttagacacag
ttgtagacac 6600 tggactaaag tgtgagaaga gggtgaggat ttcttcaaaa
atgcccttca ttgtaacagg 6660 acttaagaga atggcagtca caatcggaga
gcaagcccag cgcaggggta gagtaggaag 6720 agtcaagcca ggtaggtact
ataggagtca agaaacagct tcagggtcaa aagattacca 6780 ttacgaccta
ctgcaagccc agaggtacgg aatagaagat ggaattaatg taacaaagtc 6840
attcagggag atgaactatg attggagcct ttacgaagag gacagcttga tgataactca
6900 actcgaggtc cttaacaacc tccttatatc agaagacctg cctgccgcag
tgaagaacat 6960 catggcccgg accgatcacc cagaacccat acaactggcc
tataacagtt atgaaaacca 7020 aattccagtg ctgttcccaa agatcaaaaa
tggtgaggtg acagacagtt atgagaatta 7080 cacatatctc aatgcaagaa
aattaggaga ggacgtgccg gcatatgtgt acgccacaga 7140 ggatgaggat
ctagcagtgg atcttctggg tatggattgg ccggacccag gcaaccaaca 7200
ggtggtagag acagggaggg cattaaaaca agtaactggc ttatccacag cagaaaacgc
7260 cctcttgata gccctattcg gctacgtcgg gtaccagaca ctttcaaaaa
ggcacatacc 7320 catgattact gacatctata cacttgaaga ccacaggctt
gaggacacaa cccacctcca 7380 gtttgcccca aacgctataa ggaccgacgg
caaggactca gagttgaagg aattagctgt 7440 gggagacctt gataaatatg
tggacgcact ggtagactac tccaaacaag ggatgaaatt 7500 catcaaagtc
caagctgaaa aggtcagaga ctcccagtct acgaaggaag gcttgcaaac 7560
cattaaggag tatgtggata agtttataca atcactaaca gagaataagg aggagatcat
7620 caggtatgga ctatggggag ttcacacggc actctacaaa agcttggcag
cgagactggg 7680 gcatgaaaca gcttttgcaa ctttagtggt aaaatggttg
gcttttgggg gcgaaacggt 7740 atctgctcac atcaagcaag tagcagttga
tctagtagta tattatatca tcaacaaacc 7800 atcttttcct ggagatacag
agacccaaca agaggggagg aagtttgtgg ctagtctttt 7860 tatatctgca
ctagcaacat acacatataa aacctggaat tacaacaatc tgcaacgggt 7920
tgtcgaacct gccttagctt acctcccata tgctacaagt gccttgaagt tgttcacacc
7980 cacaagatta gagagtgtgg tcatactcag ttctacaatt tacaagacat
acctctctat 8040 aaggaagggt aagagtgacg gcttgttagg tacaggcata
agtgcagcca tggagatctt 8100 aaaccaaaac ccaatctcag taggtatatc
tgtgatgctg ggggtaggtg ccatcgccgc 8160 ccataatgca atagaatcta
gtgaacagaa aagaactttg ctgatgaagg tctttgtaaa 8220 aaacttctta
gaccaagcag caacagatga gctagtcaaa gagaaccctg aaaaaataat 8280
catggctcta tttgaagcag tccagaccat aggaaacccc ctaagactca tctaccatct
8340 gtacggggtg tactataagg ggtgggaagc aaaagaactc gcagagaaaa
ctgctggccg 8400 caacttattc acattgatca tgtttgaggc ctttgagctt
ttaggtatgg actcagaagg 8460 aaagataaga aacttgtcag gcaactacat
actggactta atcttcaact tgcataataa 8520 attaaacaag gggctcaaaa
aactagtcct tgggtgggct cctgcacctt tgagctgtga 8580 ttggacacca
agtgatgaga gaataagcct acctcataac aactacttaa gggtagaaac 8640
caggtgtcct tgtggctatg agatgaaggc aataaaaaat gttgctggta aattgacaaa
8700 agttgaagaa aaggggtcct tcctatgcag gaatagatta gggagaggac
ctccaaactt 8760 caaagtaaca aagttctatg atgataactt gatagaagtc
aagccagtag ctaggctaga 8820 aggccaggtg gacctctatt acaagggagt
aacagctaag ttagactaca acaatgggaa 8880 agtactgtta gctaccaaca
agtgggaggt ggaccacgct ttcctgacca gactagtaaa 8940 gaagcacaca
gggataggtt ttaaaggtgc atatttgggt gaccgaccag accatcaaga 9000
tcttgtcgat agagattgtg caactataac gaagaactca gtacagttcc taaaaatgaa
9060 gaagggttgc gctttcacat atgacctaac aatctctaac cttgtcaggc
ttattgaact 9120 agtccataag aataatttac aagaaagaga gatccctacc
gtgacagtaa ctacttggct 9180 tgcatattct tttgtcaatg aagacctggg
gactatcaag cctgtattgg gggagaaagt 9240 catcccagaa ccccccgagg
agttgagtct ccaacccacc gtgagactag tcaccactga 9300 aacagcaata
accataacag gggaggctga agtgatgacg acagggatca caccagtggt 9360
agagatgaaa gaagaacctc agctggacca ccagtcaact accctaaagg tagggttgaa
9420 ggaaggggaa tatccagggc caggagttaa ccctaaccat ttagcagagg
tgatagatga 9480 gaaagatgac aggccttttg tcctaatcat cggtaacaaa
ggttctacct cgaacagagc 9540 aagaacggcc aagaatatac ggctgtacaa
aggaaacaac ccaagagaga tcagggatct 9600 gatgagccaa ggaagaatat
tgacggttgc tctaaaagag ttggacccgg aattaaaaga 9660 attagtagat
tacaagggga cctttctcaa tagggaagct ttagaagccc taagcttagg 9720
taagccaatc aagaggaaaa ccacaacagc aatgatcagg aggttaatag agccagaggt
9780 tgaggaggaa ctaccagatt ggttccaagc ggaagaaccc ctatttttgg
aagcaaaaat 9840 acagaatgac ttataccacc taattggcag tgtagatagt
ataaaaagca aagcaaagga 9900 attaggggcc acagataaca caaagatagt
gaaggaagtt ggggctagga cctatacgat 9960 gaaattgagc agctggagca
cacaagttac aaaaaaacag atgagtctag cccctctctt 10020 tgaagagctg
ttattaaagt gccctccatg tagtaaaatt tcaaagggac atatggtgtc 10080
agcataccaa ctggctcaag gaaactggga acccctcggg tgtggggtct atatgggaac
10140 cataccagct aggcgtctca agatccaccc ttatgaggct taccttaaac
tcaaagagct 10200 ggtggaagtt gaatcttcga gggccactgc aaaagaatcc
atcataagag aacataacac 10260 ctggatcctg cggaaggtga gacatgaagg
gaacctaaga accaaatcaa tgatcaaccc 10320 tgggaaaata tcagatcagc
tatgcagaga tggacacaaa agaaacatat ataataagat 10380 cataggctca
acaatggcct ctgctggtat taggctggag aaactgccag tagtccgagc 10440
ccaaactgac acaaccagtt tccaccaagc cataagagaa aaaattgata aaacagaaaa
10500 caagcagacc cctgaattgc atgaagaact aatgaaggtc ttcgactgct
taaagatccc 10560 agagctgaag gaatcgtatg atgaagtttc atgggaacaa
ttagaagccg ggataaaccg 10620 taagggtgca gcaggctatc tagagagcaa
gaacataggg gaagtcctag acacagagaa 10680 acacatagta gagcagctga
tcaaggatct gaggaagggg aagaagatta ggtactatga 10740 aacagccatc
cccaagaatg agaagagaga cgtcagcgac gactgggaag ccggagagtt 10800
cgttgatgaa aagaaaccaa gagtaatcca gtacccggac gccaaggtga gactggccat
10860 tacaaaagtg atgtacaaat gggtaaagca aaaaccagtg gtgatacccg
gctatgaagg 10920 taaaacacct ctatttgaca tattcaacaa agtgaagaag
gaatgggatt cattccagga 10980 ccccgtagca gtgagctttg acaccaaagc
gtgggataca caagtcacca gtagagacct 11040 aatgttgata aaggatatcc
agaaatatta tttcaagaga agtatacaca aatttttaga 11100 tacaataaca
gaacacatgg tggaggtacc tgtcattaca gcagacggtg aagtttacat 11160
aaggaatggt cagaggggta gtggccaacc cgacacaagt gctggtaata gtatgttgaa
11220 tgtcctaacc atgatatatg ctttctgtaa aagtacaggc ataccttaca
ggggattcag 11280 cagagtggca agaatccatg tgtgtggtga tgatggcttt
ttgataacag agagaggact 11340 gggactgaaa ttctctgaga agggtatgca
gatattacat gaggccggga agccccagaa 11400 aataactgaa ggggacaaaa
tgaaagtggc atacagattc gaggacatag agttttgttc 11460 ccatactccc
gtgccagtca gatgggcaga taacaccagt agttacatgg cagggaggag 11520
cacagccact atactagcta agatggcaac caggctggat tccagcggag agaggggtag
11580 cacagcttat gagaaggccg tagccttcag cttccttttg atgtactcat
ggaatcccgt 11640 agttagaagg atctgcttac tggtgttgtc acagtttcca
gaaatatccc catccaaaaa 11700 cacaatatac tactaccaag gggatcccat
agctgcgtac agagaagtga tagggaaaca 11760 gctgtgtgaa ctgaaaagaa
caggatttga gaagctggct ggtctgaatt tgagtatgac 11820 cactctaggc
atctggacaa aacatactag taaaagacta atccaagcct gtgtagaaat 11880
aggtaagaga gaaggtacct ggttagttaa tgctgacaga ctgattgcag gaaagactgg
11940 gaagttttac atcccaagca ctggtgtcac tctgttggga aaacactatg
aggaaattaa 12000 cttaaagcaa aaggcggcac aaccgccgat agagggggtt
gacagatata agttgggccc 12060 catagttaat gttatcttga gaaggctgag
ggtgatgctg atgacagttg ccagcggaag 12120 ctggtgaatc cgtccggagc
gtcgtgccct cactcaaggt ttttaattgt aaatattgta 12180 aatagacagc
taagatattt attgtagttg gatagtaatg cagtgatagt aaatacccca 12240
atttaacact acctccaatg cactaagcac tttagctgtg tgaggttaac tcgacgtcca
12300 cggttggact agggaagacc tctaacagcc cc 12332 2 24 DNA Artificial
Sequence PCR Primer 2 ctccatgtgc catgtacagc agag 24 3 24 DNA
Artificial Sequence PCR Primer 3 ctcgtccaca tggcatctcg agac 24 4 20
DNA Artificial Sequence PCR Primer 4 gcactggtgt cactctgttg 20 5 25
DNA Artificial Sequence PCR Primer 5 gagaaggctg agggtgatgc tgatg 25
6 21 DNA Artificial Sequence PCR Primer 6 gactttccgc ttctttttag g
21 7 20 DNA Artificial Sequence PCR Primer 7 ggagagaata tcacccagtg
20 8 24 DNA Artificial Sequence PCR Primer 8 ctccactccg cagtatggac
ttgc 24 9 21 DNA Artificial Sequence oligonucleotide 9 cctaaaaaga
agcggaaagt c 21 10 21 DNA Artificial Sequence oligonucleotide 10
gttgacatgg catttttcgt g 21 11 22 DNA Artificial Sequence
oligonucleotide 11 cctcttatac gttctcacaa cg 22 12 22 DNA Artificial
Sequence variation 12 n=a or g or c or t variation 15 n=g or a 12
gcatccatca tnccntgatg at 22 13 24 DNA Artificial Sequence
oligonucleotide 13 caaatctctg atcagttgtt ccac 24 14 17 DNA
Artificial Sequence oligonucleotide 14 ttgcacacgg caggtcc 17 15 35
DNA Artificial Sequence oligonucleotide 15 gtcccccggg ggctgttaag
ggttttccta gtcca 35 16 25 DNA Artificial Sequence PCR Primer 16
gatgtagaca catgcgacaa gaacc 25 17 20 DNA Artificial Sequence PCR
Primer 17 gcttccactc ttatgccttg 20 18 78 DNA Artificial Sequence
PCR Primer 18 gctctagacg gccgtaatac gactcactat aggtatacga
gattagctaa agaactcgta 60 tatggattgg acgtcaac 78 19 32 DNA
Artificial Sequence PCR Primer 19 gacggccgta atacgactca ctatagtata
cg 32 20 24 DNA Artificial Sequence PCR Primer 20 cctaaccatg
atatatgcct tctg 24 21 36 DNA Artificial Sequence PCR Primer 21
cggaattcgc ccgggctgtt agaggtcttc cctagt 36 22 24 DNA Artificial
Sequence oligonucleotide 22 gagtggaata aaggttggtg taac 24 23 24 DNA
Artificial Sequence oligonucleotide 23 gttacaccaa cctttattcc actc
24 24 27 DNA Artificial Sequence oligonucleotide 24 aacaggagtc
tattaggaat ttggcca 27 25 27 DNA Artificial Sequence oligonucleotide
25 tggccaaatt cctaatagac tcctgtt 27 1
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