U.S. patent application number 10/549941 was filed with the patent office on 2006-11-16 for soil membrane forming mixture.
Invention is credited to Torfinn Johnsen.
Application Number | 20060257213 10/549941 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 19914571 |
Filed Date | 2006-11-16 |
United States Patent
Application |
20060257213 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Johnsen; Torfinn |
November 16, 2006 |
Soil membrane forming mixture
Abstract
This invention relates to an organic, environment-friendly,
preferably antioxidising and biodegradable climate, soil and growth
enhancing mixture of preferably organic materials that can be
applied to moist soil as dry matter or dry soil in liquid state,
and which subsequently solidifies into a degradable film or
membrane on top of or at a given depth in the soil. The properties
of the film can be set so that the film regulates or changes the
soil's oxidation ability, degradation rate, temperature, greenhouse
gas respiration, combustibility, mechanical strength, evaporation
rate, water runoff, nutrient conversion rate and germination
conditions on and/or below the surface of the soil mass. The film
or membrane can be used alone or in combination with standard plant
nutrition or fertiliser.
Inventors: |
Johnsen; Torfinn; (Sandnes,
NO) |
Correspondence
Address: |
MERCHANT & GOULD PC
P.O. BOX 2903
MINNEAPOLIS
MN
55402-0903
US
|
Family ID: |
19914571 |
Appl. No.: |
10/549941 |
Filed: |
March 12, 2004 |
PCT Filed: |
March 12, 2004 |
PCT NO: |
PCT/NO04/00071 |
371 Date: |
June 23, 2006 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
405/302.7 |
Current CPC
Class: |
Y02A 40/28 20180101;
A01G 24/22 20180201; A01G 13/0262 20130101; A01C 1/044 20130101;
Y02P 60/21 20151101; A01G 2013/004 20130101; A01G 24/00
20180201 |
Class at
Publication: |
405/302.7 |
International
Class: |
E02D 17/20 20060101
E02D017/20 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Mar 13, 2003 |
NO |
20031167 |
Claims
1. A mixture for treating a soil surface and/or a soil mass,
comprising a mixture spread over the soil surface and/or arranged
in the soil mass to be treated in such manner that a layer in the
form of a film or membrane on the surface and/or some distance down
in the soil to be treated is formed, the mixture including a basic
powder mixture of a water-soluble, dried and ground organic raw
material, a film or membrane forming thickening agent and pigment;
and the basic mixture including at least one component which has a
sufficient antioxidising effect to ensure that the membrane has an
antioxidising effect on the surroundings.
2. A mixture according to claim 1, wherein the powder mixture is
saturated with electrons to at least electrical neutrality.
3. A mixture according to claim 2, wherein the powder mixture is
oversaturated with electrons and has an excess of negative electric
charges.
4. A mixture according to claim 1, wherein the basic mixture
includes a growth medium for microalgae.
5. A mixture according to wherein the basic mixture comprises from
1 to 50 parts by weight of organic raw material, 0.1 to 60 parts by
weight of thickening agent and from 2-50 parts by weight of
pigment.
6. A mixture according to claim 4, wherein the basic mixture
contains from 0.1 to 10 parts by weight of microalgae.
7. A mixture according to claim 1, wherein the organic material is
any material originating from the natural environment, the animal
or plant kingdom, and that, in a dried and ground state, it
contains fibres and adhesive compounds so that the material will
function as a binder in the resulting film or membrane.
8. A mixture according to claim 7 wherein the raw organic material
comprises substantially natural, industrial and/or household
organic or biological waste.
9. A mixture according to claim 8, wherein the vegetable debris is
dried and ground seaweed, sea grass and/or kelp, and that 3 to 6
parts by weight thereof are used in the basic mixture.
10. A mixture according to claim 9, wherein sea grass preferably
comprises the species Spartina and/or reeds.
11. A mixture according to claim 1, wherein the thickening agent is
xanthan or xanthan gum.
12. A mixture according to claim 11, wherein the thickening agent
is one or more alginates that are admixed and replace at least a
part of the xanthan or xanthan gum, or that the one or more
alginates replace all the xanthan or xanthan gum.
13. A mixture according to claim 11, wherein the xanthan or xanthan
gum is added in an amount of from 0.1 to 6 parts by weight.
14. A mixture according to claim 1, wherein when it is desired to
form a film or membrane having a high degree of reflection, one or
more of the following materials in dry powder form are used as
pigments: stone, lime, sand, clay, chalk, shells, white mineral
pigments such as TiO.sub.2, white plant dyes and/or white plant
fibres such as cotton, bog cotton or algae-based components having
light characteristics.
15. A mixture according claim 1, wherein when it is desired to form
a film or membrane having a low degree of reflection, one or more
of the following materials in dry power form are used: ash, coal,
soot, carbon black, graphite and other known forms of elementary
carbon and other pigments such as ochre, bone, animal shells,
marine shells, fish-scales, mineral pigments, plant dyes, plant
pigments or algae-based components having dark characteristics.
16. A mixture according to 14, wherein the pigments are added in an
amount of from 0.1 to 25 parts by weight, preferably from 0.1 to 10
parts by weight.
17. A mixture according to claim 15, wherein the pigments are added
in an amount of from 0.1. to 25 parts by weight, preferably from
0.1 to 10 parts by weight.
18. A mixture according to claim 1, wherein the basic mixture has
added thereto one or more of the following additives: binders,
preservatives, fertilisers, water stabilisers, mineral salts, pH
regulators, antioxidants and/or electrically conductive
substances.
19. A mixture according to claim 18, wherein the additives are also
selected from substances or compounds which can be obtained in the
form of natural, industrial and/or household organic or biological
waste, and which preferably act as antioxidants.
20. A mixture according to claim 18, wherein the binders comprise
organic glue and adhesive agents having a high protein content,
preferably albumin glue, casein glue, animal glue, agar, alginic
acid, ground acorn barnacles, latex and/or sap.
21. A mixture according to claim 20, wherein the binders are added
in an amount of from 0.1 to 15 parts by weight, preferably 0.1 to 5
parts by weight.
22. A mixture according to claim 18, wherein the binders further
comprise one or more fibres selected from the group consisting of
cellulose fibre, plant fibre, textile fibre, animal fibre and
reinforcing fibre.
23. A mixture according to claim 22, wherein the fibre materials
are added in an amount of from 0.5 to 30 parts by weight.
24. A mixture according to claim 18, wherein the fertiliser agents
comprise one or more fertilisers selected from the group consisting
of animal manure, fish guano, guano, urea, inorganic nutrient salts
and micronutrients.
25. A mixture according to claim 24, wherein the fertiliser
materials are added in an amount of from 0.1 to 20, preferably 0.1.
to 15, and more preferably 0.1 to 5 parts by weight of dry
powder.
26. A mixture according to claim 18, wherein the electrically
conductive additives comprise one or more substances selected from
the group consisting of readily soluble mineral salts, ash and/or
carbon fibres.
27. A mixture according to claim 26, wherein the electrically
conductive substances are added in an amount of from 0.1 to 15,
preferably 0.1 to 5 parts by weight of dry powder.
28. A mixture according to claim 18, wherein the water stabilisers
comprise one or more substances selected from the group consisting
of plant oils, mucilage, organic waxes and organic oils.
29. A mixture according to claim 28, wherein the water stabilisers
are added in an amount of from 0.1 to 80, preferably from 0.1 to
25, and more preferably from 0.1 to 5 parts by weight of dry
powder.
30. A mixture according to claim 18, wherein the pH regulators
comprise one of more substances selected from the group consisting
of sap, basic minerals, ash, and salts of the alkaline and alkaline
earth metals.
31. A mixture according to claim 30, wherein the pH regulator is
added in an amount of from 0.1 to 50, preferably from 0.1 to
10.
32. A mixture according to claim 31, wherein the pH regulators are
added in such quantity that the resulting membrane or film has a pH
that is greater than 5, preferably in the range of pH 5 to 10.
33. An erosion-moderating mixture, wherein the mixture is spread
over the soil surface to be treated in such a manner that a layer
in the form of a film or membrane is formed on the surface, the
mixture comprising a pure binder solution of 95 to 99.7% by weight
water and from 0.3 to 5% by weight alginate
34. Use of the mixture according to claim 1 to form a solid film or
membrane in the surface and/or in a layer at a given depth in a
soil mass for the purpose of regulating/optimising the conditions
to promote growth of vegetation.
35. Use of the mixture according to claim 1 to form a solid film or
membrane in the surface of a soil mass for the purpose of binding
loose surface particles and thereby reduce the local soil
erosion.
36. Use of the mixture according to claim 1 to form a solid film or
membrane in the surface of a soil mass for the purpose of forming a
decorative cover.
37. Use of the mixture according to claim 1 to form a solid film or
membrane in the surface of a soil mass for the purpose of altering
the albedo of the soil surface.
38. Use according to claim 37, where the purpose of altering the
albedo is to reduce the heating of and thus the air temperature
immediately above a ground surface by reducing the degree of
absorption of incident sunlight exhibited by the ground
surface.
39. Use of the mixture according to claim 1 to form a solid film or
membrane in the surface of a soil mass with the purpose of lowering
the albedo of the soil surface in a limited area to obtain local
heating of the covered soil surface with the object of forming
upward currents of air above this area.
40. Use of the mixture according to claim 1 to form a solid film or
membrane in the surface of a soil mass for the purpose of acting as
a growth-inhibiting membrane on a fire corridor in dense vegetation
and/or to function as a non-combustible surface membrane or
film.
41. Use of the mixture according to claim 1 to form a solid film of
membrane in the surface of a soil mass for the purpose of binding
loose surface particles and thus reducing local soil erosion.
42. Use of the mixture according to claim 1 to recreate cultivation
conditions in order to re-establish vegetation in areas that have
become too cold, too hot, too dry etc.
43. Use of the mixture according to claim 1 to regulate/lower the
CO.sub.2 respiration rate and thus the amount of CO.sub.2 that is
released per time unit from the biomass in a soil.
44. Use of the mixture according to claim 1 to form a solid film or
membrane in the surface of a soil mass for the purpose of reducing
water loss from the soil surface in the form of evaporation.
45. Use of the mixture according to claim 1 to form a solid film or
membrane at a given distance or depth in a soil mass for the
purpose of forming a water-impermeable membrane or film with the
object of reducing water runoff to deeper soil layers.
46. (canceled)
47. (canceled)
48. (canceled)
49. A method according to claim 48, wherein it comprises: actively
planting or sowing new plant or vegetation varieties in combination
with laying out the membrane.
50. A method according to claim 48 wherein it comprises: adapting
the amount of water-stabilising substances in order to obtain a
surface membrane or film that has desired water permeability levels
to reduce water loss/drying out of the soil mass.
51. A method according to claim 47, wherein it comprises: laying a
membrane or film which lies immediately under the roots of the
vegetation and which has little water permeability in order to
reduce or eliminate water loss to the deeper layers of soil.
52. (canceled)
53. A method according to claim 52, wherein it comprises: adding
mineral salts to a minimum concentration of 300 ppm or more to
render the membrane or film unsuitable for germinating seeds.
54. (canceled)
55. (canceled)
56. (canceled)
Description
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] This invention relates to a soil, growth and
climate-enhancing means in the form of a product concept comprising
an organic, environment-friendly, biodegradable, antioxidising
mixture of preferably organic materials that can be applied to
moist soil in the form of a dry substance or to dry soil in liquid
state, and which then solidifies into a degradable film on top of
and/or at a given depth in the soil. The properties of the film can
be set so that the film regulates or alters the soil's reflective
properties, energy level, oxidation properties, rate of
decomposition, combustibility, mechanical strength, temperature,
liquid evaporation rate, water runoff, greenhouse gas respiration,
and nutrient conversion rate on and/or below the surface of the
soil mass, thereby allowing germination and growth conditions for
plants to be controlled. The film or membrane can be used alone as
a nutrient-bearing soil supplement, or can be applied to the soil
in combination with standard plant nutrition or fertiliser.
[0002] Furthermore, the invention relates to methods of using the
mixture according to the invention as a means for carrying out one
or more of the following tasks: -revegetating landscape,
-strengthening topsoil, -increasing or decreasing the growth rate
of useful plants, -controlling/reducing/eliminating the amount of
near-ground free radicals and ozone, -controlling the soil and air
temperature, -regulating the water content in the ground,
-controlling the amount and rate of release of greenhouses gases
emitted by a biomass into the atmosphere, -being a growth medium
for seeds, microorganisms and microalgae, -reducing soil erosion
and sand drift, -stimulating the humus level, -adapting and
establishing ideal conditions/ideal temperatures for organisms,
seeds and surface vegetation, -creating controlled air circulation
on the earth surface by creating inverse thermal field zones which
form thermal air columns that create and maintain air circulation
and energy transport. The film may also be established as a carrier
of growth-inhibiting and fire-retardant substances for weed control
and the establishment of firebreaks, and may have added thereto
environment-friendly agents against unwanted insects and the
like.
BACKGROUND
[0003] The earth's population has increased from about three
billion in 1960 to about 6.2 billion in 2002, and is expected to
increase to a peak of about 11 billion in around 2050 before slowly
decreasing, i.e., in just 90 years the population of the world will
have almost quadrupled. The population explosion has represented,
and still represents a major challenge with regard to increasing
the world's food production to meet the ever more rapidly growing
need for more food.
[0004] Until the twentieth century the need for more food was
primarily met by cultivating new land. Agricultural methods and
productivity were largely left to the farmers [1]. However, late on
in the twentieth century the availability of new cultivatable areas
was greatly limited for a number of reasons, including extensive
use of the easiest available areas, preservation of remaining
wilderness etc. This meant that it was necessary to find other ways
of increasing agricultural production than clearing new land.
[0005] Put very simply, it could be said that the answer was
modern, knowledge-based agriculture with extensive use of
mechanical working power and scientifically based knowledge of how
to cultivate land with maximum efficiency. Important factors are
the use of synthetic fertiliser, artificial irrigation, chemical
weed and pest control, and new gene-modified plants which give
greater yields and are more resistant to pests. One example of the
significance of modern agriculture is that in 1940 the USA produced
56 million tonnes of maize on 31 million hectares whilst in 1999 it
produced 240 million tonnes of maize on 29 million hectares, i.e.,
a quadrupling of yield per area unit of cultivated land. In 1998
the world's food production was 5,034 million tonnes (source:
FAOSTAT), 1999), of which 99% comes from agriculture whilst fishing
and hunting accounts for 1%. Had this amount of food been evenly
distributed, it would have been possible to give 900 million people
more than today's population a healthy diet of 2350 kcal per day.
There is just sufficient food in the world today, and the increase
in food production has taken place without any appreciable increase
in the total cultivated area since 1960. But the battle is far from
won. The world population is expected to double yet again during
the next 50 years, which means that we must manage to almost double
today's agricultural productivity if we are to avoid extensive
famine in the world.
[0006] However, there are problems associated with modern
agriculture. One serious problem that may be a major obstacle to
obtaining the necessary doubling of production capacity is that
access to fresh water is in the process of becoming scarce in large
parts of the world. According to the World Meteorological
Organization 70% of the world's freshwater uptake in 1997 was used
for irrigation of agricultural areas. And this amount of water was
used by just 17% of the world's agricultural areas, which alone
account for 40% of the total food production this year. In 1997 the
United Nations estimated that one third of the world population
lives in areas with a moderate to high stress level on the water
supply, and it is expected that as much as two thirds of the world
population may experience the same in 2025. It is therefore obvious
that optimal use of freshwater resources will be a very important
factor in achieving productivity goals.
[0007] Another problem that farmers have struggled with throughout
the ages is the growth of unwanted plant varieties which compete
with useful plants for space and nutrients. In modern agriculture
this problem is often solved by an extensive use of chemical toxic
substances known as herbicides. Unwanted plant growth is not a
problem that is only associated with agriculture, as it applies to
almost all forms of green areas where growth of unwanted plant
varieties can cause problems. Herbicides are found in the form of
both selective and non-selective plant protectants, but all have
the drawback that they are relatively expensive and that the use of
the chemicals requires trained workers if it is to function
optimally. This is because incorrect use can cause personal injury
and needless environmental stress as a result of the toxic
substances going astray. Another factor is that the use of toxic
substances per se causes a burden on the environment and the risk
of unintended damage. A well-known alternative to the use of
chemical agents is mechanical weed control. But this solution is
very labour-intensive and hence expensive, and in addition will
often promote soil erosion. There is therefore a need for an
alternative environment-friendly solution that is inexpensive and
that can be used by untrained workers virtually without any risk at
all.
[0008] It will probably also be necessary to start using land areas
which today are unsuitable for agriculture in order to meet future
food needs. For example, desert regions have a favourable potential
as future agricultural areas if a way could be found to solve the
problems of sand drift, water runoff, temperature conditions in the
top layer etc. because desert regions could provide large new
agricultural areas in regions with a warm, favourable climate for
food production.
[0009] Simply the fact that man's need for food will increase from
today's formidable 5 billion tonnes to almost 10 billion tonnes of
food per year in the course of a few decades, suggests that there
is a need for environment-friendly means if we are to manage to
produce such large quantities in a sustainable manner. And since
the decidedly greatest food needs are in poor regions with many
untrained workers, these new means should be very cheap so as to
permit use in the poor parts of the world where the population is
greatest. They should also be sufficiently easy to use so that
everyone can use them in the right way regardless of their level of
education.
PRIOR ART
[0010] A number of different films and coatings are known for use
in agriculture as a cover for surfaces such as fields and plant
beds to obtain specific conditions for plant growth. Best known are
different types of dark plastic films used as covers to obtain
higher temperatures in the soil under the film and thus an
increased crop yield.
[0011] A plastic film for use in agriculture is known from U.S.
Pat. No. 5,729,929. This film is produced from polymer materials
such as polyethylene, is supplied in certain widths and consists of
longitudinal strips or stripes of clear plastic, white or silver
plastic and dark plastic. The film is usually made having a
longitudinal strip of clear or white plastic in the centre and
stripes of dark plastic on either side. The purpose of such a film
is to ensure that the temperature in a furrow or a bed covered by
the film is higher along the edges and lower in the central portion
which covers the plants. This results in a temperature differential
between these areas and increased circulation of moisture, which
means that harmful salts will migrate to the edges and prevent
growth of weeds there. However, the plastic film is not
biologically degradable and must be removed manually and replaced
each growing season.
[0012] U.S. Pat. No. 4,794,726 discloses a mat that is placed on
the soil around the stalks of plants. The mat consists of fibrous
thermoplastic materials which are woven together and supplied in
certain widths and lengths. The mat is covered with a layer of
aluminium pigments in the form of flakes. The purpose of the mat is
that the aluminium flakes will reflect sunlight upward to the
underside of the leaves on the plants and thereby increase growth
and crop yield. The mat does not let sunlight through and will
therefore minimise temperature variations at the roots of the
plants. The mat consists of materials that do not degrade, so that
it can be used from one growing season to the next.
[0013] U.S. Pat. No. 3,775,147 describes a white film that can be
applied to the soil by spraying. The film consists of white
pigments, a binder and water as solvent. The purpose of the film is
to keep the temperature in the soil lower during germination of the
plants so as to increase the yield. The patent does not give any
indication of ways of adjusting the reflection properties of a film
in order to regulate the temperature of the soil under the
film.
[0014] NO 20003587 discloses a film-forming powder mixture that is
dissolved in a solvent and then applied to the soil in liquid state
in order to harden into a membrane in an upper layer of the soil.
The powder mixture should comprise:
[0015] a binder of proteins;
[0016] a fibrous material such as cellulose, paper fibres, plant
fibres etc.;
[0017] a solvent such as water or sap;
[0018] at least one dark and one light pigment;
[0019] an animal or vegetable oil; and
[0020] an ammonium compound.
[0021] The mixture may also advantageously have a foaming agent
added thereto and/or a pH regulator, and the mixture should
preferably be made of raw materials that are organic waste so that
it is very inexpensive, completely biodegradable and helps to solve
a waste problem from other industries. In addition, the membrane
per se will be nutrition for the plants.
[0022] None of the cited patent specifications provide sufficiently
sustainable solutions, and will in addition only provide a solution
to some of the problems and challenges encountered in
high-efficiency sustainable agricultural production referred to
above.
OBJECT OF THE INVENTION
[0023] One of the objects of the present invention, therefore, is
to provide a mixture of preferably organic materials which, when
added to the soil, forms an environment-friendly, biodegradable and
antioxidising membrane on top of and/or at a given depth in the
soil which has a soil and growth enhancing effect without
impoverishing the soil.
[0024] Another object is to provide a mixture of preferably organic
materials which, when added to the soil, forms an
environment-friendly, biodegradable and antioxidising membrane on
top of and/or at a given depth in the soil, where the ability of
the membrane or film mass to reduce biologically harmful
near-ground ozone and free radicals is optimised.
[0025] Yet another object is to provide methods of using the
mixture according to the invention for one or more of the following
tasks at the same time: regulate the albedo of the ground surface
and thus the temperature on the ground surface and in the growth
zone; strengthen the topsoil; reduce or prevent water runoff or
evaporation; limit or control respiration of biogases; adapt
respired CO.sub.2 volume from the biomass to the absorption
potential or absorption capacity of the CO.sub.2-absorbing
vegetation mass; increase the root access to and conversion of
fluid and nutrition; minimise or prevent erosion of the soil
surface and/or the humus layer; reduce/prevent growth of unwanted
vegetation; establish thermal zones on surfaces to create currents
of air; reduce or eliminate near-ground ozone and free
radicals.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0026] The objects of the invention are achieved by that set forth
in the following description of the invention and the attached
patent claims.
[0027] This invention relates to an environment-friendly,
biodegradable soil and growth enhancing mixture of preferably
organic material that can be applied to moist soil as a dry
substance or to dry soil in liquid state, and which then sets or
solidifies into a degradable, gas-permeable film on top of and/or
at a given depth in the soil. The mixture may advantageously be
provided in the form of a basic mixture consisting of a dry powder
of dried and ground organic material comprising a thickening and/or
setting agent, and one or more pigments. This basic mixture will,
when taken up in an appropriate amount of solvent, dissolve and
subsequently form a more or less liquid mass which will set or
solidify into a breathing, i.e., gas-permeable, film or membrane
after application to the soil that is to be treated. All components
of the basic mixture must be water-soluble and together they should
have an antioxidising effect on the environment. I.e., at least one
of the components must be antioxidising and the rest of the
ingredients must be chosen to ensure that the mixture as a whole
has an antioxidising effect on the surrounding environment.
Preferably all the ingredients of the powder mixture should have an
antioxidant effect. To further increase the antioxidising effect of
the resulting film or membrane according to the invention, it would
be advantageous to saturate the dry powder mixture with electrons
to at least neutrality, but it is also possible to include
oversaturation, thus supplying the powder mixture with an excess of
electrons. A suitable method for achieving electron saturation of
the powder mixture is by using ionisation, but any known method may
be used to obtain this electron saturation.
[0028] Through the controlled addition of amounts of additives to
the basic mixture, or optionally the solution formed by the basic
mixture, the resulting film or membrane according to the invention
can be endowed with one or more of a number of different properties
as described below. The additives preferably comprise one or more
of the following types of substances: pigments, binders, water
stabilisers, preservatives, antioxidants and agents for regulating
the electrical conductivity of the film, mineral salts and pH
regulators. In addition, in some cases it may be necessary to use
reinforcing materials and additives such as biologically degradable
fibre and fillers. A virtually universal means is thus obtained
which can be used to regulate one or more of the following factors
that affect growth and germination conditions for vegetation:
temperature, moisture and nutrient uptake in the soil around the
roots or seeds. It reduces surface erosion, binds seed in the
germination period, constitutes an impenetrable obstacle for
seed-germinating weed species, prevents/reduces runoff of water to
the underlying soil, forms an almost non-combustible surface cover
etc.
[0029] Organic material is used to mean any material that
originates from the animal or vegetable world, and which in a
dried, ground (pulverised) state can be dissolved in water.
Dissolution in this context means both chemical dissolution and
mechanical dissolution, i.e., chemically dissolved in the form of
ions, complexes and the like, and mechanical solutions in the form
of emulsions, dispersed particles and the like. It is also
conceivable that other polar solvents could be used instead of
water, but water will normally be preferred because of its
availability and low cost.
[0030] The invention can be used in all areas where there is a
desire to regulate growth conditions for plants such as in
agriculture, horticulture, green areas, sports grounds, roadsides
etc. Furthermore, by varying the amount of setting agent or
thickening agent, it is possible to control how far the fluid will
penetrate into the soil before it sets into a solid film. Thus,
ways of regulating water runoff and other growth conditions for
vegetation up to a depth of several metres, preferably to a depth
of about 1 metre are obtained.
[0031] The wide range of potential obtainable properties of the
film or membrane according to the invention makes it suitable for
regulating growth conditions for useful plants in virtually all
conceivable climate zones and soil types, besides being used to
adjust the growth conditions in the soil in order to re-establish
vegetation in areas which today are climatically unsuitable for
plant growth. This applies both to areas which are naturally too
warm, too dry, too cold and/or to areas with too much surface
erosion to allow plants to become established in a natural way.
[0032] The film or membrane according to the invention can be
endowed with properties that enable it to be used for other
purposes such as prolonging the growth season by melting snow,
providing a fire-retardant corridor in terrain subject to forest
fires, serving as a weed and/or insect controlling surface film,
serving as a decorative cover until newly sown or planted
vegetation has grown etc.
[0033] One aspect of the invention is that it can be produced from
antioxidising organic substances or compounds that are biologically
degradable, serve as nutrition for plants and which in addition are
selected natural, industrial and/or household organic waste
substances. This results in an environment-friendly
means/soil-enhancing means that has little or no harmful effect on
the ecosystems in which the invention is used, and which in
addition helps to reduce some waste problems. Moreover, the use of
waste will make the raw materials very cheap to purchase, some will
be free of charge if collected and some will even involve payment
to those taking them away, so that the invention represents a very
inexpensive antioxidising soil and growth enhancing means.
[0034] Another aspect of the invention is that by using a surface
film or membrane it is possible to control or adjust the albedo of
a land area and thus establish thermal polar "islands" which either
cool or heat the air above the land area, thereby creating
thermally induced currents of air which can withdraw moisture from
or add moisture to the area as required. Thus, a means is obtained
which can bring about changes in precipitation patterns thereby
making naturally unsuitable areas suitable for useful plants such
as corn, maize etc.
[0035] Another aspect of the invention is that by using a surface
film or membrane according to the invention, it is possible to
alter or regulate the albedo of the area with a view to lowering
its CO.sub.2 respiration rate. When used extensively (large areas),
the invention can be an inexpensive and effective means for fixing
carbon in a biomass, thereby helping noticeably to reduce a
country's total emission of the greenhouse gas CO.sub.2. By
combining this effect with the re-establishment of vegetation in
areas which today are naturally unsuitable for plant cultivation,
it is possible to fix really large amounts of CO.sub.2 from the
atmosphere as biomass. This feature of the invention may be a
valuable and useful contribution for many nations when the
obligation to reduce greenhouse gas emissions is to be met, because
by fixing atmospheric CO.sub.2 in the form of trees, it is possible
to fix CO.sub.2 for many hundred years before the tree mass rots.
Before then, the oil age will be over so that the pressure on the
greenhouse effect from today's use of fossil fuels will be offset
to some extent.
[0036] Yet another aspect of the invention is that the albedo
regulation can be used to change local precipitation patterns. This
albedo regulation can, for example, be used to provide
precipitation in dry coastal areas by laying out a surface membrane
or film with low albedo compared to the albedo of the surrounding
soil in an area of from a couple of to many square kilometres (as
required). This covered area will thus be a local area zone that is
heated by sunlight in part to a much greater extent than the
surrounding land masses, so that upward currents of air, also known
as thermals, will be generated. Thermals create a local low
pressure which draws in air from surrounding air masses, thereby
allowing the establishment of a guided and controlled current of
air from the sea across the dry land areas. Because the thermals
will lift this air up into higher air layers, it will be cooled and
the moisture content precipitated as rain. In this way, it is
possible to obtain water for coastal desert regions.
[0037] The invention is intended to be put on the market as a basic
mixture in the form of a dry powder that is produced by drying and
grinding an organic material, preferably whilst supplied with UV
light and exposed to a negative ionising E-field. Negative
ionisation means that the soil mass is exposed to an E-field with
negative polarity to eliminate any positively charged free radicals
(oxidants) and to ensure that the mass is saturated with electrons,
so that its antioxidising properties are enhanced. Both the UV
radiation and the ionisation will kill any microorganisms and
sterilise the basic mixture. This is an important feature in the
cases where there is a danger that the organic raw material may
contain toxic or pathogenic microorganisms.
[0038] On use, one or more of the aforementioned additives are
added to the basic mixture which is then dissolved in water. It is
possible to replace water completely or partly with organic fluid
pressed from fruit, berries, plants or general succulent
vegetation. The solution can then be sprayed onto the soil area to
be treated where it then sets into a solid, tacky film. The liquid
is suitable for all known types of spraying equipment from handheld
spraying devices to mechanical means, including planes.
Alternatively, the dry powder mixture, the basic mixture including
selected amounts and types of additives, can be applied in a dry
form, i.e., as a powder that is sprinkled over the soil to be
treated and then wetted either because the soil is sufficiently
moist to dissolve the powder and form a film, or because the same
area over which the powder has been spread is actively watered. The
liquid mixture or the powder mixture may also be mixed into the
soil using a plough and/or other mechanical means equipped with
nozzles for injection of the fluid or dry powder. In short, the
invention can be applied using all conventionally known methods and
equipment for the distribution of a liquid or dry powder over a
surface. The same applies to known technology for incorporating the
liquid or powder into the soil.
[0039] The invention is just as suitable for use on a small scale
for a private person's garden as for use on a large scale in
industrial food production. It is envisaged that ready powder
mixtures for a number of standard conditions and use applications
will be available, and that the users will have access to the basic
powder mixture and the additives in loose weight so as to be able
to tailor the film according to their requirements. Thus, a soil
enhancing means is obtained that is simple, inexpensive, very
flexible and suitable for a number of different purposes as
described above.
[0040] The invention is a simple and very inexpensive means that is
adapted to have an impact on a number of conditions which to a
greater or lesser extent represent an environmental and/or economic
problem today: [0041] 1) Global warming in that the reflection of
the product, i.e., the resulting film or membrane according to the
invention, can be set at a desired level, so that the albedo of the
soil area can be regulated in order to reduce the amount of
incident radiant energy from the sun that is absorbed by the
ground. [0042] 2) The CO.sub.2 account in that the product can
regulate the respiration rate (as a consequence of the temperature
control) and thus the amount of CO.sub.2 that is released from the
biomass in the soil into the atmosphere. [0043] 3) Water shortage
in that the product reduces or controls the rate of evaporation of
water vapour from the ground. [0044] 4) Soil erosion in that the
product can increase the mechanical strength of the topsoil, lower
its temperature and increase soil moisture. [0045] 5)
Desertification in that the product binds sand surfaces and
moisture. [0046] 6) Soil oxidation in that the product can be set
to control natural oxidation processes in and above the microlayer.
[0047] 7) Species migration in that the product can stabilise or
recreate cultivation conditions in, for instance, drought-affected
areas, and in that the product can be used to create local thermals
with subsequent precipitation of moisture (rainfall). [0048] 8)
Vegetation fires in that the product is able to contain such fires
by forming non-combustible corridors in forests or other natural
vegetation that is subject to fires. [0049] 9) Refuse mountain in
that the product can be produced of biological or organic waste
which thus avoids the combustion and storage stages.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0050] The invention will now be described in more detail, and
examples of preferred embodiments and uses of the invention will be
given.
[0051] The inventive idea is to provide a basic dry mixture of
ground, dried organic raw material with added thickening agent
and/or setting agent and one or more pigments, and either to
dissolve this dry mixture in water in order to obtain a liquid that
can be sprayed onto a dry soil surface, or to spread the dry powder
mixture in powder form across a moist soil surface. In both cases
the basic powder mixture will thicken or set into a film or
membrane on top of or at a given depth in the soil.
[0052] Organic raw material in this context means any material that
originates from the animal or vegetable world and which in dried,
ground (as finely as pulverised) state can be
dispersed/emulsified/dissolved in water or liquid and which either
itself contains or has added one or more of thickening agents,
gelatin, adhesive compounds, fibres, fillers and the like so that
the materials, when mixed, will form a film or membrane according
to the invention when the mixture is applied to a soil.
Furthermore, the materials should preferably be a waste product
from the natural environment, the food industry and/or the
agricultural industry etc. so that an environmental synergistic
effect is obtained by reusing waste material. As organic raw
material it is preferable to use vegetable debris that is soluble
in water in a dried, pulverised state because it is an inexpensive
and readily available raw material. Most preferred is a dry powder
comprising one or more of dried and ground seaweed, sea grass
and/or kelp, fruit peel, fruit flesh, vegetable peel and pips, and
husks, leaves and stalks from general vegetation. The term "sea
grass" is used to mean plant species from both fresh water and
seawater that normally are not characterised as kelp or seaweed,
for example, the grass species Spartina and reeds that grow in both
saltwater and fresh water. Animal species that resemble plants can
also be used, such as sea pens, sea lilies and the like.
[0053] By adding to and mixing into the basic dry mixture (before
it is dissolved in water) one or more of the following additives:
binder/reinforcing material, preservative, pH regulator,
antioxidants, nutrients and means for regulating the electrical
conductivity of the film or membrane, it is possible to endow the
film or membrane with properties which strengthen (vitalise) the
soil and promote growth of vegetation. More specifically, by
adjusting the chemical composition of the film or membrane through
the addition of additives, it is possible to adjust one or more of
the following properties: mechanical functionality (strength,
elasticity), liquid permeability, light reflection properties,
electrical conductivity, durability/rate of degradation etc, and
thus obtain the possibility of adjusting mechanical quality,
temperature conditions and nutrient uptake, reducing production of
near-ground free radicals, water runoff, evaporation rate,
combustibility, rate of erosion, control of unwanted germination
and growth of weed species etc. in the uppermost layer of the soil.
In addition, by a conscious choice of raw materials it is also
possible to endow the film or membrane with insect repellent
properties. Examples of possible additives which have insect
repellent properties are lavender sap, balsam pine sap etc. In
short, the film or membrane according to the invention will be a
very flexible soil, growth and environment enhancing means with a
wide range of applications.
[0054] Vegetation is used in this context to mean all types of
vegetation such as plants and trees and non-flowering plants such
as algae, fungi, lichens, moss, ferns and the like.
[0055] The upper layer of a solid surface on the earth means
primarily the upper layer of the ground surface from 0.1 mm to 50
mm depth depending on the nature of the soil. If the film is laid
straight onto rock, for example, the upper layer would be the rock
surface.
[0056] One aspect of the invention is that all components of both
the basic dry mixture and the additives can and should preferably
be selected from substances that are organic and which at the same
time are also vegetation nutrients, so that the film or membrane is
a sustainable means which at the same time will function as a
fertiliser. The fertiliser effect may be further enhanced by the
addition non-oxidising artificial fertiliser and/or non-oxidising
natural fertiliser. In addition, all the components of the film or
membrane can be selected from substances or compounds which today
are characterised as industrial and/or household waste, thereby
converting waste into a useful productivity-increasing resource in,
for example, agriculture.
[0057] Another aspect of the invention is that it is a means for
regulating the albedo of a ground surface and/or a means for
re-establishing vegetation in areas which today are naturally
unsuitable for plant cultivation. Through extensive use of the
invention, it will be possible to re-establish vegetation on large
land areas and thus alter the albedo of these areas so that they
absorb less of the incident sunlight and thus fix large amounts of
CO.sub.2 from the atmosphere as biomass. Adjusting the volume of
CO.sub.2 emitted from the biomass in relation to the absorption
capacity of the biomass by regulating the temperature of the
biomass via albedo regulation will make it possible to adjust the
volume of CO.sub.2 emitted from the biomass in relation to the
absorption capacity of the vegetation, thereby ensuring that the
vegetation absorbs the entire volume of CO.sub.2 released from the
biomass. It is also possible to choose to adjust (regulate) the
emission from the biomass to zero or a low level so that the
vegetation is forced to make use of available atmospheric
CO.sub.2.
[0058] The invention will have a favourable effect on both these
two factors, and can, when used on a large scale, help noticeably
to reduce the ongoing increase in the average temperature of the
lower atmosphere because this increase is believed to be due in
part to the fact that areas previously covered by vegetation have
been converted into dark areas (developed areas, deforested areas
and the like) and because the use of fossil fuels has increased the
content of the greenhouse gas CO.sub.2 in the atmosphere by
30%.
[0059] Tests carried out in desert regions in connection with the
development of the invention show that in favourable cases it is
sufficient to use as little as 1 gram of dry matter per m.sup.2, so
that the use of 1 kilo of basic mixture (dry powder) according to
the invention covers a surface area equivalent to 1000 m.sup.2.
This means that 1 tonne of the dry powder mixture according to the
invention will cover a desert area of about 1000 km.sup.2.
Practical tests in desert regions have shown that dry matter
quantities of as little as about 0.3 grams per m.sup.2
are-sufficient to form a top membrane that binds the top layer of
the sand and prevents sand drift as a result of wind action. Other
types of soil surfaces require larger or smaller amounts of added
dry matter depending on the soil type and surface characteristics.
Although in practice it would hardly be possible to operate with
such small amounts of dry matter per m.sup.2, these tests show that
the powder mixture according to the invention may be an extremely
economical and thus inexpensive soil enhancing means which can
realistically be used on very large areas.
[0060] It is known that the CO.sub.2 respiration rate of a biomass
is dependent on the temperature of the biomass. Measurements and
tests carried out in connection with the development of the
invention show that the respiration rate of CO.sub.2 from the
biomass is reduced by about one third if the soil temperature is
decreased from 30 to 20.degree. C.
[0061] Theoretically, a change of 1% in the albedo of a body will
cause a change in temperature in the body of about 1.8.degree. C.
In agriculture, the change is slightly different in practice
because of the influx of distant heat from surrounding and deeper
heat sources. In tests carried out in Central America, a reduction
in respired CO.sub.2 volume per m.sup.2 of sugary biomass from 30
grams to 9 grams per day was obtained by using a membrane that
reflected 86% of incident sunlight, and lowered the temperature of
the biomass from 32.degree. C. to 18.degree. C. Respiration in this
soil was initially extremely high because of the high sugar
content, high temperature and moisture and vigorous microbiological
activity (supercomposting). Despite the extremely high respiration
in this case, the measurements show that the invention has a
substantial potential as a means for reducing respiration
volume/rate.
[0062] As an example, it is assumed that the biologically active
soil in hot regions may have the capacity to produce on average
about 10 grams of CO.sub.2 per m.sup.2 of ground surface per hour
when exposed to direct solar radiation.
[0063] During the development of the invention many measurements of
CO.sub.2 respiration from different types of biomass were made. To
measure the CO.sub.2 release from biomass, a calibrated CO.sub.2
meter with a measuring probe mounted in a sample chamber having a
volume of 1 litre is used. The chamber is placed in communication
with the biomass surface and collects the gas released from the
biomass.
[0064] In tests the CO.sub.2 concentration in the container rose by
300 ppm per minute. This is equivalent to 3.3 grams of CO.sub.2 per
m.sup.2 per hour, or 80 grams per day per m.sup.2 at a stable mass
temperature.
[0065] If it is assumed that a biologically active soil has the
capacity to produce 100 grams of CO.sub.2 per M.sup.2 per day, this
is equivalent to 100 tonnes of CO.sub.2 per km2 per day, or 36500
tonnes of CO.sub.2 per km2 per year. The area indicated above (1000
km.sup.2 covered with 1 tonne of high-reflective membrane mass)
will be capable of reducing the amount of respired CO.sub.2 by at
least one third from 36.5 megatonnes per year to 24.3 megatonnes
per year so that a total of 12.2 megatonnes of CO.sub.2 is fixed in
the biomass per tonne of dry matter used in the membrane mass
spread on the area in an amount equivalent to 1 gram per m.sup.2
ground surface. In addition, there is the saved CO.sub.2 emission
equivalent to 3 tonnes of CO.sub.2 per tonne of non-combusted
biological waste, reduced need for energy-consuming and CO.sub.2
releasing fertiliser production, lower energy-consuming transport
and storage requirements etc.
[0066] Although this is a theoretical optimal amount which in
practice cannot be achieved for most climate zones and soils, it
shows that the invention has a considerable potential for reducing
the amount of naturally respired CO.sub.2 and evaporated water from
the biomass into the earth's surrounding atmosphere. The use of the
membrane also allows the emission from vegetation-covered areas to
be set at zero by lowering the temperature and respiration to a
level that means that the biomass does not emit more CO.sub.2 per
unit of time than the local vegetation manages to absorb.
[0067] The key factors in the total climate account when the
product is used are as follows: [0068] 2.4% of all oil used
globally is used in the production of fertiliser. [0069]
Near-ground ozone in the microlayer is produced by standard
fertiliser such as compound fertiliser. [0070] One tonne of
combusted waste produces 3 tonnes of CO.sub.2+water vapour,
particles and toxic gases. The energy from the combustion heat
helps to warm the air or the atmosphere. [0071] Evaporation from
moist humus-rich soil at 35.degree. C. soil heat and about 800
watts solar radiation, is measured to be about 1.5 litres of
water.+-.25% per m.sup.2/per hour or 36 litres/m.sup.2 per day. The
amount of water from 1000 km.sup.2 is thus 36 gigatonnes per day.
By using a high reflective membrane which doubles the reflection of
thermal energy from the sun, the energy supply to the topsoil will
drop from about 800 watts to about 400 watts. The soil temperature
is thus lowered and the volume of water evaporation when such a
membrane is used is measured to be 0.8 litres/m.sup.2 per hour,
equivalent to a difference of 0.7 litres per hour.+-.25%. For an
area of 1000 km.sup.2, this amounts to 16.8 gigatonnes per day, or
a saving of 19.2 gigatonnes per day.
[0072] Albedo in this context means the ratio of incident
electromagnetic radiation (light) reflected to that absorbed.
Electromagnetic rays refer to all types of electromagnetic waves
that strike the surface of the earth such as radio waves, infrared
rays, visible light, ultraviolet rays, X-rays and gamma rays. The
earth will receive most of its electromagnetic radiation from the
sun in the form of infrared rays, visible light and ultraviolet
rays in the form of UVA and UVB.
[0073] As mentioned, the invention represents a flexible solution
that can be used for a number of purposes in agricultural
production and all forms of care of green areas, sports grounds,
parks etc. The invention can also be used for revegetating fallow
land, desert etc., and as a decorative mass when coloured (coloured
film without any nutrient value) on stone and concrete surfaces,
for example, rubble masonry surfaces in connection with railways,
road systems, quay installations etc. Furthermore, by varying the
amount and/or type of thickening or setting agent, it is possible,
for example, to obtain a liquid of varying setting rate, and thus
control how far down in the soil the liquid is allowed to penetrate
before it sets into a solid film or membrane. This allows the
possibility of having an impact on the soil under the roots of
plants, at the roots and/or on top of the surface. All types of
thickening or setting agents can be used provided they are
antioxidising and biologically degradable. A preferred agent for
use as thickening agent is xanthan, also known as xanthan gum (also
acts as a softener in the film). Xanthan is preferred because it is
an inexpensive polysaccharide that is completely safe for the
environment and because it represents a renewable resource.
Different alginates have also be found to be useful together with
or instead of xanthan.
[0074] Furthermore, in cases where the invention sets into a film
or membrane on the surface, it is possible, by adding controlled
amounts of binder, to control the mechanical properties of the film
so that it binds loose particles on the soil surface with the
object of controlling or preventing surface erosion. It is also
possible to add sufficient binder to produce a film or membrane
that is completely impenetrable to airborne seeds, thereby enabling
the film to be a mechanical and highly effective weed control means
in that it prevents airborne seeds from finding anchorage in the
upper layer of the soil. In order to further increase the effect as
weed control means, films or membranes intended for vegetation
control could have salt added to give them a minimum concentration
of 300 ppm salt. Most plants, with the exception of coastal
vegetation, have a tolerance limit just below this level. However,
sufficient amounts of salt can be added so that even coastal
vegetation finds it difficult to become established. In this case,
the salt concentrations should be about 3000 ppm. In addition to
the main components, this type of film or membrane should have
added thereto large concentrations of wax and non-water soluble
ingredients to prevent the salt from dissolving too quickly in the
event of rain or another supply of water. A film or membrane of
this kind will be of low solubility and emit small amounts of salt
into the soil over time so that the salt conversion capacity of the
soil is not exceeded, whilst the actual film or membrane is too
salty for seeds and germinating young plants to become established
therein. Thus, herbicide-free weed control is obtained which is not
burdened with the erosion problems associated with traditional
weeding methods. On the contrary, a weed-inhibiting film or
membrane will also help to bind loose particles to the soil
surface, so that a favourable synergistic effect is obtained. Tests
have shown that the combustibility of the film is reduced by an
increased addition of salts. Films with a salt content of more than
500 ppm can be characterised as non-inflammable.
[0075] A third application of a surface film or membrane with good
binding properties is that it can be used to hold in place seeds
sown on top of the soil surface so as to increase the number of
seeds that will begin to germinate. In this case, the film or
membrane is laid immediately after the seeds have been sown. As
binder, all organic glues and adhesives having a high protein
content such as animal glue and/or casein glue and/or albumin glue
can be used. Animal glue can be made of animal waste products such
as the skin, bones and horns of animals and the skin, fins and
bones of fish. Casein glue can be made from milk, dairy waste and
vegetable proteins. Albumin glue can be made of blood, blood waste
and of egg white. Fibres which bind to each other and thus bind up
the mass in the film or membrane can also be used provided they are
degradable in the natural environment and non-toxic. Moreover,
there are glues recovered from certain marine plants such as the
adhesive agar, a gel-like substance that is used as binder or
thickening agent. Soaps etc. also constitute excellent glue or
adhesive substances suitable for use in this invention. Other
examples are alginic acid from kelp which is used as, among other
things, a stabiliser in the food industry and has an excellent
binding effect when it is mixed with water and soil dust. An
elastic, almost rubber mixture is then obtained. Acorn barnacles,
latex and sap may also be mentioned as particularly suitable
binders. Acorn barnacles, in particular, which, inter alia,
constitute troublesome fouling on boat hulls etc. contain a
powerful glue that is excellent as a binder for soil.
[0076] Examples of suitable and preferred fibres are cellulose
fibres from ground wood, bark, cardboard, paper, hemp and the like,
ground plant fibres from blades of grass, ears of corn, straw,
rushes, lichen, moss, peat, roots and the like and fibres from
textiles such as wool, cotton, viscose, silk, linen and the like,
and animal fibres such as hair, bristles and the like. Reinforcing
fibres such as glassfibre, rockwool fibre, carbon fibre and the
like may be used in applications which require the film or membrane
to have extraordinary mechanical wear resistance. In cases where
rapid vegetation establishment is desirable, it is preferable to
use short, porous, liquid-saturated fibres because the hollow space
in the fibres can be used as carrier and gradually release
nutrients into the soil.
[0077] The invention may be used to regulate or control the
temperature in the top layer of the soil by adding of varying
amounts and types of pigment to the liquid in order to obtain a
film or membrane with very different reflection/absorption
properties for incident sunlight. It is a well-known fact that the
surface of the earth receives virtually all external energy in the
form of sunlight, and a great deal of this energy is absorbed by
substances and plants on the surface of the earth. Regulating
albedo for the top layer of the soil by decreasing or increasing
the degree of sunlight that is absorbed by the film or membrane as
required, will result in a lowering of the temperature by
increasing the degree of reflection in areas where it is too warm
for optimal germination conditions, or the temperature can be
increased by increasing the degree of absorption in areas with a
colder climate. This property of the invention represents a simple
and suitable means that can be used to promote plant growth by
ensuring that the temperature in the soil does not exceed boundary
values for seed germination and plant growth in almost all
conceivable climate zones. All types of pigments known to the
skilled person can be used provided they are not characterised as
environmentally harmful or toxic. It is preferred to use pigments
which also will serve as nutrients for vegetation and which also
can be obtained from materials or substances which today are
characterised as industrial or household waste.
[0078] To increase the degree of reflection of the film or
membrane, it is preferable to use one or more of the following
materials in dry powder form as pigments; stone, lime, sand, clay,
chalk, shells and the like, white mineral pigments such as
TiO.sub.2, white plant dyes and/or white plant fibres such as
cotton, bog cotton or algae-based ingredients having light
characteristics, etc.
[0079] To reduce the degree of reflection of the film or membrane,
i.e., increase its degree of absorption, it is preferable to use
one or more of the following materials in dry powder form as
pigments: ash, coal, soot, carbon black, graphite and other forms
of elementary carbon, earth pigments such as ochre, bones and
shells from animals, shells, fish-scales, mineral pigments, plant
dyes, plant pigments, algae-based ingredients having dark
characteristics etc.
[0080] Microalgae may also be used as pigment. These may have a
wide range of colours so that they can be used both to increase and
to decrease the degree of reflection of the film or membrane.
[0081] The invention may also be rendered suitable as a
water-regulating means by adding water-stabilising compounds so
that the film or membrane according to the invention is more or
less impermeable to water or water vapour. Thus, by laying a film
or membrane on top of the soil, it will be possible to reduce the
water loss in the form of evaporation from the ground to a minimum
if the addition of water-stabilisers is optimised so that the film
or membrane is of maximum impermeability to water vapour, whilst
retaining the ability to allow rainwater or surface water through.
Thus, an environment-friendly, inexpensive and simple tool for
optimising water consumption in agriculture, horticulture, green
belts etc. is obtained. In practice, it will be necessary to adapt
the water permeability of the film or membrane so that it admits as
much water as the local soil does, so as to prevent the membrane
from causing problems with surface water in connection with
precipitation and/or drying out of the plant roots.
[0082] The effect as a water-regulating means can be further
enhanced by using two films or membranes, one laid on the surface
as described above, which limits evaporation and allows surface
water through, and a film or membrane which forms an almost
watertight layer in the soil just below the roots of the plants, in
practice usually about 1 metre down in the soil. This second deeper
film or membrane is obtained by adding a larger amount of
water-stabilising compounds so that the film or membrane becomes
completely or almost completely impermeable to water. In this way,
a film or membrane is obtained under the growth zone in the soil
which holds back water by eliminating or dramatically retarding
runoff to deeper layers of soil so that a greater amount of or all
water becomes available to the roots of the plants. This use is
particularly relevant and suitable for areas where the ground water
level is low, for areas with sandy soil etc. This solution is also
highly suitable for re-establishing vegetation in desert areas and
other areas which today have had their vegetation damaged because
of soil erosion etc. This use of the invention, for example, to
establish green areas around settlements in desert areas etc. will
result in a contribution to the fixation of CO.sub.2 from the
atmosphere and thus reduce the man-made increase in the greenhouse
effect.
[0083] In the case of the water-stabilising compounds, it is also
preferable to use biologically degradable compounds that serve as
nutrients in the soil. These can preferably be obtained in the form
of industrial and/or household waste. Examples of suitable
water-stabilising compounds for the film or membrane according to
the invention are organic waxes, oils, mucilage, plant oils
etc.
[0084] Two methods for laying or forming a deeper moisture-proofing
layer in a soil mass are envisaged. One is by first spraying the
soil surface with a liquid mixture according to the invention,
wherein the amount of thickening agent has been reduced so that the
liquid penetrates some distance into the soil before it sets into a
film or membrane. The other is by using a specially designed
deep-ploughing plough.
[0085] Tests have shown that the viscosity of the membrane mass and
the particulate structure and size of the soil mass determine the
depth for the film formation. If the soil, for example, desert
sand, has a particle size of 1 mm in the top layer, it will often
be found that the sand profile has smaller particle sizes the
deeper measurements are made in the structure. If it is decided to
establish the film or membrane in the top layer, from 1-10 grams of
dry matter per litre of water per m.sup.2 soil surface are usually
used. A typical permeable film of membrane is then obtained which
is surface-established and about 1-5 mm thick. Reducing the dry
matter content and increasing the amount of liquid per area results
in the binders being established in a specific layer further down
in the soil profile. This layer is formed depending on the size of
the voids between the soil particles in the structure and the
viscosity of the structure, and must be determined in accordance
with analyses of the soil profile, or by determining the dry matter
proportion by testing out different dry matter amounts on the soil
in question.
[0086] If the film or membrane according to the invention is to be
established to stabilise a level-determined water reservoir where
the membrane constitutes a moisture barrier some distance down in
the soil, it is envisaged that the film could also be established
by using a specially designed plough, so that the liquid mixture
that sets to form the film is ploughed into the soil using a
specially designed plough. In this case, the membrane-forming
liquid is sprayed into the soil at a chosen depth below the soil
surface to form a covering that inhibits or prevents the water from
sinking to levels where the vegetation is not able to make use of
it. The plough may, for example, consist of a vertical, hollow
share connected to a deep-lying horizontal share with nozzles
mounted thereon. The membrane forming liquid is sprayed out via the
nozzles mounted on the horizontal share at a chosen depth and in a
chosen amount.
[0087] The water-stabilising substances will, besides binding the
water, also serve as a conserving agent for the film according to
the invention by reducing the water solubility of the film and thus
its degradation rate. The film should be capable of allowing
rainwater through and at the same time have an inhibiting effect on
seed germinating weeds for up to 3-4 months or more in order to be
suitable as mulch for use in agriculture and horticulture. In cases
where the invention is used as a moisture-proofing layer on the
soil, it is of interest to have maximum durability; the layer
should function at least for as long as the duration of the growing
season.
[0088] In general, when the invention is used to recreate
vegetation, the film or membrane formed on the surface has the task
of creating optimal germination conditions for seeds which are
either added to the topsoil in the membrane gel or which are in the
upper layer of the topsoil as a result of normal sowing. During the
first days after sowing, the seeds should establish roots which
must find sufficient anchorage in the ground for the roots whilst
the plant body must find sufficient access to light and air by
stretching upwards from the ground. The roots must be established
as deep as possible to obtain optimal liquid and nutrient access
and the plant stalk must obtain its optimal position above the
topsoil. In such a case, the film or membrane should be adapted so
that the germinating plant species has optimal conditions in the
form of the correct ideal temperature and optimal liquid and
nutrient access. After the root system has become established in
the soil and the plant body has appeared above the topsoil, the
film or membrane should slowly decompose and be consumed by the
vegetation as nutrition. Its purpose has been to establish optimal
conditions during the germination process until the vegetation is
re-established.
[0089] During practical tests in desert regions it has been found
that the application of a surface membrane or film according to the
invention loosens a hard and almost impenetrable eggshell-like
salt-containing surface film that is often formed in desert
regions, and which can be so strong that, besides preventing
seed-germinating species from becoming established, it allows
plants that propagate by sending out root runners to spread.
Another favourable effect is that when this desert film is
softened, the salt will be washed out and penetrate deeper into the
sand. The membrane or film that is formed remains elastic and
permeable and thus prevents re-establishment of the
vegetation-inhibiting sand shell. This is a surprising effect of
the invention that is believed to be a major contributory factor in
the re-establishment of conditions for vegetation formation in the
area.
[0090] The rate of degradation of the membrane mass is determined
by several interacting factors. These include the composition of
the mass, applied mass per area and germination density on the soil
surface (number of seedlings per area). In addition, the
microbiological activity in the biomass and the
temperature--moisture--load interrelationship play a major role. By
increasing the amount of water stabiliser and reducing the amount
of water, a higher degradation resistance is obtained. The
quantitative ratio is determined by precipitation in the area of
use.
[0091] In cases where the membrane is to act as a pigmented cover
without underlying vegetation establishment, it is saturated with
wax and water-stabilising substances in amounts that result in the
film having a low solubility rate/long durability. The ratio of dry
matter to water stabiliser can in such cases be as much as 80%
water stabiliser and 20% membrane substance, but may of course have
all values from this upper limit down to insignificant and barely
measurable amounts of water stabiliser.
[0092] In cases where a film or membrane is to be established
purely for the purpose of binding loose particles in the soil
surface, i.e., as an erosion-inhibiting cover, the film or membrane
can be made from a pure binder solution consisting of from 95 to
99.7% by weight water and from 0.3 to 5% by weight alginate.
[0093] The invention can also be used as a means to enhance plant
growth by increasing the electrical conductivity of the soil,
thereby improving the conditions for transport of ions in the soil
around the plant roots. The nutrient uptake of the plant roots is
thus facilitated or increased in that ionic minerals can more
easily migrate to the plant roots. Tests carried out by the
inventor have shown that a minimum of 2 milliSiemens per square
centimetre (mS/cm.sup.2) or more is necessary to give the soil an
optimal ion transport capacity. The desired conductivity can easily
be obtained by the addition of some parts per thousand of ionic
compounds such as readily soluble salts of the metals potassium
and/or calcium. These salts are
[0094] preferred because they are naturally occurring and because
they are important minerals for plants. It is also possible to use
components in the film which conduct electricity, such as carbon
powder, ash and the like to make the actual film conductive of
electricity.
[0095] Another feature of the invention that helps to increase the
nutrient uptake of the plants is the possibility of making the film
surface electronegative, i.e., saturate it with excess electrons or
ensure a high earth voltage so that the surface is negatively
electrically charged or has greatest possible potential difference
in relation to the atmosphere, more specifically gas molecules and
floating particles aerosols etc. in the air above the ground. It is
known that moist ground is normally electrically negative in
relation to particles, ionised gases, pollen etc. in the air above
the ground. When the soil dries out, is polluted, subjected to
friction from air etc. the ground gradually becomes less negative
and may end up electropositive relative to the atmosphere. Studies
the inventor has made show that pollen grains and other organic
floating particles in the main have positive electrophysical
character (electron deficiency) and are thus attracted to surfaces
with excess charges. This finding is consistent with observations
of the floating pattern of visible seeds such as dandelion, where
it is clearly seen that they have a tendency to float above
electropositive surfaces such as asphalt, concrete, densely planted
lawn surfaces etc. before falling to the earth on surfaces of
electrically neutral and negative character. Pollen counts also
show that the number of pollen grains per cm.sup.2 is greatest on
the surfaces that are most negative, i.e., have greatest electron
excess. Thus, by making sure that the film or membrane according to
the invention is negatively charged, it is possible to ensure that
it will actively counteract the tendency of the ground to be
electropositive, so that a soil covered with a film or membrane
according to the invention will to a greater extent than uncovered
soil attract particles such as dust, pollen, water vapour from the
air just above the ground, and in this way the soil will be
actively supplied with nutrients from the air. Tests carried out by
the inventor show that the particle density on a negatively charged
film or membrane according to the invention is three times higher
than on a positively charged film or membrane. Furthermore, the
film or membrane according to the invention will be electronegative
when it has a pH >7 and electropositive when the pH <7. To
ensure a sufficiently high pH, it is preferable to add pH
regulators such as salts of alkali metals (sodium, potassium,
calcium etc.), plant sap, ash, basic minerals etc. These pH
regulating additives are also favourable in the sense that they are
nutrients for plants as well, and thus environment-friendly and
biologically degradable.
[0096] Another feature which according to the inventor is assumed
to be particularly important for promoting plant growth is to endow
the film or membrane according to the invention with the ability to
destroy oxidants in the air just above ground level, the so-called
microlayer on the ground surface. Of such oxidants, i.e.,
substances that have a high electron affinity and thus the ability
to oxidise other substances, ozone is particularly important and is
known for damaging plants. It is estimated that in Norway alone
ozone damage of crops represents a financial loss of about NOK 400
million each year. The inclusion of the feature of the ability to
eliminate oxidants, including ozone in the microlayer is based on a
discovery made by the inventor which shows that the microlayer on
the ground surface has an elevated concentration of ozone when the
ground is illuminated by sunlight and that the ozone concentration
easily reaches concentrations of 40-80 ppb. These are
concentrations that are just below and above the tolerance limits
for plants, and which are thus believed to be harmful or inhibiting
for plant growth. This is a discovery that is contrary to the usual
view among experts in this field, which is that the ozone
concentration in air is primarily air-transported and that the
concentration in the air therefore decreases from about 2 metres
above ground level and reaches zero at the earth surface because
ozone is very unstable and readily degrades when in contact with
soil and plants [2]. But measurements and tests carried out by the
inventor on many different types of soil show that ozone is formed
on virtually all kinds of soil containing moisture when they are
illuminated with UV-B radiation. The tests also show that if the
soil is completely dry and pure no ozone is formed no matter how
intense the UV-B radiation might be. But under natural conditions
there will as a rule always be some moisture present in most types
of soil, so that for large parts of the world's land masses, the
near-ground ozone formation will probably be a factor that limits
or reduces the growth rate of plants, and which thus represents a
hitherto unheeded but nevertheless serious problem in the
production of useful plants.
[0097] The inventive idea is based on the aforementioned discovery
in that the film or membrane according to the invention is endowed
with the ability to destroy oxidants. Thus, the problem of oxidants
damaging plant tissue will be reduced or eliminated in two ways: 1)
by eliminating the production of ozone on the soil surface, and 2)
by helping to destroy the part of the airborne ozone that comes
into contact with the film or the ground. Thus, the concentration
of ozone or oxidants in the microlayer is reduced or eliminated so
that the scope of ozone damage to plants will at least be greatly
reduced and at best eliminated by using a film according to the
invention. This has been confirmed by field tests where the ozone
concentration in the reference air above the microlayer without
membrane covering was about 50 ppb and the ozone layer in the
membrane's microlayer was 10-20 ppb. When testing out the film
according to the invention in calm laboratory conditions, the air
values showed about 50 ppb ozone 90 cm above ground level and 2 ppb
in the microlayer about 1-2 mm above the membrane surface.
[0098] For many applications of the invention, it will be important
to secure an optimally efficient and durable oxidant-destroying
effect. This can be obtained by preferably composing the basic
mixture and optionally the additives of compounds which have
antioxidising properties per se, i.e., compounds which have low
electron affinity and thus have a reducing effect on the
environment. This functionality of the film or membrane according
to the invention can be compared with the functionality of a
sacrificial anode in corrosion protection; the film or membrane
should be the first to be attacked by the oxidants in the
microlayer so that as long as some film or membrane remains in the
soil surface, the oxidants will leave the plant tissue "in peace".
All components of the basic mixture such as organic material,
thickening agent or setting agent and pigment should preferably be
antioxidising, but the desired effect can of course also be
obtained by just one or two of the basic components acting as
antioxidants as long as the other components do not have such an
oxidising effect on the environment that they offset or counteract
the effect of the antioxidising component or components. In cases
where mineral pigments are added to the film, it is therefore
preferable to choose pigments on the basis of their optical
properties and their antioxidising properties so as to thereby
combine the need for albedo regulation and elimination of oxidants
in the microlayer, including ozone. As for the other additives to
the basic mixture according to the invention, it is preferable to
use pigment substances that serve as nutrients in the soil and that
are thus biologically degradable and sustainable, and which
preferably are industrial or household waste substances. Examples
of suitable and preferred substances are ground crab shell, shells,
chlorophyll in the form of ground plant debris, lime, etc.
[0099] It is also envisaged that the film according to the
invention could have one or more fertiliser compounds added to
further increase the effect as a growth promoting medium. There are
no limits or guidelines of preferred choices of fertilisers that
could be used, except that some conventional fertilisers help to
increase the production of oxidants by the ground surface. The
measurements conducted by the inventor show that the oxidation
capacity of soil with added standard agricultural fertiliser,
including artificial fertiliser, show that several of the
fertiliser types form dangerously high oxidation levels of more
than 50 ppb. These must as a general rule be avoided. The
measurements show that in the layer from 1 mm to 10 mm above solid
soil mass that is irradiated by sunlight, some of the tested
fertiliser types raise the level of oxidants in the layer above the
soil surface to more than several hundred ppb O.sub.3. It is
therefore preferable to choose fertilisers that are biologically
degradable and antioxidising, and which preferably are industrial
or household waste substances. Examples of preferred fertiliser
compounds are ground fish guano, animal manure, bird guano, urea
residue etc. In addition, when there is a special need to provide
the soil with more nutrients, artificial fertiliser can also be
mixed into the film, i.e. inorganic nutrient salts such as
potassium nitrate, ammonium phosphate, potassium phosphate and the
like, and/or trace substances or so-called micronutrients such as
boron, copper, molybdenum, manganese and the like.
[0100] In cases where it is expedient that the film according to
the invention should have an impact on a larger cross-section of
the soil, foaming agents could be added to increase the volume or
thickness of the film. The addition of, for example, sulphonates,
soap and the like to the liquid mixture immediately before it is to
be sprayed onto the soil whilst stirring the liquid vigorously
during the injection of air, will form a suspension that can
increase the volume of the film by a factor in the range of 5-10.
This will give a film with a greater thickness, in part because
some of the air bubbles will remain entrapped by the film after it
has set. The suspension can also be produced by injection of
CO.sub.2 gas, and thus give the plant roots direct access to
CO.sub.2. Tests on the plant variety cress, Lepidium sativum, show
that a 10% increase in growth and yield can easily be obtained
compared with films without CO.sub.2 gas bubbles.
[0101] Another feature of the invention is that it can be composed
so that it cannot burn, or burns very poorly. Tests have shown that
in cases where the films or membranes are given a relatively high
content of non-combustible substances such as salts, minerals,
stone pigments and non-combustible plants and the like and a
relatively low level of water stabilisers that are oil or wax
based, a cover is obtained that is virtually non-combustible. When
subjected to strong heat, this cover will in practice boil and
evaporate without catching fire. This feature makes it possible to
use the invention as a growth-inhibiting and/or growth-regulating
means that is laid on recently cleared firebreaks in dense
vegetation where there is a danger of forest fires and the like.
The cover will make a contribution as a fire-retardant means both
by constituting a physical barrier (firebreak) to the spread of a
possible vegetation fire and by preventing the establishment of new
airborne seed germinating varieties in the newly cleared firebreak,
so that the establishment of new vegetation (after ploughing) can
effectively be restricted in the firebreaks throughout the growing
season. This effect can be further increased by adding salts in
amounts as described above. The combination of this feature with
the incorporation of, for example, grass seeds in the basic mixture
will enable a decorative effect to be obtained in that the
invention helps to promote desired grass growth in firebreaks
whilst eliminating or greatly reducing the establishment of
combustible weeds. Alternatively, a membrane or film that prevents
all vegetation establishment but is made decorative by the use of
pigment additives could be laid.
Prefabricated Dry Powder Mixtures
[0102] To make the invention readily available and easy to use it
is intended to put it on the market in the form of prefabricated
dry powder mixtures which on use are dissolved in water or another
suitable solvent in order to then be spread over the soil area to
be treated in an appropriate manner. Without going into detail, it
is, as mentioned, preferable to use some form of spraying equipment
for this purpose, but any known method that will result in an even
distribution of the liquid over and/or in the soil may of course be
used.
[0103] The dry powder mixtures listed below will dissolve readily
in water, and will after a time set into a solid film or membrane
on top of the soil to which the solution has been applied. The
examples given here are designed to form surface films or membranes
that enhance the growth conditions for plants by, inter alia,
regulating the soil temperature, increasing nutrient uptake, and
reducing oxidant damage to plant tissue, and are intended for use
in agriculture, green areas and the like. The powder mixtures can
be regarded as a two-component system which all have the same basic
powder mixture.
[0104] In general, the basic mixture should comprise one or more
organic raw materials in amounts of from 1 to 10 parts by weight,
one or more thickening agents in amounts of from 0.1 to 10 parts by
weight and one or more pigments in amounts of from 2 to 50 parts by
weight. The basic mixture may also comprise from 0.1 to 10 parts by
weight of microalgae.
[0105] A specially preferred basic mixture is based on the use of
sea grass, seaweed and/or kelp as organic raw material. But as
mentioned in the above, any organic materials from the plant and
animal kingdom can be used provided they are suitable for grinding
into a dry powder which subsequently will dissolve in water and act
as a binder in the film or membrane into which the liquid sets.
Microalgae have been used as pigment additive in the preferred
basic mixture. This is optional; the membrane will function just as
well if only minerals pigments are used.
[0106] The preferred basic mixture can, when calculated on the
basis of one litre of liquid mixture, be produced by grinding about
10 grams of fresh sea grass, seaweed and/or seagrass, and drying
the mixture during exposure to UV light in sufficient doses to
sterilise the powder mixture, and during simultaneous exposure to
an E-field with negative polarity to saturate the powder mixture
with electrons. This results in from about 3 to 6 grams of dry
powder mass chiefly from the leaves of the plants. The liquid
material from the stem tissue in, for example, seaweed is used as
thickening agent for the dry substances. Marine vegetation has a
high fertiliser value and can be easily be included in mixtures
containing other organic material. Then between 0.01 and 1 grams of
microalgae, 0.1 to 3 grams of dispersed/emulsified
binder/thickening agent (polysaccharides, lignin, xanthan and the
like) and between 2-25 grams mineral pigments, fibres and fillers
are added. All the ingredients are in powder form and are
water-soluble, and the amounts given are adapted to give one litre
of liquid. The preferred basic mixture is summarised in Table
1.
[0107] One litre of liquid mixed with the amounts of dry matter as
given in Table 1 will, when sprayed on an area of 1 m.sup.2, form a
surface membrane having a thickness of 0.1-10 mm per m.sup.2
depending on the type of soil it is sprayed onto. If this mixture
is applied to warm, dry desert sand, a membrane layer of about 2 mm
thickness will be formed which will be established on the sand
surface without soaking into the sand profile to any appreciable
degree. If the basic mixture is applied to the same sand surface
after precipitation or watering, it will form a membrane of natural
appearance of up to 10 mm thickness where the sand corns also act
as reinforcement and maintain natural permeability. TABLE-US-00001
TABLE 1 Composition ratio and amount of a preferred basic mixture
to give one litre of liquid according to the invention Amount
Oxidation (g) Ingredient Property/consistency factor.sup.1 3 Sea
grass, Floury powder that is 7 seaweed and/ water-soluble or kelp
0.01-10 Microalgae Chosen according to 2 colour, serve as pigment
and fertiliser 0.01-6 Xanthan Film-forming thickening 12 agent 2-25
Mineral Determine the reflection, 1-200 pigments absorption and
transmission properties of the film .sup.1Weighted in relation to
pure air set at an oxidation factor of 44
[0108] In addition to the basic mixture, some additives must often
be added to give the resulting surface film or membrane the
necessary properties as mentioned above. In Table 2 examples are
given of some preferred additives that will endow the basic powder
mixture with the said properties. Several different components are
listed for each type of additive (pigment, binder etc.) and one,
two or as many as desired of each type of additive can be used
provided that they are used within the quantitative ratios given
for each component in Table 2. Proportioning limits for four
different climate zones are given: I. Nordic climate, II. Northern
European climate, III. Southern European climate, IV. Equatorial
climate, and these should be understood as upper and lower limits
for each type of additive in order to obtain the desired effect.
Normally, the prefabricated dry powder mixture should contain at
least one component from each group, i.e., at least one binder, one
pigment, one fibre component etc.
[0109] It should be pointed out that when the invention is to be
used for purposes other than as plant growth promoting means in the
climate zones listed, the limits given for proportions and
composition of the additives will differ greatly from the limits
given above. For example, up to 80% water stabiliser and only 20%
basic mixture will be used in cases where it is desirable to have a
pigmented cover of maximum durability. The large range of possible
applications of a film or membrane according to the invention means
that it is possible to use films or membranes made of the basic
mixture with from none to all of the named additives added, and
where each additive may be from around 0 to almost 100% of the
total mixture. The only limiting criterion is that the basic
mixture must be present in such a large amount that a membrane or
film is formed on application to the soil mass to be treated. For
example, for decorative covers on solid ground (rock or the like),
the basic mixture may be present in very small amounts and still
set to form a solid film. TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Preferred
components and proportions that are suitable for forming surface
membranes which promote growth conditions for four different
climate zones: I. Nordic, II. Northern European, III. Southern
European, and IV. Equatorial climate. The proportions are given in
percentage by weight of dry powder including the basic mixture
given in Table 1. Climate zone Agent Ingredient I II III IV Binder
Alginate 0.01-60 0.02-60 0.03-60 0.04-60 Fish protein 0.1-10 0.1-11
0.1-12 0.1-13 Animal protein 0.01-2 0.02-3 0.03-4 0.04-5 Thickening
agent Xanthan 0.01-60 0.01-50 0.01-40 0.01-30 Softener Soap 0.1-20
0.2-25 0.3-30 0.4-40 Mucilage 0.1-20 0.1-20 0.1-20 0.1-20 Water
stabiliser Plant oil 0.1-25 0.1-20 0.1-10 0.1-15 Wax 0.5-5 0.1-4
0.1-3 0.1-5 Fibre Plant fibre 0.5-10 0.5-10 0.5-15 0.1-30 Cellulose
fibre 0.5-4 0.5-5 0.5-12 0.1-30 Wool fibre 0.5-4 0.5-5 0.5-12
0.1-30 Animal hair 0.5-4 0.5-5 0.5.12 0.1-30 Human hair 0.5-4 0.5-5
0.5-12 0.1-30 Pigs' bristle 0.5-4 0.5-5 0.5-12 0.1-30 Wood fibre
0.5-4 0.5-5 0.5-12 0.1-30 Pigments Crystal gel 0.5-4 0.5-7 0.5-12
0.5-22 Titanium white 0.5-1 0.5-3 0.5.5 0.5-7 Shells 0.1-1 0.1-5
0.1-7 0.1-9 Crab shell 0.1-1 0.1-7 0.1-9 0.1-11 Chlorophyll 0.1-3
0.1-9 0.1-11 0.1-15 Green plant dye 0.1-7 0.1-14 0.1-16 0.1-21
Filler Sawdust 0.1-1 0.1-2 0.1-3 0.1-4 Bone meal 0.1-05 0.1-2 0.1-5
0.1-14 Fish meal 0.1-2 0.1-3 0.1-4 0.1-10 Fertiliser Animal manure
0.5-10 0.5-20 0.5-20 0.5-20 Urea 0.1-5 0.1-7 0.5-8 0.5-9 Fish guano
0.1-5 0.1-5 0.1-15 0.1-15 Electrical Ash 0.1-1 0.1-3 0.5-10 0.5-15
conductor Carbon 0.5-0.5 0.5-1 0.5-1.5 0.5-2 Mineral salt 0.01-2
0.01-4 0.02-5 0.02-8 Foaming agent Soaps 0.5-10 0.5-10 0.5-10
0.5-10 pH regulator Lye, ash solution 0.5-10 0.5-10 0.5-10
0.5-10
Preferred Embodiments of the Invention
[0110] The invention will now be described in even greater detail
in the form of especially preferred exemplary embodiments of
ready-mixed (including basic mixture and additives) dry powder
mixtures that will form surface films which promote plant growth
for the four climate zones mentioned above. These examples are
nothing other than especially preferred examples of how the
invention is intended to be put on the market and should not be
regarded as limiting the scope of the invention
EXAMPLE 1
Prefabricated Dry Powder Mixture for the Nordic Climate Zone
[0111] This example is a powder mixture intended to be used to form
a surface membrane that acts as a growth promoting means in
agriculture and other industries where useful plants are cultivated
in a relatively cold climate, with a soil temperature during spring
farming in the range of 5-15.degree. C. The membrane is laid in the
spring in connection with soil preparation before sowing the useful
plants and should have a physical lifetime that lasts until the
plants are established and have grown so high that they shade the
membrane from incident sunlight. The membrane should then
disintegrate and become nutrition for the plants. This means that
the lifetime of such a membrane is 1-2 months depending on
germinating mass, moisture and microbiological density and
activity. It is assumed that for this climate zone the pigment
composition should absorb the sunlight to a greater degree than
bare earth (albedo of less than 5%) so that the temperature in the
root zone early in spring is increased. Furthermore, it has been
found that the amount of water stabilising substances must be
increased slightly to give the membrane sufficient water resistance
in areas with a relatively large amount of precipitation, but not
so much that the ability to release water vapour is too low to
prevent the transport of water vapour from becoming so reduced that
the soil does not manage to get rid of the rain water by
evaporation in periods with abundant precipitation.
[0112] Table 3 lists components and their mixture ratio in
percentage by weight of dry powder. Measurements have been made of
the effect of this dry powder mixture when 10 grams of the powder
are dissolved in 1 litre of water and sprayed homogeneously over 1
m.sup.2 of soil of the type moist humus-containing sand. A surface
membrane having a thickness of about 10 mm was formed. The membrane
was established to simulate activity of sandy areas in the spring
period, and the tests were carried out at the Norwegian Crop
Research Institute (Planteforsk), S.ae butted.rheim Research
Centre, in J.ae butted.ren. Daily measurements were recorded. The
5weather conditions at the measuring times were slightly overcast
and dry with an average daily temperature of 16-17.degree. C. The
measurements have been compared with measurements on a similar
reference sand which was not covered with a membrane. All the
results are summarised in Table 4. TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 The
composition of an especially preferred dry powder mixture per litre
of liquid for forming a surface membrane in the Nordic climate
zone. The proportions are given in percentage by weight of dry
powder. Raw Proportion of Fertiliser Reflection Ingredient material
dry matter (wt %) Colour effect (%) Binder Alginate 50 Brownish
grey Good 18 Thick. agent Xanthan 20 Whitish grey Good 21 Softener
Mucilage 10 Colourless Good 38 Stabiliser Plant oil 10 Colourless
Good 32 Fibre Plant fibre 5 Green Average 5 Pigment Gr. plant dye 2
Green None 3 Mineral salt Potassium carbonate 0.5 White Good 83 pH
stabiliser Ash 0.8 Light grey Good 24 Filler Algin 0.7 Green Good 3
Filler Jellyfish 1 Colourless Good 3-98
[0113] TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Comparison of resulting growth
parameters for soil covered with an energy-absorbing membrane
according to Table 3 and soil without a membrane. The measurements
were made in weather typical for Denmark in the spring. The air
temperature was about 15.degree. C. The membrane type was absorbent
with an albedo of about 5%. Parameter Without a membrane With a
membrane Oxidation factor.sup.1 44 12 Radiation of the sun,
W/m.sup.2) 100 100 Reflection of ground (W/m.sup.2) 25 5 Absorption
(W/m.sup.2) 75 95 Soil moisture (%).sup.2 66 50 Soil temperature
(.degree. C.).sup.2 12 15 .sup.1Weighted in relation to fresh air
set at oxidation factor 44. .sup.2Measured at a depth of 1-2 cm in
the soil.
EXAMPLE 2
Prefabricated Dry Powder Mixture for Southern European Climate
Zone
[0114] This example is a powder mixture intended to be used to form
a surface membrane that functions as a growth-promoting means in
agriculture and other industries in which useful plants are grown
in a relatively hot and dry climate. Typical soil temperatures are
in the range of 15-35.degree. C., which means that the membrane
should be adapted to lower the temperature in the soil. Typical
problems for this climate zone are drought and accompanying surface
erosion, which means that the membrane should be adapted to
moderate evaporation of moisture from the soil and to bind surface
particles. This is achieved by using lighter pigments than in
Example 1 and a relatively higher proportion of fibres, preferably
light fibres to endow the membrane with a greater ability to bind
together loose soil masses.
[0115] The membrane is laid during the preparation of the soil for
sowing and should have a physical lifetime which lasts until the
plants are well developed and almost ready for harvesting. Then the
membrane should disintegrate and become nutrition for the plants.
Necessary lifetime will vary according to the useful plants that
are to be grown, but a typical lifetime will be from 14 days to six
months. It is intended that for this climate zone the pigment
composition should reflect sunlight to a greater degree than bare
soil so that the temperature in the root zone is lowered. The
reflection properties of the membrane last until the seedlings or
plant mass and shadows cover the top of the membrane. The base of
the plant or stalk and the membrane thus have a more shaded and
more moist existence so that the rate of degradation of the
membrane mass increases because of the higher biological activity
under the membrane and the greater liquid penetration into the
membrane material.
[0116] Table 5 lists components and their mixture ratio in
percentage by weight of dry powder. Measurements have been made of
the effect of this dry powder mixture when 3 grams of the powder
are dissolved in 1 litre of water and sprayed homogeneously over 1
m.sup.2 of nutrient-deficient desert sand in Kuwait so that a
surface membrane having a thickness of about 1.5-20 mm was formed.
The membrane was established in November 2002 and continuous
measurements were made for 14 days. The weather conditions at the
measuring times were slightly overcast and dry with an average
daily temperature of 34.degree. C. The measurements have been
compared with measurements on a similar reference sand which was
not covered with a membrane. All the results are sumarised in Table
6.
[0117] In such areas the membrane will increase the crop mass by
100% as the soil type is too hard for seed establishment
(anchorage), and too warm and dry for vegetation to become
established without targeted adaptation of albedo, temperature,
mechanical characteristics and moisture. TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 The
composition of an especially preferred dry powder mixture per litre
of liquid for forming a surface membrane in a Southern European -
subtropical climate zone. The proportions are given in percentage
by weight of dry powder. Raw Proportion of Fertiliser Reflection
Ingredient material dry matter (wt %) Colour effect (%) Binder
Alginate 50 Brownish grey Good 18 Thick. agent Xanthan 9 Whitish
grey Good 21 Softener Mucilage 15 Colourless Good 38 Fibre Sea
grass fib. 12 Brown Good 9 Pigment Crystal gel 10 Colourless Good
98 Filler Algin 2 Whitish grey Good 65 Filler Maize fibre 1 Light
brown Good 20 Filler Fruit peel 1 White Good 33
[0118] TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6 Comparison of resulting growth
parameters for soil covered with an energy-absorbing membrane
according to Table 5 and soil without a membrane. The measurements
were made in Kuwait. The air temperature was max 34.degree. C.
Parameter Without a membrane With a membrane Oxidation factor.sup.1
44 14 Radiation of the sun (W/m.sup.2) 800 800 Reflection of ground
(W/m.sup.2) 200 270 Absorption (W/m.sup.2) 600 530 Soil moisture
(%).sup.2 12 30 Soil temperature (.degree. C.).sup.2 31 20
.sup.1Weighted in relation to fresh air set at oxidation factor 44.
.sup.2Measured at a depth of 1.5 cm in the soil.
EXAMPLE 3
Prefabricated Dry Powder Mixture for an Equatorial Climate Zone
[0119] This example is a powder mixture intended to be used to form
a surface membrane that functions as a growth-promoting means in
agriculture and other industries in which useful plants are grown
in an equatorial climate. Typical soil problems in this
geographical area (as for example, Central America) are mainly high
soil temperature and erosion in the drought periods and low soil
temperature and moisture in the rainy seasons, so that the object
of using the membrane in this case is to control the soil
temperature and water evaporation by determining reflection in
relation to representative vegetation, and the mechanical
properties strength of the soil surface.
[0120] The membrane in such areas is pigmented to a desirable
reflection level so that the soil temperature is adjusted to a
desirable level. It is believed that for the equatorial climate
zone the pigment composition must/should reflect sunlight to a
greater degree than bare soil so that the temperature in the root
zone is lowered. In addition, it is believed that the main mixture
should have added thereto relatively large proportions of fibre,
preferably light fibres and liquid stabilisers so that a
mechanically strong film with high binding ability and water
resistance is formed.
[0121] The membrane is laid during the preparation of the ground
for sowing and should have a physical lifetime which lasts until
the plants are well developed and almost ready for harvesting. Then
the membrane should disintegrate and become nutrition for the
plants. Necessary lifetime will vary according to the useful plants
that are to be grown, but a typical lifetime will be from 14 days
to six months.
[0122] Table 7 lists the components and their mixture ratio in
percentage by weight of dry powder. Measurements have been made of
the effect of this dry powder mixture when 10 grams of the powder
are dissolved in 1 litre of water and sprayed homogeneously over 1
m.sup.2 of dried-out arable soil in Mexico so that a surface
membrane having a thickness of about 0.2 mm was formed. The
membrane was established in April 2001 and measurements were taken
after 2 and 10 days. The weather conditions at the measuring times
were slightly overcast and dry with an air temperature of around
35.degree. C. The measurements have been compared with measurements
on a similar reference sand which was not covered with a membrane.
All the results are summarised in Table 8.
[0123] In such areas the membrane will increase the crop mass by
20-100% as the soil type is at times too hot and dry for vegetation
to become established without targeted adaptation of albedo,
temperature, and moisture. TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 7 The composition
of an especially preferred dry powder mixture per litre of liquid
for forming a surface membrane in an equatorial climate zone. The
proportions are given in percentage by weight of dry powder. Raw
Proportion of Fertiliser Reflection Ingredient material dry matter
(wt %).sup.1 Colour effect (%) Binder Alginate 60-50 Brownish grey
Good 18 Thick. agent Xanthan 1-4 Whitish grey Good 21 Softener
Mucilage 15-17 Colourless Good 38 Fibre Sea grass fib. 5-1 Brown
Good 9 Pigment Crystal gel 12-14 Colourless Good 98 Pigment
TiO.sub.2 2-4 White None 84 Filler Algin 1-2 Whitish grey Good 65
Filler Maize fibre 1-2 Light brown Good 20 Filler Fruit peel 1-2
White Good 33 Fibre-long Cellulose 2-4 White Good 29 .sup.1A
greater percentage by weight of alginate is used on sand and
xanthan on soil.
[0124] TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 8 Comparison of resulting growth
parameters for soil in equatorial climate zone covered with a
membrane according to Table 7 and soil without a membrane.
Parameter Without a membrane With a membrane Oxidation factor.sup.1
44 14 Radiation of the sun (W/m.sup.2) 1000 1000 Reflection of
ground (W/m.sup.2) 200 700 Absorption (W/m.sup.2) 800 300 Soil
moisture (%).sup.2 20 30 Soil temperature (.degree. C.).sup.2 40 22
.sup.1Weighted in relation to fresh air set at oxidation factor 44.
.sup.2Measured at a depth of 1.5-2 cm in the soil.
Results From Tests on Cress Lepidium sativum
[0125] To verify the invention, tests have been carried out on the
effect of the film on the cress plant Lepidium sativum in seed
trays illuminated by artificial sunlight. A fluorescent tube which
also gave UVA and UVB rays was used as light source. The tests were
carried out at the Norwegian Crop Research Institute (Planteforsk),
S.ae butted.rheim Research Centre, in J.ae butted.ren, Norway.
[0126] The trays were 250 mm wide, 600 mm long and 60 mm deep and
were filled with a 50mm thick layer of fertilised and moistened
soil. Two grams of seeds of the cress plant Lepidium sativum were
sown in each seed tray.
[0127] A membrane according to the invention was applied to the
surface of the soil in each seed tray. The film had a different
content of a type of light reflecting pigments in each tray, from
0% in tray 5 to 80% in tray 1. The tests took place over a period
of 18 days, and during the test period no liquid, fertiliser or
other elements were added to the soil in the seed trays. The air
temperature was 16.degree. C. throughout the test period. The
results are summarised in Table 9.
[0128] The tests show that the temperature in the soil under the
film dropped linearly as the content of the light-reflecting
pigment in the film increased.
[0129] The electrical resistance in the soil was measured, and is a
measurement of the moisture in the soil, with the highest
resistance showing the lowest moisture in the soil, that is to say,
the driest soil.
[0130] The tests show that the moisture in the soil increased as
the content of light-reflecting pigments in the film increased.
TABLE-US-00009 TABLE 9 The results of growth tests on the cress
plant, Lepidium sativum in a series using trays covered with
different surface film according to the invention. Trays Parameters
1 2 3 4 5 Light reflect- 80 60 40 20 0 ing pigment (%) Soil
temperature 16.1 16.8 17.5 18.2 18.7 (.degree. C.) Electrical 0.005
0.007 0.010 0.014 0.020 resistance (Mohm/cm) Germination time 56 52
45 39 31 (hours) Height after 37 43 47 52 58 18 days (mm) Weight of
crop 8.4 11.2 19.4 21.1 27.9 after 18 days (g)
[0131] The tests on germination and growth of the cress plants show
that it is essential that the temperature in the soil should
regulated to the correct level for the plant species used.
[0132] The germination time for the plants was reduced by about 50%
when the temperature in the soil under the film rose by 2.6.degree.
C.
[0133] The weight of the crop after 18 days increased by more than
200% when the temperature in the soil rose by the same 2.6.degree.
C.
Verification of the Effect of Electron Saturation
[0134] To verify the effect of the feature of
saturating/oversaturating the powder mixture with electrons,
comparative assays were carried out on the antioxidation ability of
the two identically composed powder mixtures, one of which was
exposed to an ionising E-field to saturate it with electrons,
whilst the other remained untreated.
[0135] The powder mixtures were composed as follows:
[0136] 12% xanthan
[0137] 50% polysaccharides produced from kelp
[0138] 2% carbon,
[0139] 0.9% phosphorus,
[0140] 0.6% calcium, 12%
[0141] 0.6% magnesium
[0142] 0.7% sodium,
[0143] 1.4% potassium,
[0144] 0.2% iron,
[0145] 0.4% zinc,
[0146] 0.2% magnesium, and
[0147] 30% reflecting particle mass (20% TiO.sub.2 and 10% ground
shells)
[0148] For each test, 3 grams of the powder mixture was mixed into
1.00 litres of water and then stirred to homogeneity in a blender.
The solution was left to "rest" for about 12 hours before it was
sprayed onto a sand sample for the formation of a surface membrane
structure together with the sand. Then the membrane was exposed to
the same intensity of artificial sunlight and the ozone
concentration in the air 2-0 cm above the membrane was measured
continuously. The frequency range of the lamp was set to simulate
daylight with a normal content of UVA and UVB. The tests were
conducted indoors in static air at a temperature of about
[0149] To obtain electron saturation of the powder mixture the
powder was placed between two electrostatic plates spaced 3 cm
apart and to which a DC voltage of 1 MV was applied for some
seconds. The untreated powder mixture was of course stirred into
the water without being subjected to this ionising E-field.
[0150] The measurements showed that the ozone concentration 2 cm
above the membrane formed by the powder mixture that had been
subjected to the ionising E-field was between 2 and 8 ppb in the
first five days after the formation of the membrane. The values
then rose by about 1 ppb per day.
[0151] The measurements showed that the ozone concentration 2 cm
above the membrane formed by the powder mixture that was untreated
was between 12 and 23 ppb in the first five days after the
formation of the membrane. The values then rose by more than 4 ppb
per day.
[0152] This comparative test shows that saturating the powder
mixture with electrons before dissolving it in the solvent and
accompanying formation of the membrane gives results in that the
antioxidising effect is more effective and the effect is more
durable over time. This treatment gives an more efficient and
durable membrane.
REFERENCES
[0153] 1. Norman E. Borlaug, Special 30.sup.th Anniversary Lecture,
The Norwegian Nobel Institute, Oslo, Sep. 8, 2000.
[0154] 2. Dr. agric. Leif Mortensen, the Norwegian Crop Search
Institute (Planteforsk), S.ae butted.rheim Research Centre,
Norway.
* * * * *