U.S. patent application number 11/307465 was filed with the patent office on 2006-11-30 for reactive mechanism for firearms.
Invention is credited to Piotr Grabowski.
Application Number | 20060266209 11/307465 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 37461811 |
Filed Date | 2006-11-30 |
United States Patent
Application |
20060266209 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Grabowski; Piotr |
November 30, 2006 |
REACTIVE MECHANISM FOR FIREARMS
Abstract
The subject of the invention is the reactive mechanism, which
forms a base for a new, universal, automatic firearm system.
Inventors: |
Grabowski; Piotr; (STASZOW,
PL) |
Correspondence
Address: |
MATTHIAS SCHOLL
14781 MEMORIAL DRIVE
SUITE 1319
HOUSTON
TX
77079
US
|
Family ID: |
37461811 |
Appl. No.: |
11/307465 |
Filed: |
February 8, 2006 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
89/198 |
Current CPC
Class: |
F41A 3/86 20130101; F41A
5/08 20130101; F41A 5/12 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
089/198 |
International
Class: |
F41A 3/78 20060101
F41A003/78 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Feb 9, 2005 |
PL |
P-372686 |
Claims
1. The reactive mechanism characterises itself with the manner of
reverse braking of the elements recoiled after the shot, on the
basis of the momentum conservation principle and the use of the
reactivator (1) for this purpose, i.e. the inertial mass with a
specific momentum directed in opposite to the momentum of the
elements recoiled after a shot, where the task of the reactivator
is to equalize the momentum of such elements in order to cause
their braking, and then to give a set return momentum to these
elements, which is opposite to the return momentum of the
reactivator, and afterwards to equalize their influence on the
weapon frame in the return phase, eliminating weapon
destabilisation during the reloading cycle.
2. The mechanism of claim 1 also charaterises itself with the use
of the reactivator as an anti-buckling rod for the return
spring.
3. The mechanism of claim 1 also charaterises itself with the
adaptation of a loose barrel for the role of the reactivator, in
the manner shown on FIGS. 6 and 7, or the adaptation of a frame
fragment--or a mass additionaly added to the design--for such
role.
4. The mechanism of claim 1 also characterises itself with the
placement of the return spring (2) or return springs between the
reactivator (1) and the amortized elements, which cause the braking
not to be a result of a direct impact, but a gradual process with
the use of the return spring's elasticity, and force a return
momentum of these elements after braking, and furthermore, for the
constant push of the spring in the phase 0 of the mechanism working
cycle to keep the reactivator in the extreme backward position, and
keep the amortized elements in the extreme forward position.
5. A characteristic feature of the mechanism of claim 1 is the
manner in which the reactivator (1) is additionally set in motion
and a set momentum is given to it, which in case of a cam mechanism
consists in the work of the locking cam (3) or a complex of locking
cams, which by making an incomplete turn or moving, cause the
reactivator (1) to move and its further forward motion, and in case
of a gas mechanism, consists in the use of the pressure of the
gasses carried away by an opening in the barrel's wall (21) to a
gas cylinder containing the reactivator (1), so as to force its
forward motion in the direction of the amortized element.
6. A characteristic feature of the mechanism of claim 1 is the
placement of the locking cam (3) or a complex of locking cams, in
depenence on the variants, in the weapon frame or on a fixed
barrel, or on a loose barrel moving backwards after a shot, or on
the activator, or on the reactivator, or the usage of a loose cam
which enforces the movement of the reactivator by its movement.
7. A characteristic feature of the mechanism of claim 1 is the
usage of a locking cam (3) or a series of locking cams placed on a
loose barrel in order to transfer part of the recoil energy to the
barrel through the suspension of the locking cam, and therefore
enforcement of the barrel's backward motion in the manner shown on
FIGS. 4 and 5.
8. A characteristic feature of the mechanism of claim 1 is also the
usage of the locking cam (3) as a link, lowering the lower part of
the barrel and controlling the locking in case of combined variants
with additional locking through the barrel crossing in a manner
analogous to the Colt M1911 system, shown on FIGS. 8 and 9.
9. A characteristic feature of the mechanism of claim 1 is also the
usage of the locknig cam (3) or a complex of locking cams for
direct lock bolting if bolt fulfills the role of an activator
(4).
10. In case of cam mechanism variants, in which the role of the
reactivator is being filled by a loose barrel, a charasteristic
feature is the fitting of such in proper areas coopearting with
locking cams or a latch or flange, on which the return spring
rests, which allows to use the barrel as an anti-buckling rod, and
the flange's lateral surface, by cooperating with the interal
surcafe of the lock and the frame is also responsible for guiding
the barrel in a to-and-fro motion, in a manner shown on FIGS. 6 and
7.
11. A characteristic feature of the mechanism of claim 1 is the
usage of the reactivator's mass to delay the movement of the
locking cam (3) in phase 2, and therefore to delay the backward
motion of the activator cooperating with it, which in turn causes
the delay in the lock's backward motion, the latter constituting a
complex along with the activator, or cooperating with the
activator, or a lock which is directly performing the role of an
activator.
12. A charasteristic feature of the mechanism of claim 1 is also
the use of the reactivator's mass to delay the opening of the gas
conduit starting the lock unbolting process in the gas combined
reactive mechanisms, in a manner shown on FIG. 10, subfig. 1.
13. A characteristic feature of the mechanism of claim 1 is the
adaptation, for the role of an activator (4), any of the weapon
elements recoiled after a shot, such as the lock or bolt carrier,
or the barrel, or the gas piston.
14. A characteristic feature of the mechanism of claim 1 is the
preparation of the activator (4) for cooperation with the locking
cam (3) by fitting the former with a suitable protrusion, opening
or recess (19), and in variants where the role of the activator is
filled by the barrel, the usage of the locking cam as a barrel
travel limiter, and in variants where the activator is at the same
time an amortized element, a characteristic feature is its
preparation for cooperation with the return spring (2) and the
reactivator through equipping such with suitable surfaces and
latches.
15. In variants with a cam placed on the loose barrel which
undergoes recoil, the characteristic feature is the equipping of
the barrel with an additional amortizing spring, so that it forces
the barrel return in its extreme forward position after each lock
and reactivator working cycle, or after the performance of several
cycles, i.e. work in a multiple cycle.
16. A characteristic feature of the mechanism of claim 1 is also
the adaptation of the weapon with a reactive mechanism to a
multiple cycle, i.e. the possiblity of firing a short burst
consisting of the performance of several lock and reactivator
cycles during one barrel recoil cycle, in a manner presented on
variant 2 description.
17. A characteristic feature of the mechanism of claim 1 is also
the reactivator's (1) proper shape, which will make its
forward-backward motion possible in the area of the frame, as well
as its cooperation with the return spring (2) and the amortized
elements, the shape consisting in fitting the reactivator with
areas cooperating with the frame, areas cooperating with the
amortised element and a latch or a area on which the return spring
(2) rests, in a manner shown in the figures. Additionaly, in case
of cam mechanisms, a chararestic feature is the equpping of the
reactivator (1) in an area cooperating with the locking cam (3) or
a complex of locking cams, and in case of gas mechanisms, a
characteristic feature is the setting, on a set section, the
reactivator in the form of a gas piston moving partially in the
boundaries of the gas cylinder.
18. A characteristic feature of the mechanism of claim 1 is also
the application of cam regulators in a manner shown on FIGS. 11, 12
and 14 which, by modyfing the force application point and changing
the cam ratio through a change in the suspension height in the
locking cam or the protrusion lenghts on the activator, influence
the movement paramteres of the reactivator in relation to the
activator.
19. A characteristic feature of the mechanism of claim 1 is the
equipping of the locking cam in a movement limiter determining its
to extreme positions: the locked position and the working position.
Description
MECHANISM DESCRIPTION
[0001] The subject of the invention is the reactive mechanism,
which forms a base for a new, universal, automatic firearm system.
It can be used in many configurations, and in many types of weapons
with various calibers.
[0002] Its functions are:
[0003] a) to take part in automatic reloading of a weapon after
firing;
[0004] b) to counter adverse influence of automatic construction on
weapon stability during firing;
[0005] and additionally, depending on configuration:
[0006] c) slows down bolt release
[0007] d) reduces firing rate during sustained fire;
[0008] e) ensures possibility of firing a short burst during a
single barrel recoil cycle, i.e. while sustaining a very similar
trajectory for all bullets fired.
[0009] The reactivator (1) is the key component of the mechanism.
It is a mass with a specifically set momentum, which slows down and
balances the recoiling elements of the weapon's automatic machinery
after a shot has been fired, eliminating their adverse effect on
weapon stability during firing.
[0010] Modern systems try to solve, among other things, two main
problems influencing the efficiency and precision of automatic
firearms by trying to:
[0011] 1) achieve as high exit velocity of the bullet as possible
and
[0012] 2) achieve weapon stability during firing while keeping the
weapon mass as small as possible.
[0013] The problem of bullet energy had been tackled by various
methods of bolt locking, or by delaying the moment of bolt recoil
(release). However, the problem of instability still exists. The
reactive mechanism solves both problems in a simple way, while
keeping the number of elements relatively small and the mechanism
itself very reliable.
[0014] The current technology state shall be presented on the
examples of the following designs:
[0015] PM-63 machine pistol; The principle of operation of the
Polish PM-63 pistol relies on the use of loose bolt recoil energy
with the bolt sliding over the barrel and covering it in a forward
position.
[0016] Heckler & Koch MP-5 machine pistol; The principle of
operation of the machine pistol relies on the use of a two-part
roller bolt recoil, opened with delay thanks to the operation of
two symmetrical braking rollers, displacing to the sides. The
mechanism has been designed in such a manner, that the speed ratio
of the rear part of the bolt to the front part equals 4:1; this
means that if the bolt shaft moves backwards by 4 mm, the blocking
piston will move only by 1 mm in the same time.
[0017] Colt M1911 A1 Pistol; The pistol operates on the principle
of using the energy of short barrel recoil. It is locked thanks to
the cooperation between the protrusions on the barrel with suitable
recesses on the bolt, and the unlocking is performed as a result of
barrel lowering though a movable link, mounted under its rear
segment.
[0018] Steyr AUG-77 rifle; the rifle's principle of operation
consists in the usage of energy of the gasses diverted from the
barrel conduit. The bolt is locked through a turn forced by the cam
surface of the bolt carrier. A solution typical for modern 5.56 mm
caliber weapons has been used here.
[0019] Barrett M-82 heavy anti-armour rifle; The rifle operates on
the principle of using the energy of massive barrel's short recoil.
The bolt is locked through a turn.
[0020] The current technology state has been prepared on the basis
of the following items:
[0021] Stanisl/aw Kocha ski: "Automatyczna bro strzelecka"; SIGMA
NOT Spol/ka z o. o. Warszawa 1991
[0022] Peter Brookesmith "Strzelec Wyborowy" Dom Wydawniczy Bellona
2001
[0023] Ian V. Hogg "Karabiny Wyborowe" Dom Wydawniczy Bellona
1999
[0024] Czasopismo STRZAl/ 3/2003
[0025] Leszek Erenfeicht, Craig Philip "Bro Strzelecka XX wieku"
ESPADON 1995
[0026] In the most of designs to date, automatic weapon elements,
moving during the reloading cycle, influenced the frame in a way
which made the weapon hard to control by the shooter. Worse weapon
stability influenced bullet spread, especially during sustained
fire. The reactive mechanism solves this problem by the work of the
reactivator (1), which slows down these elements, gives them a set
return momentum, and reduces their influence on the frame during
the return phase. This ensures firing stability comparable to
cylinder-feed weapon, with all the advantages of standard automatic
weapons.
Variants of the Reactive Mechanism
[0027] We distinguish two groups of reactive mechanisms. All the
reactive mechanisms share the principle of reactivator's (1)
operation, and the placement of the return spring (2) between the
reactivator and the amortized elements. Differences are mainly in
the method of inducing the reactivator's movement;
[0028] 1. Camless mechanisms:
[0029] a) Inertia--where the reactivator (1) with a properly chosen
mass is not additionally induced into motion and the recoiled
elements are being braked only by the force of inertia. This is an
intermediary solution which requires the use of additional locking
or bolt opening delaying systems.
[0030] b) Gas--where the pressure of gasses diverted from the
barrel conduit is used to induce the reactivator's motion. The
reactivator then takes the form of a gas piston and partially moves
within the gas cylinder (FIG. 10). In the standard variation, the
gas-powered reactivator is equalizing the loose bolt, recoiling
after the shot. In the combined variation, the bolt has additional,
independent bolt opening delaying or locking systems, adapted from
existing and known solution. Thanks to the use of additional
opening or locking delaying systems, it is possible to use a
reactivator of a smaller mass.
[0031] 2. Cam mechanisms:
[0032] in which the reactivator's movements are achieved through
the work of the locking cam (3). This movement is forced as a
result of a partial locking cam turn (FIG. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 11,
12) or as a result of its displacement in relation to the
reactivator (FIG. 13).
[0033] Cam mechanisms can be grouped into standard, working on the
basic principle of cooperation between the activator, locking cam
and the reactivator, and combined, where an additional locking
system is used in addition to a reactive cam mechanism (FIGS. 8, 9,
14).
[0034] In turn, the following mechanisms can be distinguished in
dependence on the locking cam's mounting place:
[0035] a) with the cam placed in the weapon's frame (FIGS. 1, 2, 3,
6, 7, 14);
[0036] b) with the cam placed on the loose barrel, forcing its
backward motion after a fired shot (FIGS. 4, 5);
[0037] b) with the cam placed on the activator and moving along
with it (FIG. 11);
[0038] d) with the cam placed on the reactivator and moving along
with it (FIG. 12);
[0039] e) with a loose cam or partially loose cam with a shape of
an e.g.: roller or bearing forcing the reactivator's motion with
the change of its own position (FIG. 13);
Definitions of Terms Used in the Description
[0040] Reactivator (1): The basic element or complex of elements of
the reactive mechanism with a set mass, moving with a to-and-fro
motion, which is induced by the work of the locking cam (in cam
mechanisms), by gas pressure (gas mechanisms), or as a loose
inertial mass, thanks to inertia (in inertia mechanisms). In every
cases, it is possible to indirectly utilize all or part of recoil's
energy. A return spring (2) is responsible for return movement.
Reactivator's main task is to dampen the retract movement of one or
a number of weapon elements that recoil after firing. The direction
of the reactivator's motion is parallel to the motion direction of
these elements. The momentum of the reactivator is opposite to the
momentum of these recoiled elements. The effect of braking is
achieved on the basis of momentum conservation principle. The
moment just before braking is presented by, among others, FIG.
3.
The reactivator's (1) movement is induced in the following
manner:
[0041] a) direct--in camless mechanisms, thanks to the diverting of
part of the gasses from the barrel conduit from the opening in the
barrel wall (21) (FIG. 10). The reactivator then takes the form of
a gas piston with a suitably chosen mass;
[0042] b) indirect--in cam mechanisms, the reactivator (1) is put
into motion in an indirect way, with the use of movement energies
of the weapons elements recoiled after firing, and relaying such,
through the use of a locking cam (3) to the reactivator (1);
[0043] A mass added to the design can fulfill the role of a
reactivator, and so can one of the properly-designed elements of
weapon design, such as: barrel, return spring rod, part of the
frame etc. Additionally, the reactivator can also fulfill
additional tasks, for example taking part in bolt releasing or
working in conjunction with the safety.
[0044] Locking cam (3): Synchronizer. Is a component of the cam
reactive mechanism. Cooperates with the activator (4) and the
reactivator (1). The task of the locking cam is to relay part of
the energy formed during the process of firing to the reactivator,
inducing its forward motion and give it a set momentum
(synchronization of activator and reactivator).
[0045] The locking cam (3) forces the reactivator to move
[0046] a) by partially turning around an axle perpendicular to the
reactivator's direction of movement, on which it is suspended (FIG.
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 11, 12) or
[0047] b) by performing displacement in relation to the reactivator
(FIG. 13);
[0048] Two extreme placements of the cam can be distinguished: the
locked position and the working position. The momentum induced in
the reactivator is forced by the locking cam's work and depends on
the cam's shape and applied force. Various cam shapes allow for
achieving various movement characteristics in relation to the
activator and guarantee versatility of the system.
[0049] Locking cam (3): can be either single (FIG. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
or constitute a complex of cams (FIG. 6, 7). A complex of locking
cams is formed by separately mounted cams, or cams mounted jointly
on one axle. As the locking cam (3) and the locking cam axle (13)
are subject to severe loads, which are transferred by them to the
frame, it is recommended especially for high-power systems to use a
complex of symmetrical placed cams to better distribute these
loads.
[0050] Additionally, the locking cam can also fulfill additional
tasks, for example: cooperate with the safety, blocking the
possibility of firing when the bolt and reactivator are not
properly locked, etc.
[0051] Caution: In some variants (FIG. 8, 9, 14) the locking cams
do not take direct part in bolt locking, but delay its opening
indirectly by braking the activator.
[0052] Activator (4)--a term regarding cam reactive mechanisms.
This is a name for an element, or a complex of weapon machinery
elements, which after recoiling as a result of firing induces the
locking cam's (3) movement, and in consequence, moves the
reactivator (1). Many parts can fulfill the role of an activator,
e.g.: the bolt, bolt carrier, gas piston, barrel (if it is recoiled
after a shot), etc. In a standard design with a fixed barrel (FIG.
1, 2, 3) the role of the activator is filled by the bolt which,
apart from cooperation with the locking cam, reloads the weapon and
readies the hammer mechanism. Its functions, apart from its role as
an activator, are therefore analogous to the systems currently in
use. In this case, the activator is at the same time an element
amortized by the reactivator.
[0053] Caution: Both the activator and the reactivator can have
completely different masses, velocities, movement characteristics
and travel distance. Their work cycle times will be identical.
Application Variants
[0054] The reactive mechanism can be used in firearms as:
[0055] a) standard mechanism--applied on the basic principle of
reactive mechanism's operation. Its components include standard
mechanism with a locking cam (FIGS. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 11, 12,
13);
[0056] b) combined--where the cam mechanism or camless mechanism is
joined with solutions known from other types of weapons, e.g.
additional locking or bolt opening delaying mechanisms, both
independent or integrated with the reactive mechanism. These
mechanisms, when built in the reactive mechanism or cooperating
with such, reduce the recoil force of the machinery elements, and
thus allow for reducing the reactivator's mass or velocity (FIGS.
8, 9). The momentum of returning elements is smaller, and as a
consequence requires less compensatory momentum.
Work Cycle Phase on the Examples of Chosen Design Variants
[0057] Work Cycle Phases (Variant 1)
[0058] On the example of a short weapon (pistol) with a fixed,
self-supporting barrel, working on the basis of a standard
integrated cam reactive mechanism with a single locking cam mounted
in the weapon frame, where the bolt(slide) is fulfilling the role
of the activator. The reactivator is an independent mass added to
the design, and is also fulfilling the role of an anti-buckling rod
for the return spring. The bolt, which is an activator at the same
time, is an amortized element. There are no additional bolt release
delay mechanisms;
[0059] Phase 0: The round (10) is inserted into the cartridge
chamber, the locking cam (3) is set in a locking position, the
activator (4) in an extreme forward position, the reactivator (1)
in an extreme backward position, the weapon is ready to fire (FIG.
1);
[0060] Phase 1: Firing;
[0061] Phase 2: The rearward motion of the activator=bolt forcing
the locking cam's turning motion, forward movement of the
reactivator forced by the locking cam's turning motion. In this
phase, both the mass of the bolt and the mass of the reactivator
take part in delaying the opening of the bolt. Please notice the
example on FIG. 2, where the relative distance covered by masses of
the bolt and the reactivator is equal to, in the moment of
unlocking, over 275% of the distance traveled by the bolt in its
rearward travel. This value depends on the shape of the used
locking cam. This effect is quite similar to the effect achieved by
the roller-delayed blowback system in the H&K MP-5 submachine
gun or FAMAS lever-delayed blowback system;
[0062] Phase 3: Unlocking, further rearward motion of the
activator=bolt, stoppage of the locking cam's movement in its
working position by a limiter, forward motion of the accelerated
reactivator, tightening of the hammer mechanism by the retracting
bolt, removal and ejection of the empty case (FIG. 3);
[0063] Phase 4: The return spring (2), which was constricted
between the activator and reactivator during the phases 2 and 3
dampens their momentum;
[0064] Phase 5: The activator=bolt and the reactivator, pushed by
the return spring, begin their return motion: the activator--by
engaging in forward motion, and the reactivator--by engaging in
rearward motion. The activator=bolt collects another round from the
clip;
[0065] Phase 6: Return of both the activator=bolt and the
reactivator to their initial position (phase 0), insertion of a new
round to the chamber and locking of the locking cam (FIG. 1);
[0066] Work Cycle Phases (Variant 2)
[0067] On the example of long weapons operating on the basis of a
standard, integrated cam reactive mechanism with a locking cam
placed on the massive barrel and forcing the barrel's rearward
motion after firing a shot, which causes the retarding barrel to
absorb part of recoil's energy. The barrel is amortized by an
independent spring, the bolt is the activator, and the reactivator
is fulfilling the role of an anti-buckling rod for the return
spring. The bolt is an amortized element.
[0068] Phase 0: The round (10) is inserted into the chamber, the
barrel (5) is set in an extreme forward position, the activator (4)
in an extreme forward position, the reactivator in an extreme
backward position, the locking cam (3) is set in a locked position,
the weapon is ready to fire (FIG. 4);
[0069] Phase 1: Firing;
[0070] Phase 2: The rearward motion of the activator=bolt forcing
the locking cam's turning motion, forward movement of the
reactivator forced by the locking cam's turning motion. Both the
mass of the bolt and the mass of the reactivator take part in
delaying the opening of the bolt. Part of the recoil energy is
transferred to the barrel, which enters into rearward motion,
thanks to the locking cam mounting.
[0071] Phase 3: Unlocking, further rearward motion of the
activator=bolt, stoppage of the locking cam's movement in its
working position by a limiter, forward motion of the accelerated
reactivator, tightening of the hammer mechanism by the retracting
bolt, removal and ejection of the empty case, amortizing of the
barrel's rearward motion by an independent spring (FIG. 5);
[0072] Phase 4: The return spring (2), which was constricted
between the activator and reactivator during phases 2 and 3 dampens
their momentum, the barrel stops in an extreme backward
position;
[0073] Phase 5: The activator and the reactivator, pushed by the
return spring, begin their return motion: the activator--by
engaging in forward motion, and the reactivator--by engaging in
rearward motion. The activator=bolt collects another round from the
clip, the barrel starts a return motion, pushed by the contracted
amortizing spring;
[0074] Phase 6: Return of both the activator=bolt and the
reactivator to their initial position (phase 0), return of the
barrel to an extreme forward position, insertion of a new round to
the chamber and locking of the locking cam;
[0075] Caution: The mechanism can be adapted for the so-called
"multiple cycle", i.e. for firing multiple-shot bursts during one
barrel recoil cycle. In such situations, the operation of the
mechanism consists of one barrel cycle, on which the subsequent
bolt and reactivator cycles overlap. During one barrel recoil
between an extreme forward and extreme backward position cycle,
approx. 2-3 bolt and reactivator cycles are performed. A series of
2-3 shots can be fired during this time. As the shots are fired
before the barrel reaches its extreme backward position, and before
the force impulse is transferred to the frame (and though it, to
the shooter), the influence of rapid firing on the firing precision
and scattering is minimal. After the barrel has returned to an
extreme backward position, its movement is dampened by an
amortizing spring which causes it to return to an extreme forward
position. When firing longer bursts, the first 2-3 shots are made
in the way described above and do not destabilize the frame, and
the next shots are made with the barrel in the extreme backward
position while the amortizing spring is contracted, and do have an
influence on the frame. Sustained fire can be also conducted in
full cycles of barrel recoil. However, the fire rate shall be lower
due to considerably larger mass, and in consequence, larger inertia
of the recoiled complex. The weapon operation mode relies on the
chosen trigger-hammer mechanism. In this operation cycle variant
one should differently consider the extreme positions of the
reactivator and the bolt(activator). These change along with the
barrel's position. The reactivator's backward position limiter
cannot therefore be put on the weapon's frame, but on the
barrel--and in this case, its role can be fulfilled by the locking
cam mounting or the cam itself, as it moves with the barrel. In
order to use the weapon in a multiple cycle, a barrel with
sufficient mass has to be used, and its travel distance has to be
increased. The trigger and hammer mechanisms also require
adaptation.
[0076] The cam reactive mechanism along with a locking cam placed
on the barrel, and forcing the barrel's rearward motion after a
shot has been fired, is not the only mechanism that can be adapted
for quick-burst, multiple-cycle firing. Reactive mechanisms with a
fixed barrel and a locking cam placed in a shared moving bed can
also be adapted for such operating cycle. The independent
spring-amortized bed engages in rearward motion, and fires a quick
burst before reaching an extreme backward position. Such bed could
also contain hammer mechanism elements and constitute a complex
along with the clip.
[0077] Work Cycle Phases (Variant 3)
[0078] On the example of a standard integrated cam mechanism with a
locking cam complex placed in the weapon frame. The bolt is an
activator. The barrel fulfills the role of a reactivator and an
anti-buckling rod for the return spring. The bolt is an amortized
element. This design is very compact.
[0079] Phase 0: The round (10) is inserted into the chamber, the
locking cams (3) are set in a locked position, the reactivator (1)
in an extreme backward position, the activator (4) in an extreme
forward position, the weapon is ready to fire (FIG. 6);
[0080] Phase 1: Firing;
[0081] Phase 2: The rearward motion of the activator=bolt forcing
the locking cams' turning motion, ejection and a forward movement
of the reactivator=barrel forced by the locking cams' turning
motion. In this phase, both the mass of the bolt and the mass of
the barrel take part in delaying the opening of the bolt.
[0082] Phase 3: Unlocking, further rearward motion of the
activator=bolt, stoppage of the locking cams' movement in their
working position by limiters, forward motion of the accelerated
barrel=reactivator, tightening of the hammer mechanism, removal and
ejection of the empty case (FIG. 7);
[0083] Phase 4: The return spring (2), which was constricted
between the bolt and the barrel during the phases 2 and 3 dampens
their momentum;
[0084] Phase 5: The bolt=activator and the barrel=reactivator,
pushed by the return spring, begin their return motion: the
bolt--by engaging in forward motion, and the barrel--by engaging in
rearward motion. The activator=bolt collects another round from the
clip;
[0085] Phase 6: Return of both the activator=bolt and the
reactivator=barrel to their initial position, insertion of a round
to the chamber and locking of the locking cam. It should be noted,
that when the next round is collected from the clip, the barrel is
slightly moved towards the front. It is held in this position by
the locking cams, which are in a working position until the bolt
has been locked. Locking is equivalent to transferring the cams in
a locked position, and retracting the barrel to an extreme backward
position. Moving the barrel to the front in relation to the front
edge of the clip facilitates insertion of a new round into this
barrel.
[0086] Work Cycle Phases (Variant 4)
[0087] On the example of an integrated, combined cam mechanism, in
which additional locking though barrel crossing in a horizontal
plane is used. In its locked position, the bolt is supported
against a lug in the front part of the cartridge chamber.
Analogically to the Colt M1911 A1, the bolt control is done via a
moving cell (tilting link), which lowers the lower part of the
barrel(breech) after firing. An adequately shaped and lengthened
cell acts as a locking cam, and a barrel movement limiter. The
barrel, hinged with the cell=locking cam is an activator. The
reactivator is an independent mass added to the design, and is also
fulfilling the role of an anti-buckling rod for the return spring.
The bolt is an element amortized by the reactivator.
[0088] Phase 0: The round (10) is inserted into the chamber, the
locking cam (3) is set in a locked position, the barrel=activator
in an extreme forward position, the locked bolt (11) in an extreme
forward position, the reactivator (1) in an extreme backward
position, the weapon is ready to fire (FIG. 8);
[0089] Phase 1: Firing;
[0090] Phase 2: The rearward motion of the bolt-barrel complex
forcing the locking cam's turning motion, forward movement of the
reactivator forced by the locking cam's turning motion. In this
phase, both the mass of the barrel and the mass of the reactivator
take part in delaying the unlocking of the bolt.
[0091] Phase 3: The activator=barrel recoiling after the shot and
cooperating with the cell=locking cam lowers itself in the lower
part, the locking lug lowers and the bolt is unlocked, further
rearward motion of the bolt, the barrel=activator rearward motion
is stopped, the cell=locking cam is in the working position,
forward motion of the accelerated reactivator, tightening of the
hammer mechanism by the retracting bolt, removal and ejection of
the empty case (FIG. 9);
[0092] Phase 4: The return spring (2), which was constricted
between the bolt and the reactivator during the phases 2 and 3,
dampens their momentum;
[0093] Phase 5: The bolt and the reactivator, pushed by the return
spring, begin their return motion: the bolt--by engaging in forward
motion, and the reactivator--by engaging in rearward motion. The
bolt collects another round from the clip;
[0094] Phase 6: Return of both the bolt and the reactivator to
their initial positions (phase 0), insertion of a round to the
chamber and locking of the locking cam. The retracting bolt places
the barrel in its initial position. The turn of the cell=locking
cam in the locked position forces the rear end of the barrel to
raise and lock the bolt;
[0095] Work Cycle Phases (Variant 5)
[0096] On the example of an integrated, combined cam mechanism, in
which additional locking though bolt turning is used. Analogically
to already known solutions, the bolt turn is performed after short
barrel recoil. It is a result of the bolt carrier-bolt-barrel
complex recoil and cooperation of post on the bolt with grooves
(curved cam track) in the receiver during rearward movement. A
slightly similar mechanism was used in the Barrett M-82 rifle. The
barrel is an activator. The reactivator is an independent mass
added to the design, and is also fulfilling the role of an
anti-buckling rod for the return spring. The bolt carrier, where
the bolt shaft is mounted, is an amortized element.
[0097] Phase 0: The round (10) is inserted into the chamber, the
locking cam (3) is set in a locked position, the barrel=activator
in an extreme forward position, the locked bolt in an extreme
forward position, the reactivator (1) in an extreme backward
position, the weapon is ready to fire (FIG. 14, subfig. 2);
[0098] Phase 1: Firing;
[0099] Phase 2: The rearward motion of bolt carrier-bolt-barrel
complex forcing the locking cam's and the bolt's turning motion,
forward movement of the reactivator forced by the locking cam's
turning motion. In this phase, the masses of the bolt carrier, the
bolt and the barrel as well as the reactivator take part in
delaying the opening of the bolt. (FIG. 14, subfig. 1);
[0100] Phase 3: Unlocking and further rearward motion of the bolt
carrier-bolt complex, dampening of the barrel's=activator's
rearward motion, stoppage of the locking cam's movement in its
working position by a limiter, forward motion of the accelerated
reactivator, tightening of the hammer mechanism by the retracting
bolt carrier-bolt complex, removal and ejection of the empty
case;
[0101] Phase 4: The return spring (2), which was constricted
between the bolt carrier-bolt complex and the reactivator during
the phases 2 and 3, dampens their momentum;
[0102] Phase 5: The bolt carrier-bolt complex and the reactivator,
pushed by the return spring, begin their return motion: the bolt
carrier-bolt complex--by engaging in forward motion, and the
reactivator--by engaging in rearward motion. The bolt collects
another round from the clip;
[0103] Phase 6: Return of both the bolt carrier-bolt complex and
the reactivator to their initial positions (phase 0), insertion of
a round to the chamber. The returning bolt carrier-bolt complex
places the barrel in its initial position. The locking cam returns
to its locked position. The turning of the bolt shaft locks the
bolt;
[0104] Work Cycle Phases (Variant 6)
[0105] On the example on a standard integrated camless reactive
mechanism. A loose bolt amortized via a reactivator. The
reactivator positioned in the gas cylinder is induced into motion
thanks to the usage of gas energy, diverted via an opening in the
barrel.
[0106] Phase 0: The round (10) is inserted into the bullet chamber,
the locking cam is set in an extreme forward position, the
reactivator in an extreme backward position, the weapon is ready to
fire;
[0107] Phase 1: Firing;
[0108] Phase 2: The backward movement of the recoiled closed bolt
begins, the forward motion of the reactivator caused by the
pressure of the gasses diverted from the opening in the barrel wall
(21) to the gas cylinder. In this variation, just as in classic
designs with an a blowback system such as the PM-63, the opening of
the bolt is delayed mainly by the mass of the bolt and slightly by
the resistance of the return spring. The projectile leaves the
barrel;
[0109] Phase 3: Unlocking and further backwards motion of the open
bolt, decrease of pressure in the barrel conduit and in the
reactivator's gas cylinder, forward motion of the accelerated
reactivator, tightening of the trigger mechanism by the returning
bolt, removal of the empty case;
[0110] Phase 4: The return spring (2), which was constricted
between the bolt and reactivator during the phases 2 and 3 dampens
their momentum, decrease in gas pressure in the barrel conduit and
in the reactivator cylinder;
[0111] Phase 5: The bolt and the reactivator, pushed by the return
spring, begin their return motion: the bolt--by engaging in forward
motion, and the reactivator--by engaging in a backwards motion. The
bolt collects another bullet from the clip;
[0112] Phase 6: Return of both the bolt and the reactivator to
their initial position (phase 0), insertion of a bullet to the
bullet chamber and locking of the locking cam;
[0113] Work Cycle Phases (Variant 7)
[0114] On the example on a standard integrated camless combined
reactive mechanism (FIG. 10, FIG. 2). The bolt is locked through
turning. Unlocking is done thanks to the backwards motion of the
bolt carrier (23) with the cooperation of the protrusions from the
breech-block (24) with recesses in the bolt carrier (26). The bolt
carrier is induced in a backwards motion by using part of the
gasses diverted by the opening in the barrel wall (21). This is a
solution analogous to the one used in the Steyr AUG-77. Energy of
the gasses is also used to induce the reactivator's motion,
similarly to variation 6. The bolt carrier is an amortized
element;
[0115] Phase 0: The bullet is inserted into the bullet chamber, the
bolt carrier (23) is set in an extreme forward position, the
breech-block (24) is in locked position, the reactivator (1) in an
extreme backward position, the weapon is ready to fire;
[0116] Phase 1: Firing;
[0117] Phase 2: The gasses created after a shot, carried away by an
opening in the barrel wall (21) are entering the reactivator's
cylinder and the gas conduit. Pressure increases in the gas conduit
and in the reactivator's cylinder. The forward motion of the
reactivator and the bolt carrier's backwards motion begin, forcing
the turning motion of the breech-bolt. The projectile leaves the
barrel;
[0118] Phase 3: Unlocking and opening of the bolt. Backwards motion
of the bolt carrier--bolt complex. Decrease of pressure in the
barrel conduit and in the reactivator's gas cylinder, forward
motion of the accelerated reactivator, tightening of the trigger
mechanism by the returning bolt carrier--bolt complex, removal of
the empty case;
[0119] Phase 4: The return spring (2), which was constricted
between the bolt carrier and the reactivator during the phases 2
and 3 dampens their momentum,
[0120] further decrease of pressure in the barrel conduit and in
the reactivator's gas cylinder, the displaced reactivator opens
additional openings in the front part of the reactivator's
cylinder, accelerating pressure decrease;
[0121] Phase 5: The bolt carrier and the reactivator, pushed by the
return spring, begin their return motion: the bolt carrier--bolt
complex--by engaging in forward motion, and the reactivator--by
engaging in a backwards motion. Another bullet is collected from
the clip;
[0122] Phase 6: Introduction of a round to the bullet chamber;
Return of the bolt carrier-bolt complex to its initial position
(phase 0), connected with the turn of the breech-block and its
locking. Return of the reactivator to its original position;
[0123] A note for all variants: The moment of hammer mechanism's
tightening depends on the mechanism type and does not necessarily
have to occur in phase 3;
Momentum Conservation Principle and the Reactive Mechanism
[0124] The principle of momentum conservation states that for every
complex of material point, regardless of their influence on each
other, the vector sum of all momentums stays constant.
[0125] We will consider the momentum conservation principle in the
operation of the reactive mechanism on the example of an integrated
cam mechanism with a fixed barrel (variant 1), shown of FIG. 1, 2,
3.
[0126] If the activator and the amortized element (here: the bolt,
which is also the activator) have momentums identical to the
absolute value, but their momentum vector directions are opposite,
and with the assumption that the weapon frame stays in place in
relation to the reference complex, both of them will stop traveling
after collision. The contracted return spring placed between them
will again force them into return motion, and the momentums of the
reactivator and the amortized bolt will be equal to the absolute
value, the momentum vector being opposite. Return of both the bolt
and the reactivator to their initial positions also influences the
frame. However, due to the above, the vector sum of the momentums
influencing the frame will also equal zero, and will not
destabilize it. The only phase in which the firing influences the
frame through the locking cam is phase 2 (FIG. 2). In case of a
standard camless gas mechanism, the influence of
reactivator-powering gasses on the frame is also made in phase
2.
[0127] In case of weapons firing continuously, such operation of
the mechanism causes a series of force impulses for the frame to
take. After taking into account the inertia of the frame, the
influence on the shooter is reduced to a constant and directed
push, which is much easier to control than oscillation of a weapon
fitted with one of currently used, standard solutions. To better
understand this, the effect can be only compared to an imaginary,
cylinder-fed design firing continuously, or a Gatling-system
weapon.
[0128] An analogous situation, although quite more complex, takes
place in case of a system shown in FIG. 4 (variant 2 of the
mechanism working cycle), but adapted for firing 2-3 shot burst
during one barrel recoil cycle. One should then assume that the
retracting barrel (and not the frame) stays in place in relation to
the reference complex. At this time, the barrel receives a series
of force impulses through the locking cam, which are directed
opposite to bullet travel and are responsible for its recoil. A
single force impulse will also be transferred to the frame, from
the retracting barrel amortized with an independent spring.
[0129] In case of combined mechanisms, the force impulse will be
transferred on the frame with the additional participation of the
additional mechanism's bolt resistances, but also during phase
2.
[0130] Caution: The mechanism provides complete freedom in choosing
the mass and movement characteristics of the recoiled elements and
the reactivator. One should aim for fulfilling proper,
above-mentioned dependencies between their momentums. Proper
momentum values for given elements can be achieved by:
[0131] a) selecting proper mass for the recoiled complex;
[0132] b) projecting suitable mass of the reactivator;
[0133] c) establishing proper velocity value for the
reactivator,
[0134] for this, the critical issues are: shape of the locking cam
and locking cam regulator setting (if such was used in the
design);
[0135] d) taking the influence of additional design solutions,
delaying the bolt opening, into account, e.g.: locking by bolt
turning (FIG. 14) or barrel threading in a horizontal plane (FIGS.
8 and 9). Their usage influences the momentum value of the complex
recoiled after firing, and thus reduces the energy required for
braking a recoiled element.
[0136] Cam Regulators
[0137] Proper choice of mass for particular elements and fulfilling
of the criteria given below ensure total reliability of the system,
even in extreme conditions. It is possible to have an additional
influence on the mechanism parameters thanks to the usage of cam
regulators (28). They modify the bolt opening delay level and the
force necessary to start the machinery and reloading of the gun.
Such eventuality may prove necessary when the weapon is used in a
severely contaminated state while fed bad-quality (e.g.: wet)
ammunition. They can also be used when the weapon is made for many
types of ammo with drastically different parameters (e.g.:
automatic shotguns used in the police force--automatic
smoothbore-barrel weapons, firing ammunition of a different force
and destination), and it is necessary to quickly adapt the system
and guarantee proper reloading. When using a regulator, we can
influence the operation of the locking cam by modifying the
suspension height of the cam axle in relation to the activator.
Schematics of such solution can be found of FIG. 14. Place of
contact between the cam and the groove (19) or lug on the activator
(cooperating with the locking cam) change--and so does the force
application point. A similar effect can be achieved by adjusting
the activator's lug length. In both cases, the regulator has the
shape of a single bolt or a slider. Of course, the adjustment has
to be made at the cost of the mechanism's synchronized operation,
as the momentum given to the reactivator will have a small value in
relation to the momentum of the bolt. In the above-mentioned
extreme circumstances however, the synchronized operation of the
mechanism will not be a primary concern. The energy value for the
bullet will also decrease, as the bolt receives more blowback
loose. In regulator's extreme setting the bolt (activator)
completely loses contact with the cam and becomes a standard
blowback system (without of any delay).
[0138] In its simplest version, the bolt with a regulator can
operate in two set modes: a) a delayed blowback system with a
normal, synchronized operation of the locking cam b) a blowback
system with the locking cam detached. A possible third setting, c)
intermediate, could regard a desynchronized delayed blowback system
with an increased bolt blowback-loose level.
[0139] Examples of cam regulators and their application are shown
in FIGS. 11,12 and 14.
[0140] Gas Regulators
[0141] In case of camless systems, additional regulation is made
through the influence on the pressure value in the reactivator's
cylinder and consists in the change of the surface cross-section of
the opening or gas conduit. In camless systems, the reactivator
does not influence the bolt opening delay, and as such, the
regulation aims only to regulate the mechanism.
Advantages of the Reactive Mechanism
[0142] Reactive mechanisms have a plethora of advantages when
compared to solutions used nowadays. The system opens new design
possibilities, and thanks to its versatility it can be used in all
firearm types. The most important advantages of the mechanism are
as follows:
[0143] 1) Reduction of oscillation influence, caused by operation
of the gun machinery, on gun stability during firing. This means
that the negative effect of "bolt jumping" is eliminated, and the
shooter can control gun recoil better. This was one of the biggest
problems with modern automatic weapons. It is this flaw, among
other things, that causes the popularity of revolvers in comparison
to pistols, which keeps on a constant (but small) level. In case of
assault weapons, attempts to dampen the results of this effect by
various (more or less successful) methods were made, and allow the
rifle to fire a short burst during one recoil cycle (e.g.: the
Heckler und Koch G-11 caseless system or the Nikonov AN-94);
[0144] 2) The possibility to easily adapt the mechanism for
multiple-shot burst firing during one barrel recoil cycle. The
design in variant 2 (FIG. 4, 5) is the answer to the rule, which
states that any weapon influence on the shooter influences, in a
smaller or larger way, the precision of the shot. In the mechanism
a loose barrel, recoiling aster a shot and fitted with an
amortizing-return spring was used (not shown in FIG. 4, 5). The
trigger and hammer mechanisms require adaptation. The weapon
assures much larger hit probability when firing a short burst, as
the bullets retain an almost identical trajectory;
[0145] 3) Freedom in bolt mass choice, given that all the criteria
mentioned in this text are met (the bolt does not influence the
frame);
[0146] 4) Freedom in locking cam shape choice. The activator and
the reactivator can have completely different masses, and movement
characteristics. It is possible to use reactivator with a freely
chosen travel, which may be much shorter than the activator's
(bolt's) travel;
[0147] 5) The design of the locking cam causes most of the recoil
energy to be transferred on the weapon only in the first stage of
firing, when the frame is not in motion and very hard to
destabilize. The value of the transferred energy then reduces
quickly as a result of gradual cam turn. This solution ensures more
effective use of mass and inertia of the whole weapon in absorbing
the recoil energy. It also provides exceptional reloading
smoothness and causes the weapon recoil to be much less felt in
comparison to mechanisms used up to now, in which the recoil force
was transferred to the frame uniformly through the whole locking
phase;
[0148] 6) It is possible to use fixed, self-supporting and
interchangeable barrels, and as a result--create fully modular
weapons;
[0149] 7) The reactivator, placed along the barrel and ejected
forward as an additional mass actively influences the kick
reduction (FIG. 3):
[0150] a) by momentarily moving the weapon weight center
considerably to the front
[0151] b) (optionally) the reactivator, projected before the
barrel, directs a considerable amount of gasses to the top, acting
as an exhaust device;
[0152] 8) It is possible to compose this system with known locking
or bolt delaying mechanisms;
[0153] 9) The system's design allows for easy adaptation of
existing and tested mechanisms already working in today's designs,
such as trigger mechanisms, hammer mechanisms, clips, etc;
[0154] 10) This design is very compact;
[0155] 11) Small production costs: Design simplicity and a small
amount of elements ensures low manufacturing costs, as well as
reliability in extreme conditions;
[0156] 12) Manufacturing does not require modern technologies and
allows for free choice of standard materials;
[0157] 13) Versatility. The mechanism can be successfully adapted
in machine guns, assault carbines, submachine guns, handguns and
PDW-type weapons. Its application also covers automatic sniper
weapons (fixed, self-supporting barrel variants), and sporting or
hunting weapons. It is therefore possible to create a whole weapon
system based on one, tested technology;
[0158] 14) There's no obstacle to using one reactivator for two
different but integral weapon systems (not shown in the
description!). Two integral systems (conception similar to
AT/H&K XM-29 SABR/OICW assault rifle) use the same common
reactivator but only different locking cams (3), return springs (2)
and bolts/activators (4). Different shape of each locking cam
depends on parameters of each weapon. Both weapons can act
independently and regardless of any malfunction of the other one
(except the reactivator damage of course). But they cannot act at
the same time (there's no necessity anyway). Travel of reactivator
is different for both weapons and depends on shape of different
locking cams. After disconnection of components the single weapon
(component with reactivator) acts absolutely properly too. It's
easily to predict that such weapon will be much smaller and simpler
then conception of OICW. It will lower the mass of the complete
system with no doubt. And the most important reason(!): smaller
production costs will cause the integral double-weapon conception
possible at last. Today vision of such weapon is still
controversial and its scheduled price is unacceptable for most
armies; 15) Inertia mechanism is the simplest variant of reactive
mechanism and works on a quite similar principle to the Benelli
"Inertia Recoil System" (although the force of inertia is used no
to unlock the bolt, but to dampen its movement before it hits the
frame). Reactive Inertia Mechanism is the simplest (only one or,
alternatively two parts: reactivator with return spring) but not as
effective as Reactive Cam-Locked Mechanism and furthermore requires
additional locking mechanism. So it can work only as combined
application variant of the reactive mechanism, and the best purpose
is to adapt inertia mechanism for existing weapon systems. Most of
existing constructions is able to be easy upgraded for such
innovation. Installation an additional loose mass(reactivator) at
the anti-buckling rod of the return spring placed between the
return spring and the frame is an example of such upgrade. Other
example is to use a loose (not fixed with frame) anti-buckling rod
which can act as the reactivator, too. In both cases the weapon's
return spring is used. Alternatively--the additional mass (with
it's own independent spring) could be placed between the frame and
recoiled elements. In every example after shot is fired such
inertial mass (reactivator) engages in forward motion dumping
recoiled elements (bolt/slide, barrel or bolt carrier etc.).
Progress of the reactivator is only relative to the frame. In
reality the frame is moving back (as a result of recoil of whole
weapon or hit of the short-recoiled barrel to the frame). There's
no activator and no locking cam in this mechanism!
[0159] 16) In case of cam regulator usage, it is possible to modify
the bolt's blowback-loose level, which allows to ensure proper
machinery operation when using ammunition with different
parameters, during operation in extreme conditions and during
operation while the weapon is highly contaminated. Cam regulators
make quick switching to a blowback system possible;
[0160] Schematics Descriptions
[0161] Caution: The presented mechanisms are presented simplified.
To ensure readability, non-essential elements for the understanding
of the mechanisms operating principle not included. To improve
readability and the presentation of the mechanism's idea, the
figures show, in most cases, solutions equipped with a single,
vertical locking cam with a horizontal turning axle. Usage of e.g.
cam/cams mounted at an angle or a single cam mounted horizontally
(with a vertical turning axle), or a complex of horizontal cams
(analogous to the solution presented on FIG. 6 and FIG. 7) allows
for a more compact design. Furthermore, the reactivator travel was
overexposed on purpose. In reality, the travel is small in
comparison to the activator's travel (e.g. the bolt). The mechanism
allows for free choice of mass and movement characteristics of
both.
[0162] FIGS. 1, 2 and 3: Illustration of variant 1 of the reactive
mechanism's operation;
[0163] FIG. 1) Phase 0; FIG. 2) Phase 2; FIG. 3) Phase 3;
[0164] FIGS. 4 and 5: Illustration of variant 2 of the reactive
mechanism's operation;
[0165] FIG. 4) Phase 0; FIG. 5) Phase 3;
[0166] FIGS. 6 and 7: Illustration of variant 3 of the reactive
mechanism's operation;
[0167] FIG. 6) Subfig. 1: Sectional view from the left side.
Mechanism in phase 0;
[0168] Subfig. 2: Sectional view from the bottom, from the frame
side. Sectional view made on cam axle height. The locking cams
shown partially in sectional view. Mechanism in phase 0;
[0169] FIG. 7) Subfig. 1: Sectional view from the left side.
Mechanism in phase 0;
[0170] Subfig. 2: Sectional view from the bottom, from the frame
side. Sectional view made on cam axle height. The locking cams
shown partially in sectional view. Mechanism in phase 3;
[0171] FIG. 10: The elements of the combined integrated camless
reactive mechanism presented on the two figures. The bolt is locked
through turning. Unlocking is done thanks to the backwards motion
of the bolt carrier with the cooperation of the protrusions from
the breech-block with recesses in the bolt carrier. The bolt
carrier is induced in a backwards motion by using part of the
gasses diverted by the opening in the barrel wall. The energy of
the gasses is also used to include the motion of the reactivator.
The reactivator has a form of a gas piston and is partially located
in the gas cylinder. The bolt carrier is an amortized element.
[0172] Subfig. 2. An outline of a mechanism working on the basis of
the variation 7 of the reactive mechanism's operation has been
presented. There is a possibility to use a gas regulator positioned
between the barrel conduit and the cylinder. The outline of the
breech-block has been presented by a broken line. The reactivator
is placed under the barrel, partly in the gas conduit.
[0173] In the front part, covered by the front part of the bolt
carrier; the gas-powered bolt carrier has a lengthening in a form
of a piston placed in the gas conduit.
[0174] Subfig. 1. Presents the details of the solution, where the
mass of the reactivator was additionally used to delay the opening
of the bolt. In its initial position (phase 0), the gas conduit
inducing the movement of the bolt carrier is closed by the
reactivator. After firing, the increasing pressure in the barrel
conduit and in the gas cylinder displaces the reactivator. The
displacement uncovers the gas conduit, which is connected to the
cylinder, and induction of the bolt carrier is performed with a set
delay, when the projectile had left the barrel conduit, and the
pressure in the conduit is lower.
[0175] FIG. 11: The operation schematic of the standard reactive
mechanisms with a cam placed on the activator and displacing along
with it. [0176] Subfig. 1: Phase 0; [0177] Subfig. 2: Phase 2;
[0178] FIG. 12: The operation schematic of the standard reactive
mechanism with a cam placed on the reactivator and displacing along
with it; [0179] Subfig. 1: Phase 0; [0180] Subfig. 2: Phase 3;
[0181] FIG. 13: The operation schematic of the standard reactive
mechanism with a loose cam or partially loose cam (in the shape of
e.g.: roller or bearing) forcing the reactivator's motion with the
change of its own position;
[0182] Subfig. 1: Phase 0;
[0183] Subfig. 2: Phase 3;
[0184] FIGS. 8 and 9: Illustration of variant 4 of the reactive
mechanism's operation;
[0185] FIG. 8) Phase 0; FIG. 9) Phase 3;
[0186] FIG. 14: Illustration of variant 5 of the reactive
mechanism's operation; The schematic shows only the barrel acting
as an activator, and the locking cam with part of the frame. The
locking cam is fitted with an axle position regulator.
[0187] Subfig. 1) Phase 2;
[0188] Subfig. 2) Phase 0;
[0189] Marking index: 1--reactivator; 2--return spring; 3--locking
cam;
[0190] 4--activator; 5--barrel; 6--frame; 7--clip; 8--clip
spring;
[0191] 9--trigger lever; 10--cartridge(round); 11--bolt/slide;
12--reactivator placement outline; 13--locking cam axle; 14--casing
ejector window; 15--fired bullet; 16--casing; 17--muzzle of a
barrel acting as an activator in cooperation with the locking cam;
18--trigger guard; 19--opening or groove on the activator
cooperating with the locking cam; 20--gas conduit; 21--gas opening
in the barrel; 22--bolt carrier gas piston; 23--bolt carrier;
24--breech-block; 25--breech-block outline; 26--a recess on the
bolt carrier cooperating with the protrusion on the breech-block,
forcing its turn; 28--cam regulator;
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0192] The reactive mechanism characterises itself with the manner
of reverse braking of the elements recoiled after the shot, on the
basis of the momentum conservation principle and the use of for
this purpose, i.e. the inertial mass with a specific momentum
directed in opposite to the momentum of the elements recoiled after
a shot, where the task of the reactivator is to equalize the
momentum of such elements in order to cause their braking, and then
to give a set return momentum to these elements, which is opposite
to the return momentum of the reactivator, and afterwards to
equalize their influence on the weapon frame in the return phase,
eliminating weapon destabilisation during the reloading cycle.
[0193] The mechanism also charaterises itself with the use of the
reactivator as an anti-buckling rod for the return spring,
[0194] The mechanism also charaterises itself with the adaptation
of a loose barrel for the role of the reactivator, in the manner
shown on FIGS. 6 and 7, or the adaptation of a frame fragment--or a
mass additionaly added to the design--for such role.
[0195] The mechanism also characterises itself with the placement
of the or return springs between the and the amortized elements,
which cause the braking not to be a result of a direct impact, but
a gradual process with the use of the return spring's elasticity,
and force a return momentum of these elements after braking, and
furthermore, for the constant push of the spring in the phase 0 of
the mechanism working cycle to keep the reactivator in the extreme
backward position, and keep the amortized elements in the extreme
forward position.
[0196] A characteristic feature of the mechanism is the manner in
which the is additionally set in motion and a set momentum is given
to it, which in case of a cam mechanism consists in the work of the
or a complex of locking cams, which by making an incomplete turn or
moving, cause the to move and its further forward motion,
[0197] and in case of a gas mechanism, consists in the use of the
pressure of the gasses carried away by to a gas cylinder containing
the, so as to force its forward motion in the direction of the
amortized element.
[0198] A characteristic feature is the placement of the or a
complex of locking cams, in depenence on the variants, in the
weapon frame or on a fixed barrel, or on a loose barrel moving
backwards after a shot, or on the activator, or on the reactivator,
or the usage of a loose cam which enforces the movement of the
reactivator by its movement.
[0199] A characteristic feature is the usage of a or a series of
locking cams placed on a loose barrel in order to transfer part of
the recoil energy to the barrel through the suspension of the
locking cam, and therefore enforcement of the barrel's backward
motion in the manner shown on FIGS. 4 and 5.
[0200] A characteristic feature is also the usage of the as a link,
lowering the lower part of the barrel and controlling the locking
in case of combined variants with additional locking through the
barrel crossing in a manner analogous to the Colt M1911 system,
shown on FIGS. 8 and 9.
[0201] A characteristic feature is also the usage of the or a
complex of locking cams for direct lock bolting if bolt fulfills
the role of an.
[0202] In case of cam mechanism variants, in which the role of the
reactivator is being filled by a loose barrel, a charasteristic
feature is the fitting of such in proper areas coopearting with
locking cams or a latch or flange, on which the return spring
rests, which allows to use the barrel as an anti-buckling rod, and
the flange's lateral surface, by cooperating with the interal
surcafe of the lock and the frame is also responsible for guiding
the barrel in a to-and-fro motion, in a manner shown on FIGS. 6 and
7,
[0203] A characteristic feature is the usage of the reactivator's
mass to delay the movement of the in phase 2, and therefore to
delay the backward motion of the activator cooperating with it,
which in turn causes the delay in the lock's backward motion, the
latter constituting a complex along with the activator, or
cooperating with the activator, or a lock which is directly
performing the role of an activator.
[0204] A charasteristic feature is also the use of the
reactivator's mass to delay the opening of the gas conduit starting
the lock unbolting process in the gas combined reactive mechanisms,
in a manner shown on FIG. 10, subfig. 1;
[0205] A characteristic feature is the adaptation, for the role of
an, any of the weapon elements recoiled after a shot, such as the
lock or bolt carrier, or the barrel, or the gas piston.
[0206] A characteristic feature is the preparation of the for
cooperation with the by fitting the former with a suitable
protrusion, opening or, and in variants where the role of the
activator is filled by the barrel, the usage of the locking cam as
a barrel travel limiter, and in variants where the activator is at
the same time an amortized element, a characteristic feature is its
preparation for cooperation with the and the reactivator through
equipping such with suitable surfaces and latches.
[0207] In variants with a cam placed on the loose barrel which
undergoes recoil, the characteristic feature is the equipping of
the barrel with an additional amortizing spring, so that it forces
the barrel return in its extreme forward position after each lock
and reactivator working cycle, or after the performance of several
cycles, i.e. work in a multiple cycle.
[0208] A characteristic feature is also the adaptation of the
weapon with a reactive mechanism to a multiple cycle, i.e. the
possiblity of firing a short burst consisting of the performance of
several lock and reactivator cycles during one barrel recoil cycle,
in a manner presented on variant 2 description.
[0209] A characteristic feature is also the proper shape, which
will make its forward-backward motion possible in the area of the
frame, as well as its cooperation with the and the amortized
elements, the shape consisting in fitting the reactivator with
areas cooperating with the frame, areas cooperating with the
amortised element and a latch or a area on which the rests, in a
manner shown in the figures. Additionaly, in case of cam
mechanisms, a chararestic feature is the equpping of the in an area
cooperating with the or a complex of locking cams, and in case of
gas mechanisms, a characteristic feature is the setting, on a set
section, the reactivator in the form of a gas piston moving
partially in the boundaries of the gas cylinder.
[0210] A characteristic feature is also the application of cam
regulators in a manner shown on FIGS. 11, 12 and 14 which, by
modyfing the force application point and changing the cam ratio
through a change in the suspension height in the locking cam or the
protrusion lenghts on the activator, influence the movement
paramteres of the reactivator in relation to the activator.
[0211] A characteristic feature is the equipping of the locking cam
in a movement limiter determining its to extreme positions: the
locked position and the working position.
* * * * *