U.S. patent application number 11/504851 was filed with the patent office on 2006-12-07 for bioactivated diagnostic imaging contrast agents.
This patent application is currently assigned to Epix Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a Delaware corporation. Invention is credited to Stephane Dumas, Stephen O. Dunham, Randall B. Lauffer, Thomas J. McMurry, David J. Parmelee, Daniel M. Scott.
Application Number | 20060275216 11/504851 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 21765541 |
Filed Date | 2006-12-07 |
United States Patent
Application |
20060275216 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Lauffer; Randall B. ; et
al. |
December 7, 2006 |
Bioactivated diagnostic imaging contrast agents
Abstract
The present invention relates to improved diagnostic agents for
Magnetic Resonance Imaging and optical imaging. In particular, this
invention relates to MRI and optical imaging agents that allow for
the sensitive detection of a specific bioactivity within a tissue.
These agents are prodrug contrast agents which are bioactivated in
vivo in the presence of the specific bioactivity. This invention
also relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising these agents
and to methods of using the agents and compositions comprising the
agents.
Inventors: |
Lauffer; Randall B.;
(Brookline, MA) ; McMurry; Thomas J.; (Winchester,
MA) ; Dunham; Stephen O.; (Madison, NJ) ;
Scott; Daniel M.; (Acton, MA) ; Parmelee; David
J.; (Belmont, MA) ; Dumas; Stephane;
(Cambridge, MA) |
Correspondence
Address: |
FISH & RICHARDSON P.C.
PO BOX 1022
MINNEAPOLIS
MN
55440-1022
US
|
Assignee: |
Epix Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a
Delaware corporation
|
Family ID: |
21765541 |
Appl. No.: |
11/504851 |
Filed: |
August 16, 2006 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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10758729 |
Jan 16, 2004 |
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11504851 |
Aug 16, 2006 |
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09952971 |
Sep 14, 2001 |
6709646 |
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10758729 |
Jan 16, 2004 |
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08823643 |
Mar 25, 1997 |
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09952971 |
Sep 14, 2001 |
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60014448 |
Apr 1, 1996 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
424/9.34 ;
424/9.363; 424/9.364 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61K 49/14 20130101;
A61K 49/106 20130101; A61K 49/0002 20130101; A61K 49/103 20130101;
A61K 49/0017 20130101; A61K 49/085 20130101; A61K 49/0019 20130101;
A61K 49/10 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
424/009.34 ;
424/009.363; 424/009.364 |
International
Class: |
A61K 49/10 20060101
A61K049/10 |
Claims
1. A method of imaging a tumor using magnetic resonance imaging,
said method comprising: a) administering to a mammal a compound
having the following formula: IEM-PBM-[L].sub.q-[MS-MM].sub.p
wherein q is 0 or 1; wherein p is 1; wherein L comprises a
physiologically compatible linker moiety which links the PBM and
[MS-MM] moieties; wherein said IEM comprises a complex between: (1)
a chelating agent selected from the group consisting of DTPA, DOTA,
DTPA-BMA, and HP-DO3A, and (2) one or more paramagnetic metal ions
(M) with atomic number 21-29, 42, 44, or 57-83; wherein said --PBM
moiety is selected from the group consisting of: ##STR19## wherein
one aryl ring of said --PBM is substituted with said
[L].sub.q-[MS-MM].sub.p moiety; wherein R can be a linear or
branched aliphatic group, an aryl group, or a cycloalkyl group;
wherein the wavy line signifies the attachment site for the IEM;
wherein said --PBM moiety is conjugated to said IEM via a covalent
bond to a methylene carbon of said chelating agent of said IEM;
wherein said MS moiety is an amide bond; wherein said MM moiety is
a peptide consisting of two or three amino acids; and
pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; and b) subjecting said
mammal to magnetic resonance imaging.
2. A method of imaging sites of active inflammation using magnetic
resonance imaging, said method comprising: a) administering to a
mammal a compound having the following formula:
IEM-PBM-[L].sub.q-[MS-MM].sub.p wherein q is 0 or 1; wherein p is
1; wherein L comprises a physiologically compatible linker moiety
which links the PBM and [MS-MM] moieties; wherein said IEM
comprises a complex between: (1) a chelating agent selected from
the group consisting of DTPA, DOTA, DTPA-BMA, and HP-DO3A, and (2)
one or more paramagnetic metal ions (M) with atomic number 21-29,
42, 44, or 57-83; wherein said --PBM moiety is selected from the
group consisting of: ##STR20## wherein one aryl ring of said --PBM
is substituted with said --[L].sub.q-[MS-MM].sub.p moiety; wherein
R can be a linear or branched aliphatic group, an aryl group, or a
cycloalkyl group; wherein the wavy line signifies the attachment
site for the IEM; wherein said --PBM moiety is conjugated to said
IEM via a covalent bond to a methylene carbon of said chelating
agent of said IEM; wherein said MS moiety is an amide bond; wherein
said MM moiety is a peptide consisting of two or three amino acids;
and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; and b) subjecting
said mammal to magnetic resonance imaging.
3. A method of imaging arterial plaques using magnetic resonance
imaging, said method comprising: a) administering to a mammal a
compound having the following formula:
IEM-PBM-[L].sub.q-[MS-MM].sub.p wherein q is 0 or 1; wherein p is
1; wherein L comprises a physiologically compatible linker moiety
which links the PBM and [MS-MM] moieties; wherein said IEM
comprises a complex between: (1) a chelating agent selected from
the group consisting of DTPA, DOTA, DTPA-BMA, and HP-DO3A, and (2)
one or more paramagnetic metal ions (M) with atomic number 21-29,
42, 44, or 57-83; wherein said --PBM moiety is selected from the
group consisting of: ##STR21## wherein one aryl ring of said --PBM
is substituted with said --[L].sub.q-[MS-MM].sub.p moiety; wherein
R can be a linear or branched aliphatic group, an aryl group, or a
cycloalkyl group; wherein the wavy line signifies the attachment
site for the IEM; wherein said --PBM moiety is conjugated to said
IEM via a covalent bond to a methylene carbon of said chelating
agent of said IEM; wherein said MS moiety is an amide bond; wherein
said MM moiety is a peptide consisting of two or three amino acids;
and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; and b) subjecting
said mammal to magnetic resonance imaging.
4. A method of imaging a tumor using magnetic resonance imaging,
said method comprising: a) administering to a mammal a compound
having the following structure: ##STR22## wherein said IEM
comprises a complex between: (1) a chelating agent selected from
the group consisting of DTPA, DOTA, DTPA-BMA, and HP-DO3A, and (2)
one or more paramagnetic metal ions (M) with atomic numbers 21-29,
42, 44, or 57-83; wherein one aryl ring of said structure is
substituted with a [L].sub.q-[MS-MM].sub.p moiety, wherein q is one
or two and p is one; wherein X is CH.sub.2, O, or NH; wherein L
comprises a physiologically compatible linker moiety which links
said one substituted aryl ring with said --[MS-MM].sub.p moiety;
wherein said MS moiety is an amide bond; wherein said MM moiety is
a peptide consisting of two or three amino acids; and
pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; and b) subjecting said
mammal to magnetic resonance imaging.
5. A method of imaging a site of active inflammation using magnetic
resonance imagaing, said method comprising: a) administering to a
mammal a compound having the following structure: ##STR23## wherein
said IEM comprises a complex between: (1) a chelating agent
selected from the group consisting of DTPA, DOTA, DTPA-BMA, and
HP-DO3A, and (2) one or more paramagnetic metal ions (M) with
atomic numbers 21-29, 42, 44, or 57-83; wherein one aryl ring of
said structure is substituted with a [L].sub.q-[MS-MM].sub.p
moiety, wherein q is one or two and p is one; wherein X is
CH.sub.2, O, or NH; wherein L comprises a physiologically
compatible linker moiety which links said one substituted aryl ring
with said --[MS-MM].sub.p moiety; wherein said MS moiety is an
amide bond; wherein said MM moiety is a peptide consisting of two
or three amino acids; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts
thereof; and b) subjecting said mammal to magnetic resonance
imaging.
6. A method of imaging arterial plaques using magnetic resonance
imaging, said method comprising: a) administering to a mammal a
compound having the following structure: ##STR24## wherein said IEM
comprises a complex between: (1) a chelating agent selected from
the group consisting of DTPA, DOTA, DTPA-BMA, and HP-DO3A, and (2)
one or more paramagnetic metal ions (M) with atomic numbers 21-29,
42, 44, or 57-83; wherein one aryl ring of said structure is
substituted with a [L].sub.q-[MS-MM].sub.p moiety, wherein q is one
or two and p is one; wherein X is CH.sub.2, O, or NH; wherein L
comprises a physiologically compatible linker moiety which links
said one substituted aryl ring with said --[MS-MM].sub.p moiety;
wherein said MS moiety is an amide bond; wherein said MM moiety is
a peptide consisting of two or three amino acids; and
pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; and b) subjecting said
mammal to magnetic resonance imaging.
7. The method of any one of claims 1-6, wherein said MM moiety is a
peptide consisting of two Arg, Lys, or tm-Lys amino acids, or
mixtures thereof.
8. The method of any one of claims 1-6, wherein said MM moiety is
-Arg-tmLys-tmLys.
9. The method of any one of claims 1-6, wherein said MM moiety is
Ile-Arg-Lys
10. The method of any one of claims 1-6, wherein said chelating
agent is selected from the group consisting of: ##STR25## wherein
the wavy line signifies the attachment site for the
--PBM-[L].sub.q-[MS-MM].sub.p moiety.
11. The method of any one of claims 1-6, wherein said paramagnetic
metal ion is selected from the group consisting of: (a) Gd(III),
(b) Mn(II), (c) Fe(III), (d) Cu(II), (e) Cr(III), and (f)
Eu(III).
12. The method of any one of claims 1-6, wherein said
pharmaceutically acceptable salt is an N-methyl-D-glucamine,
calcium, or sodium salt.
13. The method of any one of claims 1-6, wherein said compound has
the structure of Prodrug Compound 2: ##STR26## or Prodrug Compound
10: ##STR27##
14. A method of imaging a tumor using magnetic resonance imaging,
said method comprising: a) administering to a mammal a compound
having the following structure: ##STR28## wherein said IEM
comprises a complex between: (1) a chelating agent selected from
the group consisting of DTPA, DOTA, DTPA-BMA, and HP-DO3A, and (2)
one or more paramagnetic metal ions (M) with atomic numbers 21-29,
42, 44, or 57-83; wherein X is CH.sub.2, O, or NH; and b)
subjecting said mammal to magnetic resonance imaging.
15. A method of imaging a site of active inflammation using
magnetic resonance imaging, said method comprising: a)
administering to a mammal a compound having the following
structure: ##STR29## wherein said IEM comprises a complex between:
(1) a chelating agent selected from the group consisting of DTPA,
DOTA, DTPA-BMA, and HP-DO3A, and (2) one or more paramagnetic metal
ions (M) with atomic numbers 21-29, 42, 44, or 57-83; wherein X is
CH.sub.2, O, or NH; and b) subjecting said mammal to magnetic
resonance imaging.
16. A method of imaging arterial plaques using magnetic resonance
imaging, said method comprising: a) administering to a mammal a
compound having the following structure: ##STR30## wherein said IEM
comprises a complex between: (1) a chelating agent selected from
the group consisting of DTPA, DOTA, DTPA-BMA, and HP-DO3A, and (2)
one or more paramagnetic metal ions (M) with atomic numbers 21-29,
42, 44, or 57-83; wherein X is CH.sub.2, O, or NH; and b)
subjecting said mammal to magnetic resonance imaging.
17. The method of any one of claims 14-16, wherein said compound
has the following structure: ##STR31##
18. The method of any one of claims 14-16, wherein said
paramagnetic metal ion is selected from the group consisting of:
(a) Gd(III), (b) Mn(II), (c) Fe(III), (d) Cu(II), (e) Cr(III), and
(f) Eu(III).
19. The method of any one of claims 14-16, wherein said compound
has the following structure: ##STR32##
20. The method of any one of claims 1, 4, or 14, wherein said tumor
is located in the breast, lung, pancreas, or prostate.
21. The method of claim 20, wherein said tumor is located in the
prostate.
22. The method of any one of claims 1, 4, or 14, wherein said tumor
is malignant.
23. The method of any one of claims 2, 5, or 15, wherein said sites
of inflammation are associated with arthritis.
24. The method of claim 23, wherein said arthritis is rheumatoid
arthritis.
25. The method of any one of claims 3, 6, or 16, wherein said
arterial plaques are associated with atherosclerosis.
26. The method of any one of claims 3, 6, or 16, wherein said
arterial plaques comprise unstable plaques.
27. The method of any one of claims 1-6 or 14-16, wherein said
magnetic resonance imaging is conducted 15 minutes after
administration of said compound.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a Continuation of U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 10/758,729, filed Jan. 16, 2004, which is a
Continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/952,971, filed
Sep. 14, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,709,646, which is a Continuation
of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/823,643, filed Mar. 25,
1997, now abandoned, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional
Application No. 60/014,448, filed Apr. 1, 1996.
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0002] This invention relates to improved diagnostic agents for
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and optical imaging. These agents
permit the sensitive detection of a specific bioactivity within a
tissue. This invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions
comprising these agents and to methods of using the agents and
compositions comprising the agents.
BACKGROUND
[0003] Diagnostic imaging techniques, such as MRI, x-ray imaging,
nuclear radiopharmaceutical imaging, ultraviolet/visible/infrared
light imaging, and ultrasound imaging, have been used in medical
diagnosis for a number of years.
[0004] Commonly used contrast materials include organic molecules,
metal ions, salts or chelates, particles (particularly iron
particles), or labeled peptides, proteins, polymers or liposomes.
After administration, these agents may non-specifically diffuse
throughout body compartments prior to being metabolized and/or
excreted; these agents are generally known as non-specific agents.
Alternatively, these agents may have affinity for a particular body
compartment, cell, organ, or tissue component; these agents can be
referred to as targeted contrast agents.
[0005] Contrast agent-enhanced diagnostic imaging procedures
desirably increase the contrast between normal and pathological
tissue in such a way as to provide two basic classes of
information: [0006] 1) Detection Data. This includes data necessary
to determine whether an abnormality is present in the imaged tissue
and the degree to which it is present. The ability to provide this
class of information relates to the "sensitivity" of the imaging
procedure. [0007] 2) Differential Diagnosis Data. This includes
data necessary to identify with precision the type of abnormality
present. The ability to provide this class of information relates
to the "specificity" of the imaging procedure. Specificity is
necessary for making an accurate prognosis of the patient's
condition and a plan of therapy. For example, although current
procedures may be able to detect a tumor, generally they are
inadequate to determine whether the tumor is benign or malignant,
whether the tumor is likely to metastasize, or whether the tumor is
responding to therapy. Such determinations require some knowledge
of the specific biochemical state of the tissue.
[0008] A number of approaches have been presented to create
targeted contrast agents. U.S. Pat. No. 4,880,008, incorporated
herein by reference, describes MRI contrast agents which exhibit
higher signal, or relaxivity, when they bind non-covalently to
serum proteins, such as human serum albumin. For this class of
agents, the relaxivity is related to the percent of the contrast
agent bound to protein and is typically five to ten times higher
than that observed for agents that do not bind proteins. In
co-pending U.S. application Ser. No. 08/382,317 (filed Feb. 1,
1995), incorporated herein by reference, blood half life extending
moieties ("BHEMs") are added to the protein-binding contrast
agents. The resulting agents exhibit enhanced or altered signal for
a longer period of time in blood relative to agents lacking the
BHEM, rendering these materials especially useful for vascular
imaging.
[0009] U.S. Pat. No. 4,899,755, incorporated herein by reference,
describes MRI contrast agents which are preferentially taken up in
normal hepatocytes, resulting in contrast enhancement between
normal and abnormal liver tissue.
[0010] Another targeting approach is based on conjugation of
contrast agents to proteins, antibodies or other biomolecules which
are known to interact with cell surface receptors, intracellular
receptors, transporters, or other biochemical constituents. See,
e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,171,563. However, such targeting usually
involves a one-to-one interaction between the conjugated agent and
the biochemical target, which is often present in relatively low
concentrations (frequently nanomolar). Consequently, the number of
targeted contrast agent molecules which accumulate in a particular
tissue using this approach is limited. For imaging modalities where
a significant concentration of agent molecules is often needed for
detection (e.g., >1 .mu.M), such as MRI and optical imaging,
this "one-to-one" approach is generally too insensitive to be
useful.
[0011] Attempts to image the biochemical state of tissues include
radiopharmaceutical applications, where certain imaging agents are
retained in a particular tissue. For example, the positron-emitting
.sup.18F-labeled fluorodeoxyglucose is transported into the brain
by passive diffusion, where it is phosphorylated and retained
within brain tissue, resulting in an indication of glucose
metabolism (see M. Blau, Seminars in Nuclear Medicine, Vol. XV, No.
4 (October), 1985). Similarly, a technetium-99m labeled
nitroimidazole is reported to be preferentially retained in
ischemic heart (see Y.-W. Chan et al., Proceedings of the 41st
Annual Meeting of the Society of Nuclear Medicine, Jun. 5-Jun. 8,
1994, J. Nuclear Medicine (1994), Volume 35, Abstract No. 65, p.
18P). However, in these cases, the signal from the
radiopharmacetical remains constant (i.e., each radioisotope has a
characteristic, invariant decay and energy of the particles
emitted) and is not affected by either biomodification or
preferential retention in a tissue. The specificity and sensitivity
of the information which can be obtained by this technique is
limited.
[0012] There remains a need for contrast agents with improved
specificity and sensitivity. In particular, there remains a need
for targeted MRI and optical contrast imaging agents that exhibit
enough signal enhancement or signal alteration in response to the
presence of specific bioactivities to be useful in diagnosing the
presence of those bioactivities.
SUMMARY
[0013] The present invention provides novel improved diagnostic MRI
and optical imaging agents for the sensitive detection of a
specific bioactivity within a tissue, and pharmaceutically
acceptable derivatives thereof. The imaging agents are prodrug
contrast agents which are bioactivated in vivo in the presence of
the specific bioactivity. Where the bioactivity is catalytic (e.g.,
stemming from enzyme activity), a large number of activated
contrast agent molecules is generated for every unit of bioactive
substance. The bioactivated form of the imaging agent exhibits
increased binding affinity for one or more proteins compared to the
prodrug, and this change in binding affinity causes a detectable
change in the signal characteristics in the imaging agent. This
detectable signal change increases the signal (or image) contrast
between tissues which contain the targeted bioactivity and those
which do not, which thus reflects the presence of the targeted
bioactivity.
[0014] It is an object of this invention to provide novel compounds
that are useful as contrast agents in MRI and optical imaging. It
is also an object of this invention to provide pharmaceutical
compositions comprising these compounds. It is a further object of
this invention to provide methods for using these compounds and
compositions comprising them in MRI and optical imaging.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0015] In order that the invention herein described may be more
fully understood, the following detailed description is set
forth.
[0016] The novel prodrugs of the present invention are designed
with three constraints in mind: 1) they must have one or more
specific sites in their structure-that can become modified in vivo
by a specific bioactivity; 2) the modified form of the imaging
agent generated by this bioactivity must bind to one or more
proteins to a greater degree than the prodrug; and 3) the signal
characteristics of the imaging agent must be altered when it binds
to a protein.
[0017] For the present invention, image contrast between normal and
abnormal tissue generally requires the bioactivity in one of the
tissues to be higher than that in the other. If abnormal tissue
expresses a greater concentration of bioactivity than normal
tissue, then abnormal tissue will convert more prodrug contrast
agent to the activated form than will normal tissue (provided that
similar concentrations of prodrug are present in both tissues). In
the specific example where increased protein binding by the
activated contrast agent generates a more intense signal, the
presence of bioactivity results in the image (or signal) being
detected as a "hot spot." Conversely, if the abnormal tissue
expresses the lesser bioactivity, then abnormal tissue will have a
relatively lower concentration of bioactivated contrast agent. In
this case, if the increased protein binding by the activated
contrast agent generates a more intense signal, the presence of
bioactivity results in image (or signal) being detected as a "cold
spot."
I. Definitions
[0018] Listed below are definitions of terms used to describe the
present invention. These definitions apply to the terms as they are
used throughout the specification unless otherwise indicated.
[0019] The term "aliphatic," as used herein alone or as part of
another group, denotes optionally substituted, linear and/or
branched chain, saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbons, including
alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl and cycloalkenyl hydrocarbons.
[0020] The term "alkyl," as used herein alone or as part of another
group, denotes optionally substituted, linear and/or branched chain
saturated hydrocarbons.
[0021] The terms "alkoxy" or "alkylthio" denote an alkyl group as
described above bonded through an oxygen linkage (--O--) or a
sulfur linkage (--S--), respectively. The term "alkylcarbonyl," as
used herein, denotes an alkyl group bonded through a carbonyl
group. The term "alkylcarbonyloxy," as used herein, denotes an
alkyl group bonded through a carbonyl group which is, in turn,
bonded through an oxygen linkage.
[0022] The term "alkenyl," as used herein alone or as part of
another group, denotes optionally substituted, straight and
branched chain hydrocarbon groups containing at least one carbon to
carbon double bond in the chain.
[0023] The term "alkynyl," as used herein alone or as part of
another group, denotes optionally substituted, straight and
branched chain hydrocarbon groups containing at least one carbon to
carbon triple bond in the chain.
[0024] The term "cycloalkyl," as used herein alone or as part of
another group, denotes optionally substituted, saturated cyclic
hydrocarbon ring systems.
[0025] The term "cycloalkenyl," as used herein alone or as part of
another group, denotes such optionally substituted groups as
described above for cycloalkyl, further containing at least one
carbon to carbon double bond forming a partially unsaturated
ring.
[0026] The term "aryl," as used herein alone or as part of another
group, denotes optionally substituted, homocyclic aromatic
groups.
[0027] The term "heterocyclic," as used herein alone or as part of
another group, denotes optionally substituted fully saturated or
unsaturated, aromatic or non-aromatic cyclic groups having at least
one heteroatom.
[0028] The term "acyl," as used herein alone or as part of another
group, denotes the moiety formed by removal of the hydroxyl group
from the --COOH group of an organic carboxylic acid.
[0029] The term "bioactivity" includes changes in pH; redox
potential, concentration of reactive species such as free radicals,
or the presence or level of enzymes or biomolecules (including RNA
enzymes) that can promote modification or cleavage of one or more
bonds in the prodrug. A "bioactivity" can comprise two or more
types of biomolecules that together or sequentially cause
modification of the prodrug. More than one biomodification can
occur to the prodrug (e.g., an enzymatic cleavage followed by
simple hydrolysis or decarboxylation).
II. Structure of the Prodrug
[0030] The prodrugs of this invention must comprise three domains:
an image-enhancing (or signal-generating) moiety ("IEM"), a
modification site ("MS"), and a protein binding moiety (PBM).
[0031] It is contemplated that the prodrugs of this invention may
also comprise a physiologically compatible linker moiety (L)
linking the functional domains. In general, L does not contribute
significantly to the protein binding or image enhancing
functionality of the contrast agent. In some cases, the presence of
L may be preferred based on synthetic considerations. In other
cases, L may facilitate operation of the bioactivity at the MS.
Examples of L's include linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl, aryl,
ether, polyhydroxyl, polyether, polyamine, heterocyclic, peptide,
peptoid, or other physiologically compatible covalent linkages.
[0032] A preferred method of bioactivating the contrast agents of
this invention involves enzymatic cleaving of the prodrug at the MS
(e.g., by an esterase, proteinase, phosphatase, etc.). In this
case, the prodrugs of this invention further comprise a masking
moiety (MM). The MM "masks" (or decreases) the binding of the
prodrug to the protein within the tissue desired to be imaged; once
the MM is removed by cleavage at the MS, then the increased binding
affinity of the agent is expressed. In this case, the target or
substrate for the bioactivity (e.g., an amide bond) is defined as
the MS of the prodrug. This particular method of bioactivation
results in the physical separation of at least two molecular
fragments, one containing the IEM and PBM, and the other the
MM.
[0033] The domains of the compounds of this invention can be
arranged in a variety of positions with respect to each other.
While these domains can exist without any specific boundaries
between them (e.g., the MS can be part of the IEM), it is
convenient to conceptualize them as separate units of the
molecule.
[0034] For example, the following structures are contemplated:
##STR1## wherein each of m, n, o, p and q are the same or
different, q, n, m and p can be greater than or equal to one, but
not zero; and o can be greater than or equal to zero. Generally q,
m, n and p are less than five. Most commonly, m, n, p and q are one
and o is zero or one.
[0035] As used herein, the compounds of this invention are defined
to include pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thereof. A
"pharmaceutically acceptable derivative" means any pharmaceutically
acceptable salt, ester, salt of an ester, or other derivative of a
compound of this invention which, upon administration to a
recipient, is capable of providing (directly or indirectly) a
compound of this invention or an inhibitorily active metabolite or
residue thereof. Particularly favored derivatives are those that
increase the bioavailability of the compounds of this invention
when such compounds are administered to a mammal (e.g., by allowing
an orally administered compound to be more readily absorbed into
the blood) or which enhance delivery of the parent compound to a
biological compartment (e.g., the brain or lymphatic system)
relative to the parent species).
[0036] Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of this
invention include those derived from pharmaceutically acceptable
inorganic and organic acids and bases. Examples of suitable acids
include hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, nitric, perchloric,
fumaric, maleic, phosphoric, glycollic, lactic, salicylic,
succinic, toluene-p-sulfonic, tartaric, acetic, citric,
methanesulfonic, ethanesulfonic, formic, benzoic, malonic,
naphthalene-2-sulfonic and benzenesulfonic acids. Other acids, such
as oxalic, while not in themselves pharmaceutically acceptable, may
be employed in the preparation of salts useful as intermediates in
obtaining the compounds of the invention and their pharmaceutically
acceptable acid addition salts.
[0037] Salts derived from appropriate bases include alkali metal
(e.g., sodium), alkaline earth metal (e.g., magnesium), ammonium
and N--(C.sub.1-4 alkyl).sub.4.sup.+ salts.
[0038] The compounds of this invention contain one or more
asymmetric carbon atoms and thus occur as racemates and racemic
mixtures, single enantiomers, diastereomeric mixtures and
individual diastereomers. All such isomeric forms of these
compounds are expressly included in the present invention. Each
stereogenic carbon may be of the R or S configuration. Although the
specific compounds exemplified in this application may be depicted
in a particular stereochemical configuration, compounds having
either the opposite stereochemistry at any given chiral center or
mixtures thereof are also envisioned.
[0039] Combinations of substituents and variables envisioned by
this invention are only those that result in the formation of
stable compounds. The term "stable", as used herein, refers to
compounds which possess stability sufficient to allow manufacture
and which maintains the integrity of the compound for a sufficient
period of time to be useful for the purposes detailed herein (e.g.,
therapeutic or prophylactic administration to a mammal or for use
in affinity chromatography applications). Typically, such compounds
are stable at a temperature of 40.degree. C. or less, in the
absence of moisture or other chemically reactive conditions, for at
least a week.
[0040] The compounds of the present invention may be used in the
form of salts derived from inorganic or organic acids. Included
among such acid salts, for example, are the following: acetate,
adipate, alginate, aspartate, benzoate, benzenesulfonate,
bisulfate, butyrate, citrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate,
cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate,
ethanesulfonate, fumarate, glucoheptanoate, glycerophosphate,
hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydrochloride, hydrobromide,
hydroiodide, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonate, lactate, maleate,
methanesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, oxalate,
pamoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3-phenylpropionate, picrate,
pivalate, propionate, succinate, tartrate, thiocyanate, tosylate
and undecanoate.
[0041] This invention also envisions the quaternization of any
basic nitrogen-containing groups of the compounds disclosed herein.
The basic nitrogen can be quaternized with any agents known to
those of ordinary skill in the art including, for example, lower
alkyl halides, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl and butyl chloride,
bromides and iodides; dialkyl sulfates including dimethyl, diethyl,
dibutyl and diamyl sulfates; long chain halides such as decyl,
lauryl, myristyl and stearyl chlorides, bromides and iodides; and
aralkyl halides including benzyl and phenethyl bromides. Water or
oil-soluble or dispersible products may be obtained by such
quaternization.
[0042] It should be understood that the compounds of this invention
may be modified by appending appropriate chemical groups to enhance
selective biological properties. Such modifications are known in
the art and include those which increase biological penetration
into a given biological compartment (e.g., blood, lymphatic system,
central nervous system), increase oral availability, increase
solubility to allow administration by injection, alter metabolism
and alter rate of excretion.
[0043] It should also be understood that the compounds of this
invention may adopt a variety of conformational and ionic forms in
solution, in pharmaceutical compositions and in vivo. Although the
depictions herein of specific compounds of this invention are of
particular conformations and ionic forms, other conformations and
ionic forms of those compounds are envisioned and embraced by those
depictions.
[0044] Further detailed description of the IEM, PBM, MM, MS
moieties is presented--below. It should be understood that
compounds of this invention are obtained by selecting among the
various structures of the moieties taught herein and incorporating
them into the final compounds.
A. Image Enhancing Moiety (IEM)
[0045] The IEM can be any chemical or substance that provides the
signal or contrast in imaging. When the contrast agents of this
invention bind to a protein, there is a change in the IEM signal
characteristic that is detectable by the external detector. For
optical imaging, this can be a change in absorbance, reflectance,
fluorescence, an increase or decrease in the number of absorbance
peaks or any change in their wavelength maxima, or any other change
which by external detection would correspond to a bound IEM.
Similarly, for MRI this can be a change in the induced relaxation
rates of water protons (1/T.sub.1 or 1/T.sub.2) or any other nearby
nuclei, or a shift of one or more peaks or alteration in signal
intensity in the NMR spectrum of either the IEM or peaks that
appear from nuclei in the binding site for the PBM.
[0046] For the purposes of this application, "MRI" is understood to
include magnetic resonance spectroscopy techniques. The signals
generated by magnetic resonance spectroscopy generally provide
information in the form of a chemical shift (6, in units of ppm)
instead of three dimensional images. The chemical shift of a
particular nucleus is related to its chemical environment. When a
prodrug is bioactivated, the chemical shift of nuclei within the
prodrug will be altered.
[0047] The IEM can comprise an organic molecule, metal ion, salt or
chelate, cluster, particle (particularly iron particle), or labeled
peptide, protein, polymer or liposome. For
ultraviolet/visible/infrared/fluorescence light (optical) imaging,
the IEM can also be any organic or inorganic dye. Particularly
useful inorganic dyes include luminescent metal complexes, such as
those of Eu(III), Tb(III) and other lanthanide ions (atomic numbers
57-71). See W. Dew. Horrocks & M. Albin, Progr. Inorg. Chem.
(1984), 31, pp. 1-104.
[0048] A particularly useful IEM is a pharmaceutically acceptable
metal chelate compound consisting of one or more cyclic or acyclic
organic chelating agents complexed to one or more metal ions. Metal
ions preferred for optical imaging include those with atomic
numbers 13, 21-34, 39-42, 44-50, or 57-83. Paramagnetic metal ions
preferred for MRI include those with atomic numbers 21-29, 42, 44,
or 57-83.
[0049] If the IEM is a metal chelate, the metal chelate should not
dissociate to any significant degree during the imaging agent's
passage through the body, including a tissue where it may undergo
biomodification. Significant release of free metal ions can result
in large MRI or optical signal alterations, but may also be
accompanied by toxicity, which would only be acceptable in
pathological tissues. It is preferred that bioactivation not
significantly compromise the stability of the chelate so that the
metal complex can remain intact and be excreted. For complexes in
which kinetic lability is low, a high thermodynamic stability (a
formation constant preferably of at least 10.sup.15 M.sup.-1 and
more preferably at least 10.sup.20 M.sup.-1) is desirable to
minimize dissociation and its attendant toxicity. For complexes in
which kinetic lability is comparatively higher, dissociation can be
minimized with a lower formation constant, i.e., preferably
10.sup.10 M.sup.-1 or higher.
[0050] Formation constants of known coordination complexes are
generally less than 10.sup.60 and more typically in the range of
10.sup.15 to 10.sup.40. Coordination complexes with suitable
formation constants include iron enterobactin (formation constant
10.sup.52; W. R. Harris et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. (1981), 103, p.
2667), iron MECAMS (formation constant 10.sup.41; W. R. Harris et
al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. (1979), 101, p. 2213), gadolinium
diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid ("DTPA") (formation constant
10.sup.22.46; D. L. Wright et al., Anal. Chem. (1965), 37, pp.
884-892), gadolinium (1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclotetradecene
1,4,7,10-tetracetic acid ("DOTA") (formation constant 10.sup.25.3;
K. Kumar et al., Inorganic Chemistry (1993), 32, pp. 587-593),
gadolinium DTPA-BMA (formation constant 10.sup.16.9; W. P. Cacheris
et al., Mag. Res. Imag. (1990), 8 pp. 467-481) and gadolinium EDTA
(formation constant 10.sup.17.3; D. L. Wright et al., Anal. Chem.
(1965) 37, pp. 884-892). Formulations of gadolinium DTPA, DOTA, and
DTPA-BMA are used clinically as MRI contrast agents.
[0051] Toxicity is also a function of the number of open
coordination sites in the complex. The fewer coordination sites,
the less tendency there is, generally, for the chelating agent to
release the paramagnetic substance. Preferably, therefore, the
complex contains two, one or zero open coordination sites. The
presence of more than two open sites in general will unacceptably
increase toxicity by release of the metal ion in vivo.
[0052] In order to effectively enhance MRI images, the complex is
preferably capable of enhancing the relaxation rates 1/T.sub.1
(longitudinal, or spin-lattice) and/or 1/T.sub.2 (transverse, or
spin-spin) of water protons or other imaging or spectroscopic
nuclei, including protons, P-31, C-13, Na-23, or F-19 on other
biomolecules or injected biomarkers. Relaxivities R.sub.1 and
R.sub.2 are defined as the ability to increase 1/T.sub.1 or
1/T.sub.2, respectively, per mM of metal ion; units are
mM.sup.-1s.sup.-1. For the most common form of clinical MRI, water
proton MRI, relaxivity is optimal where the paramagnetic ion bound
to the chelating ligand still has one or more open coordination
sites for water exchange. See S. M. Rocklage, et al. "Contrast
Agents in Magnetic Resonance", Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Second
Edition, Volume 1, Chapter 14, (1992), Mosby-Year Book, Inc.; R. B.
Lauffer, Chemical Reviews (1987), 87, pp. 901-927.
[0053] In addition to increasing the 1/T.sub.1 or 1/T.sub.2 of
tissue nuclei via dipole-dipole interactions, MRI agents can affect
two other magnetic properties and thus be of use clinically: [0054]
1) an iron particle or metal chelate of high magnetic
susceptibility, particularly chelates of Dy, Gd, or Ho, can alter
the MRI signal intensity of tissue by creating microscopic magnetic
susceptibility gradients. See A. Villringer et al., Magn. Reson.
Med. (1988), 6, pp. 164-174. No open coordination sites on a
chelate are required for this application. [0055] 2) an iron
particle or metal chelate can also be used to shift the resonance
frequency of water protons or other imaging or spectroscopic
nuclei, including protons, P-31, C-13, Na-23, or F-19 on the
injected agent or the protein to which it binds. Here, depending on
the nucleus and strategy used, zero to three open coordination
sites may be employed.
[0056] The preferred paramagnetic metal is selected from the group
consisting of Gd(III), Fe(III), Mn(II) and Mn(III), Cr(III),
Cu(II), Dy(III), Tb(III), Ho(III), Er(III) and Eu(III). The most
preferred is Gd(III).
[0057] The organic chelating ligand should be physiologically
compatible. The molecular size of the chelating ligand should be
compatible with the size of the paramagnetic metal. Thus gadolinium
(III), which has a crystal ionic radius of 0.938 .ANG., requires a
larger chelating ligand than iron (III), which has a crystal ionic
radius of 0.64 .ANG..
[0058] Many suitable chelating ligands for MRI agents are known in
the art. These can also be used for metal chelates for other forms
of biological imaging. For MRI imaging, preferred IEMs include:
##STR2## It is known in the art that other metals may be
substituted for Gd.sup.3+ in certain applications.
[0059] It is also contemplated that the IEM may comprise a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts
of this invention include those derived from inorganic or organic
acids and bases. Included among such acid salts are the following:
acetate, adipate, alginate, aspartate, benzoate, benzenesulfonate,
bisulfate, butyrate, citrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate,
cyclopentane-propionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate,
ethanesulfonate, fumarate, glucoheptanoate, glycerophosphate,
hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydrochloride, hydrobromide,
hydroiodide, 2-hydroxy-ethanesulfonate, lactate, maleate,
methanesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, oxalate,
pamoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3-phenyl-propionate, picrate,
pivalate, propionate, succinate, tartrate, thiocyanate, tosylate
and undecanoate. Base salts include ammonium salts, alkali metal
salts, such as sodium and potassium salts, alkaline earth metal
salts, such as calcium, magnesium and zinc salts, salts with
organic bases, such as dicyclohexylamine salts,
N-methyl-D-glucamine, and salts with amino acids such as arginine,
lysine, and so forth. Also, the basic nitrogen-containing groups
can be quaternized with such agents as lower alkyl halides, such as
methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl chloride, bromides and iodides;
dialkyl sulfates, such as dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl and diamyl
sulfates, long chain halides such as decyl, lauryl, myristyl and
stearyl chlorides, bromides and iodides, aralkyl halides, such as
benzyl and phenethyl bromides and others. Water or oil-soluble or
dispersible products are thereby obtained. The preferred salts of
the IEM are the N-methyl-D-glucamine, calcium and sodium salts.
B. Protein Binding Moiety (PBM)
[0060] The PBM of the contrast agents of this invention contribute
to the binding of the agents to one or more proteins within the
tissue containing the bioactivity. This non-covalent binding should
be sufficiently tight and the total number of binding sites for the
PBM sufficiently large such that contrast is generated between
tissues having different levels of targeted bioactivity.
[0061] Examples of suitable PBMs include: drugs, lipophilic or
amphiphilic organic molecules, porphyrins, receptor ligands,
steroids, lipids, hormones, peptides, proteins, oligonucleotides
(DNA, RNA or chemically modified versions thereof), antibodies
(including monoclonal and genetically engineered versions and their
fragments) or other biomolecules or substances known to bind to one
or more proteins in the tissue containing the bioactivity desired
to be imaged.
[0062] Preferred PBMs are those that bind reversibly to proteins in
plasma, interstitial space (the fluid between cells), or
intracellular space. While any biomolecule or substance that binds
to a protein could be used, most useful are those that bind to
proteins which either exist in high concentration or have a large
number of binding sites for the biomolecule or substance. This
affords the ability to temporarily "trap" the large number of
modified agents catalytically produced by the bioactivity. The
reversible nature of the binding increases the likelihood that the
agents will eventually be excreted, a very desirable property for
imaging agents.
[0063] Examples of preferred proteins are: human serum albumin
(HSA) (0.7 mM in plasma, lower concentrations in interstitial
space); fatty acid binding protein (FABP; also known as Z-protein
or protein A) (roughly 0.1 mM in the primary cells of the liver,
kidney, heart and other tissues); glutathione-5-transferase (GST,
also known as ligandin), (roughly 0.1 mM in the primary cells of
the liver, kidney, heart and other tissues); alpha 1-acid
glycoprotein (AAG, MW 41,000) (0.55 g-1.4 g/L) and lipoproteins
(concentrated in atherosclerotic plaque). Other preferred examples
include the structural proteins of the extracellular matrix
(collagens, laminin, elastin, fibronectin, entactin, vitronectin),
amyloid (including the beta-2 amyloid protein (A4) of Alzheimer's
disease), ceroid (or lipofuscin), and glycoproteins (for example,
osteonectin, tenascin, and thrombospondin).
[0064] A more preferred protein for positively charged contrast
agents or contrast agents containing basic PBMs is alpha 1-acid
glycoprotein (AAG). The plasma levels of this positive acute phase
protein varies significantly with disease state. For example, the
concentrations of AAG increase two to four fold following
inflammatory stimuli and plasma levels of AAG have been suggested
as a prognostic aid for glioma, metastatic breast and other
carcinoma, neonatal infection, and chronic pain. Elevated levels
have been noted in atheroscerosis, Chron's disease, myocardial
infarction, nephritis, and bacterial, viral, and post-operative
infections. Ligands that bind AAG include numerous basic drugs,
such as propranolol (K.sub.a=11.3.times.10.sup.5), imipramine
(K.sub.a=2.4.times.10.sup.5), and chlorpromazine
(K.sub.a=35.4.times.10.sup.5), which can therefore be employed as
PBMs.
[0065] Ligands for HSA, FABP, and GST are more preferred PBMs since
these tend to be neutral with partial negatively charged groups
(e.g., an ester, amide, or ketone carbonyl oxygen); such compounds
are, in general, less toxic than positively charged molecules. For
activated agents designed to bind FABP or GST, hydrophobic
long-chain PBMs which mimic the natural ligands (such as palmitic
acid), or ring-containing PBMs (such as indocyanine green) are
preferred.
[0066] Of these three proteins, HSA is highly preferred since
ligands for HSA, unlike ligands for FABP and GST, require no
intracellular uptake before binding. There need be no intracellular
uptake of ligands for HSA since HSA is present in substantial
quantities in many extracellular fluid environments including
plasma, interstitial space of normal and cancerous tissues,
synovial fluid, cerebral spinal fluid and inflammatory or abscess
fluid. In many pathologic tissues such as tumors, inflammation,
atherosclerotic plaque or the walls of atherosclerotic arteries,
capillaries are leaky, resulting in even higher localized HSA
levels.
[0067] Another reason why HSA is highly preferred is that each
protein molecule has a large number of ligand binding sites. See U.
Kragh-Hansen, Pharm. Rev. (1981), 33, pp. 17-53; X. M. He et al.,
Nature (1992), 358, pp. 209-215; D. C. Carter, Adv. Protein Chem.
(1994), 45, pp. 153-203.
[0068] The design of suitable PBMs is discussed in U.S. Pat. No.
4,880,008 and in U.S. application Ser. No. 08/382,317 (filed Feb.
1, 1995). For binding to HSA, a wide range of hydrophobic or
amphiphilic substances function as the PBM. These include but are
not limited to aliphatic, alkoxy or alkylthio, alkylcarbonyl,
alkylcarbonyloxy, aryl or heterocyclic groups with 1 to 60 carbons
and, optionally, one or more nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, halogen,
aliphatic, amide, ester, sulfonamide, acyl, sulfonate, phosphate,
hydroxyl or organometallic substituents. Alternatively, the PBM may
be a peptide containing hydrophobic amino acid residues and/or
substituents with or without hydrophobic or hydrophilic termination
groups.
[0069] The addition of lipophilic groups into a contrast agent is
likely to decrease the solubility of the agent. To retain efficient
solubility of the contrast agent at clinically effective dosage
levels or higher, it may be preferred to incorporate one or more
hydrogen-bonding groups (oxygen, nitrogens, etc.) into the PBM.
[0070] While purely aliphatic groups can be used as PBM's, these
may not be as preferred as mixed aliphatic-aryl groups or purely
aryl groups. Especially when a negative charge is attached to the
terminus of long and flexible aliphatic groups, the contrast agents
tend to disrupt the interactions between membrane proteins and
lipids. This may increase the toxicity of the agent. Thus it is
preferred that the PBM contain at least one aryl ring.
[0071] In the case of HSA-bound MRI agents for tissue enhancement,
it is preferable for the contrast agent to contain two or more
lipophilic groups to fully immobilize the agent when bound to the
protein. These groups may be on one PBM, or as two or more separate
chemical groups attached to the contrast agent. Because of their
bulky nature and rigidity, it is highly preferable that the two or
more groups each contain an aryl ring, with the two or more rings
arranged in a rigid, non-planar orientation.
[0072] Preferred PBMs suitable for incorporation into the prodrug
contrast agents of this invention include the following structures:
##STR3## wherein R comprises an aliphatic group and/or at least one
aryl ring, or comprises a peptide containing hydrophobic amino acid
residues and/or substituents with or without hydrophobic or
hydrophilic termination groups.
[0073] The magnetic resonance phenomena is complex, and different
paramagnetic materials alter the MRI signal to various degrees. See
R. B. Lauffer, Chemical Reviews (1987), 87, pp. 901-927. A
quantitative measurement of the ability of a contrast agent to
relax water protons, and consequently affect the MRI image, is
provided by its relaxivity. Relaxivity is the dependence of water
proton signal intensity upon the concentration of paramagnetic
metal ion in solution. Relaxivity is defined as the induced T.sub.1
or T.sub.2 relaxation per unit time (R.sub.1 or R.sub.2 in units of
mM.sup.-1 sec.sup.-1) observed for a contrast agent, where the
concentration of the agent is expressed in a millimolar (mM).
[0074] The physical properties of a gadolinium complex affect the
relaxivity of the contrast agent. The number of water molecules
bound to the gadolinium complex, the rate of exchange of the water
molecule with bulk solution, the relaxation time of the seven
unpaired electrons, and the rotational tumbling time (know as the
rotational correlation time) of the contrast agent in solution all
contribute to the overall observed relaxivity. Alteration in these
physical properties can dramatically alter the relaxivity. For
example, the binding of small-molecular-weight gadolinium chelates
to large macromolecules slows the rotation tumbling time and
increases the relaxation enhancement by factors of 3 to 10. Binding
of the contrast agent to the protein causes the magnetic
fluctuations between the paramagnetic ion and the water protons to
occur on the same time scale as the Larmor frequency, generating
the most efficient longitudinal (T.sub.1) relaxation possible and
the highest possible relaxivity. Thus, non-covalent binding of MRI
contrast agents to large macromolecules, such as proteins, is an
efficient way to increase the MRI signal. Image contrast is
generated between areas which have different levels of non-covalent
binding of an activated agent.
[0075] To generate bioactivity-related contrast between normal and
abnormal tissues, there should be a substantial difference between
the protein-binding affinity of the prodrug and that of the
bioactivated agent. The prodrug binding affinity is desirably 80%
or less of the binding affinity of the activated agent. For
example, if the activated agent is 90% bound to a protein within a
tissue containing the bioactivity under physiologically relevant
conditions (i.e., contrast agent concentration in plasma 0.01-10 mM
for MRI and optical imaging), the prodrug should be 72% bound or
less under the same conditions. It is preferred that the prodrug
exhibit 50% or less of the binding affinity of the activated agent,
more preferred is 40% or less, even more preferred is 30% or less,
even more preferred is 20% or less, and most preferred is 10% or
less.
[0076] In MRI, the bioactivity-related contrast between normal and
abnormal tissues can be manifested as a change in the induced
relaxation rates (1/T.sub.1 or 1/T.sub.2) of water protons, or
relaxivities, R.sub.1 and R.sub.2. In the present invention, the
prodrug relaxivity R.sub.1 is desirably 80% or less of the R.sub.1
of the bioactivated agent. Preferably the prodrug relaxivity
R.sub.1 is 50% or less of the relaxivity R.sub.1 of the
bioactivated agent, more preferably 20% or less, and most
preferably 10% or less.
[0077] Protein binding of contrast agents can be assessed in vitro
by equilibrium dialysis or ultrafiltration using a physiologically
relevant protein concentration in buffer. See, G. N. Rolinson and
R. Sutherland, British J. Pharmac. Chemother. (1965), 25, p. 638
(ultrafiltration); D. Glick, Methods Biochem. Anal. (1956), 3 p.
265 (equilibrium dialysis). The protein binding measurements set
forth in this application are determined by ultrafiltration using
4.5% (w/w) human serum albumin in phosphate buffered saline (0.15
NaCl, 10 mM phosphate, pH 7.4). Preferably at least 10%, and more
preferably at least 50%, and even more preferably at least 80%, and
most preferably at least 95%, of an activated protein-binding
contrast agent will be bound to the protein under physiologically
relevant conditions. In this application, the measurement of
percent binding of the contrast agent to HSA has an error of
approximately +5%. Protein binding to other proteins or to serum
can be assessed in a similar fashion.
[0078] The degree to which an agent has been tuned for maximum
relaxivity can be assessed by measuring the relaxivity-bound
(R.sub.1-bound) in the presence of HSA. This requires measuring the
relaxivity of the free chelate (R.sub.1-free) as well as the
relaxivity (R.sub.1-observed) and percent binding of the agent in
4.5% HSA. The R.sub.1-observed is a mole fraction weighted average
of R.sub.1-free and R.sub.1-bound:
R.sub.1-observed=(fraction-free*R.sub.1-free)+(fraction-bound*R.sub.1-bou-
nd) Thus: R 1 .times. - .times. bound = [ R 1 .times. - .times.
observed - ( fraction .times. - .times. free * R 1 .times. -
.times. free ) ] fraction .times. - .times. bound ##EQU1##
[0079] Protein binding of ligands can also be evaluated
theoretically. For a common class of ligands, binding affinity to
HSA and other proteins will generally increase with the
hydrophobicity of the PBM. Theoretical estimates of the
hydrophobicity of a substituent such as a PBM can be obtained by
calculating the contribution to the log of the octanol-water (or
octanol-buffer) partition coefficient (log P) for the PBM itself
using the Hansch n constant for substituents. See A. Leo and C.
Hansch, "Partition Coefficients and their Uses," Chemical Reviews,
71, pp. 525-616 (1971); K. C. Chu, "The Quantitative Analysis of
Structure-Activity Relationships," Burger's Medicinal Chemistry,
Part 1, pp. 393-418, (4th ed. 1980). Binding affinity will increase
with increasing log P contributions. For example, for substituents
on aliphatic groups, the following n constants can be used:
TABLE-US-00001 Group n-aliphatic CH.sub.3 0.50 Phenyl 2.15
[0080] For substituents on aryl groups, the following n constants
can be used: TABLE-US-00002 Group n-aliphatic CH.sub.3 0.56
CH.sub.2CH.sub.3 1.02 Phenyl 1.96 C(CH.sub.3).sub.3 1.98
Thus, the log P contribution for a p-methylbenzyl group attached to
an IEM would be calculated as follows (using the value of the
n-aliphatic for CH.sub.3 as an estimate for the --CH.sub.2--
group): log P contribution=0.50+2.15+0.56=3.21 The log P
contribution for a p-[4-(t-butyl)-phenyl]benzyl group attached to
an IEM would be calculated as follows (using the value of the
n-aliphatic for CH.sub.3 as an estimate for the --CH.sub.2-- group)
log P contribution=0.56+2.15+2.15+1.98=6.84
[0081] In binding to HSA, a minimum log P contribution of 2
(equivalent to four CH.sub.3 groups or one phenyl ring) is required
to achieve significant binding. More preferred is a log P
contribution of 4 or more. Even more preferred is a log P
contribution of 6 or more.
[0082] In optical imaging, the invention requires that there be a
measurable difference between the optical properties of the
non-protein bound prodrug, and the bioactivated protein bound
contrast agent. For example, the maximal absorbance of indocyanine
green is shifted from 770-780 to 790-805 nm upon binding to
proteins in plasma or blood. This difference is used to detect
bioactivity by imaging or detecting the protein-bound, activated
optical imaging agent. As in the case of MRI, use of a bioactivated
prodrug of the optical agent increases the specificity of the
agent.
C. Modification Site (MS)
[0083] The Modification Site (MS) domain on the prodrug is altered
by the specific bioactivity desired to be imaged. That alteration,
which is a biotransformation (enzymatic or otherwise) such as bond
cleavage, bond formation, oxidation, reduction, or
protonation/deprotonation, results in the generation of
bioactivated agent. The MS can be an inherent part of the IEM or
PBM (as long as it does not adversely affect their individual
functions) or it can constitute a separate substituent. One skilled
in the art will recognize the chemical structures of the MS which
are capable of being altered by the bioactivity.
[0084] Preferred MSs are those capable of being altered in vivo by
enzymes. Enzymes useful to modify the prodrugs of this invention
are those expressed in mammals or in infectious microorganisms
(bacteria, yeast, viruses, etc.) which promote modification or
cleavage of one or more bonds in the prodrug. The expression of
enzyme molecules and their associated in vivo inhibitors is very
sensitive to the type of tissue or its condition. Highly preferred
modification sites are those which are altered by enzymes which
have elevated levels or activity in patients who have inflammatory
diseases, infectious disease, cancer, atherosclerosis, thrombosis,
myocardial infarction, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis,
endometriosis, periodontal disease, autoimmune disease, and so
forth. In the case of enzymatic bioactivity, the MS chemical
structure will be closely related to that of the natural or optimal
substrates for the enzyme. The natural or optimal substrates are
well-known and described in the literature or can be identified by
standard biochemical techniques.
[0085] Preferred modification sites include those which are cleaved
by the EC class of enzymes known as Hydrolases (EC 3.1.*.*through
EC 3.99.*.*). These modification sites consist of carbon-oxygen,
carbon-nitrogen, phosphorous-oxygen, carbon-carbon and other bonds
which are hydrolytically cleaved by the action of the appropriate
enzyme. More preferred modification sites include
phosphorous-oxygen bonds, which are hydrolysed by enzymes known as
phosphatases (EC.3.1.3.*) (Class, Hydrolase; subclass, esterase;
sub-subclass, phosphomonoesterase). Specific examples of
phosphatase enzymes and their common names are listed in Table I
below. TABLE-US-00003 TABLE I EC Number Common Name Other Names EC
3.1.3.1 Alkaline Phosphatase Alkaline phosphomonoesterase;
glycerophosphatase EC 3.1.3.2 Acid Phosphatase Acid
phosphomonoesterase; glycerophosphatase
[0086] A specific example of a phosphorous-oxygen MS site is that
contained in prodrug MRI contrast agent 1. Such phosphate
mono-ester derivatives are rapidly hydrolyzed by alkaline
phosphatase to generate an alcohol (or phenol) and phosphate
(PO.sub.4.sup.2-) as products. In this specific case, the phosphate
mono-ester prodrug 1 binds HSA less strongly than its enzymatic
cleavage product, the corresponding alcohol. The clinical relevance
of enzymes which act on phosphorous-oxygen MS sites is exemplified
by the case of acid phosphatase, which has elevated levels in
prostate cancer patients and has been used extensively in the
diagnosis, staging and monitoring of prostate cancer for decades.
##STR4##
[0087] Additional preferred modification sites include those which
are cleaved by sulfatases (EC 3.1.6.*; Class, Hydrolase; subclass,
esterase; sub-subclass, sulfatase), enzymes which cleave
sulfur-oxygen bonds. Steroid sulfatase activity is particularly
high in breast tumors, and plays a role in regulating the formation
of estrogens within tumors. A listing of sulfatases able to alter
sulfate MS sites and their EC numbers are listed in Table II below.
TABLE-US-00004 TABLE II EC Number Common Name Other Names EC
2.8.2.4 Estrone Sulfatase Estrone Sulfotransferase EC 2.8.2.15
Steroid sulfotransferase EC 3.1.6.2 Steryl-sulfatase EC 3.1.5.1
Arylsulfatase Sulfatase EC 3.1.6.4 N-acetylgalactosamine-
6-sulfatase EC 3.1.6.18 Glucuronate-2-sulfatase EC 3.1.6.6
Choline-sulfatase EC 3.1.6.8 Cerebroside-sulfatase EC 3.1.6.9
Chondro-4-sulfatase EC 3.1.6.10 Chondro-6-sulfatase EC 3.1.6.12
N-acetylgalactosamine- 4-sulfatase EC 3.1.6.13
Iduronate-2-sulfatase EC 3.1.6.16 Monomethyl-sulfatase EC 3.1.6.17
D-lactate-2-sulfatase
[0088] Highly preferred MSs are carbon-nitrogen peptide bonds which
are hydrolyzed by a subclass of hydrolase enzymes known as
proteinases (EC 3.4.*.*). These enzymes hydrolyze an amide bond to
form two cleavage products, an amine and a carboxylic acid, one of
which remains attached to the bioactivated agent. The MS is
designed to mimic a natural or optimal peptide substrate for the
specific enzymatic activity to be imaged.
[0089] Especially preferred carbon-nitrogen peptide MSs are those
which are hydrolyzed by serine proteases (EC 3.4.21.*; Class,
Hydrolase; subclass, peptidase, sub-subclass, serine
endopeptidase). Serine protease activity has been linked to primary
breast cancer, tumor progression that leads to metastasis in breast
cancer, the activation of coagulation in patients with lung cancer,
pancreatic cancer, severe pancreatitis, and prostate cancer. An MS
useful for diagnostic agents for prostate cancer is one which is
altered by prostate-specific antigen (PSA), a serine protease
glycoprotein (30-34 kDa) produced exclusively by prostatic tissue.
PSA exhibits enzymatic activity typical of peptidases chymotrypsin
and trypsin, and its physiological substrate appears to be
high-molecular-mass seminal vesicle protein (HMM-SV-protein). PSA
is extremely useful for monitoring therapy, particularly
prostatectomy because its presence is decreased to nearly zero
following removal of the prostate. A slow rise in PSA following
prostatectomy indicates that either not all of the prostate is
removed or that lymph node metastases are present and producing the
antigen. The concentration of PSA is also proportional to tumor
burden or malignant potential and changes quickly in response to
therapy. A listing of specific serine proteases enzymes and their
common names are listed in Table III below. TABLE-US-00005 TABLE
III EC Number Common Name Other Names EC 3.4.21.77
Prostate-specific Semonogelase; antigen PSA; gamma-seminoprotein
seminin EC 3.4.21.37 Leukocyte Elastase Lysosomal elastase;
Neutrophil; elastase; Bone marrow serine protease; Medullasin EC
3.4.21.36 Pancreatic Elastase Pancreato- peptidase E; Pancreatic
elastase I EC 3.4.21.76 Myeloblastin Proteinase 3 Wegener's
autoantigen
[0090] Preferred MSs are those which are altered by matrix
metalloproteinases (MMPs) (EC 3.4.24.*, subclass, peptidase;
sub-subclass metalloendopeptidase), enzymes which exhibit high
bioactivity in the extracellular space, a tissue compartment which
is easily accessible to contrast agents. Furthermore, MMP activity
is altered by many diseases. To varying degrees, members of the MMP
family are linked to the following diseases: cancer (especially in
the degradation of extracellular matrix prior to metastases),
atherosclerosis (especially in the degradation of the fibrous cap
of atherosclerotic plaque leading to rupture, thrombosis, and
myocardial infarction or unstable angina), rheumatoid arthritis and
osteoarthritis (destruction of cartilage aggrecan and collagen),
periodontal disease, inflammation, autoimmune disease, organ
transplant rejection, ulcerations (corneal, epidermal, and
gastric), scleroderma, epidermolysis bullosa, endometriosis, kidney
disease, and bone disease. Specific metalloproteinase enzymes and
their common names are listed in Table IV below. TABLE-US-00006
TABLE IV EC Number Common Name Other Names EC 3.4.24.23 Matrilysin
MMP-7; Matrin; Uterine metallo- endopeptidase; PUMP-1 EC 3.4.24.7
Interstitial MMP-1 collagenase Vertebrate collagenase; Fibroblast
Collagenase EC 3.4.24.17 Stromelysin-1 MMP-3; Transin;
Proteoglycannase EC 3.4.24.22 Stromelysin-2 MMP-10; Transin-2 EC
3.4.24.24 Gelatinase MMP-2 72-kDa gelatinase; Type IV collagnease
EC 3.4.26 Pseudolysin Pseudomonas in elastase; Pseuodomonas
aeruginosa-neutral metalloproteinase EC 3.4.24.34 Neutrophil MMP-8
collagenase EC 3.4.24.35 Gelatinase B MMP-9; 92-kDa gelatinase;
Type V collagenase; 92-kDa type IV- collagenase; Macrophage
gelatinase EC 3.4.24.39 Deuterolysin Penicillium Rogquforti-
protease II; Microbial neutral- proteinase II; Acid
metalloproteinase
[0091] In the case where the targeted bioactivity is the enzymatic
activity expressed by MMP-1, a matrix metalloproteinase which is
elevated in certain inflammatory diseases, a preferred MS is the
carbon-nitrogen amide bond linking the amino acids glycine (Gly)
and isoleucine (Ile). An example of a prodrug containing a Gly-Ile
amide bond MS site is prodrug compound 2. ##STR5##
[0092] It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that other
types of MS (for example, esters, ethers) are hydrolyzed by
appropriate target enzymes, such as those categorized as esterases
(EC 3.1.*.*) or ether hydrolases (EC 3.3.*.*) and that, based on
the knowledge of the chemistry of the target enzyme, optimal MSs
may then be incorporated into the prodrug.
[0093] In some cases, it is desirable that alteration of the
modification site be followed by a second, chemical reaction in
order to generate the activated contrast agent. Neutral or
negatively charged PBMs are preferred over positively charged PBMs
for those agents which are designed to bind HSA (see U.S. Pat. No.
4,880,008). Thus, an especially preferred method for activation of
contrast agents that bind to HSA is a secondary chemical reaction
which converts positively charged MS cleavage residue to neutral or
negatively charged group. This increases the hydrophobicity of the
agent (increased log P) and tends to increase HSA binding.
D. Masking Moiety (MM)
[0094] When present in a prodrug of this invention, an MM is
cleaved from the prodrug when it is bioactivated. An MM can be any
organic or inorganic moiety which, when incorporated into the
prodrug in a proper position, decreases the protein binding
affinity of the prodrug compared to the bioactivated contrast
agent.
[0095] Examples of suitable MMs include polyethylenegylcol,
dextran, hyaluronic acid, or other substances that alter the charge
or hydrophobicity of the surface of the PBM. Such materials have
been widely used to prevent the interaction of large
molecular-weight materials (for example, polymers, proteins, or
liposomes) with cellular surfaces in the blood. For example,
polyethyleneglycol (PEG) attached to liposomes prevents cellular
uptake into the reticuloendothelial system, resulting in prolonged
circulation of the liposomes. See D. Paphadjopoulos et al.,
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (1991), 88, pp.
11460-11464; T. M. Allen et al., Biochimica Biophysica Acta (1991),
1066, pp. 29-36.
[0096] For low molecular weight (<5000 Daltons) prodrug contrast
agents, hydrophilic and/or charged groups can similarly be used.
Such groups can be judiciously positioned within the MM/Linker so
that they effectively mask protein binding, yet are released upon
bioactivation, thus allowing the increased binding capability of
the IEM/PBM to be expressed. For contrast agents which are designed
to bind serum proteins such as HSA following bioactivation,
hydrophilic and/or charged groups such as hydroxyl, amine (or
ammonium), quaternary amine, certain amino acids (especially
lysine, arginine, and histidine), sulfoxide, phosphate, sulfate,
carboxylate, carbohydrate, sugar, and metal chelates in single or
multiple configurations represent potentially effective MMs.
[0097] Examples of hydrophilic and/or charged groups which affect
HSA binding affinity are described in the art. HSA binding of
iodinated x-ray contrast agents is masked by the judicious
substitution of hydroxyl groups combined with the elimination of
carboxylate groups. For example, the X-ray contrast agent
iodipamide binds to HSA with high affinity (>98%), whereas
corresponding neutral iodinated x-ray contrast agents, which are
modified to contain numerous hydrophilic hydroxyl groups, bind to
HSA with low affinity (<1%). See Radiocontrast Agents, M. Sovak,
ed., Springer-Verlag, New York (1984), Chapter 1 "Chemistry of
X-Ray Contrast Media," pp. 23-125. Similarly, a reduction of HSA
binding affinity for a series of bile acid derivatives is noted as
the number of hydrophilic hydroxyl groups is increased. Thus,
lithocholic acid (binding constant=2.0.times.10.sup.5) binds more
tightly than chenodeoxycholic acid cholic and (binding
constant=5.5.times.10.sup.4) which binds more tightly than cholic
acid (binding constant=0.3.times.10.sup.4). See Roda et al., J.
Lipid Research (1982), 23, pp. 490-495.
[0098] Appropriately positioned primary, secondary or tertiary
amines have been shown to reduce the HSA binding affinity of
certain antibiotics as compared with similar drugs lacking this
functionality. This effect is illustrated by data reported for some
novel antibiotics, enoxacin and NY-198. See E. Okezaki et al., Drug
Metabolism and Disposition (1988), 16, pp. 865-74. The fraction of
these compounds which were bound to HSA (f.sub.b) was reported to
be 0.35 and 0.28, respectively, as compared with analogs miloxacin
(f.sub.b=0.86) and nalidixic acid (f.sub.b=0.71) which lacked the
amine groups.
[0099] Thus, in the preferred prodrugs of this invention, the IEM
comprises a DTPA, DOTA, DTPA-BMA or HP-DO3A chelate of Gd.sup.3+;
the PBM comprises one or more of the following structures: ##STR6##
wherein R comprises an aliphatic group and/or at least one aryl
ring, or comprises a peptide containing hydrophobic amino acid
residues and/or substituents with or without hydrophobic or
hydrophilic termination groups; and the MS comprises a bond capable
of being altered in vivo by a hydrolase enzyme.
[0100] Preferably, the MS is a phosphorus-oxygen bond capable of
being hydrolyzed in vivo by a phosphatase enzyme or an amide bond
capable of being hydrolyzed in vivo by metalloproteinase enzyme or
a serine protease enzyme. Gadolinium complex 1, gadolinium complex
2 and gadolinium complex 10, identified herein, are examples of
preferred prodrugs.
III. Synthesis
[0101] The compounds of this invention may be synthesized using
conventional techniques. Advantageously, these compounds are
conveniently synthesized from readily available starting materials.
Many starting materials are commercially available, e.g., from
Aldrich Chemical Company, Inc., Milwaukee, Wis. Although methods
for the syntheses of the compounds of this invention are known to
those of ordinary skill in the art of organic synthesis, the
following general methods are set forth to illustrate these
syntheses. These methods should not be viewed as limiting the scope
of this invention in any way.
[0102] The synthesis of DTPA and DOTA chelating agents modified
with organic substituents used to link the resulting chelate
covalently to proteins, including monoclonal antibodies, has been
described in the literature. For example,
1-(p-isothiocyanatobenzyl)DTPA was prepared by reacting
commercially available p-nitrophenylalanine methyl ester (Aldrich
Chemical) with ethylene diamine and subsequent reduction with
borane to form the triamine. Alkylation with bromoacetic acid
followed by reduction (H.sub.2/Pd--C) and reaction with
thiophosgene gives the isothiocyanate. See M. W. Brechbiel et al.,
Inorganic Chemistry (1986), 25, pp. 2772-2781. Chelating agents in
which the DTPA carbon backbone has been substituted with a
aminobutyl group derived from derived from lysine have also been
reported. See J. P. L. Cox et al., J. Chemical Society Perkin
Transactions I (1990), pp. 2567-2576. A synthetic approach to
acetate-substituted DTPA molecules via double alkylation of
p-nitrophenylalanine has also been described. See M. A. Williams et
al., Journal of Organic Chemistry (1993), 58, pp. 1151-1158.
Similarly, functionalized macrocyclic DOTA molecules have been
prepared starting from amino acids and standard cyclization
techniques, including Richman-Atkins tosylate chemistry (J. P. L.
Cox et al., J. Chemical Society Perkin Transactions I (1990), pp.
2567-2576) or high-dilution ring formation (T. J. McMurry et al.,
Bioconjugate Chemistry (1992), pp. 108-117.
[0103] The synthesis of hepatobiliary MRI contrast agents
containing lipophilic benzyl substituents is described in U.S. Pat.
No. 4,899,755. MRI contrast agents containing PBMs and blood
half-life extending moieties are described in U.S. application Ser.
No. 08/382,317 (filed Feb. 1, 1995). That application describes the
synthesis of DTPA chelating agents linked to PBMs through
phosphodiester linkages as well as the synthesis of some versatile
intermediates, including carbonate hydroxymethyldiethylenetriamine,
compound 3, and 1-hydroxymethyl-DTPA-pen-ta-t-butyl ester, compound
4 (Scheme 1).
[0104] Other versatile synthetic intermediates for the preparation
of prodrug contrast agents include
1-p-hydroxybenzyl-diethylenetriamine (compound 6). See
Schumhmann-Giampieri, G. Radiology (1992), 183, pp. 59-64. Compound
6 is converted to 1-(p-hydroxybenzyl)-DTPA-penta-t-butyl ester,
compound 7, by alkylation with t-butylbromoacetate (Scheme 1).
##STR7##
[0105] The carbamate 5 or penta-t-butyl ester intermediates 4 and 7
are derivatized in a single step with PBM groups which incorporate
the desired functional domains (MS, MM, L) as well as functional
groups which are known in the art to form covalent bonds with
hydroxyl or phenol groups (for example, ethers are formed by
reaction of alkyl halides with alcohols or by
diethyldiazodicarboxylate (DEAD) catalyzed reaction with a second
alcohol. See J. March, Advanced Organic Chemistry, Third Edition
John Wiley & Sons (1995), p.1161 for other appropriate
reactions and covalent linkages. Alternatively, the MS and optional
MM and/or L domains are added to the PBM in a stepwise fashion. For
example, a PBM containing a reactive alkyl halide and a second
suitably protected reactive group (e.g., hydroxyl or carboxylate)
is coupled to the DTPA-penta-t-butyl ester via formation of an
ether linkage. Transient protection of reactive groups may be
accomplished by means known in the art. See, e.g., Greene, T. W.
and Wuts, P. G. M., Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, Second
Edition.COPYRGT. 1991 John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y. at
pp. 10-276. The second reactive group is then deprotected and
modified to add the desired MS or both an MS and MM. Final
deprotection of the t-butyl ester protecting groups using acid (HCl
or TFA) results in the penta acid free ligand, which is then
reacted with gadolinium(III) and base to form the gadolinium
complex.
[0106] As can be appreciated by the skilled artisan, the above
synthetic schemes are not intended to comprise a comprehensive list
of all means by which the compounds described and claimed in this
application may be synthesized. Further methods will be evident to
those of ordinary skill in the art.
IV. Use of the Improved Contrast Agents
[0107] It is contemplated that pharmaceutical compositions may be
prepared comprising any of the prodrugs of the present invention,
or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, together with any
pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant or vehicle. The term
"pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant or vehicle" refers
to a carrier or adjuvant that may be administered to a patient,
together with a compound of this invention, and which does not
destroy the activity thereof and is nontoxic when administered in
doses sufficient to deliver an effective amount of the agent.
Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, adjuvants and vehicles that
may be used in the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention
include, but are not limited to, ion exchangers, alumina, aluminum
stearate, lecithin, serum proteins, such as human serum albumin,
buffer substances such as phosphates, glycine, sorbic acid,
potassium sorbate, TRIS (tris(hydroxymethyl)amino-methane), partial
glyceride mixtures of saturated vegetable fatty acids, water, salts
or electrolytes, such as protamine sulfate, disodium hydrogen
phosphate, potassium hydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride, zinc
salts, colloidal silica, magnesium trisilicate, polyvinyl
pyrrolidone, cellulose-based substances, polyethylene glycol,
sodium carboxymethylcellulose, polyacrylates, waxes,
polyethylene-polyoxypropylene-block polymers, polyethylene glycol
and wool fat.
[0108] According to this invention, the pharmaceutical compositions
may be in the form of a sterile injectable preparation, for example
a sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspension. This
suspension may be formulated according to techniques known in the
art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending
agents. The sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile
injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic
parenterally-acceptable diluent or solvent, for example as a
solution in 1,3-butanediol.
[0109] Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be
employed are water, Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloride
solution. In addition, sterile, fixed oils are conventionally
employed as a solvent or suspending medium. For this purpose, any
bland fixed oil may be employed including synthetic mono- or
di-glycerides. Fatty acids, such as oleic acid and its glyceride
derivatives are useful in the preparation of injectables, as are
natural pharmaceutically-acceptable oils, such as olive oil or
castor oil, especially in their polyoxyethylated versions. These
oil solutions or suspensions may also contain a long-chain alcohol
diluent or dispersant.
[0110] In some cases, depending on the dose and rate of injection,
the binding sites on plasma proteins may become saturated with
prodrug and activated agent. This leads to a decreased fraction of
protein-bound agent and could compromise its half-life or
tolerability as well as the effectiveness of the agent. In these
circumstances, it is desirable to inject the prodrug agent in
conjunction with a sterile albumin or plasma replacement solution.
Alternatively, an apparatus/syringe can be used that contains the
contrast agent and mixes it with blood drawn up into the syringe;
this is then re-injected into the patient.
[0111] The prodrug compounds and pharmaceutical compositions of the
present invention may be administered orally, parenterally, by
inhalation spray, topically, rectally, nasally, buccally, vaginally
or via an implanted reservoir in dosage formulations containing
conventional non-toxic pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers,
adjuvants and vehicles. The term "parenteral" as used herein
includes subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intra-articular,
intra-synovial, intrasternal, intrathecal, intrahepatic,
intralesional and intracranial injection or infusion
techniques.
[0112] When administered orally, the pharmaceutical compositions of
this invention may be administered in any orally acceptable dosage
form including, but not limited to, capsules, tablets, aqueous
suspensions or solutions. In the case of tablets for oral use,
carriers which are commonly used include lactose and corn starch.
Lubricating agents, such as magnesium stearate, are also typically
added. For oral administration in a capsule form, useful diluents
include lactose and dried corn starch. When aqueous suspensions are
required for oral use, the active ingredient is combined with
emulsifying and suspending agents. If desired, certain sweetening,
flavoring or coloring agents may also be added.
[0113] Alternatively, when administered in the form of
suppositories for rectal administration, the pharmaceutical
compositions of this invention may be prepared by mixing the agent
with a suitable non-irritating excipient which is solid at room
temperature but liquid at rectal temperature and therefore will
melt in the rectum to release the drug. Such materials include
cocoa butter, beeswax and polyethylene glycols.
[0114] As noted before, the pharmaceutical compositions of this
invention may also be administered topically, especially when the
target of treatment includes areas or organs readily accessible by
topical application, including the eye, the skin, or the lower
intestinal tract. Suitable topical formulations are readily
prepared for each of these areas or organs.
[0115] Topical application for the lower intestinal tract can be
effected in a rectal suppository formulation (see above) or in a
suitable enema formulation. Topically-transdermal patches may also
be used.
[0116] For topical applications, the pharmaceutical compositions
may be formulated in a suitable ointment containing the active
component suspended or dissolved in one or more carriers. Carriers
for topical administration of the compounds of this invention
include, but are not limited to, mineral oil, liquid petrolatum,
white petrolatum, propylene glycol, poly-oxyethylene,
polyoxypropylene compound, emulsifying wax and water.
[0117] Alternatively, the pharmaceutical compositions can be
formulated in a suitable lotion or cream containing the active
components suspended or dissolved in one or more pharmaceutically
acceptable carriers. Suitable carriers include, but are not limited
to, mineral oil, sorbitan monostearate, polysorbate 60, cetyl
esters wax, cetearyl alcohol, 2-octyldodecanol, benzyl alcohol and
water.
[0118] For ophthalmic use, the pharmaceutical compositions may be
formulated as micronized suspensions in isotonic, pH adjusted
sterile saline, or, preferably, as solutions in isotonic, pH
adjusted sterile saline, either with our without a preservative
such as benzylalkonium chloride. Alternatively, for ophthalmic
uses, the pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated in an
ointment such as petrolatum.
[0119] For administration by nasal aerosol or inhalation, the
pharmaceutical compositions of this invention are prepared
according to techniques well-known in the art of pharmaceutical
formulation and may be prepared as solutions in saline, employing
benzyl alcohol or other suitable preservatives, absorption
promoters to enhance bioavailability, fluorocarbons, and/or other
conventional solubilizing or dispersing agents.
[0120] The amount of active ingredient that may be combined with
the carrier materials to produce a single dosage form will vary
depending upon the host treated and the particular mode of
administration. A typical preparation will contain from about 5% to
about 95% active compound (w/w). Preferably, such preparations
contain from about 20% to about 80% active compound.
[0121] For intravenous and other types of administration,
acceptable dose ranges are between 0.001 and 1.0 mmol/kg of body
weight, with the preferred dose of the active ingredient compound
being between 0.001 and 0.5 mmol/kg of body weight. Even more
preferred is between 0.01 and 0.1 mmol/kg, and the most preferred
dose of the active ingredient compound is between 0.02 and 0.05
mmol/kg.
[0122] As the skilled artisan will appreciate, lower or higher
doses than those recited above may be required. Specific dosage
regimens for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of
factors, including the activity of the specific compound employed,
the age, body weight, general health status, sex, diet, time of
administration, rate of excretion, drug combination and the
judgment of the treating physician.
[0123] It will be appreciated that the preferred pharmaceutical
compositions are those comprising the preferred prodrugs of this
invention.
[0124] In order that this invention may be better understood, the
following examples are set forth. These examples are for purposes
of illustration only and are not intended to be construed as
limiting the scope of this invention in any manner. In each of the
examples, HSA is used as the protein to which bioactivated contrast
agent binds.
EXAMPLES
Example Ia
Synthesis of Gadolinium Complex 1
[0125] First, carbamate 5 is reacted with the
mono-(diallylphosphate)ester of 4,4'-dihydroxybiphenyl in the
presence of diethylazodicarboxylate and triphenyl-phosphine to form
an ether (Scheme 2). Following deprotection (TFA) and alkylation
with bromo-t-butylacetate, the phosphate is deprotected with
palladium tetrakis(triphenyl)phosphine. The t-butyl esters are
hydrolyzed with trifluoroacetic acid. Reaction with GdCl.sub.3 and
sodium hydroxide produces the gadolinium complex 1. ##STR8##
##STR9##
Example Ib
More Preferred Synthesis of Gd Complex 1
[0126] First, boronic acid 13 was prepared in three steps from
p-bromophenol (Scheme 2a). The phenol was protected as a
tert-butyldimethylsilyl ether. Treatment of the arylbromide with
butyllithium produced an aryllithium. Reaction of the aryllithium
with triisopropyl borate followed by the hydrolysis of borate ester
intermediate using mild acidic conditions produces boronic acid 13.
##STR10##
[0127] Mitsunobu reaction between the intermediate 5 and
bromophenol gave the ether 14. Deprotection of the three BOC groups
with trifluoroacetic acid followed by alkylation of the triamine
with tert-butyl bromoacetate giving the pentaacetate 15.
Tretrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium-coupling (Suzuki coupling)
of the arylbromide 15 with the boronic acid 13 resulted in the
biphenyl derivative 16. Hydrolysis of the silyl ether followed by
phosphorylation and alkaline hydrolysis of the resulting
phosphoryldichloride produced the monophosphate 17. The t-butyl
esters were deprotected with trifluoroacetic acid. Reaction with
GdCl.sub.3 and sodium hydroxide produced the gadolinium complex 1
(Scheme 2b). ##STR11## ##STR12##
Example IIa
Synthesis of Gadolinium Complex 2
[0128] Carbamate 5 is reacted with the methyl-5-bromosalicylate in
the presence of diethylazodicarboxylate and triphenylphosphine to
form the bromoaryl ether.
Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium-catalyzed coupling of the
bromoaryl ether with phenylboronic acid affords the biphenyl ether.
Trifluoroacetic acid hydrolysis of the t-butyl carbamates and
subsequent alkylation with t-butyl bromoacetate produces the
biphenyl ether substituted penta-t-butyl diethylenetriamine
pentaacetate. Hydrolysis of the methyl ester with 1 N NaOH in
dioxane gives the biphenylcarboxylate, which is coupled with the
peptide fragment H.sub.2N-Gly-Ile-Arg(Boc).sub.2-Lys(Boc)-(OtBu)
using dicyclohexylcarbodiimide in dimethylformamide. Hydrolysis in
6N HCl/dioxane produces the biphenyl peptide substituted
diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid. Reaction with GdCl.sub.3 and
base gives the gadolinium complex 2 which is purified by
reverse-phase HPLC (Scheme 3a). ##STR13##
Example IIb
More Preferred Synthesis of Gd Complex 2
[0129] Carbamate 5 was reacted with methyl-5-bromosalicylate in the
presence of diethylazodicarboxylate and triphenylphosphine forming
a bromoaryl ether. Hydrolysis of the methyl ester followed by
treatment with benzylchloroformate and triethylamine in the
presence of a catalytic amount of dimethylaminopyridine resulted in
the benzyl ester 18. Deprotection of the three BOC groups with
trifluoroacetic acid and subsequent alkylation with tert-butyl
bromoacetate produced the bromoaryl ether substituted
penta-tert-butyl diethylenetriamine pentaacetate 19. Suzuki
coupling of bromoaryl ether with phenylboronic acid gave the
biphenyl ether. Hydrogenolysis of benzyl ester in the presence of
palladium catalyst gave the biphenylcarboxylate 20. Coupling of 20
with 15 benzyl glycinate followed by the hydrogenolysis of the
benzyl ester gave the amide 21. Coupling of 21 with the protected
tripeptide, H.sub.2N-Ile-Arg(BOC).sub.2-Lys(BOC)-OtBu, using
dicyclohexylcarbodiimide in DMF and subsequent deprotection of the
t-butyl esters and the BOC groups with TFA resulted in the
tetrapeptide 22. Reaction with GdCl.sub.3 in the presence of sodium
hydroxide gave complex 2 which is purified by reverse-phase HPLC
(Scheme 3b). ##STR14## ##STR15##
Example IIIa
Activation of Prodrug Compound 1
[0130] Prodrug 1 is activated by alkaline phosphate as shown below.
Activated contrast agent 8, produced by hydrolysis of the MS
(phosphorous-oxygen bond), binds at a concentration of 0.1 mM to
HSA with greater affinity than prodrug 1. The increased relativity
results from a shortening of T.sub.1, which is detected as an
increase in signal intensity in an MRI image. ##STR16##
Example IIIb
More Preferred Activation of Prodrug Compound 1
[0131] Compound 1 (see Examples Ib and IIIa) was synthesized as
described in Example Ib. Prodrug 1 was activated by alkaline
phosphatase (see Example IIIa Activation of Prodrug 1) which
hydrolyses the MS (phosphorus-oxygen bond), forming activated
contrast agent 8. Compound 8 bound at a concentration of 0.1 mM to
HSA with greater affinity than prodrug 1 and with a higher
relaxivity. The higher relaxivity resulted from a shortening of
T.sub.1, which was detected as an increase in signal intensity in
an MRI image (See Table V below). TABLE-US-00007 TABLE V Relaxivity
and Percent Binding to HSA Relaxivity in Percent Binding in
Compound 4.5% HAS 4.5% HAS 1 15.9 .+-. 0.2 47 .+-. 1 8 26.4 .+-. 04
63 .+-. 2
[0132] In Table V, the longitudinal relaxivities (R.sub.1) were
obtained at 20 MHz and 37.degree. C. by determining the
concentration dependent relaxation rate (1/T.sub.1) of water
protons in phosphate buffered saline (PBS, 150 mM NaCl, 10 mM
phosphate, pH=7.4) or in PBS solutions containing 4.5% human serum
albumin (HSA). The percent bound to HSA was determined by
ultrafiltration of a 0.1 mM chelate, 4.5% HSA solution.
[0133] A solution of prodrug 1 (0.3 mM) was prepared in PBS buffer
(pH 7) containing 4.5% HSA. No change in the 20 Hz proton
relaxation rate 1/T.sub.1 was observed with time. Three units of
alkaline phosphatase (1 unit converts 1 mmol of
p-nitrophenylphosphate to p-nitrophenol per minute in phosphate
buffered saline at 0.1 mM substrate) were added to the 4.5% HSA
solution of compound 1 and the 1/T.sub.1 was monitored over time.
The 1/T.sub.1 for the solution was observed to change as 1 was
enzymatically converted to 8 (Table VI). Upon completion of
enzymatic activation of 1 to 8, the change in 1/T.sub.1 from time
zero was 2.86 sec.sup.-1, which corresponds to an approximate
expected increase in signal intensity of 24%. TABLE-US-00008 TABLE
VI Bioactivation of Prodrug 1 at 20 MHz Time (min) 1/T.sub.1
(sec.sup.-1) 0 4.440 1 4.348 2 4.651 4 4.878 6 5.025 14 5.376 48
6.250 90 6.849 110 7.042 137 7.299
[0134]
[0135] Solutions of 4.5% HSA containing compounds 1 and 8 (0.1-0.2
mM) were prepared. After 15 minutes, an initial T.sub.1-weighted
MRI scan (FISP-3D, TR=60, TE=5, alpha=60) at 1.0 Tesla of the 4.5%
HSA solutions was obtained. The MRI scans of the solutions
containing 8 were brighter than the solutions containing 1 at
equivalent concentrations. Three units of alkaline phosphatase were
added to half of the HSA solutions containing 1 and additional
T.sub.1-weighted MRI scans were obtained. After 130 minutes, the
solutions that contained 1 and alkaline phosphatase obtained 96% of
the signal intensity that for the solutions that contain 8 at
equivalent concentrations. The solutions that contained 1 without
alkaline phosphatase remained as constant dark images during the
MRI scans. A 20% increase in signal intensity was observed after
addition of alkaline phosphatase to solutions containing 1.
Example IV
Activation of Gadolinium Complex 2
[0136] Prodrug a containing a hydrophilic
isoleucine-arginine-lysine side chain MM is activated by
collegenase (MMP-1). The MS is a carbon-nitrogen peptide bond which
is selectively hydrolyzed by MMP-1 (Gly-Ile). Release of the
Ile-Arg-Lys MM generates compound 9, which is characterized by
higher binding affinity for HSA than the prodrug 2. The altered
signal in the MRI permits the bioactivity to be imaged.
##STR17##
Example V
Activation of Gadolinium Complex 10
[0137] This example also shows how a secondary chemical reaction is
coupled to a primary bioactivity-related event. Prodrug 10
containing an MM composed of the tripeptide tmLys-tmLys-Arg (where
tmLys is Ne, Ne, Ne-trimethylysine) is activated by serine
protease. The MS is the Arg-Glu carbon-nitrogen peptide bond which
is cleaved by serine proteinase enzymatic bioactivity to release
the masking moiety. The enzymatic hydrolysis to give intermediate
compound 11 is followed by a secondary chemical reaction
(intramolecular cyclization) with an aliphatic or activated ester
(e.g., R=p-nitrophenyl). This converts the positively charged PBM
moiety in 11 to the more lipohilic, more highly HSA-bound, neutral
lactam derivative 12. ##STR18##
Example VI
Administration of Prodrug Contrast Agents
[0138] Prodrug compound 2, an MMP substrate, is synthesized by
chemical and peptide techniques known in the art and described
above. A pH 7.0 formulation in water is prepared and
sterilized.
[0139] The formulation is injected intravenously into a patient
suspected of having one or more tumors. The dosage used is 0.025
mmol/kg. After 15 minutes-post-injection, T.sub.1-weighted MRI
scans of the region of the body suspected to contain tumors is
obtained. Masses that appear bright on the images are more likely
to be malignant tumors than benign.
[0140] This same formulation is injected intravenously into a
patient suspected of having rheumatoid arthritis in one or more
joints. The dosage used is 0.025 mmol/kg. After 15 minutes
post-injection, T.sub.1-weighted MRI scans of the joints of the
body suspected to contain arthritis is obtained. Joints that appear
bright on the images are more likely to contain active
inflammation.
[0141] This same formulation is injected intravenously into a
patient with atherosclerosis in one or more arteries. The dosage
used is 0.025 mmol/kg. After 15 minutes post-injection,
T.sub.1-weighted MRI scans (cross-sectional scans or MR
angiography) of the arteries is obtained. Atherosclerotic plaque
that enhances brightly is more likely to be unstable plaque, likely
to rupture and cause ischemia to the organ the artery feeds.
* * * * *