U.S. patent application number 11/170225 was filed with the patent office on 2007-01-04 for templated carbon fibers and their application.
This patent application is currently assigned to Philip Morris USA Inc.. Invention is credited to John B. III Paine, Lixin Luke Xue, Liqun Yu, Shuzhong Zhuang.
Application Number | 20070000507 11/170225 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 37588045 |
Filed Date | 2007-01-04 |
United States Patent
Application |
20070000507 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Xue; Lixin Luke ; et
al. |
January 4, 2007 |
Templated carbon fibers and their application
Abstract
Disclosed is a carbon fiber with a template derived shape and
method for making the same by (a) mixing a precursor with a fibrous
template, (b) forming the mixture into a pre-determined shape, (c)
curing the mixture to form a precursor composite, (d) carbonizing
the precursor composite, and (e) decomposing the fibrous
template.
Inventors: |
Xue; Lixin Luke;
(Midlothian, VA) ; Zhuang; Shuzhong; (Richmond,
VA) ; Yu; Liqun; (Midlothian, VA) ; Paine;
John B. III; (Midlothian, VA) |
Correspondence
Address: |
CONNOLLY BOVE LODGE & HUTZ, LLP
P O BOX 2207
WILMINGTON
DE
19899
US
|
Assignee: |
Philip Morris USA Inc.
|
Family ID: |
37588045 |
Appl. No.: |
11/170225 |
Filed: |
June 29, 2005 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
131/361 ;
131/200 |
Current CPC
Class: |
D01F 9/14 20130101; A24D
3/163 20130101; A24D 3/02 20130101; D01F 9/24 20130101; A24D 3/04
20130101; D01D 5/253 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
131/361 ;
131/200 |
International
Class: |
A24F 1/00 20060101
A24F001/00; A24B 1/04 20060101 A24B001/04 |
Claims
1. A method for forming a carbon fiber comprising: mixing a carbon
precursor with a fibrous template so that the carbon precursor is
formed within a void created by the template shape; curing the
mixture to form a precursor composite with a stable shape;
carbonizing the precursor composite; and decomposing the fibrous
template to yield a carbon fiber shaped by the void of the fibrous
template.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the fibrous template
comprises polypropylene.
3. The method according to claim 1, wherein carbonizing is
performed in an inert media, under vacuum or a combination
thereof.
4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the carbonizing step
and decomposing step occur simultaneously.
5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the shaped carbon fiber
has a template derived shape.
6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the carbon precursor is
a phenolic resin.
7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the carbon fiber is
activated by heating in the presence of C0.sub.2 or water
steam.
8. The method according to claim 7, wherein activation occurs at a
temperature within the range of approximately 800.degree. C. to
approximately 950.degree. C. for approximately 30 minutes.
9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the outside of the
template is cleaned so that precursor predominantly remains only in
the void created within the cross section of the template.
10. The method according to claim 1, wherein a solvent is used to
control the viscosity of the precursor during mixing.
11. The method of claim 1, wherein the template is multilobal
shaped.
12. The method of claim 1, wherein the template is V-shaped.
13. The method of claim 1, wherein the template is stylized
I-shaped.
14. The method of claim 1, wherein the template is C-shaped.
15. The method of claim 1, wherein the template is irregular
shaped.
16. A filter comprising the carbon fiber formed according to the
method of claim 1.
17. A cigarette comprising the filter of claim 16.
18. A carbon fiber formed according to the method of claim 1.
19. A smoking article comprising: a plug, a carbon filter
comprising carbon fibers, and a tobacco rod.
20. A method for forming a carbon fiber comprising: mixing a
fibrous template comprising polypropylene with a carbon precursor
comprising phenolic resin so that the carbon precursor is formed
within a void created by the template shape; cleaning the perimeter
of the template; curing the mixture at a temperature of
approximately 120-160.degree. C. for approximately 15 to
approximately 60 minutes to form a precursor composite with a
stable shape; carbonizing the precursor composite at a temperature
within the range of approximately 600.degree. C. to approximately
950.degree. C.; and decomposing the fibrous template to yield a
carbon fiber shaped by the void of the fibrous template.
21. The method of claim 19, further comprising activating the
carbon fiber by heating the fiber in the presence of C0.sub.2 or
water steam at a temperature within the range of approximately
800.degree. C. to approximately 950.degree. C. for approximately 30
minutes.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0001] Carbon fibers have a wide variety of applications. For
example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,387,479 and 6,277,771 teach their use in
composite materials reinforcement. Additionally, U.S. Pat. No.
6,037,400 teaches their use in electric wave prevention. Still
further, U.S. Pat. No. 6,162,533 teaches their use in electrode
construction. Other uses are also well known as described in the
prior art. For example, activated carbon fibers are used as
filtration media for gas separations (including removal of gas
phase constituents from cigarette smoke), catalyst adsorption,
treatment of waste streams or contaminated vapors, and
deodorization.
[0002] Carbon articles are currently made by carbonizing precursor
materials such as petroleum pitches, polyacrylonitrile, cellulose,
and phenolic resins. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,917,835 to Lear
et al. discloses a process for the production of porous shaped
phenolic based carbon materials. However, poor rheological and
mechanical properties of the carbon precursor materials have
limited the production and processing of carbon fibers into
desirable shapes. In addition, poor mechanical properties of the
precursors or the resulting carbon fibers also limit the formation
of suitable media for filtration applications.
[0003] Carbon is known for use in cigarette filter elements due to
its ability to filter or remove constituents from mainstream smoke.
In particular, activated carbon has the propensity to reduce the
levels of certain gas phase components present in the mainstream
smoke, resulting in a change in the organoleptic and toxicological
properties of that smoke.
[0004] Examples of filter segments comprising activated carbon are
described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,881,770 to Tovey; U.S. Pat. No.
3,353,543 to Sproull et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 3,101,723 to Seligman et
al.; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,481,958 to Ranier et al. Certain
commercially available filters have particles or granules of
carbon, such as an activated carbon material, alone or dispersed
within a cellulose acetate tow; other commercially available
filters have carbon threads dispersed therein; while still other
commercially available filters have so-called "plug-space-plug",
"cavity filter" or "triple filter" designs. Examples of
commercially available filters are SCS IV Dual Solid Charcoal
Filter and Triple Solid Charcoal Filter from Filtrona
International, Ltd.; Triple Cavity Filter from Baumgartner; and ACT
from Filtrona International, Ltd. Detailed discussion of the
properties and composition of cigarettes and filters is found in
U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,404,890 and 5,568,819 to Gentry et al, the
disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
[0005] It would be desirable to provide a cigarette filter
incorporating carbon fibers and/or other materials capable of
absorbing and/or adsorbing gas phase components, while providing
favorable, processing, handling, absorption/adsorption, dilution
and, in the case of cigarette filters, drawing characteristics, so
as to be acceptable to consumers. However, no method currently
exists to provide such a filter. Furthermore, commercially
available activated carbons and molecular sieves are typically in
granular and powdered forms. Materials in these forms do not
maintain product cohesion, as granules or grains tend to settle
after being packed inside a cigarette filter. It is therefore also
desirable to form activated carbon fibers with improved product
integrity.
SUMMARY AND DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0006] According to an embodiment of the invention, carbon fiber
and activated carbon fibers are developed with desirable
cross-sectional shapes by developing their shapes from pre-formed
templates.
[0007] Further according to an embodiment of the invention, shaped
carbon fibers are created that have advantages in material
reinforcement, electrical and other applications.
[0008] Still further according to a preferred embodiment of the
invention, templated activated carbon fibers are provided with
desired cross-sectional shapes that provide an efficient cigarette
filter with higher TPM delivery, lower pressure drop and improved
gas phase removal efficiency.
[0009] Still further according to a preferred embodiment of the
invention, activated carbon fiber media are formed with controlled
fiber orientation and packing density, which are critical for
achieving premium performance in various applications. Preformed
templates are provided with carbonaceous material and can be
processed into woven or non-woven forms with desired fiber
orientation and packing density. Activated carbon filtration media
with controlled fiber orientation and packing density can then be
formed by curing, carbonizing and activating the carbon or
carbonaceous precursor fibers.
[0010] Still further according to a preferred embodiment of the
invention, templated carbon fibers with controlled cross-sectional
shapes provide cigarette filters that are effective at reducing
main stream smoke gas phase components.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
[0011] Novel features and advantages of the present invention in
addition to those mentioned above will become apparent to persons
of ordinary skill in the art from a reading of the following
detailed description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings
wherein similar reference characters refer to similar parts and in
which:
[0012] FIG. 1 is a side elevational view of a cigarette with
portions thereof broken away to illustrate interior details
including a plug-space-plug filter with a carbon filter according
to the present invention;
[0013] FIG. 2 is a side elevational view of a cigarette with
portions thereof broken away to illustrate interior details
including a plug-space filter with a carbon filter according to the
present invention;
[0014] FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of a template covered and
impregnated with precursor;
[0015] FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of a template with
precursor after cleaning the outside of the template;
[0016] FIG. 5 illustrates the cross-section of a trilobal shaped
fibrous template according to the present invention;
[0017] FIG. 6 illustrates the cross-section of a quadrilobal shaped
fibrous template according to the present invention;
[0018] FIG. 7 illustrates the cross-section of a V-shaped fibrous
template according to the present invention;
[0019] FIG. 8 illustrates the cross-section of stylized I-shaped
fibrous templates according to the present invention;
[0020] FIG. 9 illustrates the cross-section of a C-shaped fibrous
template according to the present invention;
[0021] FIG. 10 illustrates the cross-section of an irregular shaped
fibrous template according to the present invention;
[0022] FIG. 11 is a perspective view illustrating two of the four
carbon fibers that remain after carbonizing the precursor and
decomposing the quadrilobal template shown in FIGS. 3 and 4;
[0023] FIG. 12 is a graph illustrating the puff by puff acrolein
delivery of 1R4F cigarettes and cigarettes with filters made
according to the present in invention; and
[0024] FIG. 13 is a graph illustrating the puff by puff 1,3
butadiene delivery of 1R4F cigarettes and cigarettes with filters
made according to the present in invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
[0025] Turning to the figures, a preferred embodiment of the
invention will now be described.
[0026] FIG. 1 illustrates a plug-space-plug filter. Cigarette 10
comprises first plug 12, space 14, second plug 16, tobacco 18 and
paper 20. The plug-space-plug filter abuts tobacco 18. The end user
sets fire to paper 20 and tobacco 18 at the end opposite the
filter. Air and particulate matter is then drawn toward the filter
by the user. Space 14 may be filled with a material 22 such as
carbon and may have voids, channels or openings 24.
[0027] Other filter arrangements are possible. For example, FIG. 2
illustrates a plug-space filter arrangement. The filter is similar
to that shown in FIG. 1, but cigarette 10 instead comprises plug
12, space 14, tobacco 18 and paper 20. The plug-space filter abuts
tobacco 18. Like the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1, space 14 may
be filled with a material such as carbon 22 and may have voids,
channels or openings 24.
[0028] According to a preferred embodiment of the invention,
templated carbon fibers are prepared by loading carbon precursor
materials such as phenolic resins onto shaped fibrous templates
made of low carbon yielding materials such as polypropylene that
contain longitudinal channels as will be discussed in greater
detail below with reference to FIGS. 3 and 4; curing the loaded
carbon precursors inside the channels of the templates to form
composite fibrous precursors; carbonizing the composite fibrous
precursors under an inert atmosphere or in a vacuum; and
decomposing the shape controlling templates to form templated
carbon fibers with controlled cross-sectional shapes as will be
discussed in greater detail below with reference to FIG. 11.
[0029] Fibrous template 26 may have a cross-section with a shape
including, but not limited to, the shapes shown in FIGS. 5-10,
which may be described as trilobal shaped, quadrilobal shaped,
V-shaped, stylized I-shaped or nested stylized I-shaped, C-shaped,
and irregular shaped, respectively. Templates can be shaped and
formed through extrusion, spinning or other shape forming process
as taught, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,057,368 to Largman et
al. Template 26 may be made from any polymeric material, and may
leave only an insignificant amount of residue, for example, zero
char yield, upon thermal decomposition. A preferred material for
template 26 is polypropylene (PP). The cross-sectional shape of
template 26 provides longitudinal channels 28 that may be
continuous and that open to the surface of template 26.
[0030] The carbon precursor 30 may comprise solid particles, gels,
foams, liquids or mixtures thereof, which yield carbon or carbonoid
materials upon heating at a carbonization temperature in an inert
atmosphere or under vacuum. Suitable materials in these classes
include, but are not limited to, phenolic resin, petroleum pitches,
polyacrylonitrile, cellulose, cellulose derivatives, polyvinyl
acetate (PVA) and their mixtures. Molecular sieves, zeolites, and
silicates, or other additional inorganic materials may be included
in the mixture to modify the pore-distribution of the final
carbonoid products. The phenolic resins proposed can be uncured or
partially cured Novolak type with the presence of curing agents, or
Resole (self-curing) type or mixtures thereof. In the mixture,
comminuted partially cured resin as described in U.S. Pat. No.
4,917,835 to Lear et al. may be used as described or merely for
binding components.
[0031] Precursor 30 is mixed with fibrous templates according to
well known techniques, such as described in U.S. Pat. Nos.
6,584,979 and 5,772,768 both filed by Xue et al.
[0032] As shown in FIGS. 5-10, templates 26-26E have voids or
channels 28. Precursor 30 is loaded into the channels 28 by mixing
shaped templates 26-26E with precursor 30 in a container (not
shown). For example, FIG. 3 illustrates loading quadrilobal
template 26A with precursor 30. The template is first placed,
dipped, dropped, or pulled through the container containing the
precursor (not shown). Certain levels of agitation or rotation of
the container may be necessary to achieve homogeneous impregnation
of the channels as shown in related application Ser. No.
10/294,346, incorporated herein by reference. The weight ratio of
carbon precursor to polypropylene template, also called the loading
factor, is preferably within, but not limited to, the range of 0.25
and 2. When gels, suspensions or viscous liquids are used as carbon
precursors, a certain amount of liquid solvent such as ethanol may
be used to adjust the viscosity to allow homogeneous
impregnation.
[0033] As further shown in FIG. 3, excess precursor 30 may be
located outside of channel 28, which can be removed from the
outside of template 26A by any well known removal method including,
but not limited to, rinsing, washing in a solvent, wiping, draining
or blowing. For example, the excess precursor 30 that resides
outside channels 28 or on the template 26 may be removed by rubbing
the filaments with a paper towel, pad, cloth or other suitable
means, containing a solvent such as ethanol. After this process,
precursor 30 remains within channel 28 as shown in FIG. 4.
[0034] Curing conditions may be selected so that fibrous template
26 maintains structural and/or chemical integrity while the carbon
precursor 30 is cured inside the template 26 to form a non-flowing
resin. The conditions may be selected based on the components in
the carbon precursor, especially the uncured components used as
binders. As shown, for example, in Table 1, PP templates and
phenolic resin based carbon precursor can be used to practice the
invention. The precursor can be cured by heating under atmosphere
in a temperature from approximately 120-160.degree. C. for
approximately 15-60 minutes. A certain level of acid may be added
to phenolic precursors to accelerate the curing.
[0035] In the carbonizing step, the cured composite fibrous
precursors can be heated in an inert environment and/or under
vacuum to decompose the template and allow the carbon precursor to
yield templated carbon fibers 32, as shown in FIG. 11. For example,
carbonization can be achieved by heating the carbon precursor to a
temperature within the range of approximately 600.degree. C. to
approximately 950.degree. C. for approximately 30 minutes to four
hours, though temperatures and times may be varied to achieve the
desired result for any particular situation. FIG. 11 illustrates
the shaped carbon fibers 32 that remain after decomposing the
template illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4. Shaped carbon fibers 32
derive their shapes from those of templates 26 and therefore may
also be termed "templated carbon fibers". Portions 34 may remain in
the area between the extensions of 26A that cleaning did not
remove.
[0036] Table 1 lists seven examples conducted using various
templates and processing conditions to achieve differing resulting
channels. In the examples, carbonization can be accomplished by
heating the materials under nitrogen or argon flow at a temperature
of approximately 850.degree. C. for approximately one to two hours,
where a phenolic-based carbon precursor and PP template are used.
Carbon yields are generally in the range of 10-40% by weight
depending on the PP content of the composite precursors.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Carbon Articles Processed in Accordance with
the Present Invention Curing Carbonizing Process Template Cavity
Loading 150.degree. C. 850.degree. C. Carbon Fiber Example Fiber
ID/.mu.m Factor Min. Hour Yield % Shape OD/.mu.m 1 C-23 dpf 33-36
0.48 40 2 33 Round 43-57 2 Irregular- 15-75 0.60 15 2 23 Irregular
10 to 50 16 dpf 4 Trilobal- 26-40 0.76 15 2 22 Pentagonal 24-50 24
dpf 5 C-24 dpf 34-37 0.38 30 1 10 Round 40-60 6 C-24 dpf 34-37 0.81
30 1 17 Round 40-60 7 V-24 dpf 40-51 1.6 15 1 24 Triangle 35-40 8
V-24 dpf 40-51 1.6 15 1 23 Triangle 33-40
[0037] For the examples, a polypropylene template was mixed with a
phenolic resin based carbon precursor. For examples 7 and 8, EtOH
was used in phenolic precursor formulation to reduce viscosity.
Templates of 16 to 24 denier per filament (dpf) were used that
comprised channels with inner diameter or inner dimension (ID) of
approximately 10-60 micrometers. The templates had a loading factor
of between 0.38 and 1.6. Curing took place at approximately
150.degree. C. for approximately 15 to 40 minutes. A certain level
of acid may be added to the phenolic precursor to accelerate this
curing time. Carbonizinizing was performed at approximately
850.degree. C. for approximately 1-2 hours. Carbon yields were
generally in the range of 10-24% by weight depending on the
polypropylene content of the composite precursor. The carbon fibers
derived their shape and outer diameter or outer dimension (OD) from
the shape and ID of the template, respectively. The range given for
the OD and ID reflects the pliability of the template and the
characteristics of the various voids 28. For example, some of the
voids had different dimensions in different directions.
[0038] It is noteworthy to point out with respect to Table 1 that
the OD of some of the carbon fibers exceeds the ID. This result is
obtained due to the fact that the template material was pliable and
thus the precursor may have forced the ID, which was measured prior
to loading, outward. Furthermore, some amount of precursor may
exist between extending portions of the template that were not used
in calculating the ID. For example, FIG. 11 illustrates areas 34
that were not contained within the ID of the quadrilobal surface,
but that do contribute to the OD achieved.
[0039] The templated carbon fibers can be activated to form high
surface area adsorptive materials for filtration applications. Many
activation processes are known in the literature such as heating
with CO.sub.2 or water steam. Activation can be achieved by
maintaining a temperature within the range of approximately
800.degree. C. to approximately 950.degree. C. for approximately 30
minutes. For example, templated carbon fiber from Example 5 in
Table 1 can be activated with CO.sub.2 at a temperature of
approximately 950.degree. C. for approximately 30 minutes. At a 25%
burn-off rate, a BET surface area of 1557 m.sup.2/g and a
micro-pore volume (<20 .ANG.) of 0.6415 cm.sup.3/g may be
obtained. These values are comparable to those of coconut based
activated carbon granules, which are often used as adsorbents in
cigarette filters.
[0040] Modified 1R4F cigarette models containing 66 mg and 150 mg
of activated templated carbon fibers were prepared under the
configurations shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, respectively. For the 66 mg
model, plug 12 had a length of 12 mm, carbon article 22 had a
length of 8 mm, and second plug 16 had a length of 7 mm. For the
150 mg model, plug 12 had a length of 10 mm and carbon article 22
had a length of 17 mm. The cigarettes were smoked under FTC
conditions while the smoke chemistry was analyzed by FTIR and GC/MS
methods. As shown in Tables 2-3 and FIGS. 12 and 13, the filters
formed in accordance with the present invention are effective at
reducing a wide range of smoke gas phase components when used in
cigarette smoke filtration.
[0041] Table 2 compares a standard 1R4F cigarette to a cigarette
containing a carbon article according to the present invention with
the processing specifications described in Example 5 from Table 1.
The 1R4F cigarette is a Kentucky Reference filtered cigarette
provided by the Tobacco and Health Research Institute, University
of Kentucky for research purposes. The first row of Table 2 lists
the characteristics of control sample 1R4F, which are relatively
exemplary characteristics of a control cigarette. The second and
third rows of Table 2 list the characteristics of modified samples
TF-66-1 and TF-66-2, respectively, which were made according to the
present invention and which were provided as a percentage
difference in characteristics from the control sample 1R4F.
Modified samples TF-66-1 and TF-66-2 were cigarettes with the
structure shown in FIG. 1 in which plug 12 was 12 mm, plug 16 was 7
mm and the carbon article 24 was 5 mm in axial length. The carbon
article weighed 66 mg. However, these values are exemplary only and
any lengths and/or weights could be selected.
[0042] Table 2 provides the TPM values of an 1R4F sample. The
standard deviation is given with the 1R4F data. The values reported
for modified samples TF-66-1 and TF-66-2 are given as a change from
the 1R4F standard. A change of greater than three times the
standard deviation of the 1R4F control sample is considered
significant. As shown in Table 2, the acetaldehyde (M), methanol
(MEOH) and isoprene (ISOP) in the total particulate matter (TPM)
all decreased as a result of employing the present invention.
Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) increased slightly, but not significantly.
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Modified Sample Cigarettes Compared to the
Control Sample cigarette. Carbon Fiber AA HCN MEOH ISOP TPM weight
SAMPLE (TPM) (TPM) (TPM) (TPM) (mg) RTD (mg) 1R4F Control (TPM
.times. 10.sup.-3) 51.5 9.2 6.2 23.7 13.3 140 0.0 Standard
Deviation 8% 4% 98% 8% 3% 5% TF-66-1 -43% 4% -35% -54% 7.2 162 66
TF-66-2 -72% 9% -40% -62% 7.0 159 66
[0043] FIGS. 12 and 13 further illustrate how samples modified
according to the present invention reduce the puff-by-puff delivery
of acrolein and 1,3-butadiene. FIG. 12 illustrates puff-by-puff
acrolein delivery of modified 1R4F cigarettes compared to TF-66 and
TF-150 samples. FIG. 13 illustrates the puff-by-puff 1,3-butadiene
Delivery of Modified 1R4F cigarettes compared to TF-66 and TF-150
samples.
[0044] For example, FIG. 12 shows the amount of acrolein in
mainstream smoke for different puffs from Kentucky reference 1R4F
cigarettes and the modified samples. Acrolein in cigarette smoke is
measured on a per puff basis. Cigarettes are smoked with a 35 cc
puff volume of two second duration, once every 60 seconds. The
puff-by-puff acrolein deliveries are reported for eight
determinations of 1R4F as well as the modified samples. As shown in
FIG. 12, the first puff accounts for between 15 and 20% of the
total delivery of the 1R4F, but generally near 0% for the modified
samples. The puff process is repeated seven more times according to
well known and reported methods to obtain the graph shown in FIG.
12. A similar method is used to determine the delivery of
1,3-butadiene.
[0045] As shown in FIGS. 12 and 13 the content of the constituent
gases increases each puff due to saturation of the filter. However,
delivery of acrolein and 1,3-butadiene is lower for the sample
created using the method of the present invention. In fact,
acrolein and 1,3-butadiene delivery in the samples was nearly zero
for the first several puffs.
[0046] Table 3 further illustrates the benefits of the present
invention. The first column lists characteristics and components
common to cigarettes and cigarette smoke. The second column,
labeled "1R4F Standard Deviation," lists the standard deviation of
certain gas phase components present in a control 1R4F cigarette.
Columns labeled TF-66 and TF-150 list the changes in component gas
levels as a result of using filters made in accordance with the
present invention, and more particularly Example 5 from Table 1.
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Change in Gas Phase Components 1R4F
Adsorbent-> Standard Runs Deviation TF-66 TF-150 Carbon Fiber/mg
66 152 Reference# 9627-798 9645-17 Gas phase components Change
Change Carbon Dioxide 5% No significant change No signifi- cant
change Propene 9% No significant change -60% Hydrogen Cyanide 13%
-34% -83% Ethane 6% No significant change No signifi- cant change
Propadiene 13% -36% -71% 1,3-Butadiene 8% -77% -97% Isoprene 5%
-97% -98% Cyclopentadiene 5% -96% -98% 1,3-Cyclohexadiene 17% -100%
-100% Methylcyclopentadiene 9% -100% -99% Formaldehyde 14% -95%
-87% Acetaldehyde 9% -84% -97% Acrolein 14% -78% -95% Acetone 12%
-100% -100% Diacetyl 5% -100% -100% Methyl ethyl ketone 4% -100%
-100% Isovaleraldehyde 9% -98% -97% Benzene 8% -100% -99% Toluene
7% -100% -99% Butyronitrile 8% -100% -100% 2-Methylfuran 4% -100%
-99% 2,5-Dimethylfuran 5% -100% -99% Hydrogen Sulfide 7% -67% -89%
Carbonyl Sulfide 6% No significant change -38% Methyl Mercaptan 6%
-71% -85% 1-Methylpyrrole 8% -100% -98% Ketene 11% -100% -93%
Acetylene 13% -39% -43%
[0047] The foregoing description of the invention illustrates and
describes the present invention. Additionally, the disclosure shows
and describes only the preferred embodiments of the invention, but
it is to be understood that the invention is capable of use in
various other combinations, modifications, and environments and is
capable of changes or modifications within the scope of the
inventive concept as expressed herein, commensurate with the above
teachings, and/or the skill or knowledge in the art of filter
preparation and, more particularly cigarette filter
preparation.
[0048] The embodiments described hereinabove are further intended
to explain the best modes known of practicing the invention and to
enable others skilled in the art to utilize the invention in such,
or other, embodiments and with the various modifications required
by the particular applications or uses of the invention.
Accordingly, the description is not intended to limit the invention
to the form disclosed herein. Also, it is intended that the
appended claims be construed to include alternative
embodiments.
* * * * *