U.S. patent application number 11/018180 was filed with the patent office on 2006-12-21 for oral glp-1 formulations.
This patent application is currently assigned to Emisphere Technologies, Inc.. Invention is credited to Donald J. Sarubbi.
Application Number | 20060286129 11/018180 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 37573593 |
Filed Date | 2006-12-21 |
United States Patent
Application |
20060286129 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Sarubbi; Donald J. |
December 21, 2006 |
Oral GLP-1 formulations
Abstract
The present invention provides phamaceutical compositions
comprising at least one delivery agent and GLP-1. These
pharmaceutical compositions facilitate the oral delivery of GLP-1,
providing improved (e.g. increased) bioavailability of GLP-1
compared to administration of GLP-1 without a delivery agent.
Inventors: |
Sarubbi; Donald J.;
(Hartsdale, NY) |
Correspondence
Address: |
DARBY & DARBY P.C.
P. O. BOX 5257
NEW YORK
NY
10150-5257
US
|
Assignee: |
Emisphere Technologies,
Inc.
Tarrytown
NY
|
Family ID: |
37573593 |
Appl. No.: |
11/018180 |
Filed: |
December 20, 2004 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
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60552116 |
Mar 10, 2004 |
|
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|
60530931 |
Dec 19, 2003 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
424/400 ;
514/11.7; 514/6.9; 514/7.2 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61K 38/26 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
424/400 ;
514/012 |
International
Class: |
A61K 38/26 20060101
A61K038/26 |
Claims
1. A formulation comprising a GLP-1 compound and a delivery agent
selected from the group consisting of Delivery agent 1, 2, 4, 5, 6,
7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26,
27, 28, and 29.
2. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the GLP-1 compound is
selected from the group consisting of GLP-1 compounds of SEQ ID NO:
1, SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID
NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ
ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 13, and SEQ ID NO: 14.
3. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the GLP-1 compound is
selected from the group consisting of GLP-1 compounds of SEQ ID NO:
2, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID
NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 13, and SEQ ID NO: 14.
4. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the GLP-1 compound is
selected from the group consisting of GLP-1 compounds of SEQ ID NO:
2, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 13, and SEQ ID NO: 14.
5. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the GLP-1 compound is of SEQ
ID NO:13 or SEQ ID NO: 14.
Description
[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional
Application No. 60/552,116, filed Mar. 10, 2004, and U.S.
Provisional Application No. 60/530,931, filed Dec. 19, 2003. Both
of these applications are hereby incorporated by reference in their
entirety.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The present invention relates to a formulation comprising a
delivery agent and a glucagon-like peptide 1 or a glucagon-like
peptide 1 analog compound (collectively "GLP-1"). These
formulations are useful as oral medicaments for the treatment of
type 2 diabetes and obesity as well as other conditions known to be
treated with GLP-1.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] Type 2 diabetes, also known as non-insulin dependent
diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), is a condition in which patients
generate insulin, but the insulin cannot be used effectively by the
body's cells. This is primarily because the amount of insulin
produced in response to rising blood sugar levels is not sufficient
to allow cells to efficiently take up glucose and thus, reduce
blood sugar levels.
[0004] Glucagon-like 1 peptides and glucagon-like 1 peptide analogs
(collectively GLP-1) are a potential treatment for type 2 diabetes
and obesity. GLP-1 induces the secretion and production of insulin,
effectively reducing blood glucose levels in diabetic patients.
GLP-1 also inhibits glucagon secretion, inhibits gastric emptying,
enhances glucose utilization, and induces weight loss. GLP-1 may
also act to prevent the B cell deterioration that occurs as
diabetes progresses.
[0005] Development of an oral GLP-1 therapeutic has been extremely
difficult. This is primarily due to the in vivo instability of the
peptide. The high acid content and ubiquitous digestive enzymes of
the digestive tract will often degrade GLP-1 before reaching the
desired site of absorption. Further, GLP-1 may encounter difficulty
in traversing the cells of the epithelial membrane in the small
intestine to reach the bloodstream. Also, GLP-1 only remains in
solution under a narrow set of conditions.
[0006] In light of the above difficulties, oral administration of
GLP-1 compounds has not been feasible. GLP-1 compounds are
customarily delivered by subcutaneous injection or through
continuous subcutaneous infusion or continuous intravenous
administration. Because patients are generally adverse to
injections and time consuming infusions, patient compliance with
GLP-1 administration regimens will be low.
[0007] Delivery agent molecules that interact with various active
agents compounds in a non-covalent fashion to allow the compounds
to cross gut membranes and yet remain therapeutically active have
been disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,663,898, 6,663,887, 6,646,162,
6,642,411, 6,627,228, 6,623,731, 6,610,329, 6,558,706, 6,525,020,
6,461,643, 6,461,545, 6,440,929, 6,428,780, 6,413,550, 6,399,798,
6,395,774, 6,391,303, 6,384,278, 6,375,983, 6,358,504, 6,346,242,
6,344,213, 6,331,318, 6,313,088, 6,245,359, 6,242,495, 6,221,367,
6,180,140, 5,541,155, 5,693,338, 5,976,569, 5,643,957, 5,955,503,
6,100,298, 5,650,386, 5,866,536, 5,965,121, 5,989,539, 6,001,347,
6,071,510, and 5,820,881; U.S. Published Application Nos.
20030232085, 20030225300, 20030198658, 20030133953, 20030078302,
20030072740, 20030045579, 20030012817, 20030008900, 20020155993,
20020127202, 20020120009, 20020119910, 20020102286, 20020065255,
20020052422, 20020040061, 20020028250, 20020013497, 20020001591,
20010039258, 20010003001; and International Published Application
Nos. 2003/057650, 2003/057170, 2003/045331, 2003/045306,
2003/026582, 2002/100338, 2002/070438, 2002/069937, 02/20466,
02/19969, 02/16309, 02/15959, 02/02509, 01/92206, 01/70219,
01/51454, 01/44199, 01/34114, 01/32596, 01/32130, 00/07979,
00/59863, 00/50386, 00/47188, 00/40203, 96/30036.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0008] The present invention provides pharmaceutical compositions
comprising at least one delivery agent and GLP-1. These
pharmaceutical compositions facilitate the oral delivery of GLP-1,
providing an improved (e.g. increased) bioavailability of GLP-1
compared to administration of GLP-1 without a delivery agent. The
delivery agent may be selected from the following, including salts
thereof: TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Deliv- ery Agent No. Compound 1
##STR1## 2 ##STR2## 3 ##STR3## 4 ##STR4## 5 ##STR5## 6 ##STR6## 7
##STR7## 8 ##STR8## 9 ##STR9## 10 ##STR10## 11 ##STR11## 12
##STR12## 13 ##STR13## 14 ##STR14## 15 ##STR15## 16 ##STR16## 17
##STR17## 18 ##STR18## 19 ##STR19## 20 ##STR20## 21 ##STR21## 22
##STR22## 23 ##STR23## 24 ##STR24## 25 ##STR25## 26 ##STR26## 27
##STR27## 28 ##STR28## 29 ##STR29##
According to one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition
includes an effective amount of a GLP-1 compound, for example, to
treat NIDDM or obesity.
[0009] The delivery agents enable the oral delivery of
macromolecules, providing an increased or improved bioavailability
of GLP-1 compared to administration of GLP-1 without a delivery
agent.
[0010] Another embodiment is an administration composition that
includes at least one delivery agent, GLP-1, and, optionally, a
dosing vehicle, an adjuvant, an excipient, or a mixture thereof.
The dosage unit form may be a liquid or a solid, such as a tablet,
capsule or particles, including a powder or sachet.
[0011] Another embodiment is a method for administering GLP-1 to a
subject in need thereof by orally administering the pharmaceutical
composition of the present invention to the subject.
[0012] Yet another embodiment is a method of treating type 2
diabetes or obesity in an animal in need thereof by administering
an effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition or dosage
unit form of the present invention.
[0013] The present invention encompasses the development of novel
formulations comprising GLP-1 compounds and delivery agents that
can be administered orally. The present invention provides a
formulation which can be administered orally comprising a GLP-1
compound and a specified delivery agent. The GLP-1 compound can be
native GLP-1; GLP-1 fragments; GLP-1 analogs; GLP-1 derivatives of
native, fragments, or analogs of GLP-1; and Exendin-3 and
Exendin-4. The delivery agent is selected from delivery agents
described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,541,155; 5,693,338; 5,976,569;
5,643,957; 5,955,503; 6,100,298; 5,650,386; 5,866,536; 5,965,121;
5,989,539, 6,001,347; 6,071,510; 5,820,881; and 6,242,495; and WO
02/02509; WO 01/51454; WO 01/44199; WO 01/32130; WO 00/59863; WO
00/50386; WO 00/47188; and WO 00/40203.
[0014] Preferred GLP-1 compounds are analogs or derivatives of
analogs having modifications at one or more of the following
positions: 8, 12, 16, 18, 19, 20, 22, 25, 27, 30, 33, and 37 and
show increased potency compared with Val.sup.8-GLP-1 (7-37)OH.
[0015] Preferred GLP-1 compounds are also described in SEQ ID NO.:
1, SEQ ID NO.: 2, SEQ ID NO.: 3, SEQ ID NO.: 4, SEQ ID NO.: 5, SEQ
ID NO.: 6, SEQ ID NO.: 7, SEQ ID NO.: 8, SEQ ID NO.: 9, SEQ ID NO.:
10, SEQ ID NO.: 11, SEQ ID NO.: 12, SEQ ID NO.: 13, or SEQ ID NO.:
14. More preferred GLP-1 compounds are described in compounds of
SEQ ID NO.: 2, SEQ ID NO.: 12, SEQ ID NO.: 13, and SEQ ID NO.:
14.
[0016] Delivery agents are described in Table 1.
[0017] The present invention also encompasses a method of
stimulating the GLP-1 receptor in a subject in need of such
stimulation, said method comprising the step of administering to
the subject an effective amount of the oral formulation described
herein. Subjects in need of GLP-1 receptor stimulation include
those with type 2 diabetes and obesity.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0018] The three-letter abbreviation code for amino acids used in
this specification conforms with the list contained in Table 3 of
Annex C, Appendix 2 of the PCT Administrative Instructions and with
37 C. F. R. 1.822(d)(1) (2000).
DEFINITIONS
[0019] For purposes of the present invention as disclosed and
described herein, the following terms and abbreviations are defined
as follows.
[0020] The term "formulation" as used herein refers to a GLP-1
compound and a delivery agent combined together which can be
administered orally such that the GLP-1 compound passes through the
gut into the systemic circulation and has the ability to bind to
the GLP-1 receptor and initiate a signal transduction pathway
resulting in insulinotropic activity. The formulation can
optionally comprise other agents so long as the GLP-1 retains the
ability to bind the GLP-1 receptor.
[0021] The term "oral" as used herein refers to delivery of a
compound by mouth such that the compound passes through the
stomach, small intestine, or large intestine into the systemic
circulation.
[0022] The term "GLP-1 compound" as used herein refers to
polypeptides that include naturally occurring GLP-1 polypeptides
(GLP-1(7-37)OH and GLP-1(7-36)NH.sub.2), GLP-1 fragments, GLP-1
analogs, GLP-1 derivatives of naturally occurring GLP-1
polypeptides, GLP-1 fragments of such derivatives, or GLP-1 analogs
of such derivatives, Exendin-3 and Exendin-4, and derivatives
thereof, that have the ability to bind to the GLP-1 receptor and
initiate a signal transduction pathway resulting in insulinotropic
activity.
[0023] The term "insulinotropic activity" refers to the ability to
stimulate insulin secretion in response to elevated glucose levels,
thereby causing glucose uptake by cells and decreased plasma
glucose levels. For example, insulinotropic activity can be
determined using the method described in Example 1 of International
Publication No. WO 03/072195. A GLP-1 molecule has insulinotropic
activity if islet cells secrete insulin levels in the presence of
the GLP-1 molecule above background levels.
[0024] The term "DPP IV resistant" refers to GLP-1 molecules that
have extended metabolic stability and improved biological activity.
For example, DPP IV resistance can be determined using the method
described in Example 2 of International Publication No. WO
03/072195. A GLP-1 molecule is DPP IV resistant if in the presence
of DPP IV, the GLP-1 molecule has extended metabolic stability
above that of native GLP-1. DPP IV resistant GLP-1 molecules can
have an amino acid change at the DPP IV recognition site (position
8), or DPP IV resistant peptides can have an attached group that
restricts the accessibility of the DPP IV to the recognition site,
or both.
[0025] A "GLP-1 fragment" is a polypeptide obtained after
truncation of one or more amino acids from the N-terminus and/or
C-terminus of GLP-1 (7-37)OH or an analog or derivative thereof.
The nomenclature used to describe GLP-1 (7-37)OH is also applicable
to GLP-1 fragments. For example, GLP-1 (9-36)OH denotes a GLP-1
fragment obtained by truncating two amino acids from the N-terminus
and one amino acid from the C-terminus. The amino acids in the
fragment are denoted by the same number as the corresponding amino
acid in GLP-1 (7-37)OH. For example, the N-terminal glutamic acid
in GLP-1 (9-:36)OH is at position 9; position 12 is occupied by
phenylalanine; and position 22 is occupied by glycine, as in GLP-1
(7-37)OH. For GLP-1 (7-36)OH, the glycine at position 37 of GLP-1
(7-37)OH is deleted.
[0026] A "GLP-1 analog" has sufficient homology to GLP-1 (7-37)OH
or a fragment of GLP-1 (7-37)OH such that the analog has
insulinotropic activity. Preferably, a GLP-1 analog has the amino
acid sequence of GLP-1 (7-37)OH or a fragment thereof, modified so
that from one, two, three, four or five amino acids differ from the
amino acid in corresponding position of GLP-1 (7-37)OH or a
fragment of GLP-1 (7-37)OH. In the nomenclature used herein to
designate GLP-1 compounds, the substituting amino acid and its
position is indicated prior to the parent structure. For example,
Glu.sup.22-GLP-1 (7-37)OH designates a GLP-1 compound in which the
glycine normally found at position 22 of GLP-1(7-37)OH has been
replaced with glutamic acid; Val.sup.8-Glu.sup.22-GLP-1 (7-37)OH
designates a GLP-1 compound in which alanine normally found at
position 8 and glycine normally found at position 22 of
GLP-1(7-37)OH have been replaced with valine and glutamic acid,
respectively.
[0027] GLP-1 molecules also include polypeptides in which one or
more amino acids have been added to the N-terminus and/or
C-terminus of GLP-1 (7-37)OH, or fragments or analogs thereof. It
is preferred that GLP-1 molecules of this type have up to about
thirty-nine amino acids. The amino acids in the "extended" GLP-1
molecule are denoted by the same number as the corresponding amino
acid in GLP-1 (7-37)OH. For example, for a GLP-1 molecule obtained
by adding two amino acids to the N-terminus of GLP-1(7-37)OH, the
N-terminal amino acid is located at position 5; and for a GLP-1
molecule obtained by adding one amino acid to the C-terminus of
GLP-1 (7-37)OH, the C-terminal amino acid is located at position
38. Thus, position 12 is occupied by phenylalanine and position 22
is occupied by glycine in both of these "extended" GLP-1 compounds,
as in GLP-1 (7-37)OH. Amino acids 1-6 of an extended GLP-1 molecule
are preferably the same as or a conservative substitution of the
amino acid at the corresponding position of GLP-1 (1-37)OH. Amino
acids 38-45 of an extended GLP-1 molecule are preferably the same
as or a conservative substitution of the amino acid at the
corresponding position of glucagon or Exendin-4.
[0028] A "GLP-1 derivative" refers to a molecule having the amino
acid sequence of GLP-1, a GLP-1 fragment, or a GLP-1 analog, but
additionally having chemical modification of one or more of its
amino acid side groups, .alpha.-carbon atoms, terminal amino group,
or terminal carboxylic acid group. A chemical modification
includes, but is not limited to, adding chemical moieties, creating
new bonds, and removing chemical moieties. Modifications at amino
acid side groups include, without limitation, acylation of lysine
.epsilon.-amino groups, N-alkylation of arginine, histidine, or
lysine, alkylation of glutamic or aspartic carboxylic acid groups,
and deamidation of glutamine or asparagine.
[0029] Modifications of the terminal amino group include, without
limitation, the des-amino, N-lower alkyl, N-di-lower alkyl, and
N-acyl modifications. Modifications of the terminal carboxy group
include, without limitation, the amide, lower alkyl amide, dialkyl
amide, and lower alkyl ester modifications. Lower alkyl is
C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkyl. Furthermore, one or more side groups, or
terminal groups, may be protected by protective groups known to the
ordinarily-skilled protein chemist. The .alpha.-carbon of an amino
acid may be mono-or dimethylated.
[0030] For the purposes of the present invention, an in vitro GLP-1
receptor-signaling assay is used to determine whether a particular
extended GLP-1 peptide will exhibit insulinotropic activity in
vivo. Extended GLP-1 peptides encompassed by the present invention
have an in vitro potency that is not less than one-tenth the in
vitro potency of the DPP IV resistant GLP-1 analog known as
Val.sup.8-GLP-1 (7-37)OH. More preferably, the extended GLP-1
peptides of the present invention are as potent or more potent than
Val.sup.8-GLP-1 (7-37)OH.
[0031] "In vitro potency" as used herein is the measure of the
ability of a peptide to activate the GLP-1 receptor in a cell-based
assay. In vitro potency is expressed as the "EC.sub.50" which is
the effective concentration of compound that results in 50%
activity in a single dose-response experiment. For the purposes of
the present invention, in vitro potency is determined using a
fluorescence assay that employs HEK-293 Aurora CRE-BLAM cells that
stably express the human GLP-1 receptor. These HEK-293 cells have
stably integrated a DNA vector having a cAMP response element (CRE)
driving expression of the P-lactamase (BLAM) gene. The interaction
of a GLP-1 agonist with the receptor initiates a signal that
results in activation of the cAMP response element and subsequent
expression of .beta.-lactamase. The .beta.-lactamase CCF2/AM
substrate that emits fluorescence when it is cleaved by
.beta.-lactamase (Aurora Biosciences Corp. ) can then be added to
cells that have been exposed to a specific amount of GLP-1 agonist
to provide a measure of GLP-1 agonist potency. The assay is further
described in Zlokarnik, et al. (1998) Science 279: 84-88. Relative
in vitro potency values are established by running
Val.sup.8-GLP-1(7-37)OH as a control and assigning the control a
reference value of 1.
[0032] The term "delivery agent" refers to molecules in U.S. Pat.
Nos. 6,663,898, 6,663,887, 6,646,162, 6,642,411, 6,627,228,
6,623,731, 6,610,329, 6,558,706, 6,525,020, 6,461,643, 6,461,545,
6,440,929, 6,428,780, 6,413,550, 6,399,798, 6,395,774, 6,391,303,
6,384,278, 6,375,983, 6,358,504, 6,346,242, 6,344,213, 6,331,318,
6,313,088, 6,245,359, 6,242,495, 6,221,367, 6,180,140, 5,541,155,
5,693,338, 5,976,569, 5,643,957, 5,955,503, 6,100,298, 5,650,386,
5,866,536, 5,965,121, 5,989,539, 6,001,347, 6,071,510, and
5,820,881; U.S. Published Application Nos. 20030232085,
20030225300, 20030198658, 20030133953, 20030078302, 20030072740,
20030045579, 20030012817, 20030008900, 20020155993, 20020127202,
20020120009, 20020119910, 20020102286, 20020065255, 20020052422,
20020040061, 20020028250, 20020013497, 20020001591, 20010039258,
20010003001; and International Published Application Nos.
2003/057650, 2003/057170, 2003/045331, 2003/045306, 2003/026582,
2002/100338, 2002/070438, 2002/069937, 02/20466, 02/19969,
02/16309, 02/15959, 02/02509, 01/92206, 01/70219, 01/51454,
01/44199, 01/34114, 01/32596, 01/32130, 00/07979, 00/59863,
00/50386, 00/47188, 00/40203, 96/30036, all of which are hereby
incorporated by reference. The delivery agents useful in the oral
formulations of the present invention. Many of these delivery
agents are generally derived from amino acids.
[0033] The derived amino acids can also be in the form of poly
amino acids, and peptides. An amino acid is any carboxylic acid
having at least one free amine group and includes naturally
occurring and synthetic amino acids. Poly amino acids are either
peptides or two or more amino acids linked by a bond formed by
other groups which can be linked, e.g., an ester, anhydride, or an
anhydride linkage. Peptides are two or more amino acids joined by a
peptide bond. Peptides can vary in length from dipeptides with two
amino acids to polypeptides with several hundred amino acids.
Preferred peptides include di-peptides, tri-peptides,
tetra-peptides, and penta-peptides.
[0034] Furthermore, the delivery agents of the present invention
are optionally in a salt form. Non-limiting examples of salts
include sodium, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid,
citric acid, acetic acid, sulfate, phosphate, chloride, bromide,
iodide, acetate, propionate, hydrobromic acid, sodium hydroxide,
potassium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, and potassium
carbonate.
[0035] A "Diabetic patient" is a subject having a form of
diabetes.
[0036] "IGT" refers to impaired glucose tolerance.
[0037] "Diabetes" is deemed to encompasses type 1 and type 2
diabetes, unless specifically specified otherwise.
[0038] An "effective amount of delivery agent" refers to an amount
of the delivery agent that promotes the absorption of a
therapeutically effective amount of the drug (i.e., a GLP-1
compound) from the gastrointestinal tract.
[0039] "Unit-dose forms" refer to physically discrete units
suitable for human and animal subjects and packaged individually as
is known in the art. It is contemplated for purposes of the present
invention that dosage forms of the present invention comprising
therapeutically effective amounts of a GLP-1 compound may include
one or more unit doses (e.g., tablets, capsules) to achieve the
therapeutic effect.
[0040] The term "AUC" as used herein, means area under the plasma
concentration-time curve, as calculated by the trapezoidal rule
over the complete dosing interval, e.g., 24-hour interval.
[0041] The term "C.sub.max" as it is used herein is the highest
plasma concentration of the drug attained within the dosing
interval.
[0042] The term "t.sub.max" as it is used herein is the time period
which elapses after administration of the dosage form at which the
plasma concentration of the drug attains the C.sub.max within the
dosing interval.
[0043] The term "multiple dose" means that the subject has received
at least two doses of the drug composition in accordance with the
dosing interval for that composition.
[0044] The term "single dose" means that the subject has received a
single dose of the drug composition or pharmaceutical composition
and the drug plasma concentration has not achieved steady
state.
[0045] Unless specifically designated as "single dose" or at
"steady-state" the pharmacokinetic parameters disclosed and claimed
herein encompass both single dose and steady-state conditions.
[0046] The term "mean", when preceding a pharmacokinetic value
(e.g., mean t.sub.max) represents the arithmetic mean value of the
pharmacokinetic value unless otherwise specified.
[0047] The term "bioavailability" as used herein means the degree
or ratio (%) to which a drug or agent is absorbed or otherwise
available to the treatment site in the body. This is calculated by
the formula Rel . .times. Bioavailability .times. .times. ( % ) =
Dose .times. .times. SC Dose .times. .times. .times. Oral AUC GLP -
1 .times. Oral AUC GLP - 1 .times. SC 100 ##EQU1## where "SC"
refers to subcutaneous.
[0048] The term "biopotency" as used herein means the degree or
ratio (%) to which a drug or agent is effective to the treatment
site in the body. This is calculated by the formula Rel . .times.
.times. Biopotency .times. .times. ( % ) = Dose .times. .times. SC
Dose .times. .times. Oral AUC GIR .times. .times. Oral AUC GIR
.times. SC 100 ##EQU2## where GIR is glucose infustion rate.
[0049] The term "t.sub.1/2" as used herein means the terminal
half-life calculated as ln(2)/K.sub.el.
[0050] As used herein and in the appended claims, the singular
forms "a," "an," and "the," include plural referents unless the
context clearly indicates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference
to "a molecule" includes one or more of such molecules, "a reagent"
includes one or more of such different reagents, reference to "an
antibody" includes one or more of such different antibodies, and
reference to "the method" includes reference to equivalent steps
and methods known to those of ordinary skill in the art that could
be modified or substituted for the methods described herein.
[0051] GLP-1
[0052] The GLP-1 compounds of the present invention can be made by
methods known in the art, such as solid-phase synthetic chemistry,
purification of GLP-1 molecules from natural sources, recombinant
DNA technology, or a combination of these methods. For example,
methods for preparing GLP-1 peptides are described in U.S. Pat.
Nos. 5,118,666; 5,120,712; 5,512,549; 5,977,071; and 6,191,102, all
of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
[0053] By custom in the art, the amino terminus of GLP-1(7-37)OH
has been assigned number residue 7, and the carboxy-terminus has
been assigned number 37. The other amino acids in the polypeptide
are numbered consecutively, as shown in SEQ ID NO.: 1. For example,
position 12 is phenylalanine and position 22 is glycine.
[0054] The two naturally occurring truncated GLP-1 peptides are
represented in SEQ ID NO: 1:
His.sup.7-Ala-Glu-Gly.sup.10-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Asp-Val-Ser-Ser-Tyr-Leu.sup.-
20-Glu-Gly-Gln-Ala-Ala.sup.25-Lys-Glu-Phe-Ile-Ala.sup.30-Trp-Leu-Val-Lys-G-
ly.sup.35-Arg-Xaa.sup.37
wherein Xaa.sup.37 is Gly, or --NH.sub.2.
[0055] Preferably, a GLP-1 compound has the amino acid sequence of
SEQ ID NO.: 1 or is modified so that from one, two, three, four or
five amino acids differ from SEQ ID NO.: 1.
[0056] A preferred group of GLP-1 compounds is composed of GLP-1
analogs of SEQ ID NO.: 2:
His-Xaa.sup.8-Xaa.sup.9-Gly-Xaa.sup.11-Phe-Thr-Xaa.sup.14-Asp-Xaa.sup.16--
Xaa.sup.17-Xaa.sup.18-Xaa.sup.19-Xaa.sup.20-Xaa.sup.21-Xaa.sup.22-Xaa.sup.-
23-Xaa.sup.24-Xaa.sup.25-Xaa.sup.26-Xaa.sup.27-Phe-Ile-Xaa.sup.30-Xaa.sup.-
31-Xaa.sup.32-Xaa.sup.33-Xaa.sup.34-Xaa.sup.35-Xaa.sup.36-Xaa.sup.37-Xaa.s-
up.38-Xaa.sup.39-Xaa.sup.40-Xaa.sup.41-Xaa.sup.42-Xaa.sup.43-Xaa.sup.44-Xa-
a.sup.45
[0057] wherein: TABLE-US-00002 Xaa.sup.8 is Ala, Gly, Ser, Thr,
Leu, Ile, Val, Glu, Asp, or Lys; Xaa.sup.9 is Glu, Asp, or Lys;
Xaa.sup.11 is Thr, Ala, Gly, Ser, Leu, Ile, Val, Glu, Asp, or Lys;
Xaa.sup.14 is Ser, Ala, Gly, Thr, Leu, Ile, Val, Glu, Asp, or Lys;
Xaa.sup.16 is Val, Ala, Gly, Ser, Thr, Leu, Ile, Tyr, Glu, Asp,
Trp, or Lys; Xaa.sup.17 is Ser, Ala, Gly, Thr, Leu, Ile, Val, Glu,
Asp, or Lys; Xaa.sup.18 is Ser, Ala, Gly, Thr, Leu, Ile, Val, Glu,
Asp, Trp, Tyr, or Lys; Xaa.sup.19 is Tyr, Phe, Trp, Glu, Asp, Gln,
or Lys; Xaa.sup.20 is Leu, Ala, Gly, Ser, Thr, Ile, Val, Glu, Asp,
Met, Trp, Tyr, or Lys; Xaa.sup.21 is Glu, Asp, or Lys; Xaa.sup.22
is Gly, Ala, Ser, Thr, Leu, Ile, Val, Glu, Asp, or Lys; Xaa.sup.23
is Gln, Asn, Arg, Glu, Asp, or Lys; Xaa.sup.24 is Ala, Gly, Ser,
Thr, Leu, Ile, Val, Arg, Glu, Asp, or Lys; Xaa.sup.25 is Ala, Gly,
Ser, Thr, Leu, Ile, Val, Glu, Asp, or Lys; Xaa.sup.26 is Lys, Arg,
Gln, Glu, Asp, or His; Xaa.sup.27 is Leu, Glu, Asp, or Lys;
Xaa.sup.30 is Ala, Gly, Ser, Thr, Leu, Ile, Val, Glu, Asp, or Lys;
Xaa.sup.31 is Trp, Phe, Tyr, Glu, Asp, or Lys; Xaa.sup.32 is Leu,
Gly, Ala, Ser, Thr, Ile, Val, Glu, Asp, or Lys; Xaa.sup.33 is Val,
Gly, Ala, Ser, Thr, Leu, Ile, Glu, Asp, or Lys; Xaa.sup.34 is Asn,
Lys, Arg, Glu, Asp, or His; Xaa.sup.35 is Gly, Ala, Ser, Thr, Leu,
Ile, Val, Glu, Asp, or Lys; Xaa.sup.36 is Gly, Arg, Lys, Glu, Asp,
or His; Xaa.sup.37 is Pro, Gly, Ala, Ser, Thr, Leu, Ile, Val, Glu,
Asp, or Lys, or is deleted; Xaa.sup.38 is Ser, Arg, Lys, Glu, Asp,
or His, or is deleted; Xaa.sup.39 is Ser, Arg, Lys, Glu, Asp, or
His, or is deleted; Xaa.sup.40 is Gly, Asp, Glu, or Lys, or is
deleted; Xaa.sup.41 is Ala, Phe, Trp, Tyr, Glu, Asp, or Lys, or is
deleted; Xaa.sup.42 is Ser, Pro, Lys, Glu, or Asp, or is deleted;
Xaa.sup.43 is Ser, Pro, Glu, Asp, or Lys, or is deleted; Xaa.sup.44
is Gly, Pro, Glu, Asp, or Lys, or is deleted; and Xaa.sup.45 is
Ala, Ser, Val, Glu, Asp, or Lys, Ala-NH.sub.2, Ser-NH.sub.2,
Val-NH.sub.2, Glu-NH.sub.2, Asp-NH.sub.2, or Lys-NH.sub.2, or is
deleted;
provided that when the amino acid at position 37, 38, 39, 40, 41,
42, 43, or 44 is deleted, then each amino acid downstream of that
amino acid is also deleted.
[0058] The GLP-1 compound of SEQ ID NO: 2 contain less than six
amino acids that differ from the corresponding amino acid in GLP-1
(7-37)OH or Exendin-4. It is more preferred that less than five
amino acids differ from the corresponding amino acid in GLP-1
(7-37)OH or Exendin-4. It is even more preferred that less than
four amino acids differ from the corresponding amino acid in
GLP-1(7-37)OH or Exendin-4.
[0059] GLP-1 compounds of the present invention include derivatives
of SEQ ID NO.: 2 such as a C.sub.1-6-ester, or amide, or
C.sub.1-6-alkylamide, or C.sub.1-6-dialkylamide thereof. WO
99/43706 describes derivatives of GLP-1 compounds of SEQ ID NO.: 2
and is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. The
compounds of SEQ ID NO.: 2 derivatized as described in WO 99/43706
and underivatized are encompassed by the present invention.
[0060] Another preferred group of GLP-1 compounds is composed of
GLP-1 analogs of SEQ. ID NO.: 3:
Xaa.sup.7-Xaa.sup.8-Xaa.sup.9-Gly-Xaa.sup.11-Xaa.sup.12-Thr-Ser-Asp-Xaa.s-
up.16-Ser-Xaa.sup.18-Xaa.sup.19-Leu-Glu-Gly-Xaa.sup.23-Xaa.sup.24-Ala-Xaa.-
sup.26-Xaa.sup.27-Phe-Ile-Xaa.sup.30-Xaa.sup.31-Leu-Xaa.sup.33-Xaa.sup.34--
Xaa.sup.35-Xaa.sup.36-R.sup.37
wherein:
[0061] Xaa.sup.7 is: L-histidine, D-histidine, desamino-histidine,
2-amino-histidine, .beta.-hydroxy-histidine, homohistidine,
.alpha.-fluoromethyl-histidine or .alpha.-methyl-histidine;
TABLE-US-00003 Xaa.sup.8 is: Gly, Ala, Val, Leu, Ile, Ser, or Thr;
Xaa.sup.9 is: Thr, Ser, Arg, Lys, Trp, Phe, Tyr, Glu, or His;
Xaa.sup.11 is: Asp, Glu, Arg, Thr, Ala, Lys, or His; Xaa.sup.12 is:
His, Trp, Phe, or Tyr; Xaa.sup.16 is: Leu, Ser, Thr, Trp, His, Phe,
Asp, Val, Tyr, Glu, or Ala; Xaa.sup.18 is: His, Pro, Asp, Glu, Arg,
Ser, Ala, or Lys; Xaa.sup.19 is: Gly, Asp, Glu, Gln, Asn, Lys, Arg,
or Cys; Xaa.sup.23 is: His, Asp, Lys, Glu, Gln, or Arg; Xaa.sup.24
is: Glu, Arg, Ala, or Lys; Xaa.sup.26 is: Trp, Tyr, Phe, Asp, Lys,
Glu, or His; Xaa.sup.27 is: Ala, Glu, His, Phe, Tyr, Trp, Arg, or
Lys; Xaa.sup.30 is: Ala, Glu, Asp, Ser, or His; Xaa.sup.31 is: Asp,
Glu, Ser, Thr, Arg, Trp, or Lys; Xaa.sup.33 is: Asp, Arg, Val, Lys,
Ala, Gly, or Glu; Xaa.sup.34 is: Glu, Lys, or Asp; Xaa.sup.35 is:
Thr, Ser, Lys, Arg, Trp, Tyr, Phe, Asp, Gly, Pro, His, or Glu;
Xaa.sup.36 is: Thr, Ser, Asp, Trp, Tyr, Phe, Arg, Glu, or His;
R.sup.37 is: Lys, Arg, Thr, Ser, Glu, Asp, Trp, Tyr, Phe, His Gly,
Gly-Pro, or is deleted.
[0062] Another group of GLP-1 compounds is composed of GLP-1
analogs of SEQ ID NO: 4:
Xaa.sup.7-Xaa.sup.8-Glu-Gly-Xaa.sup.11-Xaa.sup.12-Thr-Ser-Asp-Xaa.sup.16--
Ser-Ser-Tyr-Leu-Glu-Xaa.sup.22-Xaa.sup.23-Xaa.sup.24-Xaa.sup.25-Lys-Xaa.su-
p.27-Phe-Ile-Xaa.sup.30-Trp-Leu-Xaa.sup.33-Xaa.sup.34-Xaa.sup.35-Xaa.sup.3-
6-R.sup.37
wherein:
[0063] Xaa.sup.7 is: L-histidine, D-histidine, desamino-histidine,
2-amino-histidine, B-hydroxy-histidine, homohistidine,
a-fluoromethylhistidine or a-methylhistidine; TABLE-US-00004
Xaa.sup.8 is: Gly, Ala, Val, Leu, Ile, Ser, or Thr; Xaa.sup.11 is:
Asp, Glu, Arg, Thr, Ala, Lys, or His; Xaa.sup.12 is: His, Trp, Phe,
or Tyr; Xaa.sup.16 is: Leu, Ser, Thr, Trp, His, Phe, Asp, Val, Glu,
or Ala; Xaa.sup.22 is: Gly, Asp, Glu; Xaa.sup.23 is: His, Asp, Lys,
Glu, or Gln; Xaa.sup.24 is: Glu, His, Ala, or Lys; Xaa.sup.25 is:
Asp, Lys, Glu, or His; Xaa.sup.27 is: Ala, Glu, His, Phe, Tyr, Trp,
Arg, or Lys; Xaa.sup.30 is: Ala, Glu, Asp, Ser, or His; Xaa.sup.33
is: Asp, Arg, Val, Lys, Ala, Gly, or Glu; Xaa.sup.34 is: Glu, Lys,
or Asp; Xaa.sup.35 is: Thr, Ser, Lys, Arg, Trp, Tyr, Phe, Asp, Gly,
Pro, His, or Glu; Xaa.sup.36 is: Arg, Glu, or His; R.sup.37 is:
Lys, Arg, Thr, Ser, Glu, Asp, Trp, Tyr, Phe, His, Gly, Gly-Pro, or
is deleted.
[0064] Another group of GLP-1 compounds is composed of GLP-1
analogs of SEQ ID NO: 5:
Xaa.sup.7-Xaa.sup.8-Glu-Gly-Thr-Xaa.sup.12-Thr-Ser-Asp-Xaa.sup.16-Ser-Ser-
-Tyr-Leu-Glu-Xaa.sup.22-Xaa.sup.23-Ala-Ala-Xaa.sup.26-Glu-Phe-Ile-Xaa.sup.-
30-Trp-Leu-Val-Lys-Xaa.sup.35-Arg-R.sup.37
wherein:
[0065] Xaa.sup.7 is: L-histidine, D-histidine, desamino-histidine,
2-amino-histidine, B-hydroxy-histidine, homohistidine,
a-fluoromethyl-histidine, or a-methyl-histidine; TABLE-US-00005
Xaa.sup.8 is: Gly, Ala, Val, Leu, Ile, Ser, Met, or Thr; Xaa.sup.12
is: His, Trp, Phe, or Tyr; Xaa.sup.16 is: Leu, Ser, Thr, Trp, His,
Phe, Asp, Val, Glu, or Ala; Xaa.sup.22 is: Gly, Asp, Glu, Gln, Asn,
Lys, Arg, or Cys; Xaa.sup.23 is: His, Asp, Lys, Glu, or Gln;
Xaa.sup.26 is: Asp, Lys, Glu, or His; Xaa.sup.30 is: Ala, Glu, Asp,
Ser, or His; Xaa.sup.35 is: Thr, Ser, Lys, Arg, Trp, Tyr, Phe, Asp,
Gly, Pro, His, or Glu; R.sup.37 is: Lys, Arg, Thr, Ser, Glu, Asp,
Trp, Tyr, Phe, His, Gly, Gly-Pro, or is deleted.
[0066] Another group of GLP-1 compounds is composed of GLP-1
analogs of SEQ ID NO: 6:
Xaa.sup.7-Xaa.sup.8-Glu-Gly-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Asp-Val-Ser-Ser-Tyr-Leu-Glu-X-
aa.sup.22-Xaa.sup.23-Xaa.sup.24-Ala-Lys-Glu-Phe-Ile-Xaa.sup.30-Trp-Leu-Val-
-Lys-Gly-Arg-R.sup.37
[0067] wherein
[0068] Xaa.sup.7 is: L-histidine, D-histidine, desamino-histadine,
2-amino-histidine, .beta.-hydroxy-histidine, homohistidine,
.alpha.-fluoromethyl-histidine, or .alpha.-methyl-histidine
TABLE-US-00006 Xaa.sup.8 is: Gly, Ala, Val, Leu, Ile, Ser, or Thr;
Xaa.sup.22 is: Gly, Asp, Glu, Gln, Asn, Lys, Arg, or Cys;
Xaa.sup.23 is: His, Asp, Lys, Glu, or Gln; Xaa.sup.24 is: Ala, Glu,
Asp, Ser, or His; Xaa.sup.30 is: Ala, Glu, Asp, Ser, or His;
R.sup.37 is: Lys, Arg, Thr, Ser, Glu, Asp, Trp, Tyr, Phe, His, Gly,
Gly-Pro, or is deleted.
[0069] According to one embodiment, GLP-1 compounds of SEQ ID NOS.:
2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 comprise GLP-1 analogs or fragments of GLP-1
analogs wherein the analogs or fragments contain an amino acid
other than alanine at position 8 (position 8 analogs). These
position 8 analogs may contain one or more additional changes at
positions 9, 11, 12, 16, 18, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 36, and 37 compared to the corresponding amino acid of native
GLP-1 (7-37)OH. These analogs, for example, may have 6 or fewer
changes compared to the corresponding amino acids in native
GLP-1(7-37)OH or GLP-1(7-36)OH. According to another embodiment,
these analogs have 5 or fewer changes compared to the corresponding
amino acids in native GLP-1(7-37)OH or GLP-1(7-36)OH or have 4 or
fewer changes compared to the corresponding amino acids in native
GLP-1 (7-37)OH or GLP-1 (7-36)OH. According to yet another
embodiment, these analogs have 3 or fewer changes compared to the
corresponding amino acids in native GLP-1 (7-37)OH or GLP-1
(7-36)OH. According to yet another embodiment, these analogs have 2
or fewer changes compared to the corresponding amino acids in
native GLP-1(7-37)OH.
[0070] According to another embodiment, GLP-1 compounds of SEQ ID
NOS: 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 comprise GLP-1 analogs or fragments of GLP-1
analogs in which glycine at position 22 and preferably alanine at
position 8 have been replaced with another amino acid.
[0071] When position 22 is aspartic acid, glutamic acid, arginine
or lysine, position 8 is may be glycine, valine, leucine,
isoleucine, serine, threonine or methionine. When position 22 is a
sulfonic acid such as cysteic acid, position 8 may be glycine,
valine, leucine, isoleucine, serine; threonine or methionine.
[0072] Other GLP-1 compounds include GLP-1 analogs of SEQ ID NO: 5
wherein the analogs have the sequence of GLP-1 (7-3 7)OH except
that the amino acid at position 8 is glycine, valine, leucine,
isoleucine, serine, threonine, or methionine and position 30 is
glutamic acid, aspartic acid, serine, or histidine.
[0073] Other GLP-1 compounds include GLP-1 analogs of SEQ ID NO: 5
wherein the analogs have the sequence of GLP-1(7-37)OH except that
the amino acid at position 8 is glycine, valine, leucine,
isoleucine, serine, threonine, or methionine and position 37 is
histidine, lysine, arginine, threonine, serine, glutamic acid,
aspartic acid, tryptophan, tyrosine, phenylalanine.
[0074] Other preferred GLP-1 compounds include GLP-1 analogs of SEQ
ID NO: 5 wherein the analogs have the sequence of GLP-1 (7-37)OH,
except that the amino acid at position 8 is preferably glycine,
valine, leucine, isoleucine, serine, threonine, or methionine and
more preferably valine or glycine and position 22 is glutamic acid,
lysine, aspartic acid, or arginine and more preferably glutamic
acid or lysine and position 23 is lysine, arginine, glutamic acid,
aspartic acid, and histidine and more preferably lysine or glutamic
acid.
[0075] Other preferred GLP-1 compounds include GLP-1 analogs of SEQ
ID NO: 6 wherein the analogs have the sequence of GLP-1 (7-37)OH
except that the amino acid at position 8 is preferably glycine,
valine, leucine, isoleucine, serine, threonine, or methionine and
more preferably valine or glycine and position 22 is glutamic acid,
lysine, aspartic acid, or arginine and more preferably glutamine
acid or lysine and position 27 is alanine, lysine, arginine,
tryptophan, tyrosine, phenylalanine, or histidine and more
preferably alanine.
[0076] Other preferred GLP-1 compounds include GLP-1 analogs of SEQ
ID NO: 3 wherein the analogs have the sequence of GLP-1 (7-37)OH
except that the amino acid at position 8 and one, two, or three
amino acids selected from position 9, position 11, position 12,
position 16, position 18, position 22, position 23, position 24,
position 26, position 27, position 30, position 31, position 33,
position 34, position 35, position 36, and position 37, differ from
the amino acid at the corresponding position of native GLP-1
(7-37)OH.
[0077] Other preferred GLP-1 compounds of SEQ ID No. 3
include:Val.sup.8-GLP-1(7-37) OH, Gly.sup.8-GLP-1 (7-37)OH,
Glu.sup.22-GLP-1 (7-37)OH, Asp.sup.22-GLP-1 (7-37)OH,
Arg.sup.22-GLP-1 (7-37)OH, Lys.sup.22-GLP-1 (7-37)OH,
Cys.sup.22-GLP-1 (7-37)OH, Val.sup.8-Glu.sup.22-GLP-1 (7-37)OH,
Val.sup.8-Asp.sup.22-GLP-1 (7-37)OH, Val.sup.8-Arg.sup.22-GLP-1
(7-37)OH, Val.sup.8-Lys.sup.22-GLP-1 (7-37)OH,
Val.sup.8-Cys.sup.22-GLP-1 (7-37)OH, Gly.sup.8-Glu.sup.22-GLP-1
(7-37)OH, Gly.sup.8-Asp.sup.22-GLP-1 (7-37)OH,
Gly.sup.8-Arg.sup.22-GLP-1(7-37)OH,
Gly.sup.8-Lys.sup.22-GLP-1(7-37)OH,
Gly.sup.8-Cys.sup.22-GLP-1(7-37)OH, Glu.sup.22-GLP-1(7-36)OH,
Asp.sup.22-GLP-1(7-36)OH, Arg.sup.22-GLP-1(7-36)OH,
Lys-GLP-1(7-36)OH, Cys.sup.22-GLP-1(7-36)OH,
Val.sup.8-Glu.sup.22-GLP-1(7-36)OH,
Val.sup.8-Asp.sup.22-GLP-1(7-36)OH,
Val.sup.8-Arg.sup.22-GLP-1(7-36)OH,
Val.sup.8-Lys.sup.22-GLP-1(7-36)OH,
Val.sup.8-Cys.sup.22-GLP-1(7-36)OH,
Gly.sup.8-Glu.sup.22-GLP-1(7-36)OH,
Gly.sup.8-Asp.sup.22-GLP-1(7-36)OH,
Gly.sup.8-Arg.sup.22-GLP-1(7-36)OH,
Gly.sup.8-Lys.sup.22-GLP-1(7-36)OH,
Gly.sup.8-Cys.sup.22-GLP-1(7-36)OH, Lys.sup.23-GLP-1(7-37)OH,
Val.sup.8-Lys.sup.23-GLP-1(7-37)OH,
Gly.sup.8-Lys.sup.23-GLP-1(7-37)OH, His.sup.24-GLP-1(7-37)OH,
Val.sup.8-His.sup.24-GLP-1(7-37)OH,
Gly.sup.8-His.sup.24-GLP-1(7-37)OH, Lys.sup.24-GLP-1(7-37)OH,
Val.sup.8-Lys.sup.24-GLP-1(7-37)OH, Glu.sup.30-GLP-1(7-37)OH,
Val.sup.8-Glu.sup.30-GLP-1(7-37)OH,
Gly.sup.8-Glu.sup.10-GLP-1(7-37)OH, Asp.sup.30-GLP-1(7-37)OH,
Val.sup.8-Asp.sup.30-GLP-1(7-37)OH,
Gly.sup.8-Asp.sup.30-GLP-1(7-37)OH, Gln.sup.30-GLP-1(7-37)OH,
Val.sup.8-Gln.sup.30-GLP-1(7-37)OH,
Gly.sup.8-Gln.sup.30-GLP-1(7-37)OH, Tyr.sup.30-GLP-1(7-37)OH,
Val.sup.8-Tyr.sup.30-GLP-1(7-37)OH,
Gly.sup.8-Tyr.sup.30-GLP-1(7-37)OH, Ser.sup.30-GLP-1(7-37)OH,
Val.sup.8-Ser.sup.30-GLP-1(7-37)OH,
Gly.sup.8-Ser.sup.30-GLP-1(7-37)OH, His.sup.30-GLP-1(7-37)OH,
Val.sup.8-His.sup.30-GLP-1(7-37)OH,
Gly.sup.8-His.sup.30-GLP-1(7-37)OH, Glu.sup.34-GLP-1(7-37)OH,
Val.sup.8-Glu.sup.34-GLP-1(7-37)OH,
Gly.sup.8-Glu.sup.34-GLP-1(7-37)OH, Ala.sup.34-GLP-1(7-37)OH,
Val.sup.8-Ala.sup.34-GLP-1(7-37)OH,
Gly.sup.8-Ala.sup.34-GLP-1(7-37)OH, Gly.sup.34-GLP-1(7-37)OH,
Val.sup.8-Gly.sup.34-GLP-1(7-37)OH,
Gly.sup.8-Gly.sup.34-GLP-1(7-37)OH, Ala.sup.35-GLP-1(7-37)OH,
Val.sup.8-Ala.sup.35-GLP-1(7-37)OH,
Gly.sup.8-Ala.sup.35-GLP-1(7-37)OH, Lys.sup.35-GLP-1(7-37)OH,
Val.sup.8-Lys.sup.35-GLP-1(7-37)OH,
Gly.sup.8-Lys.sup.35-GLP-1(7-37)OH, His.sup.35-GLP-1(7-37)OH,
Val.sup.8-His.sup.35-GLP-1(7-37)OH,
Gly.sup.8-His.sup.35-GLP-1(7-37)OH, Pro.sup.35-GLP-1(7-37)OH,
Val.sup.8-Pro.sup.35-GLP-1(7-37)OH,
Gly.sup.8-Pro.sup.35-GLP-1(7-37)OH, Glu.sup.35-GLP-1(7-37)OH,
Val.sup.8-Glu.sup.35-GLP-1(7-37)OH,
Gly.sup.8-Glu.sup.35-GLP-1(7-37)OH,
Val.sup.8-Ala.sup.27-GLP-1(7-37)OH,
Val.sup.8-His.sup.37-GLP-1(7-37)OH,
Val.sup.8-Glu.sup.22-Lys.sup.23-GLP-1(7-37)OH,
Val.sup.8-Glu.sup.22-Glu.sup.23-GLP-1(7-37)OH,
Val.sup.8-Glu.sup.22-Ala.sup.27-GLP-1(7-37)OH,
Val.sup.8-Gly.sup.34-Lys.sup.35-GLP-1(7-37)OH,
Gly.sup.8-His.sup.37-GLP-1(7-37)OH,
Val.sup.8-Glu.sup.22-Ala.sup.27-GLP-1(7-37)OH,
Gly.sup.8-Glu.sup.22-Ala.sup.27-GLP-1(7-37)OH,
Val.sup.8-Lys.sup.22-Glu.sup.23-GLP-1(7-37)OH, and
Gly.sup.8-Lys.sup.22-Glu.sup.23-GLP-1(7-37)OH.
[0078] Another preferred group of GLP-1 analogs and derivatives for
use in the present invention is composed of molecules of SEQ. ID
NO.: 7:
R.sub.1-X-Glu-Gly.sup.10-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Asp.sup.15-Val-Ser-Ser-Tyr-Leu.s-
up.20-Y-Gly-Gln-Ala-Ala.sup.25-Lys-Z-Phe-Ile-Ala.sup.30-Trp-Leu-Val-Lys-Gl-
y.sup.35-Arg-R.sub.2
wherein:
[0079] R.sub.1 is selected from the group consisting of
L-histidine, D-histidine, desamino-histidine, 2-amino-histidine,
.beta.-hydroxy-histidine, homohistidine,
.alpha.-fluoromethyl-histidine, and .alpha.-methylhistidine; [0080]
X is selected from the group consisting of Ala, Gly, Val, Thr, Ile,
and alpha-methyl-Ala; [0081] Y is selected from the group
consisting of Glu, Gln, Ala, Thr, Ser, and Gly; [0082] Z is
selected from the group consisting of Glu, Gln, Ala, Thr, Ser, and
Gly; and R.sub.2 is Gly-OH.
[0083] Another group of GLP-1 compounds for use in the present
invention is disclosed in WO 91/11457, and consists essentially of
GLP-1 (7-34), GLP-1 (7-35), GLP-1 (7-36), or GLP-1 (7-37), or the
amide form thereof, and pharmaceutically-acceptable salts thereof,
having at least one modification selected from the group consisting
of:
[0084] (a) substitution of glycine, serine, cysteine, threonine,
asparagine, glutamine, tyrosine, alanine, valine, isoleucine,
leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, arginine, or D-lysine for
lysine at position 26 and/or position 34; or substitution of
glycine, serine, cysteine, threonine, asparagine, glutamine,
tyrosine, alanine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine,
phenylalanine, lysine, or a D-arginine for arginine at position
36;
[0085] (b) substitution of an oxidation-resistant amino acid for
tryptophan at position 31;
[0086] (c) substitution of at least one of: tyrosine for valine at
position 16; lysine for serine at position 18; aspartic acid for
glutamic acid at position 21; serine for glycine at position 22;
arginine for glutamine at position 23; arginine for alanine at
position 24; and glutamine for lysine at position 26; and
[0087] (d) substitution of at least one of: glycine, serine, or
cysteine for alanine at position 8; aspartic acid, glycine, serine,
cysteine, threonine, asparagine, glutamine, tyrosine, alanine,
valine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, or phenylalanine for
glutamic acid at position 9; serine, cysteine, threonine,
asparagine, glutamine, tyrosine, alanine, valine, isoleucine,
leucine, methionine, or phenylalanine for glycine at position 10;
and glutamic acid for aspartic acid at position 15; and
[0088] (e) substitution of glycine, serine, cysteine, threonine,
asparagine, glutamine, tyrosine, alanine, valine, isoleucine,
leucine, methionine, or phenylalanine, or the D-or N-acylated or
alkylated form of histidine for histidine at position 7; wherein,
in the substitutions is (a), (b), (d), and (e), the substituted
amino acids can optionally be in the D-form and the amino acids
substituted at position 7 can optionally be in the N-acylated or
N-alkylated form. Because the enzyme, dipeptidyl-peptidase IV (DPP
IV), may be responsible for the observed rapid in vivo inactivation
of administered GLP-1, [See, e. g., Mentlein, R., etal., Ear. J.
Biochem., 214: 829-835 (1993) ], GLP-1 analogs and derivatives that
are protected from the activity of DPP IV in the context of a
fusion protein are preferred, and fusion proteins wherein the GLP-1
compound is Gly.sup.8-GLP-1 (7-37)OH, Val.sup.8-GLP-1 (7-37)OH,
.alpha.-methyl-Ala.sup.8-GLP-1 (7-37)OH, or
Gly.sup.8-Gln.sup.21-GLP-1(7-37)OH are more preferred. Another
preferred group of GLP-1 compounds for use in the present invention
consists of the compounds of SEQ ID NO:8: ##STR30## wherein: [0089]
R.sub.1 is selected from 4-imidazopropionyl, 4-imidazoacetyl, or
4-imidazo-.alpha., .alpha.-dimethyl-acetyl; [0090] R.sub.2 is
selected from C.sub.6-C.sub.10 unbranched acyl, or is absent;
[0091] R.sub.3 is selected from Gly-OH or NH.sub.2; and [0092] Xaa
is Lys or Arg. SEQ ID NO. 8 is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.
5,512,549, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference.
[0093] Examples of compounds of SEQ ID NO.: 8 for use in the
present invention are those in which Xaa is Arg and R.sub.2 is
C.sub.6-C.sub.10 unbranched acyl, such as those in which Xaa is
Arg, R.sub.2 is C.sub.6-C.sub.10 unbranched acyl, and R.sub.3 is
Gly-OH. Other examples of compounds of SEQ. ID NO: 8 for use in the
present invention are those in which Xaa is Arg, R.sub.2 is
C.sub.6-C.sub.10 unbranched acyl, R.sub.3 is Gly-OH, and R.sub.1 is
4-imidazopropionyl, such as the compound in which Xaa is Arg,
R.sub.2 is C.sub.8 unbranched acyl, R.sub.3 is Gly-OH, and R.sub.1
is 4-imidazopropionyl.
[0094] Other GLP-1 derivatives are described in U.S. Pat. No.
6,268,343 B1, such as
Arg.sup.34-Lys.sup.26-(N-.epsilon.-(.gamma.-Glu
(N-.alpha.-hexadecanoyl)))-GLP-1(7-37).
[0095] GLP-1 compounds comprise GLP-1 analogs wherein the backbone
for such analogs or fragments contains an amino acid other than
alanine at position 8 (position 8 analogs). The backbone may also
include L-histidine, D-histidine, or modified forms of histidine
such as desamino-histidine, 2-amino-histidine, B-hydroxy-histidine,
homohistidine, a-fluoromethyl-histidine, or a-methyl-histidine at
position 7. These position 8 analogs may contain one or more
additional changes at positions 12, 16, 18, 19, 20, 22, 25, 27, 30,
33, and 37 compared to the corresponding amino acid of native
GLP-1(7-37)OH. These position 8 analogs may contain one or more
additional changes at positions 16, 18, 22, 25 and 33 compared to
the corresponding amino acid of native GLP-1(7-37)OH.
[0096] In another embodiment, the GLP-1 analog is GLP-1(7-37)OH
wherein the amino acid at position 12 is selected from the group
consisting of tryptophan or tyrosine. In addition to the
substitution at position 12, the amino acid at position 8 may be
substituted with glycine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, serine,
threonine, or methionine. In addition to the substitutions at
position 12 and 8, the amino acid at position 22 may be substituted
with glutamic acid.
[0097] In another embodiment, the GLP-1 analog is GLP-1 (7-37)OH
wherein the amino acid at position 16 is selected from the group
consisting of tryptophan, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, or
tyrosine. In addition to the substitution at position 16, the amino
acid at position 8 may be substituted with glycine, valine,
leucine, isoleucine, serine, threonine, or methionine. In addition
to the substitutions at position 16 and 8, the amino acid at
position 22 may be substituted with glutamic acid. In addition to
the substitutions at positions 16 and 8, the amino acid at position
30 may be substituted with glutamic acid. In addition to the
substitutions at positions 16 and 8, the amino acid at position 37
may be substituted with histidine.
[0098] In another embodiment, the GLP-1 analog is GLP-1(7-37) OH
wherein the amino acid at position 18 is tryptophan, tyrosine,
phenylalanine, lysine, leucine, or isoleucine. In addition to the
substitution at position 18, the amino acid at position 8 may be
substituted with glycine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, serine,
threonine, or methionine. In addition to the substitutions at
position 18 and 8, the amino acid at position 22 may be substituted
with glutamic acid. In addition to the substitutions at positions
18 and 8, the amino acid at position 30 may be substituted with
glutamic acid. In addition to the substitutions at positions 18 and
8, the amino acid at position 37 may be substituted with
histidine.
[0099] In another embodiment, the GLP-1 analog is GLP-1 (7-37)OH
wherein the amino acid at position 19 is tryptophan or
phenylalanine. In addition to the substitution at position 19, the
amino acid at position 8 may be substituted with glycine, valine,
leucine, isoleucine, serine, threonine, or methionine. In addition
to the substitutions at position 19 and 8, the amino acid at
position 22 may be substituted with glutamic acid. In addition to
the substitutions at positions 19 and 8, the amino acid at position
30 may be substituted with glutamic acid. In addition to the
substitutions at positions 19 and 8, the amino acid at position 37
may be substituted with histidine.
[0100] In another embodiment, the GLP-1 analog is GLP-1(7-37)OH
wherein the amino acid at position 20 is phenylalanine, tyrosine,
or tryptophan. In addition to the substitution at position 20, the
amino acid at position 8 may be substituted with glycine, valine,
leucine, isoleucine, serine, threonine, or methionine. In addition
to the substitutions at position 20 and 8, the amino acid at
position 22 may be substituted with glutamic acid. In addition to
the substitutions at positions 20 and 8, the amino acid at position
30 may be substituted with glutamic acid. In addition to the
substitutions at positions 20 and 8, the amino acid at position 37
may be substituted with histidine.
[0101] In another embodiment, the GLP-1 analog is GLP-1 (7-37)OH
wherein the amino acid at position 25 is valine, isoleucine, or
leucine. In addition to the substitution at position 25, the amino
acid at position 8 may be substituted with glycine, valine,
leucine, isoleucine, serine, threonine, or methionine. In addition
to the substitutions at position 25 and 8, the amino acid at
position 22 may be substituted with glutamic acid. In addition to
the substitutions at positions 25 and 8, the amino acid at position
30 may be substituted with glutamic acid. In addition to the
substitutions at positions 25 and 8, the amino acid at position 37
may be substituted with histidine.
[0102] In another embodiment, the GLP-1 analog is GLP-1(7-37)OH
wherein the amino acid at position 27 is isoleucine or alanine. In
addition to the substitution at position 27, the amino acid at
position 8 may be substituted with glycine, valine, leucine,
isoleucine, serine, threonine, or methionine. In addition to the
substitutions at position 27 and 8, the amino acid at position 22
may be substituted with glutamic acid. In addition to the
substitutions at positions 27 and 8, the amino acid at position 30
may be substituted with glutamic acid. In addition to the
substitutions at positions 27 and 8, the amino acid at position 37
may be substituted with histidine.
[0103] In another embodiment, the GLP-1 analog is GLP-1(7-37) OH
wherein the amino acid at position 33 is isoleucine. In addition to
the substitution at position 33, the amino acid at position 8 may
be substituted with glycine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, serine,
threonine, or methionine. In addition to the substitutions at
position 33 and 8, the amino acid at position 22 may be substituted
with glutamic acid. In addition to the substitutions at positions
33 and 8, the amino acid at position 30 may be substituted with
glutamic acid. In addition to the substitutions at positions 33 and
8, the amino acid at position 37 may be substituted with
histidine.
[0104] The GLP-1 compounds have modifications at one or more of the
following positions: 8, 12, 16, 18, 19, 20, 22, 25, 27, 30, 33, and
37. These GLP-1 compounds show increased potency compared with
GLP-1 (7-37)OH and comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO.:
9:
Xaa.sup.7-Xaa.sup.8-Glu-Gly-Thr-Xaa.sup.12-Thr-Ser-Asp-Xaa.sup.16-Ser-Xaa-
.sup.18-Xaa.sup.19-Xaa.sup.20-Glu-Xaa.sup.22-Gln-Ala-Xaa.sup.25-Lys-Xaa.su-
p.27-Phe-Ile-Xaa.sup.30-Trp-Leu-Xaa.sup.33-Lys-Gly-Arg-Xaa.sup.37
wherein:
[0105] Xaa.sup.7 is: L-histidine, D-histidine, desamino-histidine,
2-amino-histidine, .beta.-hydroxy-histidine, homohistidine,
a-fluoromethyl-histidine, or .alpha.-methyl-histidine;
TABLE-US-00007 Xaa.sup.8 is: Ala, Gly, Val, Leu, Ile, Ser, or Thr;
Xaa.sup.12 is: Phe, Trp, or Tyr; Xaa.sup.16 is: Val, Trp, Ile, Leu,
Phe, or Tyr; Xaa.sup.18 is: Ser, Trp, Tyr, Phe, Lys, Ile, Leu, Val;
Xaa.sup.19 is: Tyr, Trp, or Phe; Xaa.sup.20 is: Leu, Phe, Tyr, or
Trp; Xaa.sup.22 is: Gly, Glu, Asp, or Lys; Xaa.sup.25 is: Ala, Val,
Ile, or Leu; Xaa.sup.27 is: Glu, Ile, or Ala; Xaa.sup.30 is: Ala or
Glu; Xaa.sup.33 is: Val or Ile; and Xaa.sup.37 is: Gly, His,
NH.sub.2, or is absent.
[0106] Examples of GLP-1 compounds of SEQ ID NO: 9 include GLP-1
(7-37)OH, GLP-1 (7-36)NH.sub.2, Gly.sup.8-GLP-1 (7-37)OH,
Gly.sup.8-GLP-1 (7-36)NH.sub.2, Val.sup.8-GLP-1 (7-37)OH,
Val.sup.8-GLP-1 (7-36)NH.sub.2, Leu.sup.8-GLP-1 (7-37)OH,
Leu.sup.8-GLP-1 (7-36)NH.sub.2, Ile.sup.8-GLP-1 (7-37)OH,
Ile.sup.8-GLP-1 (7-36)NH.sub.2, Ser.sup.8-GLP-1 (7-37)OH,
Ser.sup.8-GLP-1 (7-36)NH.sub.2, Thr.sup.8-GLP-1 (7-37)OH,
Thr.sup.8-GLP-1 (7-36)NH.sub.2, Val.sup.8-Tyr.sup.12-GLP-1
(7-37)Oh, Val.sup.8-Tyr.sup.12-GLP-1 (7-36)NH.sub.2,
Val.sup.8-Tyr.sup.16-GLP-1 (7-37)OH, Val.sup.8-Tyr.sup.16-GLP-1
(7-36)NH.sub.2, Val.sup.8-Tyr.sup.16-Glu.sup.22-GLP-1 (7-37)OH,
Val.sup.8-Trp.sup.16-Glu.sup.22-GLP-1 (7-37)OH,
Val.sup.8-Leu.sup.16-Glu.sup.22-GLP-1 (7-37)OH,
Val.sup.8-Ile.sup.16-Glu.sup.22-GLP-1 (7-37)OH,
Val.sup.8-Phe.sup.16-Glu.sup.22-GLP-1 (7-37)OH,
Val.sup.8-Trp.sup.18-Glu.sup.22-GLP-1 (7-37)OH,
Val.sup.8-Tyr.sup.18-Glu.sup.22-GLP-1 (7-37)OH,
Val.sup.8-Phe.sup.18-Glu.sup.22-GLP-1 (7-37)OH, and
Val.sup.8-Ile.sup.18-Glu.sup.22-GLP-1 (7-37)OH,
Glu.sup.22-GLP-1(7-36)NH.sub.2, Asp.sup.22-GLP-1(7-37)OH,
Asp.sup.22-GLP-1(7-36)NH.sub.2, Lys.sup.22-GLP-1(7-37OH),
Lys.sup.22-GLP-1(7-36NH.sub.2), Val.sup.8-Ala.sup.27-GLP-1(7-37)OH,
Val.sup.8-Glu.sup.22-Ala.sup.27-GLP-1(7-37)OH,
Val.sup.8-Glu.sup.30-GLP-1(7-37)OH,
Val.sup.8-Glu.sup.30-GLP-1(7-36)NH.sub.2,
Gly.sup.8-Glu.sup.30-GLP-1(7-37)OH, Gly.sup.8-Glu.sup.30-GLP-1
(7-36)NH.sub.2, Leu.sup.8-Glu.sup.30-GLP-1(7-37)OH,
Leu.sup.8-Glu.sup.30-GLP-1 (7-36)NH.sub.2,
Ile.sup.8-Glu.sup.30-GLP-1(7-37)OH,
Ile.sup.8-Glu.sup.30-GLP-1(7-36)NH.sub.2,
Ser.sup.8-Glu.sup.30-GLP-1(7-37)OH,
Ser.sup.8-Glu.sup.30-GLP-1(7-36)NH.sub.2,
Thr.sup.8-Glu.sup.30-GLP-1(7-37)OH,
Thr.sup.8-Glu.sup.30-GLP-1(7-36)NH.sub.2,
Val.sup.8-His.sup.37-GLP-1(7-37)OH,
Val.sup.8-His.sup.37-GLP-1(7-36)NH.sub.2,
Gly.sup.8-His.sup.37-GLP-1(7-37)OH,
Gly.sup.8-His.sup.37-GLP-1(7-36)NH.sub.2,
Leu.sup.8-His.sup.37-GLP-1(7-37)OH,
Leu.sup.8-His.sup.37-GLP-1(7-36)NH.sub.2,
Ile.sup.8-His.sup.37-GLP-1(7-37)OH,
Ile.sup.8-His.sup.37-GLP-1(7-36)NH.sub.2,
Ser.sup.8-His.sup.37-GLP-1(7-37)OH,
Ser.sup.8-His.sup.37-GLP-1(7-36)NH.sub.2,
Thr.sup.8-His.sup.37-GLP-1(7-37)OH,
Thr.sup.8-His.sup.37-GLP-1(7-36)NH.sub.2.
[0107] Examples of GLP-1 compounds of SEQ ID NO.: 9 having multiple
substitutions include GLP-1(7-37)OH wherein position 8 is valine or
glycine, position 22 is glutamic acid, position 16 is tyrosine,
leucine or tryptophan, position 18 is tyrosine, tryptophan, or
isoleucine, position 25 is valine and position 33 is isoleucine.
Other such GLP-1 compounds include the following;
Val.sup.8-Tyr.sup.16-GLP-1(7-37)OH,
Val.sup.8-Tyr.sup.12-Glu.sup.22-GLP-1 (7-37)OH,
Val.sup.8-Tyr.sup.16-Phe.sup.19-GLP-1 (7-37)OH,
Val.sup.8-Tyr.sup.16-Glu.sup.22-GLP-1 (7-37)OH,
Val.sup.8-Trp.sup.16-Glu.sup.22-GLP-1 (7-37)OH,
Val.sup.8-Leu.sup.16-Glu.sup.22-GLP-1(7-37)OH,
Val.sup.8-Ile.sup.16-Glu.sup.22-GLP-1(7-37)OH,
Val.sup.8-Phe.sup.16-Glu.sup.22-GLP-1(7-37)OH,
Val.sup.8-Trp.sup.11-Glu.sup.22-GLP-1(7-37)OH,
Val.sup.8-Tyr.sup.18-Glu.sup.22-GLP-1(7-37)OH,
Val.sup.8-Phe.sup.18-Glu.sup.22-GLP-1(7-37)OH, and
Val.sup.8-Ile.sup.18-Glu.sup.22-GLP-1(7-37)OH.
[0108] The GLP-1 compounds of the present invention also encompass
Exendin compounds. Exendin-3 and Exendin-4 are biologically active
peptides first isolated from Helodermatidae lizard venoms and have
been shown to bind the GLP-1 receptor and stimulate cAMP-dependent
H+ production in mammalian parietal cells. Exendin-3 and Exendin-4
are both 39 amino acid peptides which are approximately 53%
homologous to GLP-1. They act as potent agonists of GLP-1 activity.
Notably, an N-terminally truncated derivative of Exendin, known as
Exendin (9-39 amino acids), is an inhibitor of Exendin-3, Exendin-4
and GLP-1.
[0109] An Exendin compound typically comprises a polypeptide having
the amino acid sequence of Exendin-3, Exendin-4, or an analog or
fragment thereof. Exendin-3 and Exendin-4 are disclosed in U.S.
Pat. No. 5,424,286, which is hereby incorporated by reference.
[0110] Exendin-3 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO.: 10:
His.sup.7-Ser-Asp-Gly.sup.10-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Asp.sup.15-Leu-Ser-Lys-Gln-M-
et.sup.20-Glu-Glu-Glu-Ala-Val.sup.25-Arg-Leu-Phe-Ile-Glu.sup.30-Trp-Leu-Ly-
s-Asn-Gly.sup.35-Gly-Pro-Ser-Ser-Gly.sup.40-Ala-Pro-Pro-Pro-Ser.sup.45-NH.-
sub.2
[0111] Exendin-4 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO.: 11:
His.sup.7-Gly-Glu-Gly.sup.10-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Asp.sup.15-Leu-Ser-Lys-Gln-M-
et.sup.20-Glu-Glu-Glu-Ala-Val.sup.25-Arg-Leu-Phe-Ile-Glu.sup.30-Trp-Leu-Ly-
s-Asn-Gly.sup.35-Gly-Pro-Ser-Ser-Gly.sup.40-Ala-Pro-Pro-Pro-Ser.sup.45-NH.-
sub.2.
[0112] GLP-1 compounds also include Exendin fragments which are
polypeptides obtained after truncation of one or more amino acids
from the N-terminus and/or C-terminus of Exendin or an Exendin
analog. Furthermore, GLP-1 compounds include Exendin polypeptides
in which one or more amino acids have been added to the N terminus
and/or C-terminus of Exendin or fragments thereof. Exendin
compounds of this type have up to about forty-five amino acids.
[0113] GLP-1 compounds also include "Exendin analogs". An Exendin
analog has sufficient homology to Exendin-4, Exendin-3, or a
fragment thereof such that the analog has insulinotropic activity.
The activity of Exendin fragments and/or analogs can be assessed
using in vitro assays.
[0114] An Exendin analog has the amino acid sequence of Exendin-4
or a fragment thereof, may be modified so that from one, two,
three, four or five amino acids differ from the amino acid in
corresponding position of Exendin-4 or the fragment of Exendin-4.
In the nomenclature used herein to designate Exendin compounds, the
substituting amino acid and its position is indicated prior to the
parent structure. For example, Val.sup.8-Exendin-4 designates an
Exendin compound in which the glycine normally found at position 8
of Exendin-4 has been replaced with valine.
[0115] Another group of GLP-1 compounds is composed of
GLP-1/Exendin-4 analogs of SEQ ID NO.: 12:
Xaa.sup.7-Xaa.sup.8-Glu-Gly-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Asp-Xaa.sup.16-Ser-Xaa.sup.18-
-Xaa.sup.19-Xaa.sup.20-Glu-Xaa.sup.22-Xaa.sup.23-Ala-Xaa.sup.25-Xaa.sup.26-
-Xaa.sup.27-Phe-Ile-Xaa.sup.30-Trp-Leu-Xaa.sup.33-Xaa.sup.34-Gly-Xaa.sup.3-
6-R.sup.37
wherein:
[0116] Xaa.sup.7 is: L-histidine, D-histidine, desamino-histidine,
2-amino-histidine, 13-hydroxy-histidine, homohistidine,
.alpha.-fluoromethyl-histidine or .alpha.-methyl-histidine;
TABLE-US-00008 Xaa.sup.8 is: Gly, Ala, or Val; Xaa.sup.16 is: Leu
or Val; Xaa.sup.18 is: Lys or Ser; Xaa.sup.19 is: Gln or Tyr;
Xaa.sup.20 is: Met or Leu; Xaa.sup.22 is: Glu or Gln; Xaa.sup.23
is: Glu or Gln; Xaa.sup.25 is: Val or Ala; Xaa.sup.26 is: Arg or
Lys; Xaa.sup.27 is: Leu or Glu; Xaa.sup.30 is: Glu or Ala;
Xaa.sup.33 is: Val or Lys; Xaa.sup.34 is: Asn or Lys; Xaa.sup.36
is: Gly or Arg; and (SEQ ID NO 15) R.sup.37 is: Gly, Pro,
Pro-Ser-Ser-Gly-Ala-Pro-Pro-Pro- Ser, or is absent.
[0117] Further Exendin-analogs that are useful for the present
invention are described in PCT patent publications WO 99/25728
(Beeley, et al.); WO 99/25727 (Beeley, et al.); WO 98/05351 (Young,
et al.); WO 99/40788 (Young, et al.); WO 99/07404 (Beeley, et al.);
and WO 99/43708 (Knudsen, et al.), all of which are hereby
incorporated by reference.
[0118] Another preferred group of GLP-1 compounds has the amino
acid sequence of SEQ ID NO.: 13:
Xaa.sup.7-Xaa.sup.8-Glu-Gly-Thr-Xaa.sup.12-Thr-Ser-Asp-Xaa.sup.16-Ser-Xaa-
.sup.18-Xaa.sup.19-Xaa.sup.20-Glu-Xaa.sup.22-Gln-Ala-Xaa.sup.25-Lys-Xaa.su-
p.27-Phe-Ile-Xaa.sup.30-Trp-Leu-Xaa.sup.33-Xaa.sup.34-Gly-Xaa.sup.36-Xaa.s-
up.37-Xaa.sup.38-Xaa.sup.39-Xaa.sup.40-Xaa.sup.41-Xaa.sup.42-Xaa.sup.43-Xa-
a.sup.44-Xaa.sup.45-Xaa.sup.46-Xaa.sup.47
wherein:
[0119] Xaa.sup.7 is: L-histidine, D-histidine, desamino-histidine,
2-amino-histidine, -hydroxy-histidine, homohistidine,
.alpha.-fluoromethyl-histidine, or .alpha.-methyl-histidine;
TABLE-US-00009 Xaa.sup.8 is: Ala, Gly, Val, Leu, Ile, Ser, or Thr;
Xaa.sup.12 is: Phe, Trp, or Tyr; Xaa.sup.16 is: Val, Trp, Ile, Leu,
Phe, or Tyr; Xaa.sup.18 is: Ser, Trp, Tyr, Phe, Lys, Ile, Leu, Val;
Xaa.sup.19 is: Tyr, Trp, or Phe; Xaa.sup.20 is: Leu, Phe, Tyr, or
Trp; Xaa.sup.22 is: Gly, Glu, Asp, or Lys; Xaa.sup.25 is: Ala, Val,
Ile, or Leu; Xaa.sup.27 is: Glu, Ile, or Ala; Xaa.sup.30 is: Ala or
Glu; Xaa.sup.33 is: Val or Ile; Xaa.sup.34 is: Lys, Asp, Arg, or
Glu; Xaa.sup.36 is: Gly, Pro, or Arg; Xaa.sup.37 is: Gly, Pro, or
Ser; Xaa.sup.38 is: Ser, Pro, or His; Xaa.sup.39 is: Ser, Arg, Thr,
Trp, or Lys; Xaa.sup.40 is: Ser or Gly; Xaa.sup.41 is: Ala, Asp,
Arg, Glu, Lys, or Gly; Xaa.sup.42 is: Pro, Ala, NH.sub.2, or is
absent; Xaa.sup.43 is: Pro, Ala, NH.sub.2, or is absent; Xaa.sup.44
is: Pro, Ala, Arg, Lys, His, NH.sub.2, or is absent; Xaa.sup.45 is:
Ser, His, Pro, Lys, Arg, NH.sub.2 or is absent;
Xaa.sup.46 is: His, Ser, Arg, Lys, NH.sub.2 or is absent; and
[0120] Xaa.sup.47 is: His, Ser, Arg, Lys, NH.sub.2 or is absent;
provided that if Xaa.sup.42, Xaa.sup.43, Xaa.sup.44, Xaa.sup.45,
Xaa.sup.46, or Xaa.sup.47 is absent each amino acid downstream is
absent and further provided that the GLP-1 peptide does not have
the following C-terminal amino acid extension beginning at
Xaa.sup.36: Gly-Pro-Ser-Ser-Gly-Ala-Pro-Pro-Pro-Ser-NH.sub.2 (SEQ
ID NO: 16).
[0121] Another group of GLP-1 compounds has the amino acid sequence
of SEQ ID NO: 14
Xaa.sup.7-Xaa.sup.8-Glu-Gly-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Asp-Xaa.sup.16-Ser-Ser-Tyr-Ly-
s-Glu-Xaa.sup.22-Gln-Ala-Xaa.sup.25-Lys-Glu-Phe-Ile-Ala-Trp-Leu-Xaa.sup.33-
-Xaa.sup.34-Gly-Xaa.sup.36-Xaa.sup.37-Xaa.sup.38-Xaa.sup.39-Xaa.sup.40-Xaa-
.sup.41-Xaa.sup.42-Xaa.sup.43-Xaa.sup.44-Xaa.sup.45-Xaa.sup.46-Xaa.sup.47
wherein:
[0122] Xaa.sup.7 is: L-histidine, D-histidine, desamino-histidine,
2-amino-histidine, B-hydroxy-histidine, homohistidine,
a-fluoromethyl-histidine, or .alpha.-methyl-histidine;
TABLE-US-00010 Xaa.sup.8 is: Gly, Val, Leu, Ile, Ser, or Thr;
Xaa.sup.16 is: Val, Trp, Ile, Leu, Phe, or Tyr; Xaa.sup.22 is: Gly,
Glu, Asp, or Lys; Xaa.sup.25 is: Ala, Val, Ile, or Leu; Xaa.sup.33
is: Val or Ile; Xaa.sup.34 is: Lys, Asp, Arg, or Glu; Xaa.sup.36
is: Gly, Pro, or Arg; Xaa.sup.37 is: Gly, Pro, or Ser; Xaa.sup.38
is: Ser, Pro, or His; Xaa.sup.39 is: Ser, Arg, Thr, Trp, or Lys;
Xaa.sup.40 is: Ser or Gly; Xaa.sup.41 is: Ala, Asp, Arg, Glu, Lys,
or Gly; Xaa.sup.42 is: Pro or Ala; Xaa.sup.43 is: Pro or Ala;
Xaa.sup.44 is: Pro, Ala, Arg, Lys, His, NH.sub.2 dor is absent;
Xaa.sup.45 is: Ser, His, Pro, Lys, Arg, NH.sub.2 or is absent
Xaa.sup.46 is: His, Ser, Arg, Lys, NH.sub.2 or is absent; and
Xaa.sup.47 is: His, Ser, Arg, Lys, NH.sub.2 or is absent;
provided that if Xaa.sup.44, Xaa.sup.45, Xaa.sup.46, or Xaa.sup.47
is absent each amino acid downstream is absent and further provided
that the GLP-1 peptide does not have the following C-terminal amino
acid extension beginning at Xaa.sup.36:
Gly-Pro-Ser-Ser-Gly-Ala-Pro-Pro-Pro-Ser-NH.sub.2 (SEQ ID NO:
16).
[0123] Other embodiments of SEQ. ID NOS.: 13 and 14 include GLP-1
compounds that have valine or glycine at position 8 and glutamic
acid at position 22.
[0124] Other active compounds are suitable for use in formulations
of the present invention. These include the agents disclosed in
U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,660,716, 6,620,910, 6,608,038, 6,593,295,
6,589,549, 6,586,438, 6,583,111, 6,579,851, 6,576,653, 6,573,291,
6,569,832, 6,566,490, RE38112, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,555,521, 6,555,519,
6,551,578, 6,548,529, 6,5311,24, 6,528,486, 6,518,241, 6,515,117,
6,514,500, 6,500,804, 6,500,645, 6,489,295, 6,485,707, 6,348,447,
6,316,224, 6,303,661, 6,290,987, 6,287,806, 6,284,727, 6,284,725,
6,277,819, 6,271,241, 6,268,343, RE37302, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,258,377,
6,214,547, 6,201,072, 6,191,102, 6,184,201, 6,180,131, 6,171,823,
6,162,907, 6,133,235, 6,117,949, 6,11,0703, 6,087,129, 6,077,949,
6,051,689, 6,048,724, 6,037,145, 6,031,004, 6,017,545, 6,006,753,
6,004,573, 5,994,500, 5,994,127, 5,990,077, 5,985,627, 5,981,488,
5,977,071, 5,958,909, 5,932,547, 5,925,549, 5,912,229, 5,846,937,
5,846,774, 5,846,747, 5,834,428, 5,795,746, 5,789,379, 5,705,483,
5,670,360, 5,639,642, 5,631,224, 5,614,492, 5,574,008, 5,552,520,
5,545,618, 5,512,549, 5,424,286, and 5,118,666. Other agents
suitable for use in formulations of the present invention are
disclosed in U.S. Published Application Nos. 20030232754,
20030228652, 20030225091, 20030224983, 20030224477, 20030221201,
20030220274, 20030220251, 20030220243, 20030216294, 20030216292,
20030212063, 20030211167, 20030207802, 20030204063, 20030203913,
20030199672, 20030199563, 20030199451, 20030198970 A1, 20030195361,
20030195157, 20030186858, 20030186436, 20030180371, 20030175239,
20030171411, 20030167477, 20030162703, 20030158232, 20030158101,
20030153509, 20030144471, 20030130306, 20030125334, 20030124669,
20030119736, 20030119734, 20030118610, 20030114681, 20030114390,
20030113300, 20030109449, 20030108568, 20030108567, 20030105106,
20030105005, 20030100563, 20030096846, 20030092736, 20030092697,
20030091507, 20030087935, 20030087843, 20030083259, 20030082671,
20030073728, 20030073626, 20030072822 20030069275, 20030069182,
20030064935, 20030060412, 20030050237, 20030045464, 20030041602,
20030040516, 20030040469, 20030027996, 20030022823, 20030022816,
20030008905, 20030004162, 20020198158, 20020187926, 20020183369,
20020183367, 20020177602, 20020165342, 20020165148, 20020155597,
20020155100, 20020151065 20020147131, 20020146779, 20020146405,
20020141979, 20020065239, 20020061901, 20020061838, 20020055460,
20020052392, 20020052326, 20020049153, 20020045582, 20020044976,
20020028826, 20020019411, 20020013268, 20020010129, 20010047084
20010046956, 20010021767, 20010016643, 20010014666, 20010012829,
20010011071, 20010006943, and 20010002394. Other agents suitable
for use in formulations of the present invention are disclosed in
International Published Application Nos. 2003102187, 2003101988,
2003100026 2003100022, 2003099991, 2003099853, 2003099852,
2003099848, 2003099847, 2003094845, 2003082841 2003082817,
2003090723, 2003087139, 2003086444, 2003084563, 2003080157,
2003080070, 2003080033, 2003078462, 2003077949, 2003074558,
2003074087, 2003072195, 2003058203, 2003057200, 2003043985,
2003043624, 2003040309, 2003040114, 2003035099, 2003033671,
2003032923, 2003028730, 2003028626, 2003027113, 2003027112,
2003026635, 2003020737, 2003020201, 2003018516, 2003016349,
2003011892, 2003010186, 2003002136, 2003000666, 2003000663,
2003000181, 2003000180, 2002100390 2002098348, 2002096358,
2002096357, 2002085406, U.S. Pat. Nos. 0,240,537, 0,240,448,
0,247,716, 0,247,715, 0,246,227, 0,243,767, 0,232,395, 0,198,331,
0,187,322, 0,157,084, 0,155,213, 0,154,694, 0,132,158, 0,037,098,
0,016,797, 0,015,224, 0,012,116, 9,947,160, 9,946,283, 9,930,731,
9,929,336, 9,843,658, 9,832,867, 9,820,895, 9,819,698, 9,808,873,
9,808,871, 9,808,531, 9,801,535, 9,739,031, 9,729,180, 9,632,414,
9,620,005, 9,606,628, 9,517,510, 9,504,752, 9,325,579, 9,318,785,
9,210,576, and 8,706,941. Each of the above listed U.S. Patents,
U.S. Pulished Applications, and Published International
Applications are herein incorporated by reference.
[0125] Delivery Agents
[0126] The delivery agents of the present invention can be made by
methods known in the art such as those as described in WO 90/36480;
WO 96/30036; U.S. Pat. No. 5,643,957; U.S. Pat. No. 6,242,495; all
of which are herein incorporated by reference.
[0127] The delivery agents of the present invention include those
disclosed in WO 96/21464, WO 96/30036, WO 00/06534, WO 98/34632, WO
00/07979, WO 01/44199, WO 1/32596, WO 02/18969, WO 03/045306, and
WO 03/072195. Each of these prior applications are incorporated by
reference.
[0128] Many of the delivery agents of the present invention can be
readily prepared from amino acids including, but not limited to,
aminocaprylic acid, butyrylhydroxaminic acid, aminophenylbutyric
acid, aminophenylhexanoic acid, aminophenylpropionic acid,
aminosalicylic acid, aminophenylsuccinic acid, aminononanic acid,
aminonicotinic acid, aminovalenic acid, aminophenylacetic acid,
aminocaproic acid, aminoundecanoic acid, aminoheptanoic acid,
aminohydroxybenzoic acid, and aminodecanoic acid.
[0129] For example, these delivery agents may be prepared by
reacting the single acid with the appropriate agent which reacts
with free amino moiety present in the amino acids to form amides.
Protecting groups may be used to avoid unwanted side reactions as
would be known to those skilled in the art.
[0130] The delivery agent compounds may be in the form of the free
base or salts thereof. Suitable salts include, but are not limited
to, organic and inorganic salts, for example sodium, ammonium,
acetate salt, citrate salt, halide (preferably hydrochloride),
hydroxide, sulfate, nitrate, phosphate, alkoxy, perchlorate,
tetrafluoroborate, carboxylate, mesylate, fumerate, malonate,
succinate, tartrate, acetate, gluconate, and maleate. Preferred
salts include, but are not limited to, citrate and mesylate salts.
The salts may also be solvates, including ethanol solvates, and
hydrates.
[0131] Salts of the delivery agent compounds of the present
invention may be prepared by methods known in the art. For example,
citrate salts and mesylate salts may be prepared in ethanol,
toluene and citric acid.
[0132] The delivery agents may be purified by recrystallization or
by fractionation on solid column supports. Suitable
recrystallization solvent systems include acetonitrile, methanol
and tetrahydrofuran. Fractionation may be performed on a suitable
solid column supports such as alumina, using methanol/n-propanol
mixtures as the mobile phase; reverse phase column supports using
trifluoroacetic acid/acetonitrile mixtures as the mobile phase; and
ion exchange chromatography using water as the mobile phase.
[0133] When anion exchange chromatography is performed, preferably
a subsequent 0-500 mM sodium chloride gradient is employed.
[0134] According to one embodiment, the delivery agents disclosed
in International Published Application No. 2003/045306 are excluded
as possible delivery agents of the present invention. In one
embodiment, compound 1 from International Published Application No.
2003/045306 is excluded. In alternative embodiments, compound 1 and
salts of compound 1 are excluded.
[0135] In another embodiment, the delivery agents disclosed in
International Published Application No. 2002/100338 are excluded.
In one embodiment, compound A from International Published
Application No. 2002/100338 are excluded. In alternative
embodiments, compound A and salts of compound A is excluded. In
alternative embodiments, compounds 1-11 of International Published
Application No. 2002/100338 are excluded. In alternative
embodiments, compounds 1-11 and salts of compounds 1-11 are
excluded.
[0136] The delivery agent may contain a polymer conjugated to it
such as described in WO 03/045306. For example, the delivery agent
and polymer may be conjugated by a linkage group selected from the
group consisting of --NHC(O)NH--, --C(O) NH--,
--NHC(O),--OOC--,--COO--,--NHC(O)O--,--OC(O)NH--,--CH2NH--NHCH2-,--CH2NHC-
(O)O--,--OC(O)NHCH2-,--CH2NHCOCH2O--,--OCH2C(O)NHCH2-,--NHC(O)CH20-,--OCH2-
C(O)NH--, --NH--,--O--, and carbon-carbon bond, with the proviso
that the polymeric delivery agent is not a polypeptide or polyamino
acid. The polymer may be any polymer including, but not limited to,
alternating copolymers, block copolymers and random copolymers,
which are safe for use in mammals.
[0137] Preferred polymers include, but are not limited to,
polyethylene; polyacrylates; polymethacrylates; poly (oxyethylene);
poly (propylene); polypropylene glycol; polyethylene glycol (PEG);
and derivatives thereof and combinations thereof. The molecular
weight of the polymer typically ranges from about 100 to about
200,000 daltons. The molecular weight of the polymer preferably
ranges from about 200 to about 10,000 daltons. In one embodiment,
the molecular weight of the polymer ranges from about 200 to about
600 daltons and more preferably ranges from about 300 to about 550
daltons.
[0138] Delivery agents of the present invention are described in
U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,663,898, 6,663,887, 6,646,162, 6,642,411,
6,627,228, 6,623,731, 6,610,329, 6,558,706, 6,525,020, 6,461,643,
6,461,545, 6,440,929, 6,428,780, 6,413,550, 6,399,798, 6,395,774,
6,391,303, 6,384,278, 6,375,983, 6,358,504, 6,346,242, 6,344,213,
6,331,318, 6,313,088, 6,245,359, 6,242,495, 6,221,367, 6,180,140,
5,541,155, 5,693,338, 5,976,569, 5,643,957, 5,955,503, 6,100,298,
5,650,386, 5,866,536, 5,965,121, 5,989,539, 6,001,347, 6,071,510,
and 5,820,881. Delivery agents of the present invention are also
described in U.S. Published Application Nos. 20030232085,
20030225300, 20030198658, 20030133953, 20030078302, 20030072740,
20030045579, 20030012817, 20030008900, 20020155993, 20020127202,
20020120009, 20020119910, 20020102286, 20020065255, 20020052422,
20020040061, 20020028250, 20020013497, 20020001591, 20010039258,
20010003001. Delivery agents of the present invention are also
described in International Published Application Nos. 2003/057650,
2003/057170, 2003/045331, 2003/045306, 2003/026582, 2002/100338,
2002/070438, 2002/069937, 02/20466, 02/19969, 02/16309, 02/15959,
02/02509, 01/92206, 01/70219, 01/51454, 01/44199, 01/34114,
01/32596, 01/32130, 00/07979, 00/59863, 00/50386, 00/47188,
00/40203, 96/30036. Each of the above listed U.S. Patents, U.S.
Pulished Applications, and Published International Applications are
herein incorporated by reference.
[0139] Administration Composition
[0140] The administration compositions of the present invention
comprises one or more delivery agent compounds of the present
invention, and GLP-1. In one embodiment, one or more of the
delivery agent compounds, or salts of these compounds, or poly
amino acids or peptides of which these compounds or salts form one
or more of the units thereof, may be used as a delivery agent by
mixing with the GLP-1 compound prior to administration to form an
administration composition.
[0141] The administration compositions are preferably in the form
of a solid, such as a tablet, capsule or particle, such as a powder
or sachet. Solid dosage forms may be prepared by mixing the solid
form of the compound with the solid form of the active agent.
Alternately, a solid may be obtained from a solution of compound
and active agent by methods known in the art, such as freeze-drying
(lyophilization), precipitation, crystallization and solid
dispersion.
[0142] The administration composition may also be in the form of a
liquid. The solution medium may be water, 25% aqueous propylene
glycol, and/or a phosphate buffer. Other dosing vehicles include
polyethylene glycol. Dosing solutions may be prepared by mixing a
solution of GLP-1 with a solution of the active agent, just prior
to administration. Alternately, a solution of the delivery agent
compound (or GLP-1) may be mixed with the solid form of the GLP-1
active agent (or delivery agent compound). The delivery agent
compound and the GLP-1 may also be mixed as dry powders. The
delivery agent compound and GLP-1 can also be admixed during the
manufacturing process.
[0143] The administration composition of the present invention may
optionally encompass a pharmaceutically acceptable buffer. Examples
of pharmaceutically acceptable buffers include phosphate buffers
such as dibasic sodium phosphate, TRIS, glycylglycine, maleate,
sodium acetate, sodium citrate, sodium tartrate, or an amino acid
such as glycine, histidine, lysine or arginine. Other
pharmaceutically acceptable buffers are known in the art.
Preferably, the buffer is selected from the group consisting of
phosphate, TRIS, maleate, and glycine. Even more preferably the
buffer is TRIS.
[0144] Preferably, the TRIS concentration is between about 1 mM and
100 mM. Even more preferably, the concentration is between about 10
mM and about 50 mM, most preferably the buffer is about 20 mM.
[0145] The pH of the administration composition may be adjusted to
provide stability and to be acceptable for oral administration. The
pH may be adjusted to between about 7.0 and about 9.0. More
particularly, the pH may be adjusted between about 7.4 and 8.4, or
between 7.8 and 8.4, or between about 7.8 and 8.1.
[0146] The various oral formulations of the present invention may
optionally encompass a suspending agent. Some delivery agents
require a suspending agent due to their solubility characteristics.
An example of a suspending agent is hydroxypropylmethylcellulose.
Preferably, the final concentration of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose
is between about 2% and about 10% (weight/volume). Even more
preferably, the concentration is between about 2% and about 5%
(w/v). Most preferably the concentration is about 3.9% (w/v). The
administration composition of the present invention may optionally
comprise a cosolvent. Some delivery agents require cosolvents due
to their solubility characteristics.
[0147] Examples of cosolvents include ethanol, N-methylpyrrolidone,
N,N-dimethylacetamide,N,N-dimethylformamide, glycofurol,
ethoxydiol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol 300 and
polyvinylpyrrolidone. Preferably, the final concentration of the
cosolvents is between about 5% and about 30% (volume/volume). Even
more preferably, the concentration is between about 10% and about
25% (v/v). Most preferably the concentration is about 20%
(v/v).
[0148] The administration composition may optionally contain
additives such as phosphate buffer salts, citric acid, glycols, or
other dispersing agents. Stabilizing additives may be incorporated
into the solution, preferably at a concentration ranging between
about 0.1 and 20% (w/v).
[0149] The administration composition of the present invention may
optionally comprise a preservative. Preservative refers to a
compound that is added to the formulation to act as an
antimicrobial agent. Among preservatives known in the art as being
effective and acceptable in parenteral formulations are phenolic
preservatives, alkylparabens, benzyl alcohol, chlorobutanol,
resorcinol, and other similar preservatives, and various mixtures
thereof. Examples of phenolic derivatives include cresols and
phenol or a mixture of cresols and phenol. Examples of cresols
include meta-cresol, ortho-cresol, para-cresol, chlorocresol, or
mixtures thereof. Alkylparaben refers to a C1 to C4 alkylparaben,
or mixtures thereof. Examples of alkylparabens include
methylparaben, ethylparaben, propylparaben, or butylparaben. The
concentrations must be sufficient to maintain preservative
effectiveness by retarding microbial growth. Preferably, the
preservative is a phenol derivative. More preferably the
preservative is a cresol. Even more preferably the preservative is
meta-cresol.
[0150] A preferred concentration of a preservative in the final
mixture is about 1.0 mg/mL to about 20.0 mg/mL. More preferred
ranges of concentration of preservative in the final mixture are
about 2.0 mg/mL to about 8.0 mg/mL, about 2.5 mg/mL to about 4.5
mg/mL and about 2.0 mg/mL to about 4.0 mg/mL. A most preferred
concentration of preservative in the final mixture is about 3.0
mg/mL.
[0151] The administration composition of the present invention may
optionally comprise an isotonicity agent. Isotonicity agents refer
to compounds that are tolerated physiologically and impart a
suitable tonicity to the formulation to prevent the net flow of
water across cell membranes. Examples of such compounds include
glycerin, salts, e. g., NaCl, and sugars, e. g., dextrose,
mannitol, and sucrose. These compounds are commonly used for such
purposes at known concentrations. One or more isotonicity agents
may be added to adjust the ionic strength or tonicity. The
preferred isotonicity agent is NaCl. The concentration of the NaCl
is preferably between about 10 mM and 200 mM, more preferred is
between about 50 mM and 150 mM, and most preferred is about 100
mM.
[0152] The administration composition of the present invention may
also include one or more enzyme inhibitors. Such enzyme inhibitors
include, but are not limited to, compounds such as actinonin or
epiactinonin and derivatives thereof. Other enzyme inhibitors
include, but are not limited to, aprotinin (Trasylol) and
Bowman-Birk inhibitor.
[0153] Amounts of delivery agents and GLP-1 used in formulations of
the present invention will vary according to the severity of the
subjects' indication, and the form of GLP-1 and active agent
administered. Appropriate amounts for an individual subject can be
determined by routine experimentation, in view of the subjects'
pharamacokinetic properties, such as insuling levels or glucagon
levels in the blood.
[0154] Typical amounts of delivery agents and GLP-1 used in testing
with male Sprague-Dawly rats range from 0 to 3000 .mu.g/kg of
GLP-1, and 0 to 200 .mu.g/kg of delivery agent.
[0155] However, because the compositions of the invention may
deliver GLP-1 more efficiently than compositions containing GLP-1
alone, lower amounts of GLP-1 than those used in prior dosage unit
forms or delivery systems can be administered to the subject, while
still achieving the same blood levels and therapeutic effects.
[0156] Administration compositions may further include additives.
For example administration compositions may include nicotinamide,
as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,573,237 and 6,440,930 and U.S.
Published Application Nos. U.S. 2003/0221201 and
US2003/0069182.
[0157] Methods of Treatment
[0158] The formulations comprising a GLP-1 compound and a delivery
agent can be used to treat a wide variety of diseases and
conditions. The GLP-1 compounds primarily exert their biological
effects by acting at a GLP-1 receptor. Subjects with diseases
and/or conditions that respond favorably to GLP-1 receptor
stimulation or to the administration of GLP-1 compounds can
therefore be treated with the oral formulations of the present
invention.
[0159] These subjects are said to "be in need of treatment with
GLP-1 compounds" or "in need of GLP-1 receptor stimulation".
Included are subjects with non-insulin dependent diabetes, insulin
dependent diabetes, stroke (see WO 00/16797), myocardial infarction
(see WO 98/08531), obesity (see WO98/19698), catabolic changes
after surgery (see U.S. Pat. No. 6,006,753), functional dyspepsia
and irritable bowel syndrome (see WO 99/64060). Also included are
subjects requiring prophylactic treatment with a GLP-1 compound, e.
g., subjects at risk for developing non-insulin dependent diabetes
(see WO 00/07617). Subjects with impaired glucose tolerance or
impaired fasting glucose, subjects whose body weight is about 25%
above normal body weight for the subject's height and body build,
subjects with a partial pancreatectomy, subjects having one or more
parents with non-insulin dependent diabetes, subjects who have had
gestational diabetes and subjects who have had acute or chronic
pancreatitis are at risk for developing non-insulin dependent
diabetes.
[0160] Another embodiment of the present invention is a method for
the treatment or prevention of a disease or for achieving a desired
physiological effect, such in an animal by administering the
composition of the present invention. Preferably, an effective
amount of the composition for the treatment or prevention of the
desired disease or for achieving the desired physiological effect
is administered. Specific indications can be found in the
Physicians' Desk Reference (54th Ed., 2000, Medical Economics
Company, Inc., Montvale, N.J.), which is herein incorporated by
reference.
[0161] For example, one embodiment of the present invention is a
method for treating a patient suffering from or susceptible to
diabetes, particularly non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
(NIDDM) by administering GLP-1 and at least one of the delivery
agent compounds of the present invention. Another embodiment of the
present invention is a method for treating a subject for obesity by
administering GLP-1 and at least one of the delivery agent
compounds of the present invention.
[0162] Embodiments of the present invention also relate to the
prophylactic treatment of subjects who are at risk for non-insulin
dependent diabetes. Individuals at risk for non-insulin dependent
diabetes are known to those or ordinary skill in the art, and
include subjects with impaired glucose tolerance, impaired fasting
glucose, overweight subjects, subjects with a partial
panreatectomy, subjects having one or more parents with non-insulin
dependent diabetes, subjects who have had gestational diabetes, and
subjects who have had acute or chronic pancreatitis.
[0163] Embodiments of the present invention further relate to the
prophylactic treatment of subjects who are at risk for obesity.
Individuals at risk for obesity are known to those or ordinary
skill in the art, and include subjects who are already overweight,
subjects who have parents or family members who are overweight,
subjects who have undergone lifestyle changes such that they are
now prone to weight gain (e.g. quitting smoking, the cessation of
chronic alcohol or drug use), or subjects who have become
incapacitated and/or unable to maintain previous levels of
activity.
[0164] Following administration, the active agent present in the
composition or dosage unit form is taken up into the circulation.
The bioavailability of the agent can be readily assessed by
measuring a known pharmacological activity in blood, e. g. an
increase in insulin caused by the GLP-1 or GLP-1 analog.
Alternately, the circulating levels of the GLP-1 or GLP-1 analog
itself can be measured directly.
[0165] The following non-limiting examples are provided to
illustrate the invention. Modifications and variations of the
methods and compounds disclosed herein will be apparent to those of
ordinary skill in the art, and are intended to be within the scope
of the invention.
EXAMPLES
Example 1
Preparation of Dosing Solutions
[0166] GLP-1 was obtained from Bachem (Torrance, Calif.) as a bulk
powder. To prepare stock solutions, GLP-1 was dissolved in
deionized water (pH6.5) to obtain a concentration of 8 mg/ml. Stock
solutions were kept frozen at -20.degree. C. in 0.5-ml aliquots
until used. For dosing solutions, delivery agent was dissolved in
deionized water to obtain a final concentration of 200 mg/ml (oral
dosing) or 100 mg/ml (intracolonic dosing). The free acid form of
delivery agent was converted to the sodium salt by adding one
equivalent of sodium hydroxide. Solutions were vortexed, sonicated,
and heated, and if necessary, additional sodium hydroxide was added
in .mu.l quantities to achieve uniform solubility. A specified
quantity of GLP-1 stock was then added to the delivery agent
solution to obtain a final concentration of 1 or 0.3 mg/ml (oral)
or 0.6 mg/ml (intracolonic). After solubilization and drug
addition, solutions were brought to final volume by the addition of
deionized water.
Animals and Dosing
[0167] GLP-1 was administered to male, Sprague-Dawley rats either
alone or in combination with an Emisphere delivery agent.
Typically, rats were fasted for 18-24 hours prior to dosing. On the
day of the experiment, rats were weighed and then anesthestized
with a combination of ketamine (44 mg/kg) and thorazine (1.5
mg/kg). Anesthesia was administered by intramuscular (IM) injection
(26-gauge needle) into the hindleg in a volume of 0.5 mls/kg body
weight. A tail or toe pinch was used to determine the level of
anesthesia. Once anesthetized, rats were administered GLP-1 alone
or in combination with an Emisphere delivery agent. Routes of
delivery were either oral (PO) or intracolonic (IC). For PO &
IC dosing, a Rusch 8 French catheter was cut to 11 cm in length and
adapted to fit a 1-ml syringe. The syringe was filled with dosing
solution and the catheter was wiped dry of excess solution. For PO
dosing, the catheter was inserted into the rat mouth and fed down
the esophagus (10.0 cm). The dosing solution was delivered by
pressing the syringe plunger while holding the rat in an upright
position. The doses of delivery agent and GLP-1 were 200 mg/kg and
1 or 0.3 mg/kg, respectively. The dose volume was 1 ml/kg. For IC
dosing, the catheter was inserted into the rectum and fed into the
colon (7.5 cm). The dosing solution was delivered by pressing the
syringe plunger while holding the rat up by the tail. The doses of
delivery agent and GLP-1 were 50 mg/kg and 0.3 mg/kg, respectively.
The dose volume was 0.5 ml/kg.
Sample Collection and Handling
[0168] During blood sample collection, rats may have received
additional injections of ketamine/thorazine in order to maintain
anesthesia. For blood sampling, a 22-gauge needle was inserted into
the tail artery. Typically, blood samples were collected prior to
dosing (time 0) and at 5, 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes after dosing.
Samples were collected into capiject tubes containing EDTA and a
DDP-IV inhibitor, and placed on wet ice until centrifugation. After
all samples were collected, tubes were centrifuged at 10,000 rpm
for 4 minutes at 4.degree. C. in order to separate the plasma.
Plasma was collected into eppendorf tubes and frozen at -20.degree.
C. until assayed.
Bioanalytical Method and Data Analysis
[0169] Briefly, concentrations of GLP-1 were quantified in rat
plasma using a radioimmunoassay (RIA). The % B/B.sub.0 (% bound
drug/unbound drug) was derived for the assay standards and plotted
on a log/log scale. A 4PL logistic fit was used to fit the standard
curve. The sample concentrations were calculated by reading the %
B/B.sub.0 of the samples off the standard curve. % B/B.sub.0 values
from each time point were averaged (n=5) and plotted versus
concentration. Finally, data were expressed as mean plasma
concentration of GLP-1 (.+-.SEM) versus time. The range of the
assay was 0.1-12.8 ng/ml.
[0170] The results are shown in Table 2. TABLE-US-00011 TABLE 2
Compound Drug Dose Delivery Compound Dose Drug Dose Test Article
Dose Volume Std. Agent Dose Unit Dose Unit Viscosity Volume Unit pH
CMAX Dev. TMAX N/A 0 mg/kg 1 ng/kg Solution 0.5 mL/kg 8.15 31.44
17.5 60 N/A 0 mg/kg 2 ng/kg Solution 0.5 mL/kg 7.2 32.37 18.75 45
N/A 0 mg/kg 3 ng/kg Solution 0.5 mL/kg 7.41 17.47 22.85 45 N/A 0
mg/kg 30 ng/kg Solution 0.5 mL/kg 7.41 19.17 17.7 45 N/A 0 mg/kg 10
ng/kg Solution 0.5 mL/kg 7.41 17.06 8.41 45 N/A 0 mg/kg 50 ng/kg
Solution 0.5 mL/kg 7.42 152.8 179.31 15 N/A 0 mg/kg 500 .mu.g/kg
Solution 1 mL/kg 7.42 106.03 74.33 15 N/A 0 ng/kg 30 ng/kg Solution
0.5 mL/kg 7 64.44 41.48 15 N/A 0 mg/kg 0 ng/kg Solution 0.5 mL/kg
7.21 11.68 2.04 30 N/A 0 mg/kg 300 .mu.g/kg Solution 1 mL/kg 7.76
64.2 24 15 N/A 0 ng/kg 30 ng/kg Solution 0.5 mL/kg 7.3 6.4 6.46 15
N/A 0 mg/kg 0 ng/kg Solution 0.5 mL/kg 7.26 11.13 12.38 30 N/A 0
mg/kg 300 .mu.g/kg Solution 1 mL/kg 7.28 26.54 20.9 15 N/A 0 mg/kg
0 ng/kg Solution 0.5 mL/kg 7.84 0.06 0.2 60 N/A 0 mg/kg 0 ng/kg
Solution 1 mL/kg 7.54 5.87 3.01 5 N/A 0 mg/kg 0.3 mg/kg Solution
0.5 mL/kg 7.29 20016.87 1902.17 5 N/A 0 mg/kg 0.5 mg/kg Solution
0.5 mL/kg 7.29 27881.88 3169.1 5 N/A 0 mg/kg 0.3 mg/kg Solution 0.5
mL/kg 7.22 7296.44 0 30 N/A 200 mg/kg 1 mg/kg Solution 1 mL/kg 8.26
5263.6 3269.83 30 1 200 mg/kg 1 mg/kg Thick Suspension 1 mL/kg 8.59
6416.4 4602.7 5 2 200 mg/kg 100 .mu.g/kg Solution 1 mL/kg 7.79
27.37 10.72 45 2 100 mg/kg 1 ng/kg Solution 0.5 mL/kg 7.82 251.05
10.44 45 2 200 mg/kg 300 .mu.g/kg Solution 1 mL/kg 7.9 33.65 26.1
15 2 100 mg/kg 50 ng/kg Solution 0.5 mL/kg 7.8 172.3 120.36 15 2
200 mg/kg 500 .mu.g/kg Solution 1 mL/kg 7.9 191.28 99.9 15 2 200
mg/kg 500 .mu.g/kg Solution 1 mL/kg 8.02 202.37 131.63 5 2 200
mg/kg 300 .mu.g/kg Solution 1 mL/kg 8.03 272.32 161.13 5 2 200
mg/kg 300 .mu.g/kg Solution 1 mL/kg 7.93 142.47 83.57 5 2 200 mg/kg
300 .mu.g/kg Solution 1 mL/kg 7.93 62.15 46.21 5 2 200 mg/kg 300
.mu.g/kg Solution 1 mL/kg 7.96 116.87 64.73 5 2 200 mg/kg 300
.mu.g/kg Solution 1 mL/kg 7.95 237.61 14.42 5 2 200 mg/kg 300
.mu.g/kg Solution 1 mL/kg 0 184.53 150.25 5 2 200 mg/kg 0 ng/kg
Solution 1 mL/kg 7.87 0.39 0.75 0 2 200 mg/kg 0 ng/kg Solution 1
mL/kg 7.85 4.19 3.45 0 2 200 mg/kg 0.3 mg/kg Solution 1 mL/kg 7.88
6255.93 2047.75 5 2 200 mg/kg 1 mg/kg Solution 1 mL/kg 7.98
16883.03 3547.16 5 2 200 mg/kg 0 mg/kg Solution 1 mL/kg 7.77 4449.6
164.81 60 2 50 mg/kg 0.3 mg/kg Solution 0.5 mL/kg 7.7 192683.8
52728.26 5 2 200 mg/kg 1 mg/kg Solution 1 mL/kg 8.05 63731.12
113564.6 5 2 200 mg/kg 1 mg/kg Solution 1 mL/kg 7.85 18120.01
2846.6 5 2 200 mg/kg 1 mg/kg Solution 1 mL/kg 8.23 10085.71 8026.96
5 2 200 mg/kg 1 mg/kg Solution 1 mL/kg 8 220007 9701.94 5 2 200
mg/kg 1 mg/kg Solution 1 mL/kg 7.99 21676.09 31312.22 5 2 200 mg/kg
1 mg/kg Solution 1 mL/kg 8.09 27297.38 32710.69 5 2 200 mg/kg 1
mg/kg Solution 1 mL/kg 7.93 8794.6 10125 5 2 200 mg/kg 1 mg/kg
Solution 1 mL/kg 8.11 7944.47 656.06 30 2 200 mg/kg 1 mg/kg
Solution 1 mL/kg 7.94 14636.04 9393.71 5 2 200 mg/kg 1 mg/kg 1
mL/kg 7.84 19262.84 11361.48 5 2 200 mg/kg 1 mg/kg 1 mL/kg 7.84
10927.55 9295.88 5 3 200 mg/kg 1 mg/kg Suspension 1 mL/kg 7.83
2918.87 3456.52 15 4 200 mg/kg 300 .mu.g/kg Suspension 1 mL/kg 7.26
63.44 22 60 4 200 mg/kg 1 mg/kg Suspension 1 mL/kg 7.69 2897.81
935.84 60 5 200 mg/kg 300 .mu.g/kg Solution 1 mL/kg 7.48 245.18
132.51 5 6 200 mg/kg 300 .mu.g/kg Solution 1 mL/kg 7.29 79.06 94.86
15 6 200 mg/kg 1 mg/kg Suspension 1 mL/kg 7.05 8557 4877.95 5 7 200
mg/kg 1 mg/kg Precipitate 1 mL/kg 7.99 119647.6 97637.84 5 7 200
mg/kg 1 mg/kg Solution 1 mL/kg 8.06 8179.44 3662.2 5 7 200 mg/kg 1
mg/kg Solution 1 mL/kg 8.14 8876.04 2822.07 5 8 200 mg/kg 1 mg/kg 1
mL/kg 9.21 6034.29 6986.65 5 9 200 mg/kg 1 mg/kg Suspension 1 mL/kg
8.04 8623.09 4623.85 30 10 200 mg/kg 300 .mu.g/kg Suspension 1
mL/kg 7.23 128.77 41.23 45 10 200 mg/kg 1 mg/kg 1 mL/kg 7.54
26149.3 16719.87 5 11 200 mg/kg 1 mg/kg Suspension 1 mL/kg 8.17
56735.66 74607.84 15 11 200 mg/kg 1 mg/kg Suspension 1 mL/kg 7.98
10708.08 9289.96 5 11 200 mg/kg 1 mg/kg Suspension 1 mL/kg 8.08
6282.66 2692.72 5 12 200 mg/kg 1 mg/kg Suspension 2 mL/kg 8.72
1614.27 1365.02 0 13 200 mg/kg 1 mg/kg 1 mL/kg 8.25 14251.93
4639.93 5 14 200 mg/kg 1 mg/kg 1 mL/kg 7.92 9698.55 11222.76 15 15
200 mg/kg 1 mg/kg 1 mL/kg 7.2 3490.73 226.73 60 16 200 mg/kg 500
.mu.g/kg Solution 1 mL/kg 7.63 276.71 179.56 5 16 200 mg/kg 1 mg/kg
Precipitate 1 mL/kg 7.46 25042.82 27608.88 5 16 200 mg/kg 1 mg/kg
Suspension 1 mL/kg 7.54 10087.13 10062.1 5 16 200 mg/kg 1 mg/kg 1
mL/kg 7.55 9066.14 5339.88 5 17 200 mg/kg 1 mg/kg Solution 1 mL/kg
7.99 5579.88 5326.24 5 18 200 mg/kg 300 .mu.g/kg Solution 1 mL/kg
7.25 187.05 125.1 5 18 200 mg/kg 1 mg/kg Solution 1 mL/kg 7.36
9178.62 11198.92 5 18 200 mg/kg 1 mg/kg Solution 1 mL/kg 6.83
15291.42 11361.22 5 19 200 mg/kg 500 .mu.g/kg Suspension 1 mL/kg
7.62 265.16 97.36 5 19 200 mg/kg 1 mg/kg Precipitate 1 mL/kg 7.77
68658.34 139711.8 15 19 200 mg/kg 1 mg/kg Suspension 1 mL/kg 7.58
6302.52 7470.2 5 19 200 mg/kg 1 mg/kg Solution 1 mL/kg 6.95 9909.16
11124.83 5 19 200 mg/kg 1 mg/kg 1 mL/kg 7.49 36378.31 38377.66 5 20
200 mg/kg 1 mg/kg Solution 1 mL/kg 8.09 7960.59 4935.56 30 21 200
mg/kg 300 .mu.g/kg Solution 1 mL/kg 0 54.86 72.09 15 22 200 mg/kg 1
mg/kg Solution 1 mL/kg 12.3 3307.93 4007.28 5 23 200 mg/kg 300
.mu.g/kg Suspension 1 mL/kg 7.57 68.37 52.78 5 24 200 mg/kg 300
.mu.g/kg Suspension 1 mL/kg 11.42 263.88 140.25 15 24 200 mg/kg 1
mg/kg Solution 1 mL/kg 11.64 54205.73 107148.1 15 24 200 mg/kg 1
mg/kg Suspension 1 mL/kg 11.46 11323.24 16079.29 5 24 200 mg/kg 1
mg/kg Solution 1 mL/kg 11.42 23859.27 13054.48 5 24 200 mg/kg 1
mg/kg 1 mL/kg 11.4 16166.59 7698.96 5 25 200 mg/kg 300 .mu.g/kg
Suspension 1 mL/kg 0 49.88 47.1 5 26 200 mg/kg 1 mg/kg Solution 1
mL/kg 10.96 1111.87 1744.86 5 27 200 mg/kg 300 .mu.g/kg Solution 1
mL/kg 10.43 72.8 53.13 15 28 200 mg/kg 1 mg/kg Suspension 1 mL/kg
3.02 3234.77 1370.25 5 29 200 mg/kg 1 mg/kg Solution 1 mL/kg 3.34
2748.78 800.51 45
Example 2
Preparation of Deliver Agent No. 24 in Published International
Application No. 03/072195
Preparation of 4-dimethylamino-benzoyl chloride
[0171] To a 1000 mL round bottomed flask was added
4-dimethylamino-benzoic acid (50.0 g, 1.0 eq) and THF (600 mL). A
solution of thionyl chloride (44.16 mL, 2.0 eq) in tetrahydrofuran
was added and the resulting mixture heated to reflux for 4 hours.
The excess thionyl chloride and solvent were removed under reduced
pressure to yield 4-dimethylamino-benzoyl chloride as a solid,
which was used without further purification in the preparation of
compound 560.
[0172] Preparation of delivery agent 24: To a 1000 mL round
bottomed flask was added chlorotrimethylsilane (15.48 mL, 2 eq) in
methylene chloride (250 ml). 4-aminobutyric acid (10.0 g, 1
equivalent) was added and the mixture was heated to reflux for 1.5
hours. The resulting solution was cooled to 0.degree. C. (ice bath)
and triethylamine (27.21 mL, 3 equivalents) was added drop-wise. A
solution of 4-dimethylamino-benzoyl chloride (11.12 g, 1 eq) in
methylene chloride (50 mL) was added drop-wise to the resulting
reaction mixture over 0.5 hours. The temperature was maintained at
0.degree. C. (ice bath) during the addition and for 0.5 hour after
the addition was complete. The solution was allowed to warm to
ambient temperature. Chloroform (25 mL) was added to improve the
solubility of the reactants. The reaction was complete (as
indicated by TLC) after 16.5 hours. The solvents were removed under
reduced pressure. The resulting solid was dissolved in ethyl
acetate (500 mL) and 2.5% aqueous sodium bicarbonate (500 mL) was
added. The aqueous layer was acidified to pH 6.5 with aqueous
sulfuric acid (2 M) and extracted with ethyl acetate (three times
500 mL), After each extraction, the pH of the aqueous layer was
adjusted to pH 6.5. The combined ethyl acetate fractions were dried
over sodium sulfate. The sodium sulfate was removed by filtration
and the solvent removed under reduced pressure. The crude product
was recrystallized from methanol/water and dried under reduced
pressure to yield compound 560 (4.97 g, approximately 25% overall
yield).
Example 3
Preparation of Deliver Agent No. 8 in Published International
Application No. 03/072195
[0173] ##STR31##
[0174] Step 1. 4,N-Dimethylbenzenesulphonamide was reacted with
ethyl-8-bromooctanoate in DMF under the influence of sodium hydride
to obtain 8-[Methyl-(toluene-4-sulfonyl)-amino]-octanoic acid ethyl
ester ##STR32##
[0175] Step 2. The ester of
8-[Methyl-(toluene-4-sulfonyl)-amino]-octanoic acid ethyl ester was
hydrolyzed in aqueous sodium hydroxide to obtain
8-[Methyl-(toluene-4-sulfonyl)-amino]-octanoic acid ##STR33##
[0176] Step 3. The sulphonamide of
8-[Methyl-(toluene-4-sulfonyl)-amino]-octanoic acid was removed
under reductive conditions and the resulting amine reacted with
hydrogen chloride to obtain (7-Carboxy-heptyl)-methylammonium
hydrochloride. ##STR34##
[0177] Step 4. The carboxylic acid of
(7-Carboxy-heptyl)-methylammonium hydrochloride was protected
in-situ with chlorotrimethylsilane. The resulting trimethylsilyl
ester was reacted with 0-acetylsalicyloyl chloride. The protecting
groups were removed with aqueous sodium hydroxide, and after
extensive purification,
8-[(2-Hydroxy-benzoyl)-methyl-amino]-octanoic acid, was
obtained.
[0178] One equivalent each reactants plus 2 equivalents TMSCl plus
2.5 equivalents TEA and MeCl were placed in a 250 ml round bottomed
flask fitted with N2 purge, magnetic stir bar and condenser. TMSCl
was added. Heating was begun The reaction mixture was reluxing in
an oil bathe temperature of 50 C after about 1/2 hour. Heating was
stopped after about 2 hours and the reaction mixture placed in an
ice/H2O bath. TEA was added. ASCC was dissolved in 10 ml MeCl2.
This was placed in a 60ml addition funnel atop flask. Dropwise
addition was begun. Addition was completed after about 1/2 hour.
The ice bath was removed. Methylene chloride was removed under
vacuum. 2N NaOH was added. This was allowed to stir for several
hours. Then 2N HCl was added. A yellow oil separated out.
[0179] The mixture was extracted 3.times.100 ml EtOAc. EtOAc was
dried with Na2SO4 and concentrated under vacuum. A yellow oil (A)
is obtained. 2N NaOH was added to 250 ml round bottom flask
containing the yellow oil, the mixture was allowed to stir over the
weekend. The mixture was filtered. A tan solid (B) was collected
above filter. Below a clear filtrate collected. The filtrate was
acidified with 2N HCl. A yellow oil separated. The mixture was
extracted 3.times. with EtOAc. EtOAc is dried with Na2SO4 and
concentrated under vacuum. A yellow oil remained (C). The oil was
stirred in 40-50 C water bath. The aqueous layer was extracted with
MeCl2, the MeCl2 was concentrated. A light brown oil was recovered.
Oil was taken up in 2N NaOH. A cloudy mixture formed, which was
acidified with 2NHCl to pH 5.4, 5.0 and 4.5. At each of these pHs,
the aqueous mixture was extracted with 3.times.50 ml portions
EtOAc. The 5.4 and 5.0 fractions were combined, dried with Na2SO4
and concentrated under vacuum. A brown oil was obtained.
[0180] A number of fractions were found to contain the desired
product. These were dissolved in MeC.sub.12 and combined.
MeC.sub.12 was removed under vacuum. A brown oil remained, which
was taken up in MeOH. Several drops concentrated sulfuric acid were
added and the solution allowed to reflux several hours. LC
indicated reaction to prepare methyl ester had gone to completion.
Heating was stopped. Several mgs sodium bicarbonate were added and
MeOH removed under vacuum. The residue was taken up in EtO and
extracted first with 2.times.50 ml portions SAT sodium bicarbonate
and then 2.times.50 ml portions brine. Ether was concentrated and a
brown oil remained. The oil was placed on a silica gel column and
eluted through column with 70:30 hexane:EtOAc. 100 ml fractions
taken. Fractions found to contain desired product by TLC were
combined and concentrated. A light colored oil remained. Oil was
taken up in about 50 ml 12N NaOH. This was stirred until LC
indicated a shift due to hydrolysis of Me ester. The reaction
mixture was acidified and a light colored oil separated out. The
mixture was extracted with 3.times.50 ml portions EtOAc, EtOAc was
dried with Na2SO4 and concentrated under vacuum.
[0181] NMR analysis of the oil (A) indicated the oil contained
mostly the desired product. Some EtOAc was present. Upon sitting,
the oil slowly solidified. It was placed in refrigeration for about
2 weeks when most had solidified. It was removed from refrigeration
and stirred in warm water again. The water was decanted off leaving
tan solid (B), which LC indicated contained mostly the desired
product with some impurities. An attempt was made to recrystallize
from 70:30 Hexane:EtOAc Overnight a tan solid (C) precipitated.
This was isolated by filtration and allowed to dry under vacuum
overnight. LC of (C) indicated single peak at 4.53. Samples were
submitted for analysis, and results were
[0182] 180C was recrystallized from 70:30 hexane:EtOAc. An oil
(180D) separated out, and was taken and isolated. The oil was
allowed to stand in a refrigerator. The oil (180D) had begun to
crystallize it was allowed to continue to stand in refrigerator.
The oil 180D was isolated and some liquid still remained. 180D had
a strong acetic acid smell. This was washed several times with
H.sub.2O. A tan solid (180E) is isolated. 180E was dried under
vacuum overnight. NMR was consistent with desired product. CHN
theoretical C=65,31, H=7.82, N=4.76, actual C=65.13, H=8.02,
N=4.71. 180E was combined with an earlier fraction and designated
as 180F yield 21.95 g.
[0183] 180F: Yield 2.95 g. Molecular formula
C.sub.16H.sub.23NO.sub.4. Molecular weight 293 g/mol. Melting
point=85-88 C. Elemental analysis theoretical: C=65.31, H=7.82,
N-4.76; found: C=65.44, H=7.93, N=4.66.
Example 4
Preparation of Deliver Agent No. 8 in Published International
Application No. 03/072195
[0184] ##STR35##
[0185] Step 1. 4,N-Dimethylbenzenesulphonamide was reacted with
ethyl-8-bromooctanoate in DMF under the influence of sodium hydride
to obtain 8-[Methyl-(toluene-4-sulfonyl)-amino]-octanoic acid ethyl
ester
[0186] Preparation of
8-[Methyl-(toluene-4-sulfonyl)-amino]-octanoic acid ethyl ester: A
500 ml round-bottomed flask equipped with nitrogen purge, magnetic
stirbar, and a thermometer was charged with sodium hydride (3.11 g,
0.1297 mol, 1.2 eq) and DMF (30 ml). N-methyl-p-toluenesulphonamide
(20.0 g, 0.1081 mol, 1.0 eq) was placed in a 125 ml Erlenmeyer
flask and dissolved in DMF (50 ml). The
N-methyl-p-toluenesulphonamide solution was added to the sodium
hydride mixture dropwise with stirring over the course of
approximately 45 min. A water bath was used to maintain the
reaction temperature between 23 and 40.degree. C. The resulting
reaction mixture was heated to 43.degree. C. for approximately 30
min. In a separate flask, ethyl-8-bromooctanoate (27.14 g, 0.1081
mol, 1.0 eq) was dissolved in DMF (150 ml). The solution of
bromoester was added to the reaction mixture dropwise via addition
funnel over the course of about 30 min. The reaction was maintained
at approximately 58.degree. C. during the addition. The reaction
was cooled, and LC indicated completion by one predominant peak
corresponding to product. The reaction mixture was poured into ice
water (300 ml). The aqueous mixture was extracted with EtOAc
(3.times.200 ml). The combined EtOAc layers were extracted with
deionized water (3.times.200 ml), dried over Na.sub.2SO.sub.4,
concentrated under reduced pressure, then placed under high vacuum
overnight to yield 36.14 g of crude product. The crude product was
chromatographed over silica gel in three portions. Each column was
eluted with 80:20 hexane:EtOAc and 125 ml fractions collected.
Appropriate product-containing fractions were combined,
concentrated under reduced pressure, and further dried under high
vacuum. LC and NMR indicated pure product from each of the three
columns for a combined yield of 30.21 g
8-[methyl-(toluene-4-sulfonyl)-amino]-octanoic acid ethyl ester
(0.0849 mol, 78.6% yield). ##STR36##
[0187] Step 2. The ester of
8-[Methyl-(toluene-4-sulfonyl)-amino]-octanoic acid ethyl ester was
hydrolyzed in aqueous sodium hydroxide to obtain
8-[Methyl-(toluene-4-sulfonyl)-amino]-octanoic acid
[0188] Preparation of
8-[methyl-(toluene-4-sulfonyl)-amino]-octanoic acid: To a 250 ml
round bottomed flask fitted with nitrogen purge and magnetic stir
bar was added 8-[methyl-(toluene-4-sulfonyl)-amino]-octanoic acid
ethyl ester (10.21 g, 0.0288 mol, 1 eq) and 2N aq. NaOH (57.52 ml,
0.1150 mol, 4.0 eq). The resulting reaction mixture was allowed to
stir overnight at ambient temperature. HPLC at this stage still
indicated 2 peaks. The reaction mixture was heated to reflux for
approximately 6 h, when HPLC indicated reaction was complete, the
heat was turned off, and the reaction allowed to cool to ambient
temperature overnight. The hazy reaction mixture was acidified with
2N aq. HCl. A white oil separated. The reaction mixture was stirred
vigorously in an ice bath and a solid white precipitate formed. The
solid was isolated by filtration and dried under vacuum overnight.
HPLC indicated a single peak, rt 6.44 min, and NMR was consistent
with desired product,
8-[methyl-(toluene-4-sulfonyl)-amino]-octanoic acid: 9.29 g, 0.0284
mol, 98.6% yield. ##STR37##
[0189] Step 3. The sulphonamide of
8-[Methyl-(toluene-4-sulfonyl)-amino]-octanoic acid was removed
under reductive conditions and the resulting amine reacted with
hydrogen chloride to obtain (7-Carboxy-heptyl)-methylammonium
hydrochloride.
[0190] Preparation of (7-carboxy-heptyl)-methylammonium
hydrochloride: To a 1000 ml round bottomed flask equipped with a
dry ice condenser, nitrogen bubbler, ammonia inlet, and mechanical
stirrer was added 8-[methyl-(toluene-4-sulfonyl)-amino]-octanoic
acid (9.29 g, 0.0284 mol, 1.0 eq) and THF (20 ml). The mixture was
cooled in a dry ice/acetone bath with stirring. Ammonia (ca. 300
ml) was condensed into the flask. Sodium (ca. 3.92 g, 0.1705 mol, 6
eq) was added portion-wise until the blue-green color persisted.
Ammonium chloride was added until the reaction mixture appeared
white. The dry ice/acetone condenser was removed and the ammonia
allowed to boil off overnight. A white solid remained in the flask.
Water (10 mls) was added and the mixture was acidified to pH 2-3 by
addition of 2N HCl. At this point an oil separated out. The THF was
removed under reduced pressure and the aqueous mixture was stirred
for ca. 1 h at ambient temperature. Dichloromethane (50 ml) was
added and the solid (product A) was filtered off. The remaining
aqueous filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain
another white solid (product B). NMR analysis indicated that
product A is the starting material,
8-[methyl-(toluene-4-sulfonyl)-amino]-octanoic acid, and product B
is the desired product, (7-carboxy-heptyl)-methylammonium
hydrochloride. The amount of product obtained was greater than 100%
of the theoretical mass. Based on the assumption that the product
contains sodium chloride and mass balance of recovered starting
material, it was assumed the crude product contained 3.72 g of the
desired product and it was carried on without further purification.
##STR38##
[0191] Step 4. The carboxylic acid of
(7-Carboxy-heptyl)-methylammonium hydrochloride was protected
in-situ with chlorotrimethylsilane. The resulting trimethylsilyl
ester was reacted with O-acetylsalicyloyl chloride. The protecting
groups were removed with aqueous sodium hydroxide, and after
extensive purification,
8-[(2-Hydroxy-benzoyl)-methyl-amino]-octanoic acid, was
obtained.
[0192] Preparation of 8-[(2-Hydroxy-benzoyl)-methyl-amino]-octanoic
acid: To a 100 ml round bottomed flask fitted with argon purge,
magnetic stir bar and condenser was added
(7-carboxy-heptyl)-methylammonium hydrochloride (3.25 g, 0.0155
mol, 1.0 eq) and dichloromethane (DCM, 50 ml).
Chlorotrimethylsilane (3.37 g, 0.0310 mol, 2.0 eq) was added and
the resulting mixture was brought to reflux for approximately 2 h.
The flask was removed from the heating mantle and placed in an ice
water bath. Once the reaction was cooled to 0.degree. C.,
triethylamine (3.92 g, 0.0388 mol, 2.5 eq) was added and a white
vapor formed over the reaction mixture. The reaction was allowed to
stir for approximately 10 min at 0.degree. C. In a separate flask,
acetylsalicyloyl chloride (ASCC, 3.08 g, 0.0155 mol, 1.0 eq) was
dissolved in DCM (20 ml). The ASCC solution was added dropwise to
the reaction mixture, the ice bath was removed, and the reaction
mixture was allowed to stir and warm to ambient temperature
overnight. The DCM was removed under reduced pressure and aqueous
2N NaOH (20 ml) was added to the residue. The aqueous mixture was
allowed to stir at ambient temperature for several hours and was
then acidified with aqueous 2N HCl. The aqueous mixture became
cloudy and a brown oil separated out. The aqueous mixture was
extracted with EtOAc (3.times.100 ml). The combined EtOAc extracts
were combined, dried over Na.sub.2SO.sub.4, and concentrated under
reduced pressure. The resulting brown oil was further dried under
high vacuum to yield a brown solid. HPLC at this point indicated
the solid consisted of two components (rt 2.8 min, salicylic acid
and rt 4.0 min, desired product). This mixture was stirred in warm
water (40-50.degree. C.) to dissolve the salicylic acid. The
remaining solid was filtered off. HPLC indicated this is
predominantly desired product, crude yield 3.99 g (0.0136 mol,
87.7%). This material was treated in warm water (40-50 .degree. C.)
and filtered two more times to produce pure
8-[(2-Hydroxy-benzoyl)-methyl-amino]-octanoic acid. (HPLC rt 4.0
min; NMR consistent with desired product; Elemental analysis
Theoretical: C=65.3 1, H=7.82, N=4.76 Found: C=65.32, H=7.72,
N=4.73) This application incorporates by reference in its entirety
International Publication No. WO 03/072195, which is also attached
as an appendix A to this application.
[0193] Throughout this description, the preferred embodiment and
examples shown should be considered as exemplary, rather than as
limitations on the present invention.
[0194] Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms
used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of
ordinary skill in the art to which the invention belongs. Any
methods, compositions, reagents, cells, similar or equivalent to
those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of
the invention. All publications mentioned herein are incorporated
herein, including all figures, graphs, equations, illustrations,
and drawings, to describe and disclose specific information for
which the reference was cited in connection with.
[0195] The present invention is not to be limited in scope by the
specific embodiments described herein. Indeed, various
modifications of the invention in addition to those described
herein will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the
foregoing description and the accompanying figures. Such
modifications are intended to fall within the scope of the appended
claims. It is further to be understood that all values are
approximate, and are provided for description. Patents, patent
applications, publications, product descriptions, and protocols are
cited throughout this application, the disclosures of which are
incorporated herein by reference in their entireties for all
purposes.
Sequence CWU 1
1
16 1 31 PRT Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide MOD_RES (31) This residue may or may not be
present May or may not be c-term amidated 1 His Ala Glu Gly Thr Phe
Thr Ser Asp Val Ser Ser Tyr Leu Glu Gly 1 5 10 15 Gln Ala Ala Lys
Glu Phe Ile Ala Trp Leu Val Lys Gly Arg Gly 20 25 30 2 39 PRT
Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic
peptide MOD_RES (2) Ala, Gly, Ser, Thr, Leu, Ile, Val, Glu, Asp, or
Lys MOD_RES (3) Glu, Asp, or Lys MOD_RES (5) Thr, Ala, Gly, Ser,
Leu, Ile, Val, Glu, Asp, or Lys MOD_RES (8) Ser, Ala, Gly, Thr,
Leu, Ile, Val, Glu, Asp, or Lys MOD_RES (10) Val, Ala, Gly, Ser,
Thr, Leu, Ile, Tyr, Glu, Asp, Trp, or Lys MOD_RES (11) Ser, Ala,
Gly, Thr, Leu, Ile, Val, Glu, Asp, or Lys MOD_RES (12) Ser, Ala,
Gly, Thr, Leu, Ile, Val, Glu, Asp, Trp, Tyr, or Lys MOD_RES (13)
Tyr, Phe, Trp, Glu, Asp, Gln, or Lys MOD_RES (14) Leu, Ala, Gly,
Ser, Thr, Ile, Val, Glu, Asp, Met, Trp, Tyr, or Lys MOD_RES (15)
Glu, Asp, or Lys MOD_RES (16) Gly, Ala, Ser, Thr, Leu, Ile, Val,
Glu, Asp, or Lys MOD_RES (17) Gln, Asn, Arg, Glu, Asp, or Lys
MOD_RES (18) Ala, Gly, Ser, Thr, Leu, Ile, Val, Arg, Glu, Asp, or
Lys MOD_RES (19) Ala, Gly, Ser, Thr, Leu, Ile, Val, Glu, Asp, or
Lys MOD_RES (20) Lys, Arg, Gln, Glu, Asp, or His MOD_RES (21) Leu,
Glu, Asp, or Lys MOD_RES (24) Ala, Gly, Ser, Thr, Leu, Ile, Val,
Glu, Asp, or Lys MOD_RES (25) Trp, Phe, Tyr, Glu, Asp, or Lys
MOD_RES (26) Leu, Gly, Ala, Ser, Thr, Ile, Val, Glu, Asp, or Lys
MOD_RES (27) Val, Gly, Ala, Ser, Thr, Leu, Ile, Glu, Asp, or Lys
MOD_RES (28) Asn, Lys, Arg, Glu, Asp, or His MOD_RES (29) Gly, Ala,
Ser, Thr, Leu, Ile, Val, Glu, Asp, or Lys MOD_RES (30) Gly, Arg,
Lys, Glu, Asp, or His MOD_RES (31) Pro, Gly, Ala, Ser, Thr, Leu,
Ile, Val, Glu, Asp, Lys, or not present MOD_RES (32) Ser, Arg, Lys,
Glu, Asp, His, or not present MOD_RES (33) Ser, Arg, Lys, Glu, Asp,
His, or not present MOD_RES (34) Gly, Asp, Glu, Lys, or not present
MOD_RES (35) Ala, Phe, Trp, Tyr, Glu, Asp, Lys, or not present
MOD_RES (36) Ser, Pro, Lys, Glu, Asp, or not present MOD_RES (37)
Ser, Pro, Glu, Asp, Lys, or not present MOD_RES (38) Gly, Pro, Glu,
Asp, Lys, or not present MOD_RES (39) Ala, Ser, Val, Glu, Asp, Lys,
or not present May or may not be c-term amidated 2 His Xaa Xaa Gly
Xaa Phe Thr Xaa Asp Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa 1 5 10 15 Xaa Xaa
Xaa Xaa Xaa Phe Ile Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa 20 25 30
Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa 35 3 32 PRT Artificial Sequence
Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide MOD_RES (1)
His, d-His, desamino-His, 2-amino-His, beta- hydroxy-His, homo-His,
alpha-fluoromethyl-His, or alpha-methyl-His MOD_RES (2) Gly, Ala,
Val, Leu, Ile, Ser, or Thr MOD_RES (3) Thr, Ser, Arg, Lys, Trp,
Phe, Tyr, Glu, or His MOD_RES (5) Asp, Glu, Arg, Thr, Ala, Lys, or
His MOD_RES (6) His, Trp, Phe, or Tyr MOD_RES (10) Leu, Ser, Thr,
Trp, His, Phe, Asp, Val, Tyr, Glu, or Ala MOD_RES (12) His, Pro,
Asp, Glu, Arg, Ser, Ala, or Lys MOD_RES (13) Gly, Asp, Glu, Gln,
Asn, Lys, Arg, or Cys MOD_RES (17) His, Asp, Lys, Glu, Gln, or Arg
MOD_RES (18) Glu, Arg, Ala, or Lys MOD_RES (20) Trp, Tyr, Phe, Asp,
Lys, Glu, or His MOD_RES (21) Ala, Glu, His, Phe, Tyr, Trp, Arg, or
Lys MOD_RES (24) Ala, Glu, Asp, Ser, or His MOD_RES (25) Asp, Glu,
Ser, Thr, Arg, Trp, or Lys MOD_RES (27) Asp, Arg, Val, Lys, Ala,
Gly, or Glu MOD_RES (28) Glu, Lys, or Asp MOD_RES (29) Thr, Ser,
Lys, Arg, Trp, Tyr, Phe, Asp, Gly, Pro, His, or Glu MOD_RES (30)
Thr, Ser, Asp, Trp, Tyr, Phe, Arg, Glu, or His MOD_RES (31) Lys,
Arg, Thr, Ser, Glu, Asp, Trp, Tyr, Phe, His, Gly, or not present
MOD_RES (32) This residue may or may not be present; when present
position 31 is Gly 3 Xaa Xaa Xaa Gly Xaa Xaa Thr Ser Asp Xaa Ser
Xaa Xaa Leu Glu Gly 1 5 10 15 Xaa Xaa Ala Xaa Xaa Phe Ile Xaa Xaa
Leu Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Pro 20 25 30 4 32 PRT Artificial Sequence
Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide MOD_RES (1)
His, d-His, desamino-His, 2-amino-His, beta- hydroxy-His, homo-His,
alpha-fluoromethyl-His, or ora-methyl-His MOD_RES (2) Gly, Ala,
Val, Leu, Ile, Ser, or Thr MOD_RES (5) Asp, Glu, Arg, Thr, Ala,
Lys, or His MOD_RES (6) His, Trp, Phe, or Tyr MOD_RES (10) Leu,
Ser, Thr, Trp, His, Phe, Asp, Val, Glu, or Ala MOD_RES (16) Gly,
Asp, or Glu MOD_RES (17) His, Asp, Lys, Glu, or Gln MOD_RES (18)
Glu, His, Ala, or Lys MOD_RES (19) Asp, Lys, Glu, or His MOD_RES
(21) Ala, Glu, His, Phe, Tyr, Trp, Arg, or Lys MOD_RES (24) Ala,
Glu, Asp, Ser, or His MOD_RES (27) Asp, Arg, Val, Lys, Ala, Gly, or
Glu MOD_RES (28) Glu, Lys, or Asp MOD_RES (29) Thr, Ser, Lys, Arg,
Trp, Tyr, Phe, Asp, Gly, Pro, His, or Glu MOD_RES (30) Arg, Glu, or
His MOD_RES (31) Lys, Arg, Thr, Ser, Glu, Asp, Trp, Tyr, Phe, His,
Gly, or not present MOD_RES (32) This residue may or may not be
present; when present position 31 is Gly 4 Xaa Xaa Glu Gly Xaa Xaa
Thr Ser Asp Xaa Ser Ser Tyr Leu Glu Xaa 1 5 10 15 Xaa Xaa Xaa Lys
Xaa Phe Ile Xaa Trp Leu Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Pro 20 25 30 5 32 PRT
Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic
peptide MOD_RES (1) His, d-His, desamino-His, 2-amino-His, beta-
hydroxy-His, homo-His, alpha-fluoromethyl-His, or alpha-methyl-His
MOD_RES (2) Gly, Ala, Val, Leu, Ile, Ser, Met, or Thr MOD_RES (6)
His, Trp, Phe, or Tyr MOD_RES (10) Leu, Ser, Thr, Trp, His, Phe,
Asp, Val, Glu, or Ala MOD_RES (16) Gly, Asp, Glu, Gln, Asn, Lys,
Arg, or Cys MOD_RES (17) His, Asp, Lys, Glu, or Gln MOD_RES (20)
Asp, Lys, Glu, or His MOD_RES (24) Ala, Glu, Asp, Ser, or His
MOD_RES (29) Thr, Ser, Lys, Arg, Trp, Tyr, Phe, Asp, Gly, Pro, His,
or Glu MOD_RES (31) Lys, Arg, Thr, Ser, Glu, Asp, Trp, Tyr, Phe,
His, Gly, or not present MOD_RES (32) This residue may or may not
be present; when present position 31 is Gly 5 Xaa Xaa Glu Gly Thr
Xaa Thr Ser Asp Xaa Ser Ser Tyr Leu Glu Xaa 1 5 10 15 Xaa Ala Ala
Xaa Glu Phe Ile Xaa Trp Leu Val Lys Xaa Arg Xaa Pro 20 25 30 6 32
PRT Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide MOD_RES (1) His, d-His, desamino-His,
2-amino-His, beta- hydroxy-His, homo-His, alpha-fluoromethyl-His,
or alpha-methyl-His MOD_RES (2) Gly, Ala, Val, Leu, Ile, Ser, or
Thr MOD_RES (16) Gly, Asp, Glu, Gln, Asn, Lys, Arg, or Cys MOD_RES
(17) His, Asp, Lys, Glu, or Gln MOD_RES (18) Ala, Glu, Asp, Ser, or
His MOD_RES (24) Ala, Glu, Asp, Ser, or His MOD_RES (31) Lys, Arg,
Thr, Ser, Glu, Asp, Trp, Tyr, Phe, His, Gly, or not present MOD_RES
(32) This residue may or may not be present; when present position
31 is Gly 6 Xaa Xaa Glu Gly Thr Phe Thr Ser Glu Val Ser Ser Tyr Leu
Glu Xaa 1 5 10 15 Xaa Xaa Ala Lys Glu Phe Ile Xaa Trp Leu Val Lys
Gly Arg Xaa Pro 20 25 30 7 31 PRT Artificial Sequence Description
of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide MOD_RES (1) His, d-His,
desamino-His, 2-amino-His, beta- hydroxy-His, homo-His,
alpha-fluoromethyl-His, or alpha-methyl-His MOD_RES (2) Ala, Gly,
Val, Thr, Ile, or alpha-methyl-Ala MOD_RES (15) Glu, Gln, Ala, Thr,
Ser, or Gly MOD_RES (21) Glu, Gln, Ala, Thr, Ser, or Gly 7 Xaa Xaa
Glu Gly Thr Phe Thr Ser Asp Val Ser Ser Tyr Leu Xaa Gly 1 5 10 15
Gln Ala Ala Lys Xaa Phe Ile Ala Trp Leu Val Lys Gly Arg Gly 20 25
30 8 30 PRT Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide MOD_RES (1) 4-imidazopropionyl-Ala,
4-imidazoacetyl-Ala, 4-imidazo- alpha-Ala, or
alpha-dimethyl-acetyl-Ala MOD_RES (19) Lys or Arg MOD_RES (27) Lys
may be branched with a C6-C10 unbranched acyl MOD_RES (30) This
residue may or may not be present May or may not be c-term amidated
8 Ala Glu Gly Thr Phe Thr Ser Asp Val Ser Ser Tyr Leu Glu Gly Gln 1
5 10 15 Ala Ala Xaa Glu Phe Ile Ala Trp Leu Val Lys Gly Arg Gly 20
25 30 9 31 PRT Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial
Sequence Synthetic peptide MOD_RES (1) His, d-His, desamino-His,
2-amino-His, beta- hydroxy-His, homo-His, alpha-fluoromethyl-His,
or alpha-methyl-His MOD_RES (2) Ala, Gly, Val, Leu, Ile, Ser, or
Thr MOD_RES (6) Phe, Trp, or Tyr MOD_RES (10) Val, Trp, Ile, Leu,
Phe, or Tyr MOD_RES (12) Ser, Trp, Tyr, Phe, Lys, Ile, Leu, or Val
MOD_RES (13) Tyr, Trp, or Phe MOD_RES (14) Leu, Phe, Tyr or Trp
MOD_RES (16) Gly, Glu, Asp, or Lys MOD_RES (19) Ala, Val, Ile, or
Leu MOD_RES (21) Glu, Ile, or Ala MOD_RES (24) Ala or Glu MOD_RES
(27) Val or Ile MOD_RES (31) Gly, His, or not present May or may
not be c-term amidated 9 Xaa Xaa Glu Gly Thr Xaa Thr Ser Asp Xaa
Ser Xaa Xaa Xaa Glu Xaa 1 5 10 15 Gln Ala Xaa Lys Xaa Phe Ile Xaa
Trp Leu Xaa Lys Gly Arg Xaa 20 25 30 10 39 PRT Artificial Sequence
Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 10 His Ser Asp
Gly Thr Phe Thr Ser Asp Leu Ser Lys Gln Met Glu Glu 1 5 10 15 Glu
Ala Val Arg Leu Phe Ile Glu Trp Leu Lys Asn Gly Gly Pro Ser 20 25
30 Ser Gly Ala Pro Pro Pro Ser 35 11 39 PRT Artificial Sequence
Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 11 His Gly Glu
Gly Thr Phe Thr Ser Asp Leu Ser Lys Gln Met Glu Glu 1 5 10 15 Glu
Ala Val Arg Leu Phe Ile Glu Trp Leu Lys Asn Gly Gly Pro Ser 20 25
30 Ser Gly Ala Pro Pro Pro Ser 35 12 39 PRT Artificial Sequence
Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide MOD_RES (1)
His, d-His, desamino-His, 2-amino-His, 13-hydroxy- His, homo-His,
alpha-fluoromethyl-His, or alpha- methyl-His MOD_RES (2) Gly, Ala,
or Val MOD_RES (10) Leu or Val MOD_RES (12) Lys or Ser MOD_RES (13)
Gln or Tyr MOD_RES (14) Met or Leu MOD_RES (16) Glu or Gln MOD_RES
(17) Glu or Gln MOD_RES (19) Val or Ala MOD_RES (20) Arg or Lys
MOD_RES (21) Leu or Glu MOD_RES (24) Glu or Ala MOD_RES (27) Val or
Lys MOD_RES (28) Asn or Lys MOD_RES (30) Gly or Arg MOD_RES (31)
Gly, Pro, or not present MOD_RES (32)..(39) This region may or may
not be present; when present position 31 is Pro 12 Xaa Xaa Glu Gly
Thr Phe Thr Ser Asp Xaa Ser Xaa Xaa Xaa Glu Xaa 1 5 10 15 Xaa Ala
Xaa Xaa Xaa Phe Ile Xaa Trp Leu Xaa Xaa Gly Xaa Xaa Ser 20 25 30
Ser Gly Ala Pro Pro Pro Ser 35 13 41 PRT Artificial Sequence
Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide MOD_RES (1)
His, d-His, desamino-His, 2-amino-His, hydroxy- His, homo-His,
alpha-fluoromethyl-His, or alpha- methyl-His MOD_RES (2) Ala, Gly,
Val, Leu, Ile, Ser, or Thr MOD_RES (6) Phe, Trp, or Tyr MOD_RES
(10) Val, Trp, Ile, Leu, Phe, or Tyr MOD_RES (12) Ser, Trp, Tyr,
Phe, Lys, Ile, Leu, Val MOD_RES (13) Tyr, Trp, or Phe MOD_RES (14)
Leu, Phe, Tyr, or Trp MOD_RES (16) Gly, Glu, Asp, or Lys MOD_RES
(19) Ala, Val, Ile, or Leu MOD_RES (21) Glu, Ile, or Ala MOD_RES
(24) Ala or Glu MOD_RES (27) Val or Ile MOD_RES (28) Lys, Asp, Arg,
or Glu MOD_RES (30) Gly, Pro, or Arg MOD_RES (31) Gly, Pro, or Ser
MOD_RES (32) Ser, Pro, or His MOD_RES (33) Ser, Arg, Thr, Trp, or
Lys MOD_RES (34) Ser or Gly MOD_RES (35) Ala, Asp, Arg, Glu, Lys,
or Gly MOD_RES (36) Pro, Ala, or not present MOD_RES (37) Pro, Ala,
or not present MOD_RES (38) Pro, Ala, Arg, Lys, His, or not present
MOD_RES (39) Ser, His, Pro, Lys, Arg, or not present MOD_RES (40)
His, Ser, Arg, Lys, or not present MOD_RES (41) His, Ser, Arg, Lys,
or not present May or may not be c-term amidated See specification
as filed for detailed description of substitutions and preferred
embodiments 13 Xaa Xaa Glu Gly Thr Xaa Thr Ser Asp Xaa Ser Xaa Xaa
Xaa Glu Xaa 1 5 10 15 Gln Ala Xaa Lys Xaa Phe Ile Xaa Trp Leu Xaa
Xaa Gly Xaa Xaa Xaa 20 25 30 Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa 35
40 14 41 PRT Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide MOD_RES (1) His, d-His, desamino-His,
2-amino-His, beta- hydroxy-His, homo-His, alpha-fluoromethyl-His,
or alpha-methyl-His MOD_RES (2) Gly, Val, Leu, Ile, Ser, or Thr
MOD_RES (10) Val, Trp, Ile, Leu, Phe, or Tyr MOD_RES (16) Gly, Glu,
Asp, or Lys MOD_RES (19) Ala, Val, Ile, or Leu MOD_RES (27) Val or
Ile MOD_RES (28) Lys, Asp, Arg, or Glu MOD_RES (30) Gly, Pro, or
Arg MOD_RES (31) Gly, Pro, or Ser MOD_RES (32) Ser, Pro, or His
MOD_RES (33) Ser, Arg, Thr, Trp, or Lys MOD_RES (34) Ser or Gly
MOD_RES (35) Ala, Asp, Arg, Glu, Lys, or Gly MOD_RES (36) Pro or
Ala MOD_RES (37) Pro or Ala MOD_RES (38) Pro, Ala, Arg, Lys, His,
or not present MOD_RES (39) Ser, His, Pro, Lys, Arg, or not present
MOD_RES (40) His, Ser, Arg, Lys, or not present MOD_RES (41) His,
Ser, Arg, Lys, or not present May or may not be c-term amidated See
specification as filed for detailed description of substitutions
and preferred embodiments 14 Xaa Xaa Glu Gly Thr Phe Thr Ser Asp
Xaa Ser Ser Tyr Lys Glu Xaa 1 5 10 15 Gln Ala Xaa Lys Glu Phe Ile
Ala Trp Leu Xaa Xaa Gly Xaa Xaa Xaa 20 25 30 Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa
Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa 35 40 15 9 PRT Artificial Sequence Description of
Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 15 Pro Ser Ser Gly Ala Pro
Pro Pro Ser 1 5 16 10 PRT Artificial Sequence Description of
Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide C-term amidated 16 Gly Pro
Ser Ser Gly Ala Pro Pro Pro Ser 1 5 10
* * * * *