U.S. patent application number 11/482859 was filed with the patent office on 2006-11-09 for plants having resistance to multiple herbicides and its use.
Invention is credited to Joseph R. Byrum, John A. Schillinger, Alan K. Walker.
Application Number | 20060253940 11/482859 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 25213396 |
Filed Date | 2006-11-09 |
United States Patent
Application |
20060253940 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Schillinger; John A. ; et
al. |
November 9, 2006 |
Plants having resistance to multiple herbicides and its use
Abstract
This invention relates to a plant, seed, variety, inbred and
hybrid. More specifically, the invention relates to plant having
resistance to at least two herbicides. The invention also relates
to methods of producing a hybrid plant and methods of producing a
plant having resistance to at least two herbicides.
Inventors: |
Schillinger; John A.;
(Kalamazoo, MI) ; Walker; Alan K.; (Janesville,
WI) ; Byrum; Joseph R.; (West Des Moines,
IA) |
Correspondence
Address: |
FULBRIGHT & JAWORSKI, LLP
600 CONGRESS AVENUE, SUITE 2400
AUSTIN
TX
78745
US
|
Family ID: |
25213396 |
Appl. No.: |
11/482859 |
Filed: |
July 7, 2006 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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10052771 |
Jan 23, 2002 |
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11482859 |
Jul 7, 2006 |
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08813788 |
Mar 7, 1997 |
6376754 |
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10052771 |
Jan 23, 2002 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
800/300 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C12N 15/8277 20130101;
C12N 15/8278 20130101; C12N 15/8275 20130101; A01H 5/10
20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
800/300 |
International
Class: |
A01H 5/00 20060101
A01H005/00 |
Claims
1. A soybean, cotton or corn seed having a characteristic of
resistance to glyphosate and ALS inhibitor herbicides.
2. A plant produced by growing the seed of claim 1.
3. (canceled)
4. Pollen of the plant of claim 2.
5. An ovule or ovules of the plant of claim 2.
6. A tissue culture of the plant of claim 2.
7. A plant regenerated from the tissue culture of claim 6.
8. A method to produce a hybrid seed comprising crossing a first
parent plant with a second parent plant and harvesting the
resultant F1 hybrid seed, wherein said first or second parent plant
is the plant of claim 2.
9. A first generation (F1) hybrid plant produced by growing said
hybrid seed of claim 8, wherein the hybrid plant comprises said
resistance to glyphosate and ALS inhibitor herbicides.
10. A progeny plant of the plant of claim 9, wherein the hybrid
plant comprises said resistance to glyphosate and ALS inhibitor
herbicides.
11-12. (canceled)
13. The plant of claim 2, wherein said plant has a commercially
acceptable grain yield.
14-49. (canceled)
50. The seed of claim 1, wherein the seed is a soybean seed.
51. The seed of claim 1, wherein the seed is a corn seed.
52. The seed of claim 1, wherein the seed is a cotton seed.
53. A method of controlling weeds comprising (a) obtaining a plant
according to claim 2; and (b) treating said plant with ALS
inhibitor or glyphosate herbicide in an amount effective to control
weeds without injury to the plant.
54. The method of claim 53, wherein step b) comprises treating the
plant with both of said ALS inhibitor and glyphosate
herbicides.
55. The method of claim 54, wherein the plant is treated with a
tank mix of said ALS inhibitor and glyphosate herbicides.
56. The method of claim 53, wherein the glyphosate herbicide is
ROUNDUP.TM. or ROUNDUP ULTRA.TM..
57. The method of claim 53, wherein the ALS inhibitor herbicide is
SYNCHRONY.TM. or RELIANCE.TM. herbicide.
58. The method of claim 53, wherein the plant is a soybean
plant.
59. The method of claim 53, wherein the plant is a corn plant.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE
[0001] This application is a divisional of co-pending U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 08/813,788 filed Mar. 7, 1997.
[0002] The present invention relates to a seed, a plant, a variety,
an inbred, and a hybrid which contain a level of resistance to more
than one herbicide. Such plants have advantages over plants having
a single gene for herbicide resistance, especially with respect to
prevention of resistance development in the target weed plants.
BACKGROUND OF INVENTION
[0003] The features of a commercially competitive plant varieties
generally include more than high yield with excellent standability.
While yield is the single most critical input which affects the
crop producer's profit, producers expect consistency of yield from
year to year, disease resistance, other value-added traits,
and-more recently-herbicide resistance. The addition of herbicide
resistance has created both opportunities as well as tremendous
challenges in production agriculture.
[0004] Historically, herbicide treatments have been an integral
part of modern agriculture because they provide cost-effective
increases in agricultural productivity. Increased yields result
from reduced weed competition for water, light, and nutrients. In
addition, crop quality often improves in the absence of
contaminating weed seeds. Herbicides can also aid soil conservation
efforts through no-till agricultural practices, wherein herbicides
rather than tillage are used to reduce weed populations prior to
planting.
[0005] Herbicides generally give more consistent weed control
compared to tillage in many environments. Consequently, there is
increasing use of both non-selective herbicides for weed control
prior to crop establishment and selective herbicides for crop weed
control while a crop is growing. Non-selective herbicides kill or
inhibit the growth of all actively growing plant material.
Selective herbicides are those herbicides generally used for the
suppression of growth of certain plant species (usually weeds),
while leaving another species (usually a crop) unaffected. In North
America and many other countries, these herbicides have benefitted
the farmer by enabling the earlier planting of short-season crops,
and by improving weed control in many cropping systems.
[0006] Herbicide development programs have always assessed the crop
safety of a given herbicide in a weed control system, so that no
crop yield reduction results from herbicide application. In fact,
crop safety has been a focus of chemical herbicide discovery and
plant breeding for the last 30 years, and thousands of chemical
analogues have been screened to allow identification of herbicides
that control target weeds and are safe to crops minimizing yield
loss due to chemical stress. Nevertheless, while several classes of
herbicides possess a broad spectrum of efficacy, many of the
herbicides lack selectivity and severely injure or kill crop plants
at the application rates required for effective weed control.
[0007] Examples of widely used herbicides are chlorimuron and
thifensulfuron, which belong to the sulfonylurea class. They
inhibit the plant enzyme acetolactate synthase (also called ALS),
and soybeans which are resistant to these herbicides are referred
to as STS (also called sulfonylurea tolerant) soybeans. These
herbicides are the active ingredients in Classic and Pinnacle,
respectively, and are registered for control of broadleaf weeds in
soybeans as described in Weed Science Society of America, Herbicide
Handbook, 7th edition (1994). While chlorimuron and thifensulfuron
are registered for use in non-STS soybeans, they can cause
significant crop injury, especially if applied post-emergence as
described in Fielding and Stoller, Weed Technol. 4:264-271 (1990);
Fielding and Stoller, Weed Sci. 38:172-178 (1990); Newsom and Shaw,
Weed Sci. 42:608-613 (1994); and Ahrens, Weed Technol. 4:524-528
(1990). Factors which influence the extent of herbicide injury are
physiological stresses from poor seed quality, delayed emergence in
cold and wet soils, seedling diseases, etc.; soil pH and climatic
conditions (i.e. temperature and humidity) when applications are
made; and injury from prior applications of chemicals (e.g.
insecticides and other herbicides).
[0008] When these herbicides are combined, either intentionally or
unintentionally, positive and negative interactions can result.
Chlorimuron and thifensulfuron are sold pre-mixed at elevated rates
under the trade names Synchrony and Reliance, and act cooperatively
to broaden the spectrum of weeds controlled. On the other hand,
thifensulfuron interacts synergistically with imazethapyr (the
active ingredient in the herbicide Pursuit) at normal use rates to
severely injure non-STS soybeans; this combination causes less
injury to STS soybeans but injury can exceed 20% which is
commercially unacceptable and is discussed in Simpson and Stoller,
Weed Technol. 9:582-586 (1995).
[0009] Glyphosate, which belongs to a different class of herbicide
and is the active ingredient in both Roundup (also called RR) and
Roundup Ultra, complements activity of the other herbicides (e.g.
2,4-D and dicamba). In some cases, glyphosate interacts
synergistically with these other herbicides when they are applied
in combination, as shown in Moshier, Weed Sci. 28:722-724 (1980)
and Flint and Barrett, Weed Sci. 37:12-18 (1989). Tank mixing
Classic at 0.5 oz/A or Pinnacle at 0.125 oz/A with Roundup at 16 fl
oz/A increases control of broadleaf weeds but, in the case of
Pinnacle, injury of Roundup Ready soybean is greater with the
combination than with Roundup alone as discussed in Lich and
Renner, Proc. NCWSS 50:124 (1995). Combination of Roundup Ultra
with Synchrony (premix of chlorimuron plus thifensulfuron at
elevated rates) effectively controls a broad spectrum of weeds.
[0010] Combining glyphosate with Synchrony or Reliance has the
potential of increasing the spectrum of weeds (e.g. annual and
perennial grasses, smartweeds, nightshade, pigweed spp.,
morningglory spp., etc.) that are controlled. Consequently,
combining or "stacking" a level of resistance to both glyphosate
and ALS in soybeans will allow these herbicide combinations to be
used for effective weed control without crop injury.
[0011] With the development of chemical crop protection and the
increasing availability of effective selective herbicides,
monocultures of crops have become common. This has led to repeated
application of the same or similar herbicides to these crops. More
recently, in conservation or zero-tillage crop establishment
systems, cultivation for weed control has largely been replaced by
the use of selective and non-selective herbicides. Thus, two
prevailing conditions are present in these cropping systems: (i)
the frequent use of a limited range of effective herbicides and
(ii) reliance upon these herbicides to the exclusion of other forms
of weed control. Where these conditions prevail,
herbicide-resistant weeds will increase in frequency (i.e. evolve)
if there is heritable variability in response to herbicide
application in weed populations and selective mortality from the
herbicides.
[0012] Given the existence of genetic variation, the rate of
evolution will be determined by the mode of inheritance of
resistance traits, together with the intensity of selection. The
evolution of resistance under persistent applications of herbicide
may be considered as an example of recurrent selection in which
there is a progressive, and sometimes rapid, shift in average
fitness of populations of weeds exposed to herbicide. Once
established, gene flow via seed distribution has probably
contributed to the spread of resistant weeds. A major determinant
in the selection of herbicide-resistant biotypes is the effective
selection intensity that differentiates resistant individuals (more
fit) from susceptible one (less fit) in the face of selection (the
application of herbicide).
[0013] There are two ways in which resistance traits may arise
within a weed population. A major gene, or genes may be present at
low frequency, or mutate, so that selection acts to change a
population which is initially susceptible. Alternatively, recurrent
selection may act on continuous (quantitative) variation and
achieve a progressive increase in average resistance from
generation to generation, with changes in gene frequency at many
loci conferring resistance.
[0014] Genetic variation can arise de novo by mutation (or
recombination) or be preexisting. We can thus distinguish two
situations with regard of genetic variation for herbicide
resistance in nonselected populations: (1) factors affecting the
acquisition of resistance by novel mutation and (2) factors
affecting the probability of preexisting variation for
resistance.
[0015] One of the most significant occurrences in herbicide
resistance has been the advent of weeds resistant to herbicides
that inhibit acetolactate synthase (ALS). This is because ALS
inhibitor herbicides have become extremely important new tools in
agricultural production, and any development which might limit
their utility is regarded as serious. The use of two major classes
of ALS inhibitor herbicides alone--sulfonylureas and
imidazolinones--has grown to a 1991 market value of approximately
$1.3 billion. This popularity is due to relatively low use rates,
sound environmental properties, low mammalian toxicity, wide crop
selectivity, and high efficacy. Five years after the initial use of
an ALS inhibitor herbicide, the first resistant weeds appeared, and
their incidence has steadily increased both in number of sites and
species. A large factor in the appearance of resistance is the high
selection pressure imposed by ALS inhibitor herbicides on very
sensitive weed species. The occurrence of target site, ALS
inhibitor resistance as most frequently resulted form the selection
pressure associated with long residual herbicides and monoculture
or near monoculture conditions.
[0016] When weed populations become sufficiently enriched with weed
resistant biotypes such that they cannot be controlled by the usual
rate of herbicide and the weed burden causes, or threatens, loss of
crop production, then changes in weed control techniques must be
implemented. However, in order to minimize the need for remedial
measure after resistance develops, more complex strategies for weed
control are required in order to delay or prevent the evolution of
resistance. Ideally, these strategies should include the use of
crop rotations, herbicide mixtures or rotations, tillage, and
integrated pest management techniques where possible.
[0017] For a number of technical and practical reasons, resistance
to herbicides in agronomically important crops was among the first
traits to which recombinant DNA technology and novel genetic
approaches were applied. The advent of Roundup Ready (RR) Soybeans
which have a level of resistance to glyphosate, and Liberty Link
(LL) Soybeans which have a level of resistance to the herbicide
glufosinate has provided new and exciting opportunities in
agriculture. This technology has allowed developers of soybean
varieties to build herbicide selectivity and true crop safety
mechanisms into soybean. This approach thus has expanded the
utility of proven, previously non-selective, broad spectrum
herbicides. These herbicide resistant crops enable improved weed
control and greater flexibility in herbicide application, resulting
in better production systems. New herbicide resistance traits can
be developed as components of new weed control systems featuring
herbicides with the beneficial environmental characteristics needed
to meet current and future rigorous demands on active
ingredients.
[0018] Unfortunately economic and/or governmental regulations often
limit the implementation of these strategies. For example the
predominant use of one herbicide in monoculture as practiced in the
northern Great Plains is among the least appropriate from a weed
resistance management perspective. Many agronomic practices are
between the extremes of monoculture and complex rotations, and
include both monoculture with herbicides having several modes of
action, and rotational culture with herbicides having single modes
of action. Even these more integrated markets, however, are tending
towards less herbicide diversity and an increased weed resistance
potential due to the introduction of new herbicides with the same
chemistry and new soybean herbicide resistant crops (HRC).
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0019] The present invention relates to a seed, a plant, a variety,
an inbred, a hybrid and the progeny derived from them.
[0020] More specifically, the invention relates to a plant having
resistance to at least two herbicides. The invention further
relates to a plant having resistance to at least two herbicides and
having a commercially acceptable grain yield. The invention further
relates to a method of producing a hybrid plant.
[0021] In another aspect, the invention relates to a method of
producing a hybrid soybean seed. The present invention further
relates to a soybean plant having resistance to at least two
herbicides. The invention further relates to a soybean plant having
resistance to at least two herbicides and having a commercially
acceptable grain yield.
[0022] The invention further relates to a soybean plant having a
level of resistance to glyphosate or Roundup.TM. herbicide and to
sulfonylurea or STS.TM. herbicide.
[0023] The invention further relates to a soybean plant having a
level of resistance to glufosinate or Liberty.TM. herbicide and
sulfonylurea or STS.TM. herbicides.
[0024] The invention further relates to a soybean plant having a
level of resistance to glyphosate and to glufosinate
herbicides.
[0025] The invention further relates to a soybean plant having a
level of resistance to glyphosate or Roundup.TM., glufosinate or
Liberty.TM. and sulfonylurea or STS.TM. herbicide.
[0026] The present invention further relates to a soybean plant
having a level of resistance to at least two herbicides, wherein
said herbicides are selected from the group consisting of atrazine,
ALS inhibitor, glyphosate, glufosinate and isoxoflutole.
[0027] The present invention further relates to a method of
producing a soybean plant having resistance to at least two
herbicides.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF INVENTION
[0028] To provide an understanding of several of the terms used in
the specification and claims, the following definitions are
provided:
[0029] Agronomically acceptable injury--As used herein the term
agronomically acceptable injury means any herbicide injury
resulting in a less than 10 percent reduction in yield when
compared to the same variety having no herbicidal injury.
[0030] Agronomically Fit--As used herein, the term agronomically
fit means a genotype that has the culmination of many
distinguishable traits such as emergence, vigor, vegetative vigor,
disease resistance, seed set, standability and threshability which
allows a producer to harvest a product of commercial
significance.
[0031] ALS Inhibitor--As used herein, the ALS inhibitor means any
herbicidally effective form of sulfonylureas, triazolopyrimidine
sulfonamides, imidazolinones or heteroaryl ethers including any
salt thereof or other related compounds or derivatives.
[0032] Atrazine--As used herein, the term atrazine means any
herbicidally effective form of triazine, including
6-40-N-ethyl-N'-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine, and
including any salt thereof or other related compounds or
derivatives.
[0033] Base Population--As used herein, the term base population
means the development of segregating populations during inbreeding
until the desired lelvel of homozygosity is achieved. Selection of
plants or parts of plants are either random or nonrandom and
advanced to the next generation. The lines derived from the plants
are evaluated for the characteristics of interest.
[0034] Commercially acceptable--The term commercially acceptable
means a soybean variety having a grain yield of greater than 35
bushels per acre over at least two years and 10 environments.
[0035] Glufosinate--As used herein, the term glufosinate means any
herbicidally effective form of phosphinothricin, including any salt
thereof or other related compounds or derivatives.
[0036] Glyphosate--As used herein, the term glyphosate means any
herbicidally effective form of N-phosphonomethylglycine including
any salt thereof or other related compounds or derivatives or any
other 5-enolpyrunyl 3-shilkimate phosphate synthase inhibitor.
[0037] Herbicide Resistance--The term herbicide resistance means
the ability to survive with agronomically acceptable injury, a
concentration of herbicide that is normally lethal or extremely
injurious to individual plants of a given species.
[0038] Isoxaflutole--As used herein, the term isoxaflutole means
any herbicidally effective form of 5-cyclopropyl4 (methane
sulphonyl 1-4-thifluoromethylbenzoyl), isoxazole or other related
compounds or derivatives.
[0039] Stacking--As used herein, the term stacking means
genetically combining multiple herbicide resistant traits into a
commercially acceptable cultivar using conventional plant breeding
and/or genetic engineering methods.
[0040] The advent of genetic engineering has provided agricultural
industry with soybeans that are resistant to glyphosate or
glufosinate or sulfonylureas. Prior to the instant invention, a
soybean variety has never been developed having more than one
herbicide resistance trait combined into one soybean genotype.
These herbicide genes have not previously been stacked in any
commercial or wild type soybean. Having multiple herbicide
resistant genes in one soybean variety substantially expands the
utility to use proven, previously nonselective, broad spectrum
herbicides. Herbicide Resistant Crops, also called HRC, provide
improved weed control and greater flexibility in herbicide
application resulting in better production systems. The use of
herbicides with alternate modes of action in a given weed
management system offers advantages in extending the lives of
current programs, such as in weed resistance management. Also, new
weed control systems featuring herbicides with beneficial
environmental characteristics are needed to meet current and future
rigorous demands on active ingredients.
[0041] The likelihood of target site resistance developing in a
population to a mixture of herbicides is the mathematical product
of the frequency of any genes conferring resistance to the mixture
components. Mixtures can, therefore, be an effective tool in weed
resistance management of autogamous species, because individual
plants bearing multiple mutations will be extremely rare and gene
flow between surviving plants is low.
[0042] Since in the instant invention the new herbicide resistance
genes are introduced into varieties with acceptable genetic
backgrounds (i.e. with high yield, excellent standability, and
multiple disease and pest resistance), the resistances can be
rapidly combined, developed into commercially acceptable cultivars,
and made available to the farmer. Thus, these cultivars with
stacked resistance traits can be extremely useful in
agriculture.
[0043] All crop species are grown for the purpose of harvesting
some product of commercial significance. Enhancement of
productivity or yield of that product is a major goal of most plant
breeding programs. The highest priority in most soybean cultivar
development programs is increasing seed yield. Seed yield is a
quantitative character controlled by many genes and strongly
influenced by the environment. The heritability of yield is the
lowest and the most variable of the major agronomic traits
considered in cultivar development, with heritability estimates
ranging from 3 to 58%. Yield is an example of a quantitative
character that breeders attempt to improve beyond the level of that
present in current cultivars. Disease resistance is required in
most cases to protect the yield potential of a cultivar.
[0044] It is a difficult challenge to incorporate one herbicide
resistant or tolerant trait into high yielding cultivars. The
difficulty of obtaining a commercially acceptable variety is
increased by several orders of magnitude if a breeder attempts to
combine two herbicide resistance or tolerance traits into one
cultivar. For a plant breeder to find a cultivar with sufficient
merit (e.g. high yielding) to be increased and commercially
distributed, it is necessary to make many crosses and grow
thousands of experimental genotypes. The evaluation of so many
genotypes is a huge task, and consumes an enormous amount of the
plant breeder's time and budget. In some instances, it can take a
decade or more from the time the original cross is made to the time
when a commercially viable genotype is identified.
[0045] The effectiveness of selecting for genotypes with the traits
of interest (e.g., high yield, disease resistance, herbicide
resistance) in a breeding program will depend upon: 1) the extent
to which the variability in the traits of interest of individual
plants in a population is the result of genetic factors and is thus
transmitted to the progenies of the selected genotypes; and 2) how
much the variability in the traits of interest (yield, disease
traits, herbicide resistance) among the plants is due to the
environment in which the different genotypes are growing. The
inheritance of traits ranges from control by one major gene whose
expression is not influenced by the environment (i.e., qualitative
characters) to control by many genes whose effects are greatly
influenced by the environment (i.e., quantitative characters).
Breeding for quantitative traits is further characterized by the
fact that: 1) the differences resulting from the effect of each
gene are small, making it difficult or impossible to identify them
individually; 2) the number of genes contributing to a character is
large, so that distinct segregation ratios are seldom if ever
obtained; and 3) the effects of the genes may be expressed in
different ways based on environmental variation. Therefore, the
accurate identification of transgressive segregants or superior
genotypes with the traits of interest is extremely difficult and
its success is dependent on the plant breeder's ability to minimize
the environmental variation affecting the expression of the
quantitative character in the population. The likelihood of
identifying a transgressive segregant is greatly reduced as the
number of traits combined into one genotype is increased. For
example, if a cross is made between cultivars differing in three
complex characters, such as yield, disease resistance and herbicide
resistance, it is extremely difficult to recover simultaneously by
recombination the maximum number of favorable genes for each of the
three characters into one genotype. Consequently, all the breeder
can generally hope for is to obtain a favorable assortment of genes
for the first complex character combined with a favorable
assortment of genes for the second character into one genotype in
addition to a herbicide resistant gene.
[0046] The methods used in cultivar development programs and their
probability of success are dependent on the number of characters to
be improved simultaneously, such as, seed yield, disease
resistance, and herbicide resistant/tolerant traits. The proportion
of desired individuals for multiple characters in a population is
obtained by multiplying together the proportion of desired
individuals expected in the population for each character to be
improved. This assumes that the characters are inherited
independently, i.e., are not genetically linked.
[0047] These principles can be applied not only to traditionally
bred lines, but to transgenic lines as well. Whether combining
desirable traditional and transgenic traits via hybridization of
transgenic lines or co-transformation of multiple genes into one
line, the combined effect on yield are likely to be multiplicative.
For example, if the probability that suitable yields and disease
resistance are found in 1% of lines transformed with a single
herbicide resistance gene, then the probability that combining
three herbicide resistance genes in a line with suitable yield and
disease resistance ought to be 0.01.times.0.01.times.0.01 or
1.times.10.sup.4.
[0048] The likelihood of identifying a line with a suitable
combination of traits is further reduced when considering the
potential effects of a transgene on the regulation of metabolism
within a plant. For example, one can consider the potential effect
of genes conferring resistance to glyphosate, glufosinate, and
sulfonylureas or imidazolanones. The genes conferring these traits
are, respectively, a gene encoding the enzyme
5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS), a transgene
encoding the enzyme phosphinothricin acetyl transferase (PAT), and
a gene encoding a mutant acetolactate syntase (ALS) enzyme. The
biochemical steps affected by these genes is illustrated in Scheme
1. In the case of PAT, the effect is not to catalyze the reaction
shown, but to counteract the effect of phosphinothricin, which
inhibits the enzyme glutamine synthase. Two of the genes (EPSPS and
ALS) affect closely related biochemical reactions in the synthesis
of amino acids.
[0049] In commercial versions of plants which are resistant to
glyphosate, a gene is introduced which is controlled by the
cauliflower mosaic virus 35S RNA promoter. Because this promoter is
constitutively expressed, the transgenic enzyme is not under the
same controls as the endogenous EPSPS promoter. Consequently, the
flow of carbon through the reaction catalyzed by EPSPS would not be
subject to the regulatory mechanisms which would normally be
present. Thus, the amount of PEP (which can be assumed, along with
other substrates normally in the cell, to be at sub-saturating
levels) going through the pathway to phenylalanine, tyrosine, and
tryptophan would probably be greater than normal, and could result
in a shortage of PEP necessary for the production of valine,
##STR1## leucine, and isoleucine through the pathway involving ALS.
This could be the reason for our observations that many lines
transformed with EPSPS are not acceptable with respect to yield,
and many must be screened for an acceptable line to be selected.
Presumably these few acceptable lines have background genotypes
which compensate for or are unaffected by the perturbations caused
by the introduced gene.
[0050] Similar scenarios can be envisioned for the selection of ALS
mutants resistant to sulfonylureas and transgenic lines tolerant to
Liberty.TM. herbicide. In the case of lines containing the ALS
mutants, characteristics of the mutant enzyme (either K.sub.m
and/or V.sub.max) may have been affected. In the case of lines
containing the introduced PAT gene, energy resources must be
diverted to produce the new enzyme at levels suitable to confer
herbicide tolerance.
[0051] When these lines are combined by breeding, the background
genotypes which have adjusted to the introduced or mutant genes are
combined, and new genotypes must be selected. Likewise, when the
genes are introduced by transformation together, the adjustments
made by the background genotype must occur as well. Therefore, the
frequency of genotypes with suitable yield will be reduced
accordingly. Surprisingly, we have been able to select genotypes
with unaffected yield resulting from the crossing of lines
transformed with single genes. Using similar techniques and other
techniques well known in the art, resistance genes to other
herbicides can also be combined. The instant invention relates to
herbicide resistance genes, constructs, promoters and methods of
incorporating the resistance genes into commercial inbreds, hybrids
and varieties of many plant crops including but not limited to, the
crops of corn, cotton, soybeans, canola, sunflowers, sorghum,
wheat, barley, triticales, alfalfa, tomato, pepper, broccoli, rose,
impatiens, carnation, geranium and petunia. Suitable genes,
promoters and methods may be found in Herbicide-Resistant Crops,
Editor Stephen O. Duke, CRC Lewis Publishers, 1996; Herbicide
Resistance in Plants, Editors Stephen B. Powles and Joseph A. M.
Holtum, CRC Press Inc., 1994; and in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,084,082;
5,359,142; 5,322,938; 5,424,200; 5,164,316; 5,352,605; 5,094,945;
4,535,600 and 4,940,835, all of which are incorporated herein by
reference. While it is very difficult to develop the first
commercially acceptable inbred or variety having resistance to more
than one herbicide, once an elite inbred or variety is produced
then the combined herbicide resistance characteristic can be
readily transferred to other inbreds, hybrids and varieties with
appropriate backcross and selection to maintain the desirable
traits.
[0052] As used herein, the term "plant" includes plant cells, plant
protoplasts, plant cells of tissue culture from which soybean
plants can be regenerated, plant calli, plant clumps, and plant
cells that are intact plants or parts of plants such as pollen,
flowers, seeds, leaves, stems and the like.
EXAMPLES
[0053] The following examples are provided to further illustrate
the present invention and are not intended to limit the invention
beyond the limitations set forth in the appended claims.
Example 1
[0054] Herbicide resistance genes are introduced individually or in
combination into plant genomes by a variety of methods. One
preferred means of gene introduction is the use of microprojectile
bombardment. For example, a gene for herbicide tolerance, such as
the CP4 EPSPS conferring tolerance to a level of resistance to
glyphosate is placed under the control of a promoter such as the
Cauliflower Mosaic Virus (CaMV) 35S promoter. The promoter and a
nontranslated leader sequence such as the alfalfa mosaic virus,
tobacco mosaic virus, or cucumber mosaic virus leader, is fused to
the 5' end of the gene. A promoter such as the CaMV 35S promoter
has its activity enhanced by duplication of a portion of the
promoter sequence. A transcription termination sequence such as the
CaMV 35S terminator or the nopaline synthase (nos) terminator is
fused to the gene at the 3' end. Methods for accomplishing these
constructions are well known in the art. This construction is
introduced into an E. coli plasmid for propagation and for
transformation. This plasmid also contains a marker gene such as
the gus marker--a gene well known in the art, encoding the enzyme
.beta.-glucuronidase, whose expression in plant tissues allows the
in situ visual identification of cells which have received the
transforming DNA.
[0055] DNA of the construct described above is introduced into
plant genomes by precipitation onto microscopic gold or tungsten
particles and acceleration of these particles into plant tissue by
means of a device such as the DuPont PDS 1000, a commercially
available device for conducting plant transformations by means of
microprojectile bombardment. Methods for accomplishing this are
well known in the art. Plant tissue such as embryogenic callus or
shoot meristems are chosen as the target for bombardment. These
tissues are arranged in a petri dish in such a way as to offer the
best possibility of successful transformation. Parameters are
well-known in the art, but modifications and adjustments must be
made in these parameters to optimize the transformation of each
species. The particles coated with DNA are spread on a disc of
mylar, which is loaded into the microprojectile apparatus. The
mylar disc is accelerated until its flight is impeded by a stopping
screen. The disc is stopped, but the particles continue their
progress through the apparatus until they become embedded in the
target plant tissue.
[0056] Selection of transformed tissue and then regeneration of
these tissues into whole plants are accomplished by various
methods. Some use the gene conferring herbicide tolerance to select
plant cells which have incorporated the DNA, others make use of the
accompanying gus gene as an indicator of transformation events, and
then physically selecting or isolating transformed tissue. Such
methods are well described in the literature. Methods for
regenerating transformed tissue into whole plants are well-known in
the art; especially known are the parameters which must be adjusted
for each species or genotype in order to achieve efficient rates of
regeneration.
[0057] Genes conferring a level of resistance to glyphosate and
gluphosinate are introduced in combination by constructing them
separately, mixing the constructs, and then precipitating them
together onto the same gold or tungsten particles. This method
depends upon the ability to select for cells which have received
all of the genes of interest. Double selection is applied, exposing
the cells to both herbicides simultaneously or in sequence, thus
allowing the survival only of those cells which have incorporated
both herbicide tolerance genes. Assaying for gus gene activity is
also used in combination, if only one of the constructs is made in
tandem with the gus gene. In situ assays are made of tissues which
are expressing gus, and those tissues are then physically isolated.
Selection is then imposed on those tissues by application of the
herbicide for which resistance is encoded by the gene which was not
constructed in tandem with gus. The order is also reversed, i.e.
selection may be imposed first, followed by gus assays.
[0058] Alternatively, the genes are introduced together by
introducing them into the same E. coli plasmid, with or without a
gus marker gene. Each gene is under the control of its own
promoter, untranslated leader (if appropriate), and 3' terminator
region as described above, and inserted into appropriate cloning
sites in the transformation vector. After microprojectile
bombardment, selection of transformed tissue and subsequent
regeneration into plants is then accomplished by physical selection
of transformed tissue identified in situ via gus assays. In
addition, selection is imposed by exposure of the cells to one or
both herbicides, either simultaneously or sequentially.
[0059] The above illustration of the means by which genes can be
combined in transformations describe methods well known in the art.
They are provided as examples only, and are not meant to be an
exhaustive description of the various means by which genes can be
introduced into plant genomes. Other methods, such as
electroporation, Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, or other
methods may be used to obtain the desired results.
Example 2
Development of Soybean Variety 924181339 having a Level of
Resistance to Both Glyphosate and Aulfonylurea Herbicides
[0060] Soybean cultivar 924181339 was developed from the cross
A4045.times.(A4138.times.40-3-2). F.sub.2 and F.sub.3 plants were
advanced by a modified pedigree selection. In 1994, F.sub.3 derived
F.sub.4 lines were selected and entered in a four location
preliminary yield trial. In 1995 the line was advanced to a 16
location yield trial.
[0061] 924181339 has resistance to Roundup.TM. herbicide and also
contains the ALS inhibitor gene for sulfonylurea resistance.
924181339 is a mid maturity group IV variety with moderate
resistance to Soybean Cyst Nematode, race 3 and race 14. 924181339
is well adapted to Maryland, Kentucky and Illinois and does well on
heavier soil types. The present invention has improved plant type,
with good lodging resistance and good tolerance to Pod and Stem
Blight (Diaporthe phaseolorum). A patent has been issued having
U.S. Pat. No. 5,710,368 and is incorporated herein by
reference.
[0062] In the Tables 1 and 2 that follow, the traits and
characteristics of soybean cultivar 924181339 are compared to
several competing varieties of commercial soybeans of similar
maturity. In these tables, column 1 shows the Competitor Variety.
Column 2 and 3 indicate the number of tests and years of testing.
Column 4, 5 and 6 indicate the yield in bushels/acre for the
instant invention, the Competitor Variety identified in column 1
and the difference, respectively. Column 7 and 8 indicate the days
to maturity for the instant invention and Competitor Variety,
respectively. Column 9 and 10 show plant height of the instant
invention and Competitor Variety and column 11 and 12 show the
lodging score for the instant invention and the Competitor Variety
respectively. Lodging scores are rated 1=Best and 5=Worst.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 ASGROW RESEARCH YIELD TRIAL - HEAD TO HEAD
COMPARISON ASGROW 924181339 VS. COMPETITOR VARIETIES LOCATIONS: ALL
'1339 IN THE TABLE REFERS TO ASGROW 924181339 Competitor Yield,
Variety Number Bushel/Acre Maturity Height Lodging (Other) Tests
Years '1339 Other Diff. '1339 Other '1339 Other '1339 Other Asgrow
A4922 16 1 55.5 55.5 .0 24.9 27.8 41.1 40.6 2.3 2.4 Asgrow A4715 16
1 55.5 53.3 2.2 24.9 26.6 41.1 39.1 2.3 1.9 Asgrow A4539 16 1 55.5
55.1 .3 24.9 24.3 41.1 37.1 2.3 1.9 Asgrow AG4401 16 1 55.5 53.0
2.5 24.9 25.2 41.1 40.9 2.3 2.1 Pioneer 9472 16 1 55.5 55.4 .1 24.9
24.3 41.1 40.2 2.3 2.7 HS 4824 16 1 55.5 58.5 -3.0 24.9 28.9 41.1
41.2 2.3 2.6
[0063] TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 ASGROW RESEARCH YIELD TRIAL - HEAD TO
HEAD COMPARISON ASGROW 924181339 VS. COMPETITOR VARIETIES
LOCATIONS: ALL NORTHERN LOCATIONS '1339 IN THE TABLE REFERS TO
ASGROW 924181339 Competitor Yield, Variety Number Bushel/Acre
Maturity Height Lodging (Other) Tests Years '1339 Other Diff. '1339
Other '1339 Other '1339 Other Asgrow A4922 11 1 54.9 54.9 .0 28.5
32.5 41.5 40.0 2.4 2.4 Asgrow A4715 11 1 54.9 53.0 1.9 28.5 31.6
41.5 38.9 2.4 2.2 Asgrow A4539 11 1 54.9 55.3 -.4 28.5 28.8 41.5
36.5 2.4 2.0 Asgrow AG4701 11 1 54.9 53.2 1.7 28.5 31.8 41.5 44.0
2.4 2.6 Asgrow AG4401 11 1 54.9 53.1 1.8 28.5 29.5 41.5 40.8 2.4
2.2 Pioneer 9472 11 1 54.9 56.0 -1.1 28.5 27.7 41.5 40.8 2.4 2.8 HS
4824 11 1 54.9 57.8 -3.0 28.5 33.1 41.5 41.6 2.4 2.7
Example 3
Development of Soybean Variety 928933959 having a Level of
Resistance to Glyphosate and Sulfonylurea Herbicides
[0064] Soybean cultivar 928933959 was developed from the cross
A3304.times.A3510.sup.2 (A3237.times.40-3-2). F.sub.2 and F.sub.3
plants were advanced by a modified pedigree selection. In 1994,
F.sub.3 derived F.sub.4 lines were selected and entered in a two
location preliminary yield trial. In 1995 the line was advanced to
a 20 location yield trial.
[0065] 928933959 is a late maturity group III variety with
resistance to Sulfonylurea herbicides, Roundup Ready.TM. herbicide,
as well as Rps.sub.1.sup.c, conferring resistance to many races of
Phytophthora Root Rot. The present invention is an improved plant
type, with excellent emergence and which is adapted to heavier soil
types. 928933959 has good iron chlorosis tolerance and is adapted
to double crop situations and to drilled, 15 inch or 30 inch rows.
A patent has been issued having U.S. Pat. No. 5,659,120 and is
incorporated herein by reference.
[0066] In Tables 3 and 4 that follow, the traits and
characteristics of soybean cultivar 928933959 are compared to
several competing varieties of commercial soybeans of similar
maturity. In these tables, column 1 shows the Competitor Variety.
Column 2 and 3 indicate the number of tests and years of testing.
Column 4, 5 and 6 indicate the yield in bushels/acre for the
instant invention, the Competitor Variety identified in column 1
and the difference, respectively. Column 7 and 8 indicate the days
to maturity for the instant invention and Competitor Variety,
respectively. Column 9 and 10 show plant height of the instant
invention and Competitor Variety and column 11 and 12 show the
lodging score for the instant invention and the Competitor Variety
respectively. Lodging scores are rated 1=Best and 5=Worst.
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 ASGROW RESEARCH YIELD TRIAL - HEAD TO HEAD
COMPARISON ASGROW 928933959 VS. COMPETITOR VARIETIES '3959 SHOWN IN
TABLE BELOW REFERS TO ASGROW 928933959 LOCATIONS: ALL Competitor
Yield, Variety Number Bushel/Acre Maturity Height Lodging (Other)
Tests Years '3959 Other Diff. '3959 Other '3959 Other '3959 Other
Asgrow A3510 20 1 50.4 50.6 -.2 39.1 41.4 39.3 35.6 2.0 1.5 Asgrow
A3431 20 1 50.4 53.0 -2.6 39.1 37.8 39.3 36.1 2.0 1.3 Asgrow A3313
20 1 50.4 49.2 1.3 39.1 38.6 39.3 33.1 2.0 1.3 Asgrow A3732 20 1
50.4 50.6 -.1 39.1 41.0 39.3 36.8 2.0 1.7 Asgrow A3834 20 1 50.4
51.8 -1.3 39.1 43.9 39.3 34.4 2.0 1.4 Asgrow AG3501 20 1 50.4 43.3
7.2 39.1 41.9 39.3 36.5 2.0 1.5
[0067] TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 ASGROW RESEARCH YIELD TRIAL - HEAD TO
HEAD COMPARISON ASGROW 928933959 VS. COMPETITOR VARIETIES '3959
SHOWN IN TABLE BELOW REFERS TO ASGROW 928933959 LOCATIONS: NORTH
Competitor Yield, Variety Number Bushel/Acre Maturity Height
Lodging (Other) Tests Years '3959 Other Diff. '3959 Other '3959
Other '3959 Other Asgrow A3510 12 1 47.3 46.1 1.2 24.0 26.0 37.9
34.9 1.9 1.5 Asgrow A3431 12 1 47.3 50.1 -2.9 24.0 23.5 37.9 35.5
1.9 1.3 Asgrow A3313 12 1 47.3 45.4 1.9 24.0 23.7 37.9 32.3 1.9 1.3
Asgrow A3732 12 1 47.3 45.7 1.6 24.0 26.3 37.9 35.5 1.9 1.5 Asgrow
A3834 12 1 47.3 45.8 1.4 24.0 28.5 37.9 32.8 1.9 1.3 Asgrow AG3501
12 1 47.3 40.0 7.3 24.0 26.9 37.9 35.7 1.9 1.4
Example 4
Development of Soybean Variety 92417111 having a Level of
Resistance to Glyphosate and Sulfonylurea Herbicides
[0068] Soybean cultivar 92417111 was developed from the cross
J88284 89Y142-36.times.R914210F3. F.sub.1, F.sub.2 and F.sub.3
plants were advanced by a modified pedigree selection. F.sub.3
derived F.sub.4 lines were selected in 1994. In 1994 92417111 was
entered in a yield trial at four locations where it ranked 14th of
50 entries. In 1995 92417111 was entered in a yield trial at 12
locations where it placed 17th of 38 entries. In 1996 92417111 was
entered in a yield trial at 18 locations where it ranked 9th of 39
entries.
[0069] 92417111 is a mid maturity group III variety with the
Roundup Ready.TM. gene which makes the line tolerant of Roundup.TM.
herbicide and also has a level of resistance to sulfonylurea
herbicides. This line has good yield potential. 92417111 is a tall
plant type which will make it well adapted to the heavier soils of
the mid group III growing area, including Iowa, Illinois, Missouri,
Indiana, Kansas, Nebraska and Ohio. A patent has been issued having
U.S. Pat. No. 5,750,855 and is incorporated herein by
reference.
[0070] In Tables 5 through 7 that follow, the traits and
characteristics of soybean cultivar 92417111 are compared to
several competing varieties of commercial soybeans of similar
maturity. Each characteristic also indicates the number of
locations which comprise the figures given. In these tables, column
1 shows the Competitor Variety. Column 2 and 3 indicate the number
of tests and years of testing. Column 4, 5 and 6 indicate the yield
in bushels/acre for the instant invention, the Competitor Variety
identified in column 1 and the difference, respectively. Column 7
and 8 indicate the days to maturity for the instant invention and
Competitor Variety, respectively. Column 9 and 10 show plant height
in inches of the instant invention and Competitor Variety. Column
11 and 12 show the lodging score for the instant invention and the
Competitor Variety respectively. Column 13 and 14 show the general
rating scores for the instant invention and the Competitor Variety,
respectively. Lodging and General Rating scores are rated 1=Best
and 5=Worst. TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 HEAD TO HEAD COMPARISONS OF
92417111 LISTED BELOW AS '7111 - ALL YEARS - ALL LOCATIONS TABLE 5A
'7111 Other '7111 Other Yield Yield Maturity Maturity Other Variety
or Hybrid Loc. Years Bu/A Bu/A Diff Loc. >9/1 >9/1 Asgrow
AG3601 32 2 55.9 54.5 1.4 9 25.3 27.6 Asgrow A3834 32 2 55.9 57.1
-1.2 9 25.3 29.3 Asgrow A3510 32 2 55.9 54.0 1.9 9 25.3 25.0 Asgrow
A3732 32 2 55.9 55.7 0.2 9 25.3 27.9 Asgrow AG3701 32 2 55.9 55.6
0.3 9 25.3 27.0 Asgrow A3704 32 2 55.9 55.6 0.3 9 25.3 27.3 Dekalb
CX377 20 1 51.0 50.0 1.0 Dekalb CX394C 20 1 51.0 46.9 4.1 Pioneer
9392 32 2 55.9 53.8 2.1 9 25.3 27.3 Pioneer 9362 20 1 51.0 51.7
-0.7 Growmark HS3948 12 1 64.2 64.0 0.2 9 25.3 30.4 Growmark HS3551
12 1 64.2 62.9 1.2 9 25.3 27.3 Growmark HSE392 12 1 64.2 66.1 -1.9
9 25.3 29.6 Stine 3260 20 1 51.0 51.9 -0.9 Stine 3660 20 1 51.0
50.8 0.2 Asgrow A4138 12 1 64.2 64.7 -0.5 9 25.3 30.0 TABLE 5B
'7111 Other '7111 Other '7111 Other Plt Hgt Plt Hgt Lodge Lodge Gen
Rtg Gen Rtg Other Variety or Hybrid Loc. inches inches Loc. (1-5)
(1-5) Loc. (1-5) (1-5) Asgrow AG3601 24 40.0 38.9 27 2.3 2.0 24 3.2
2.8 Asgrow A3834 24 40.0 33.5 27 2.3 1.4 24 3.2 1.5 Asgrow A3510 24
40.0 34.5 27 2.3 1.5 24 3.2 1.9 A3732 24 40.0 36.3 27 2.3 1.7 24
3.2 2.3 Asgrow AG3701 24 40.0 36.1 27 2.3 1.6 24 3.2 2.2 Asgrow
A3704 24 40.0 33.3 27 2.3 1.6 24 3.2 1.9 Dekalb CX377 15 38.9 36.2
18 2.0 1.7 15 3.0 2.6 Dekalb CX394C 15 38.9 40.3 18 2.0 1.6 15 3.0
2.3 Pioneer 9392 24 40.0 37.2 27 2.3 1.6 24 3.2 1.8 Pioneer 9362 15
38.9 34.2 18 2.0 1.3 15 3.0 2.2 Growmark HS3948 9 41.7 34.7 9 2.7
1.7 9 3.6 2.0 Growmark HS3551 9 41.7 33.3 9 2.7 1.5 9 3.6 1.7
Growmark HSE392 9 41.7 37.0 9 2.7 1.9 9 3.6 2.1 Stine 3260 15 38.9
35.0 18 2.0 1.7 15 3.0 2.6 Stine 3660 15 38.9 33.4 18 2.0 1.5 15
3.0 2.7 Asgrow A4138 9 41.7 39.1 9 2.7 2.6 9 3.6 2.6
[0071] TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6 HEAD TO HEAD COMPARISONS OF 92417111
LISTED BELOW AS '7111 - ALL YEARS - EASTERN LOCATIONS TABLE 6A
'7111 Other '7111 Other Yield Yield Maturity Maturity Other Variety
or Hybrid Loc. Years Bu/A Bu/A Diff Loc. >9/1 >9/1 Asgrow
AG3601 17 2 57.0 56.2 0.7 6 25.6 27.5 Asgrow A3834 17 2 57.0 60.8
-3.8 6 25.6 29.6 Asgrow A3510 17 2 57.0 56.4 0.5 6 25.6 25.2 Asgrow
A3732 17 2 57.0 56.5 0.4 6 25.6 27.8 Asgrow AG3701 17 2 57.0 56.9
0.1 6 25.6 26.9 Asgrow A3704 17 2 57.0 57.3 -0.3 6 25.6 27.2 Dekalb
CX377 11 1 53.3 53.8 -0.5 Dekalb CX394C 11 1 53.3 49.4 3.9 Pioneer
9392 17 2 57.0 55.7 1.2 6 25.6 27.5 Pioneer 9362 11 1 53.3 53.9
-0.6 ZZ Stat Mean 17 2 57.0 55.7 1.2 6 25.6 27.4 Growmark HS3948 6
1 63.7 64.9 -1.2 6 25.6 30.4 Growmark HS3551 6 1 63.7 62.9 0.8 6
25.6 27.1 Growmark HSE392 6 1 63.7 66.8 -3.1 6 25.6 29.7 Stine 3260
11 1 53.3 55.4 -2.1 Stine 3660 11 1 53.3 53.0 0.2 Asgrow A4138 6 1
63.7 64.2 -0.5 6 25.6 29.9 TABLE 6B '7111 Other '7111 Other '7111
Other Plt Hgt Plt Hgt Lodge Lodge Gen Rtg Gen Rtg Other Variety or
Hybrid Loc. inches inches Loc. (1-5) (1-5) Loc. (1-5) (1-5) Asgrow
AG3601 15 39.6 38.9 17 2.4 2.3 14 3.1 2.8 Asgrow A3834 15 39.6 33.6
17 2.4 1.5 14 3.1 1.5 Asgrow A3510 15 39.6 34.1 17 2.4 1.7 14 3.1
2.0 A3732 15 39.6 36.0 17 2.4 1.9 14 3.1 2.4 Asgrow AG3701 15 39.6
36.4 17 2.4 1.7 14 3.1 2.3 Asgrow A3704 15 39.6 33.1 17 2.4 1.8 14
3.1 2.0 Dekalb CX377 9 38.7 38.7 11 2.1 1.7 8 2.8 2.5 Dekalb CX394C
9 38.7 40.5 11 2.1 1.8 8 2.8 2.5 Pioneer 9392 15 39.6 37.1 17 2.4
1.7 14 3.1 2.0 Pioneer 9362 9 38.7 34.0 11 2.1 1.5 8 2.8 2.3 ZZ
Stat Mean 15 39.6 36.4 17 2.4 1.8 14 3.1 2.3 Growmark HS3948 6 40.9
33.5 6 2.8 1.8 6 3.5 2.1 Growmark HS3551 6 40.9 32.3 6 2.8 1.6 6
3.5 1.8 Growmark HSE392 6 40.9 35.3 6 2.8 2.1 6 3.5 2.3 Stine 3260
9 38.7 35.1 11 2.1 2.0 8 2.8 2.7 Stine 3660 9 38.7 33.8 11 2.1 1.8
8 2.8 2.8 Asgrow A4138 6 40.9 37.8 6 2.8 2.7 6 3.5 2.7
[0072] TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 7 HEAD TO HEAD COMPARISONS OF 92417111
LISTED BELOW AS '7111 --ALL YEARS - ALL LOCATIONS TABLE 7A '7111
Other '7111 Other Yield Yield Maturity Maturity Other Variety or
Hybrid Loc. Years Bu/A Bu/A Diff Loc. >9/1 >9/1 Asgrow AG3601
15 2 54.8 52.5 2.3 3 24.7 27.6 Asgrow A3834 15 2 54.8 52.9 1.8 3
24.7 28.8 Asgrow A3510 15 2 54.8 51.2 3.5 3 24.7 24.7 Asgrow A3732
15 2 54.8 54.8 0.0 3 24.7 28.1 Asgrow AG3701 15 2 54.8 54.3 0.5 3
24.7 27.1 Asgrow A3704 15 2 54.8 53.7 1.1 3 24.7 27.4 Dekalb CX377
9 1 48.2 45.3 2.8 Dekalb CX394C 9 1 48.2 43.8 4.4 Pioneer 9392 15 2
54.8 51.7 3.1 3 24.7 26.9 Pioneer 9362 9 1 48.2 49.0 -0.8 Growmark
HS3948 6 1 64.7 63.1 1.6 3 24.7 30.3 Growmark HS3551 6 1 64.7 63.0
1.6 3 24.7 27.7 Growmark HSE392 6 1 64.7 65.4 -0.7 3 24.7 29.2
Stine 3260 9 1 48.2 47.7 0.5 Stine 3660 9 1 48.2 48.1 0.1 Asgrow
A4138 6 1 64.7 65.2 -0.5 3 24.7 30.3 TABLE 7B '7111 Other '7111
Other '7111 Other Plt Hgt Plt Hgt Lodge Lodge Gen Rtg Gen Rtg Other
Variety or Hybrid Loc. inches inches Loc. (1-5) (1-5) Loc. (1-5)
(1-5) Asgrow AG3601 9 40.7 38.9 10 2.1 1.6 10 3.4 2.8 Asgrow A3834
9 40.7 33.3 10 2.1 1.1 10 3.4 1.4 Asgrow A3510 9 40.7 35.0 10 2.1
1.2 10 3.4 1.9 A3732 9 40.7 36.9 10 2.1 1.4 10 3.4 2.2 Asgrow
AG3701 9 40.7 35.8 10 2.1 1.4 10 3.4 2.1 Asgrow A3704 9 40.7 33.5
10 2.1 1.3 10 3.4 1.9 Dekalb CX377 6 39.3 37.5 7 1.9 1.6 7 3.3 2.6
Dekalb CX394C 6 39.3 40.1 7 1.9 1.4 7 3.3 2.0 Pioneer 9392 9 40.7
37.2 10 2.1 1.3 10 3.4 1.4 Pioneer 9362 6 39.3 34.5 7 1.9 1.1 7 3.3
2.0 Growmark HS3948 3 43.3 37.1 3 2.5 1.4 3 3.7 1.8 Growmark HS3551
3 43.3 35.2 3 2.5 1.3 3 3.7 1.4 Growmark HSE392 3 43.3 40.2 3 2.5
1.6 3 3.7 1.7 Stine 3260 6 39.3 34.7 7 1.9 1.3 7 3.3 2.5 Stine 3660
6 39.3 32.9 7 1.9 1.1 7 3.3 2.7 Asgrow A4138 3 43.3 41.7 3 2.5 2.3
3 3.7 2.4
Example 5
Development of Soybean Variety 93233925295 having a Level of
Resistance to Glyphosate and Sulfonylurea Herbicide
[0073] Soybean cultivar 93233925295 was developed from the cross
J88284 89Y142-36-16.times.YP93-1286. F.sub.1, F.sub.2 and F.sub.3
plants were advanced by a modified pedigree selection. F.sub.3
derived F.sub.4 lines were selected in 1994. In 1995 93233925295
was entered in a yield trial at 12 locations where it ranked 6th of
38 entries. In 1996 93233925295 was entered in a yield trial at 14
locations.
[0074] 93233925295 is an early maturity group IV variety with
Phytophthora Root Rot resistance, conferred by the Rps1k gene. It
also contains the Roundup Ready.TM. gene which makes this line
tolerant of Roundup.TM. herbicide and also has a level of
resistance to sulfonylurea herbicides. This line has good yield
potential and appearance. 93233925295 is adapted to both clay and
loam soils in the early group IV production areas of Kansas,
Missouri, Illinois and Indiana. A patent application on 93233925295
was filed on Feb. 21, 1997 having Ser. No. 08/803,875 and is
incorporated herein by reference.
[0075] In Tables 8 through 10 that follow, the traits and
characteristics of soybean cultivar 93233925295 are compared to
several competing varieties of commercial soybeans of similar
maturity. Each characteristic also indicates the number of
locations which comprise the figures given. In these tables, column
1 shows the Competitor Variety. Column 2 and 3 indicate the number
of tests and years of testing. Column 4, 5 and 6 indicate the yield
in bushels/acre for the instant invention, the Competitor Variety
identified in column 1 and the difference, respectively. Column 7
and 8 indicate the days to maturity for the instant invention and
Competitor Variety, respectively. Column 9 and 10 show plant height
in inches of the instant invention and Competitor Variety. Column
11 and 12 show the lodging score for the instant invention and the
Competitor Variety respectively. Column 13 and 14 show the general
rating scores for the instant invention and the Competitor Variety,
respectively. Lodging and General Rating scores are rated 1=Best
and 5=Worst. TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 8 HEAD TO HEAD COMPARISONS OF
93233925295 LISTED BELOW AS '5295 - ALL YEARS - ALL LOCATIONS TABLE
8A '5295 Other '5295 Other Yield Yield Maturity Maturity Other
Variety or Hybrid Loc. Years Bu/A Bu/A Diff Loc. >9/1 >9/1
Asgrow A4138 13 1 64.6 67.7 -3.1 10 28.8 27.5 Asgrow A3834 25 2
59.2 62.0 -2.9 10 28.8 27.8 Asgrow A4045 12 1 53.3 52.3 1.0 Asgrow
A4341 13 1 64.6 65.9 -1.2 10 28.8 29.1 Asgrow AG4401 13 1 64.6 63.1
1.5 10 28.8 30.9 Dekalb CX445 13 1 64.6 63.4 1.2 10 28.8 28.9
Dekalb CX434 13 1 64.6 63.8 0.8 10 28.8 29.2 Pioneer 9444 13 1 64.6
64.2 0.4 10 28.8 27.4 TABLE 8B '5295 Other '5295 Other '5295 Other
Plt Hgt Plt Hgt Lodge Lodge Gen Rtg Gen Rtg Other Variety or Hybrid
Loc. inches inches Loc. (1-5) (1-5) Loc. (1-5) (1-5) Asgrow A4138 9
36.2 38.5 10 2.0 2.7 10 1.9 2.9 Asgrow A3834 20 38.2 32.7 22 1.9
1.4 22 2.0 1.5 Asgrow A4045 11 39.9 37.8 12 1.8 2.0 12 2.0 2.5
Asgrow A4341 9 36.2 33.9 10 2.0 1.8 10 1.9 2.1 Asgrow AG4401 9 36.2
40.2 10 2.0 2.4 10 1.0 2.2 Dekalb CX445 9 36.2 37.7 10 2.0 2.2 10
1.9 2.8 Dekalb CX434 9 36.2 37.1 10 2.0 2.3 10 1.9 2.9 Pioneer 9444
9 36.2 35.7 10 2.0 2.0 10 1.9 1.8
[0076] TABLE-US-00009 TABLE 9 HEAD TO HEAD COMPARISONS OF
93233925295 LISTED BELOW AS '5295 - ALL YEARS - EASTERN LOCATIONS
TABLE 9A '5295 Other '5295 Other Yield Yield Maturity Maturity
Other Variety or Hybrid Loc. Years Bu/A Bu/A Diff Loc. >9/1
>9/1 Asgrow A4138 6 1 70.6 68.3 2.3 6 26.6 25.1 Asgrow A3834 14
2 61.8 63.9 -3.0 6 26.6 25.8 Asgrow A4045 8 1 53.8 52.4 1.4 Asgrow
A4341 6 1 70.6 72.4 -1.8 6 26.6 27.3 Asgrow AG4401 6 1 70.6 66.3
4.3 6 26.6 29.0 Dekalb CX445 6 1 70.6 67.3 3.2 6 26.6 27.1 Dekalb
CX434 6 1 70.6 68.3 2.3 6 26.6 27.2 Pioneer 9444 6 1 70.6 66.6 3.9
6 26.6 25.3 TABLE 9B '5295 Other '5295 Other '5295 Other Plt Hgt
Plt Hgt Lodge Lodge Gen Rtg Gen Rtg Other Variety or Hybrid Loc.
inches inches Loc. (1-5) (1-5) Loc. (1-5) (1-5) Asgrow A4138 5 36.4
37.8 6 2.5 3.0 6 2.3 3.2 Asgrow A3834 13 38.1 32.8 14 2.1 1.7 14
2.2 1.7 Asgrow A4045 8 39.1 37.0 8 1.8 2.1 8 2.1 2.6 Asgrow A4341 5
36.4 33.7 6 2.5 2.0 6 2.3 1.9 Asgrow AG4401 5 36.4 39.6 6 2.5 2.8 6
2.3 2.5 Dekalb CX445 5 36.4 37.7 6 2.5 2.6 6 2.3 2.8 Dekalb CX434 5
36.4 37.2 6 2.5 2.7 6 2.3 3.0 Pioneer 9444 5 36.4 34.9 6 2.5 2.4 6
2.3 2.2
[0077] TABLE-US-00010 TABLE 10 HEAD TO HEAD COMPARISONS OF
93233925295 LISTED BELOW AS '5295 - ALL YEARS - WESTERN LOCATIONS
TABLE 10A '5295 Other '5295 Other Yield Yield Maturity Maturity
Other Variety or Hybrid Loc. Years Bu/A Bu/A Diff Loc. >9/1
>9/1 Asgrow A4138 7 1 59.6 67.2 -7.6 4 32.0 31.2 Asgrow A3834 11
2 56.9 59.7 -2.7 4 32.0 30.7 Asgrow A4045 4 1 52.3 52.2 0.1 Asgrow
A4341 7 1 59.6 60.3 -0.8 4 32.0 31.7 Asgrow AG4401 7 1 59.6 60.4
-0.9 4 32.0 33.6 Dekalb CX445 7 1 59.6 60.1 -0.5 4 32.0 31.7 Dekalb
CX434 7 1 59.6 60.0 -0.4 4 32.0 32.2 Pioneer 9444 7 1 59.6 62.2
-2.6 4 32.0 30.5 TABLE 10B '5295 Other '5295 Other '5295 Other Plt
Hgt Plt Hgt Lodge Lodge Gen Rtg Gen Rtg Other Variety or Hybrid
Loc. inches inches Loc. (1-5) (1-5) Loc. (1-5) (1-5) Asgrow A4138 4
35.9 39.4 4 1.3 2.2 4 1.4 2.4 Asgrow A3834 7 38.5 32.5 8 1.5 1.1 8
1.6 1.2 Asgrow A4045 3 41.8 40.0 4 1.6 1.8 4 1.9 2.1 Asgrow A4341 4
35.9 34.0 4 1.3 1.3 4 1.4 2.4 Asgrow AG4401 4 35.9 40.9 4 1.3 1.9 4
1.4 1.9 Dekalb CX445 4 35.9 37.7 4 1.3 1.5 4 1.4 2.8 Dekalb CX434 4
35.9 37.0 4 1.3 1.5 4 1.4 2.9 Pioneer 9444 4 35.9 36.7 4 1.3 1.4 4
1.4 1.3
Example 6
Development of Soybean Variety 89248009206 having Resistance to
Sulfonylurea and Glufosinate Herbicide
[0078] Soybean cultivar 89248009206 was developed from the cross
(A2872.times.A2967).times.[A5403.times.(Chamberlain.times.W20)].
Single plants from the F.sub.4 bulk population were individually
selected. In 1991, these lines were tested in experimental plots in
6 locations in the midwest. The highest yielding lines were
retained for additional testing at 24 locations in 1992. Additional
testing was conducted during 1993 at 22 locations where the lines
were adapted and in 1994 at 71 locations. 89248009206 was
transformed by introducing plasmid DNA through particle
acceleration into Asgrow A2704. The plasmid contained synthetic
versions of the pat gene derived from Streptomyces
viridochromogenes which confers resistance to glufosinate herbicide
(Liberty.TM.). 89248009206 also has a level of resistance to
sulfonylurea herbicides. A patent has been issued having U.S. Pat.
No. 6,177,617 and is incorporated herein by reference.
[0079] In Table 11 that follows, the traits and characteristics of
soybean cultivar 89248009206 as compared to the soybean cultivar
A2704 variety are shown. In this table, column 1 shows the Variety.
Column 2 indicates the Yield in bushels/acre for each cultivar.
Column 3 indicates the approximate maturity date. Column 4 shows
each individual plant's height in inches and column 5 indicates a
lodging score for each cultivar. Lodging scores are rated 1=Best
and 5=Worst. The bottom row of the table indicates the standard
error for each trait.
[0080] In Table 12 that follows, column 1 shows the variety. Column
2 indicates the number of locations tested. Column 3 shows the
percent of protein and column 4 indicates the percent of oil in the
harvested seed.
[0081] In Table 13 that follows, the traits and characteristics of
soybean cultivar A2704 are compared to several competing varieties
of commercial soybeans of similar maturity. In this table, column 1
shows the Competitor Variety. Column 2 and 3 indicate the number of
tests and years of testing. Column 4, 5 and 6 indicate the yield in
bushels/acre for the instant invention, the Competitor Variety (in
column 1) and the difference, respectively. Column 7 and 8 indicate
the days of maturity for the instant invention and Competitor
Variety, respectively. Column 9 and 10 show height of the instant
invention and Competitor Variety and column 11 and 12 show the
lodging score for the instant invention and the Competitor Variety
respectively. Lodging scores are rated 1=Best and 5=Worst.
TABLE-US-00011 TABLE 11 AGRONOMIC DATA MATURITY GROUP II LIBERTY
LINK .TM. VARIETY 89248009206 AS COMPARED TO A2704 YIELD HEIGHT
VARIETY (BU/A) MATURITY (INCHES) LODGING A2704 61.6 September 28.5
35.50 1.40 89248009206 61.9 September 30.5 31.80 1.70 Standard
Error 1.2 0.28 0.62 0.26
[0082] TABLE-US-00012 TABLE 12 AGRONOMIC DATA PROTEIN AND OIL DATA
LIBERTY LINK .TM. VARIETY 89248009206 AS COMPARED TO A2704 VARIETY
LOCATIONS PROTEIN OIL A2704 6 40.7 19.7 89248009206 6 41.2 19.3
[0083] TABLE-US-00013 TABLE 13 ASGROW RESEARCH TRIAL - HEAD TO HEAD
COMPARISON ASGROW A2704 vs. LISTED COMPETITORS 91, 92, 93, 94 ALL
LOCATIONS Competitor Yield, Variety Number Bushel/Acre Maturity
Height Lodging (Other) Tests Years A2704 Other Diff. A2704 Other
A2704 Other A2704 Other FP2833 47 2 62.8 64.6 1.8 21.9 21.9 35.6
32.2 2.0 1.3 Asgrow XP2604 51 3 62.9 61.1 1.9 25.7 24.6 37.4 36.2
1.9 1.6 Asgrow A2835 53 3 62.5 61.6 .9 22.2 22.2 35.6 33.9 2.0 1.8
Asgrow A2396 83 4 61.3 57.4 3.9 24.8 18.6 36.4 35.1 1.9 1.7 Asgrow
A2543 12 2 60.6 55.8 4.7 24.0 24.3 36.3 29.3 1.8 1.7 Asgrow A2506
77 3 61.7 57.8 3.9 25.0 20.4 36.4 32.4 2.0 1.7 Asgrow A2242 55 2
63.3 61.6 1.8 24.4 17.8 38.1 32.9 2.0 1.7 Asgrow A2943 47 2 62.8
59.4 3.4 21.9 24.5 35.6 37.4 2.0 1.8 Asgrow A2722 47 2 63.1 61.8
1.3 22.2 21.6 35.6 33.6 2.0 2.0 Stine 2250 47 2 63.0 61.5 1.5 22.0
17.3 35.7 31.0 2.0 1.7 Pioneer 9231 45 2 63.4 58.3 5.1 26.1 20.3
37.8 32.8 2.0 1.7 Pioneer 9232 5 1 75.2 71.4 3.8 21.0 13.9 40.3
33.6 2.5 1.9 Pioneer 9241 34 2 59.8 56.9 2.9 27.2 21.0 37.1 30.3
2.1 1.8 Pioneer 9252 13 1 73.8 67.8 6.0 21.6 15.5 39.2 34.6 1.8 1.6
Pioneer 9273 47 2 63.0 61.0 2.0 21.8 18.8 36.0 32.3 2.0 1.8 Depf
CX232 21 1 71.8 68.3 3.5 22.1 14.5 37.5 33.6 1.8 1.6 Depf CX267 5 1
75.2 68.3 6.8 21.0 19.4 40.3 40.5 2.5 3.4 Dair DSR250 5 1 75.2 72.4
2.8 21.0 20.7 40.3 35.4 2.5 1.9 Laol 2494 21 1 71.8 70.5 1.3 22.1
16.4 37.5 33.9 1.8 1.6 Laol 2838 5 1 75.2 74.2 1.0 21.0 18.4 40.3
38.7 2.5 2.7 Stine 2490 5 1 75.2 72.8 2.4 21.0 24.4 40.3 37.6 2.5
2.3 Noki S24-92 5 1 75.2 74.3 .8 21.0 14.8 40.3 34.6 2.5 2.1 Noki
S25-07 5 1 75.2 65.2 9.9 21.0 18.0 40.3 42.1 2.5 3.3 Noki S28-01 25
1 68.1 63.6 4.5 17.9 18.0 38.9 36.5 2.1 2.4
Example 7
Testing Procedures for Combined Glyphosate (RR) and Sulfonylurea
(STS) Resistance Genotypes
[0084] Studies were conducted in 1994 at three locations including
Lexington, Ky.; Galena, Md.; and Queenstown, Md. to verify that the
inclusion of the ALS resistance trait in soybean with the
glyphosate resistance trait does not influence resistance to either
Roundup and Synchrony. Glyphosate is the active ingredient in
Roundup.TM. and chlorimuron and thifensulfuron are the active
ingredients in Synchrony.TM.. The entire plot area was treated with
standard herbicides prior to or at planting followed by in-season
cultivation and/or manual removal as necessary to eliminate weed
competition. Maturity group V varieties included 40-3-2 Roundup.TM.
Ready (RR), A5545 STS, and QG5444 RR/STS (combined herbicide
resistance) and were planted in rows spaced 30 inches apart.
Maturity group provides an indication of geographic adaptation.
Variety 40-3-2 was treated with Roundup.TM. at 24 fl oz/A
(glyphosate at 0.56 lb/A acid equivalent) and 48 fl oz/A at the V3
(third trifoliolate leaf fully expanded) stage. A5545 was treated
with Synchrony.TM. 25DF at 0.85 oz/A (chlorimuron at 0.16 plus
thifensulfuron at 0.05 oz/A) at the V3 stage. These same herbicides
were applied to QG5444 as well as tank-mix combinations at V5
(fifth trifoliolate leaf fully expanded) and reciprocating
sequential combinations at V3 and V5. Adjuvants (nonionic
surfactant and ammonium sulfate or urea/ammonium nitrate solution)
were used at recommended rates. A control having no in-season
treatment was included for each variety. Two middle rows of each
plot were harvested and yields were converted to percent of
control. Treatments were replicated four times in a randomized
complete block design. As stated previously, yield is the final
culmination of many distinguishable agronomic traits including
traits such as seed yield, disease resistance (e.g. soybean cyst
nematode, Phytophthora resistance, brown stem rot), emergence
vigor, vegetative vigor, standability, and threshability. Yield is
ascertained by volume or weight per unit area.
[0085] Vegetative stages (V stages) are designated numerically as
V1, V2, V3 through V.sub.(N) except the first two stages, which are
designated as VE (emergence) and VC (cotyledon stage). The last V
stage is designated as V.sub.(N), where (n) represents the number
for the last node stage of the specific variety. The (n) will
fluctuate with variety and environmental differences. The V stages
(node stages) following VC are defined and numbered according to
the uppermost fully developed leaf node. A fully developed leaf
node is one that has a leaf above it with unrolled or unfolded
leaflets. In other words, the leaflet edges are no longer touching.
The V3 stage, for example, is defined when the leaflets on the 1st
(unifoliolate) through the 4th node leaf are unrolled. Similarly,
the VC stage occurs when the unifoliolate leaves have unrolled.
[0086] The unifoliolate leaf node is the first node or reference
point from which to begin counting upward to identify upper leaf
node numbers. This node is unique in that the unifoliolate (simple)
leaves are produced from it on opposite sides of the stem and are
borne on short petioles. All other true leaves formed by the plant
are trifoliolate (compound) leaves borne on long petioles, and are
produced singularly (from different nodes) and alternately (from
side to side) on the stem.
[0087] This system accurately identifies the stages of a soybean
plant. However, all plants in a given field will not be in the same
stage at the same time. When staging a field of soybeans, each
specific V stage is defined only when 50% or more of the plants in
the field are in or beyond that stage.
[0088] Studies in 1995 included maturity group (MG) III varieties
AGR36001 RR, A3304 STS, and AGR36508 RR/STS (Towanda, Ill.;
Tuscola, Ill.; and Atlantic, Iowa); MG IV varieties AGR46006 RR,
A4045 STS, and AGR41502 RR/STS (Ridgway, Ill. and Lexington, Ky.);
and MG V varieties AGR5601 RR, A5545 STS, and AGR5333 STS/RR
(Galena, Md. and College Park, Md.). RR varieties were treated with
Roundup at 32 fl oz/A at V3 stage. STS varieties were treated with
Synchrony 42DF at 0.5 oz/A (equivalent to Synchrony 25DF at 0.85
oz/A) plus Assure II (recommended for grass control) at 8 fl oz/A
(quizalofop at 0.06 lb/A) at V3 stage. These same herbicides were
applied to RR/STS varieties as well as Synchrony 0.5 oz/A plus
Roundup at 16 and 32 fl oz/A, and Synchrony/Roundup (16 fl oz/A) as
reciprocating sequential combinations at V3N3+7 days.
[0089] Only RR/STS varieties were included in 1996 studies
(928933959 at Towanda, Ill.; Tuscola, Ill.; and Atlantic, Ill.; and
924181339 at Lexington, Ky. and Marion, AR). Roundup Ultra
(improved Roundup formulation) was substituted for Roundup and was
applied only at 32 fl oz/A (glyphosate at 0.75 lb/A) alone or in
combinations with Synchrony. Poast Plus at 24 fl oz/A (sethoxydim
at 0.19 lb/A) was substituted for Assure II in 1996. Adjuvants
included surfactant (Roundup only) and ammonium sulfate for both
Roundup formulations and crop oil concentrate and ammonium sulfate
or urea/ammonium nitrate solution for Synchrony at recommended
rates. In both years, a control was included as an additional
treatment for each variety. Two or four 30-in rows of 4 or 6-row
plots were harvested and yields converted to percent of control.
Treatments were replicated 3 or 4 times in a randomized complete
block design.
Example 8
1994 Results
[0090] Responses of a Roundup Ready variety, a STS variety, and a
RR/STS stacked trait variety within maturity group V to herbicide
treatments in 1994 are summarized in Table 22. Results indicate
that the Roundup Ready and STS varieties exhibited tolerance to
Roundup and Synchrony, respectively. The stacked trait variety
exhibited tolerance to Roundup equal to that exhibited by the
Roundup Ready variety and exhibited tolerance to Synchrony equal to
that exhibited by the STS variety. Furthermore, the stacked trait
variety displayed tolerance to a tank-mix combination and
sequential combinations of Synchrony plus Roundup indicating that
neither herbicide predisposes the stacked trait variety to injury
to the partner herbicide. TABLE-US-00014 TABLE 14 Application
Yield* Variety Herbicide Timing (% control) 40-3-2-RR Control --
100.0 40-3-2-RR Roundup 24 fl oz V3 102.7 40-3-2-RR Roundup 48 fl
oz V3 99.1 A5545-STS Control -- 100.0 A5545-STS Synchrony 25DF 0.85
oz V3 98.7 QG5444-RR/STS Control -- 100.0 QG5444-RR/STS Roundup 24
fl oz V3 96.8 QG5444-RR/STS Roundup 48 fl oz V3 97.5 QG5444-RR/STS
Synchrony 25DF 0.85 oz V3 101.8 QG5444-RR/STS Synchrony 0.85 + V3
98.7 Roundup 24 QG5444-RR/STS Synchrony 0.85/ V3/V5 98.6 Roundup 24
QG5444-RR/STS Roundup 24/ V3/V5 99.8 Synchrony 0.85 *1994 means
across three locations (Lexington, KY; Galena, MD; and Queenstown,
MD)
Example 9
1995 Results
[0091] Responses of a Roundup Ready variety, a STS variety, and a
stacked trait variety (RR/STS) within maturity groups III, IV, and
V to herbicide treatments in 1995 are summarized in Tables 15, 16,
and 17. The Roundup Ready and STS varieties within each maturity
group exhibited tolerance to Roundup and Synchrony, respectively.
The stacked trait RR/STS varieties also exhibited tolerance to
these herbicides applied singly, in tank-mix combinations, and in
sequential combinations. These results indicate that neither
herbicide interacts with the partner herbicide to cause injury in
stacked trait varieties across a range of maturity groups.
TABLE-US-00015 TABLE 15 Yield* Application (% Variety Herbicide
Timing control) AGR36001-RR Control -- 100.0 AGR36001-RR Roundup 24
fl oz V3 101.1 A3304-STS Control -- 100.0 A3304-STS Synchrony 42DF
0.5 oz + V3 98.6 Assure 8 fl oz 92417111 Control -- 100.0 92417111
Roundup 32 fl oz V3 105.2 92417111 Synchrony 42DF 0.5 oz + V3 105.1
Assure 8 fl oz 92417111 Synchrony 0.5 + Roundup 16 V3 102.6
92417111 Synchrony 0.5 + Roundup 32 V3 100.5 92417111 Synchrony
0.5/Roundup 16 V3/V3 + 7 da 101.0 92417111 Roundup 16/Synchrony 0.5
V3/V3 + 7 da 100.5 LSD (.10) NS C.V.(%) 8.5 *1995 means across
three locations (Towanda, IL; Tuscola, IL; and Atlantic, IA)
[0092] TABLE-US-00016 TABLE 16 Yield* Application (% Variety
Herbicide Timing control) AGR46006-RR Control -- 100.0 AGR46006-RR
Roundup 24 fl oz V3 101.1 A4045-STS Control -- 100.0 A4045-STS
Synchrony 42DF V3 103.5 0.5 oz + Assure 8 fl oz AGR41502-RR/STS
Control -- 100.0 AGR41502-RR/STS Roundup 32 fl oz V3 104.6
AGR41502-RR/STS Synchrony 42DF V3 104.0 0.5 oz + Assure 8 fl oz
AGR41502-RR/STS Synchrony 0.5 + V3 110.5 Roundup 16 AGR41502-RR/STS
Synchrony 0.5 + V3 108.3 Roundup 32 AGR41502-RR/STS Synchrony
0.5/Roundup V3/V3 + 7 da 102.6 16 AGR41502-RR/STS Roundup
16/Synchrony V3/V3 + 7 da 106.6 0.5 LSD (.10) 5.2 C.V.(%) 5.6 *1995
means across two locations (Ridgway, IL and Lexington, KY)
[0093] TABLE-US-00017 TABLE 17 Yield* Application (% Variety
Herbicide Timing control) AGR5601-RR Control -- 100.0 AGR5601-RR
Roundup 24 fl oz V3 101.1 A5545-STS Control -- 100.0 A5545-STS
Synchrony 42DF 0.5 V3 103.5 oz + Assure 8 fl oz AGR5333-RR/STS
Control -- 100.0 AGR5333-RR/STS Roundup 32 fl oz V3 104.6
AGR5333-RR/STS Synchrony 42DF 0.5 V3 104.0 oz + Assure 8 fl oz
AGR5333-RR/STS Synchrony 0.5 + V3 110.5 Roundup 16 AGR5333-RR/STS
Synchrony 0.5 + V3 108.3 Roundup 32 AGR5333-RR/STS Synchrony
0.5/Roundup V3/V3 + 7 da 102.6 16 AGR5333-RR/STS Roundup
16/Synchrony V3/V3 + 7 da 106.6 0.5 LSD (.10) NS C.V.(%) 17.1 *1995
means across two locations (Galena, MD and College Park, MD)
Example 10
1996 Results
[0094] Tables 18 and 19 summarize the responses of two stacked
trait varieties (maturity groups III and IV) to herbicide
treatments in 1996. Both varieties exhibited tolerance to Roundup
Ultra and Synchrony applied individually and in various
combinations. This confirms the inclusion of both Roundup Ready and
STS traits in soybean do not influence its tolerance to Roundup
Ultra (or Roundup) and Synchrony herbicides. TABLE-US-00018 TABLE
18 Application Yield* Variety Herbicide Timing (% control)
928933959 Control -- 100.0 928933959 Roundup Ultra 32 fl oz V3 99.3
928933959 Synchrony 42DF 0.5 oz + V3 101.2 Poast Plus 24 fl oz
928933959 Synchrony 0.5 + V3 99.6 Roundup Ultra 32 928933959
Synchrony 0.5/Roundup V3/V3 + 7 da 98.9 Ultra 32 928933959 Roundup
Ultra 32/ V3/V3 + 7 da 99.9 Synchrony 0.5 LSD (.10) NS C.V.(%) 2.9
*1996 means across three locations (Towanda, IL; Tuscola, IL; and
Atlantic, IA)
[0095] TABLE-US-00019 TABLE 19 Application Yield* Variety Herbicide
Timing (% control) 924181339 Control -- 100.0 924181339 Roundup
Ultra 32 fl oz V3 95.6 924181339 Synchrony 42DF 0.5 oz + V3 99.1
Poast Plus 24 fl oz 924181339 Synchrony 0.5 + V3 98.2 Roundup Ultra
32 924181339 Synchrony 0.5/Roundup V3/V3 + 7 da 94.0 Ultra 32
924181339 Roundup Ultra 32/ V3/V3 + 7 da 98.5 Synchrony 0.5 LSD
(.10) NS C.V.(%) 5.5 *1996 means across two locations (Lexington,
KY and Marion, AR)
Example 11
LL/STS Testing Procedures
[0096] Research was conducted in 1996 at five locations (Oxford,
Ind.; Tuscola, Ill.; Atlantic, Iowa; Huxley, Iowa; and Williams,
Iowa) to examine the effect of inclusion of the Liberty-Link (LL)
trait in soybean with the STS trait on tolerance to Liberty and
Reliance or Synchrony. The entire plot area was treated with
standard herbicides prior to or at planting followed by in-season
cultivation and/or manual removal as necessary to eliminate weed
competition. 89248009206 LL/STS (combined LL and STS traits)
variety was planted in rows spaced 30 inches apart. Treatments at
Huxley and Williams, Iowa included Liberty alone at 28 fl oz
(glufosinate at 0.36 lb) and 56 fl oz/A, Reliance 25DF at 0.5
(chlorimuron at 0.06 plus thifensulfuron at 0.06 oz/A) and 1.0 oz/A
in combination with Poast Plus at 24 fl oz/A (sethoxydim at 0.19
lb/A), Reliance plus Liberty at 0.5 oz plus 28 fl oz and 1.0 oz
plus 56 fl oz/A as tank-mix treatments at the V3 (third
trifoliolate leaf fully expanded) stage and reciprocating
sequential treatments at V3/V3 plus 7 days, and Liberty at 105 fl
oz/A at V3 plus 7 days. Synchrony 42DF (0.5 oz/A=chlorimuron at
0.16 plus thifensulfuron at 0.05 oz/A) was substituted for Reliance
25DF at the other locations. Ammonium sulfate for Liberty alone or
crop oil concentrate and ammonium sulfate for treatments that
included Reliance or Synchrony were used as adjuvants at
recommended rates. A control having no in-season treatment, was
included as an additional treatment. Two middle rows or all four
rows of each plot were harvested and yields were converted to
percent of control. Treatments were replicated four or six times
(Huxley and Oxford) in a randomized complete block design.
Example 12
1996 LL/STS Results
[0097] Response of the LL/STS stacked trait soybean to Liberty and
Reliance herbicides in 1996 are summarized in Tables 20 and 21.
Tolerance was exhibited to these herbicides at 1.times. (Liberty at
28 fl oz and Reliance at 0.5 oz) and 2.times. rates applied singly
and in combinations. Thus indicates that neither herbicide
interacts with the Liberty Link or STS trait ti predispose the
stacked trait variety to the partner herbicide. TABLE-US-00020
TABLE 20 Application Yield* Variety Herbicide Timing (% control)
89248009206 Control -- 100.0 89248009206 Liberty 28 fl oz V3 99.5
89248009206 Liberty 56 fl oz V3 100.8 89248009206 Reliance 25DF 0.5
oz + V3 93.7 Poast Plus 24 fl oz 89248009206 Reliance 25DF 1.0 oz +
V3 98.5 Poast Plus 24 fl oz 89248009206 Reliance 25DF 0.5 oz + V3
97.9 Liberty 28 fl oz 89248009206 Reliance 25DF 1.0 oz + V3 100.0
Liberty 56 fl oz 89248009206 Reliance 25DF 0.5 oz/ V3/V3 + 7 da
96.5 Liberty 28 fl oz 89248009206 Reliance 25DF 1.0 oz/ V3/V3 + 7
da 101.0 Liberty 56 fl oz 89248009206 Liberty 28 fl oz/Reliance
V3/V3 + 7 da 100.5 25DF 0.5 oz 89248009206 Liberty 56 fl
oz/Reliance V3/V3 + 7 da 95.4 25DF 1.0 oz 89248009206 Liberty 105
fl oz V3 + 7 da 94.5 LSD(.10) NS S.E. 8.3 *1996 means at Huxley,
IA
[0098] TABLE-US-00021 TABLE 21 Application Yield* Variety Herbicide
Timing (% control) 89248009206 Control -- 100.0 89248009206 Liberty
28 fl oz V3 98.4 89248009206 Liberty 56 fl oz V3 91.9 89248009206
Reliance 25DF 0.5 oz + V3 105.6 Poast Plus 24 fl oz 89248009206
Reliance 25DF 1.0 oz + V3 100.4 Poast Plus 24 fl oz 89248009206
Reliance 25DF 0.5 oz + V3 99.1 Liberty 28 fl oz 89248009206
Reliance 25DF 1.0 oz + V3 102.3 Liberty 56 fl oz 89248009206
Reliance 25DF 0.5 oz/ V3/V3 + 7 da 102.6 Liberty 28 fl oz
89248009206 Reliance 25DF 1.0 oz/ V3/V3 + 7 da 95.9 Liberty 56 fl
oz 89248009206 Liberty 28 fl oz/Reliance V3/V3 + 7 da 98.6 25DF 0.5
oz 89248009206 Liberty 56 fl oz/Reliance V3/V3 + 7 da 98.0 25DF 1.0
oz 89248009206 Liberty 105 fl oz V3 + 7 da 95.7 LSD(.10) NS C.V.(%)
4.6 *1996 means at Williams, IA
[0099] Response of the LL/STS stacked trait variety to Liberty and
Synchrony herbicides in 1996 are summarized in Table 22. Tolerance
was exhibited to these herbicides at 1.times. (Liberty at 28 fl oz
and Synchrony at 0.5 oz) applied singly and in combinations. This
indicates that inclusion of both the Liberty Link and STS traits in
soybean does not influence its tolerance to Liberty and Synchrony
herbicides. TABLE-US-00022 TABLE 22 Application Yield* Variety
Herbicide Timing (% control) 89248009206 Control -- 100.0
89248009206 Liberty 28 fl oz V3 100.1 89248009206 Liberty 56 fl oz
V3 96.6 89248009206 Synchrony 42DF 0.5 oz + Poast Plus 24 fl oz V3
99.5 89248009206 Synchrony 42DF 1.0 oz + Poast Plus 24 fl oz V3
99.1 89248009206 Synchrony 42DF 0.5 oz + Liberty 28 fl oz V3 100.3
89248009206 Synchrony 42DF 1.0 oz + Liberty 56 fl oz V3 99.1
89248009206 Synchrony 42DF 0.5 oz/Liberty 28 fl oz V3/V3 + 7 da
99.7 89248009206 Synchrony 42DF 1.0 oz/Liberty 56 fl oz V3/V3 + 7
da 92.8 89248009206 Liberty 28 fl oz/Synchrony 42DF 0.5 oz V3/V3 +
7 da 100.3 89248009206 Liberty 56 fl oz/Synchrony 42DF 1.0 oz V3/V3
+ 7 da 96.5 89248009206 Liberty 105 fl oz V3 + 7 da 91.9 LSD (.10)
3.3 C.V. (%) 5.4 *1996 means across three locations (Towanda, IL;
Tuscola, IL; and Atlantic, IA)
Example 13
[0100] A2704 was derived through conventional breeding methodology
with ALS resistance (STS) as one of the primary selection schemes.
A2704 is a widely adapted late maturity group II variety.
[0101] Subsequently, a backcrossing scheme was initiated to stack
(RR) glyphosate resistance with the STS trait. Backcrossing is the
act of introgressing a new trait into an adapted genotype. The
resulting new genotype will almost be genetically identical to the
adapted cultivar of choice except for the exception of the newly
introgressed trait. Additionally, gluphosinate resistance was
directly transformed into A2704 creating a STS/LL resistant
genotype. Subsequently, A2704STS/RR was crossed to A2704 STS/LL to
derive A2704 STS/RR/LL genotypes.
Example 14
[0102] Additional combinations of two or more herbicide traits,
including resistance to isoxoflutole and atrazine herbicides, may
be developed by many breeding schemes coupled with biotechnology
approaches. A skilled artisan knows how to develop commercially
acceptable varieties in using various methods including:
Identifying parents, one with one or more herbicide resistance
traits and crossing this parent to another parent with one or more
herbicide resistance traits.
[0103] During the development of the base population and evaluation
of individual plants, more traits than the herbicide resistance
traits can be selected. In order to combine herbicide resistant
traits into a high yielding, agronomicaly fit cultivar, it is
preferred to first develop a high yielding, agronomically fit
cultivar with one herbicide resistance trait. Once this cultivar is
identified, additional herbicide resistance traits can be combined
through traditional backcrossing and recurrent selection schemes
with other elite cultivars.
[0104] A further extension of combining herbicide resistant traits
would be the direct transformation of one or more herbicide
resistant genes into a high yielding, agronomically fit cultivar.
This cultivar may or may not have an inherent herbicide resistance
trait. A cultivar with multiple herbicide resistance traits can be
developed independently through conventional breeding methods or
biotechnology or combination of the two.
[0105] Although the foregoing invention has been described in some
detail by way of illustration and example for purposes of clarity
and understanding, it will be obvious that certain changes and
modifications may be practiced within the scope of the invention,
as limited only by the scope of the appended claims.
Deposit Information
[0106] A deposit of soybean seeds of this invention has been placed
on deposit with the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), 10801
University Boulevard, Masassas, Va. 20110 on the dates and with the
accession numbers as listed below: TABLE-US-00023 Soybean Variety
Date Deposited Accession Number 924181339 May 9, 1996 97555
928933959 May 9, 1996 97552 92417111 Mar. 7, 1997 209209
93233925295 Mar. 7, 1997 97916 89248009206 Mar. 7, 1997 209208
[0107] Although the foregoing invention has been described in some
detail by way of illustration and example for purposes of clarity
and understanding, it will be obvious that certain changes and
modifications may be practiced within the scope of the invention,
as limited only by the scope of the appended claims.
* * * * *