U.S. patent application number 11/411394 was filed with the patent office on 2006-10-26 for enhancing cell migration by increasing telomerase activity.
Invention is credited to Choy-Pik Chiu, Calvin B. Harley, Xu-Rong Jiang.
Application Number | 20060239974 11/411394 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 23113641 |
Filed Date | 2006-10-26 |
United States Patent
Application |
20060239974 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Jiang; Xu-Rong ; et
al. |
October 26, 2006 |
Enhancing cell migration by increasing telomerase activity
Abstract
It has been discovered that increasing telomerase activity in
cells surrounding a wound promotes wound healing. Replication
capacity is enhanced, and the mobility of the epithelial cells can
be increased by 3-fold or more. Particular aspects of the invention
described in this disclosure include the use of agents that
increase telomerase activity in cells at the site of the wound,
promoting cells to move to the site and restore an epithelial layer
and the underlying stratum.
Inventors: |
Jiang; Xu-Rong; (Mountain
View, CA) ; Chiu; Choy-Pik; (Cupertino, CA) ;
Harley; Calvin B.; (Palo Alto, CA) |
Correspondence
Address: |
GERON CORPORATION
230 CONSTITUTION DRIVE
MENLO PARK
CA
94025
US
|
Family ID: |
23113641 |
Appl. No.: |
11/411394 |
Filed: |
April 25, 2006 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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10143536 |
May 9, 2002 |
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11411394 |
Apr 25, 2006 |
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60289903 |
May 9, 2001 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
424/93.2 ;
435/456; 514/44R |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61L 15/44 20130101;
A61K 35/36 20130101; C12N 5/0629 20130101; A61L 2300/412 20130101;
C12N 2799/022 20130101; A61L 27/3813 20130101; A61K 38/45 20130101;
A61L 27/3804 20130101; A61L 26/0066 20130101; C12N 2799/027
20130101; A61L 15/40 20130101; A61K 35/12 20130101; A61L 2300/258
20130101; C12N 2510/04 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
424/093.2 ;
514/044; 435/456 |
International
Class: |
A61K 48/00 20060101
A61K048/00; C12N 15/861 20060101 C12N015/861 |
Claims
1. A method for enhancing migration of a cell on a solid surface,
comprising contacting the cell with a means for increasing
telomerase enzyme activity in the cell.
2. The method of claim 1, comprising increasing expression of
telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) in the cell.
3. The method of claim 2, comprising transfecting the cells in
vitro with an expression vector encoding TERT.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein the vector is an adenovirus
vector.
5. A method for enhancing migration of epithelial cells, comprising
increasing telomerase enzyme activity in the cells.
6. The method of claim 5, comprising increasing expression of
telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) in the cells.
7. The method of claim 6, comprising transfecting the cells with an
expression vector encoding human TERT.
8. The method of claim 5, wherein the cells are keratinocytes.
9. The method of claim 5, wherein the epithelial cells express at
least 2 TPG units of telomerase activity as measured in a telomeric
repeat amplification protocol (TRAP) assay.
10. The method of claim 5, whereby the epithelial cells migrate on
a solid surface at a rate of at least two cell diameters per
day.
11. The method of claim 5, whereby the rate of migration of
epithelial cells across a wound site is increased.
12. A method for enhancing migration of epithelial cells in vivo,
comprising transfecting the cells with an expression vector
encoding TERT.
13. The method of claim 12, which is a method for treating a wound
in which the rate of migration of epithelial cells across a wound
site is increased.
14. The method of claim 13, comprising administering a
pharmaceutical composition comprising an adenovirus expression
vector encoding TERT at or around the would site.
15. The method of claim 13, wherein the wound is a skin wound.
16. The method of claim 13, wherein the composition further
comprises a means for retaining the adenovirus vector at or around
the wound site.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a divisional of U.S. Ser. No.
10/143,536, filed May 9, 2002 (pending), through which it claims
the priority benefit of U.S. provisional patent application
60/289,903, filed May 9, 2001. The priority applications are hereby
incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
BACKGROUND
[0002] The worldwide chronic skin wound market, which includes
diabetic foot ulcers, venous stasis ulcers and bedsores, is
estimated to bear over $6 billion annually in treatment costs. The
number of patients is about 12.5 million. The largest proportion is
the venous stasis market, estimated at $3 billion annually, or 3.6
million patients. Venous leg ulcers are a type of chronic wound
that affects up to 1 million people in the U.S., 90% of whom are
over age 50. Skin lesions also present for medical treatment
following accidents that involve abrasion or burning of the
dermis.
[0003] Pharmaceuticals under development for managing these
conditions include compositions that promote activity of endogenous
cells at the site of the wound.
[0004] The family of keratinocyte growth factors has been
implicated in the process of wound healing. Beer et al. (J.
Investig. Dermatol. Symp. Proc. 5:34, 2000) showed that KGF is
weakly expressed in healthy human skin, but strongly upregulated in
dermal fibroblasts after skin injury. Binding to a transmembrane
receptor on keratinocytes induces both proliferation and migration
of the cells, and protects them from toxic effects of reactive
oxygen species. Soler et al. (Wound Repair Regen. 7:172, 1999)
characterized KGF-2 as a potential wound healing agent. It was
found to increase both proliferation and migration of
keratinocytes, and promote healing of human meshed skin explanted
grafts and surgical excisions.
[0005] U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,814,605 and 5,965,530 provide
pharmaceutical compositions comprising keratinocyte growth factor
(KGF-1), for use in reducing hair loss. U.S. Pat. No. 6,077,602
relates to the sequence of keratinocyte growth factor 2 (KGF-2) and
variants with enhanced activity and stability, for use in promoting
wound healing. KGF-2 is currently being evaluated in clinical
trials for treating injuries and skin disorders.
[0006] Other options that have been proposed for promoting activity
in cells near the wound include the following. U.S. Pat. No.
5,718,897 outlines a method of enhancing migration and
proliferation of keratinocytes in wound healing, by treating the
wound with collagenase and a growth factor. U.S. Pat. No. 5,997,863
outlines a method of enhancing wound healing by administering
enzymes that degrade glycosaminoglycans such as heparin or
chondroitin sulfate in various combinations. Inada et al. (Am. J.
Pathol. 157:1875, 2000) propose to facilitate wound healing by
activating the transglutaminase-1 gene. Jaakkola et al. (Gene Ther.
7:1640, 2000) used adenovirus to deliver the gene for growth factor
inducible element named "FiRE" into wound margin keratinocytes.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,001,805 provides a method of enhancing wound
healing by stimulating fibroblast and keratinocyte growth in vivo
using amphipathic peptides. U.S. Pat. No. 6,191,110 outlines a
method of enhancing wound healing by stimulating fibroblast and
keratinocyte in vivo using amphipathic peptides of a particular
sequence.
[0007] Other compositions for promoting wound healing including
isolated cells and cell matrices derived from the subject being
treated or a third-party donor, and adapted to provide protection
of the wound while healing takes place.
[0008] U.S. Pat. No. 5,980,888 relates to a biomaterial designed
for treating skin wounds, in which keratinocytes are attached to
microcarrier beads of 50-500 microns in diameter. International
Patent Publication WO 97/08295 outlines a reconstituted skin,
comprising a dermal matrix inoculated with epithelial cells or
their progenitors. U.S. Pat. No. 5,861,153 outlines a skin
equivalent, comprising a support, isolated keratinocytes, and
Langerhans' cells that have been activated by culturing with
keratinocytes or growth factors. U.S. Pat. No. 5,580,781 reports a
method for treating a skin defect by applying epidermal tissue
comprising cultured outer root sheath cells. U.S. Pat. No.
6,110,208 outlines an artificial human skin comprising a support
comprising a microperforated membrane upon which keratinocytes have
been seeded, and an underlying tissue upon which fibroblasts have
been seeded.
[0009] Genetically modified epithelial cells have been investigated
in several contexts. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,868,116, 4,980,286, and
5,698,436 relate to the introduction and expression of foreign
genetic material in epithelial cells. International Patent
Publication WO 97/23602 outlines techniques for obtaining human
skin cell lines that have been immortalized with the SF40 large T
antigen, or the E6/E7 gene of HPV16.
[0010] In 1998, Organogenesis received FDA marketing clearance for
its full-thickness artificial skin product, Apligraf.RTM., for
treating venous stasis wounds. Like human skin, the product has two
primary layers, an outer epidermal layer made of living human
keratinocytes, the most common cell type of the human epidermis,
and an inner dermal layer consisting of living human fibroblasts,
the most common cell type in the human dermis. The human
keratinocytes and fibroblasts used in its manufacture are derived
from donor tissue. Apligraf.RTM. is currently approved for treating
venous leg ulcers and diabetic foot ulcers.
[0011] The considerable complexity of the wound healing process is
reviewed in Science magazine (P. Martin, Science 276:75, 1997). The
article takes the view that normal adult wound repair is less like
patching and more like regeneration. In view of the pervasive
presence of skin lesions in our aging population, there is a
compelling need for new modalities in wound healing.
SUMMARY
[0012] This disclosure provides materials and methods for treating
wounds. Some aspects of the invention relate to agents that
activate degenerative epithelial cells to restore normal mobility,
resist apoptosis, and increase their proliferative capacity. The
agents increase telomerase activity in epithelial cells and other
cells present near a wound site, promoting the cells to move to the
site and restore an epithelial layer. Other aspects of the
invention relate to compositions comprising epithelial cells in
which telomerase activity has been increased, useful as grafts in
the treatment of wounds.
[0013] One embodiment of the invention is a pharmaceutical
composition comprising a vector encoding telomerase reverse
transcriptase (TERT), or other agent that increases telomerase
activity or expression, formulated for administration to a wound
site or an epithelial surface, such as the skin. The agent may be
provided in a suitable excipient, such as a cream or gel, which may
contain a constituent that enhances penetration or resistance to
proteases, or otherwise enhances or prolongs efficiency. The
composition may cause transient TERT expression in cells at the
wound site if it is an adenovirus or lipid vector, or permanent
TERT expression in cells and their progeny if it is a retrovirus
vector. Some of the many effects possible are that epithelial cells
treated with the composition express certain levels of telomerase
activity (as measured in a TRAP assay), the ability to migrate on a
solid surface at a substantial rate, or secretion of factors or
matrix materials that promote wound closing.
[0014] Another embodiment of the invention is a pharmaceutical
composition comprising telomerized epithelial cells or fibroblasts.
The composition may further comprise a microparticle or matrix to
enhance administration to a wound site or an epithelial surface,
such as the skin, and may be further accompanied by a matrix or
dressing for attaching the cells to a treatment site. In certain
circumstances, the telomerized cells in the composition may express
certain levels of telomerase activity, or the ability to migrate on
a solid surface at a substantial rate.
[0015] Other embodiments of the invention relate to treating a
wound or an epithelial cell surface, using a pharmaceutical
composition of this invention. Exemplary are compositions
containing a vector encoding telomerase reverse transcriptase
(TERT), or compositions containing telomerized epithelial cells.
Included are methods in which an agent is applied that causes
increased expression of TERT in cells at the wound site.
Subsequently, the treatment site can be monitored for effect of the
composition, such as closing of the wound or reepithelialization of
the surface. Administering the composition may have a number of
beneficial effects, such as enhancing wound closure compared with
an untreated wound, increasing TERT activity or expression in any
restorative cell type present in the wound.
[0016] Another embodiment of the invention is a method of
increasing migration of an epithelial cell, comprising causing
increased telomerase activity in the epithelial cell (for example,
by causing increased expression of TERT in the cell). The cell may
subsequently be monitored for the effect of treatment, such as
telomerase activity, or the ability to migrate on a solid
surface.
[0017] Another embodiment of the invention is a method for
screening a compound for its ability to affect cell migration,
epithelialization, or wound healing, either in vitro or in vivo.
For example, the compound can be contacted with telomerized
epithelial cells in culture, and the effect on migration can be
determined. Alternatively, the compound can be administered to an
epithelial surface comprising telomerized cells on a living
subject, and the effect on the treated cells can be determined.
[0018] The pharmaceutical methods and treatment compositions can be
used for any therapeutically desirable purpose, including the
treatment of any epithelial surface for wounds or any other
perceived imperfection. The invention is particularly suitable for
treating acute lesions, such as a traumatic lesion, burn, or
surgical incision; and chronic lesions, such as a chronic venous
ulcer, diabetic ulcer, or compression ulcer.
[0019] Other aspects of the invention will be apparent from the
description that follows.
DRAWINGS
[0020] FIG. 1 is a map of the retroviral vector that was used to
transduce keratinocytes for expression of telomerase reverse
transcriptase (TERT). The human TERT encoding sequence and a
puromycin drug selection gene (puro) is driven by a constitutive
viral LTR promoter.
[0021] FIG. 2 shows that TERT expression increases replicative
capacity of primary human keratinocytes. Culture of adult
keratinocytes (HEKa18, HEKa2) and neonatal keratinocytes (HEKn9,
HEKn4) were transduced with control or TERT expression retroviral
vectors, drug selected, and then serially passaged as shown.
[0022] FIG. 3 shows that transduction of keratinocytes with the
TERT retrovirus causes TERT expression, increased telomerase
activity, and lengthening of telomeres. Panel (a) shows
quantitation of hTERT transcripts determined by RT-PCR. Panel (b)
shows telomerase activity in cell lysate, as detected by TRAP
assay. The H1299 tumor cell line is a positive control. Panel (c)
shows telomere terminal restriction fragment lengths of human TERT
transduced keratinocytes, and vector control (BABE).
[0023] FIG. 4 shows that transduced keratinocytes have normal
expression of cell cycle regulation proteins and c-myc.
[0024] FIG. 5 shows that growth of transduced keratinocytes is
dependent on epidermal growth factor (EGF), and sensitive to
phorbol ester (TPA), characteristic of normal growth control (i.e.,
a non-malignant phenotype).
[0025] FIG. 6 shows the behaviour of keratinocytes in a wound
healing model. Keratinocytes were grown to near confluence, and
then a 1 mm streak was cleared to determine keratinocyte migration
over the next 4 days.
[0026] Panel (a) shows results of the HEKn9 neonatal keratinocyte
line transduced early in culture with the human TERT retrovirus
vector, or with vector control (BABE). TERT expressing
keratinocytes taken to 152 population doublings retained migration
characteristics of very young cells (PD8), which is at least 3-fold
higher than the migration rate usually observed in keratinocytes
reaching their doubling limit (PD41).
[0027] Panel (b) shows results of old HEKn9 cells (PD41) transduced
with adenovirus vector for transient expression of hTERT, or with
vector control (AdGFP). Short-term induction of telomerase activity
in these cells restored their ability to close the wound.
[0028] FIG. 7 shows the rate of wound closure following
transduction of late-passage HEKn9 keratinocytes for increased
expression of TERT (or vector control). Either long-term TERT
expression (from retrovirus transduction) or transient expression
from adenovirus transduction) caused a comparable acceleration in
wound healing over the 4-day period.
[0029] FIG. 8 is from an experiment in which TNF-.alpha. induced
apoptosis of keratinocytes was measured by Annexin V staining.
HEKa2 keratinocytes treated with vector control (open bars) were
.about.20% susceptible to apoptotic cell death, which increased in
the presence of TNF-.alpha.. However, telomerized keratinocytes
(stippled bars) showed lower levels of apoptosis, and were
resistant to the effects of TNF-.alpha..
[0030] FIG. 9 shows that TERT also protects keratinocytes against
UV irradiation induced apoptosis. For the top graph, cells were
transfected with an adenovirus expressing hTERT for 3 days,
irradiated for 24 h, then stained with Annexin V. hTERT stabilized
the cells against apoptosis to control levels after UV irradiation
up to 10 mJ cm.sup.-1. For the bottom graph, the cells were allowed
to proliferate for 5 days between hTERT transfection and UV
irradiation. The protective effect of hTERT is still present,
suggesting that resistance to apoptosis may ensue from increased
telomere length.
[0031] FIG. 10 shows results from an experiment in which migration
of keratinocytes was uncoupled from cell proliferation. Neonatal
keratinocytes from the HEKn9 line ("H9") proliferated after they
were transduced to express telomerase (AdhTERT), or with vector
control (AdGFP). In both cases, mitomycin c (MC) inhibited the
proliferation by over 2-fold.
[0032] FIG. 11 shows the rate of wound closure in the presence of
mitomycin c (10 .mu.g/mL).
[0033] FIG. 12 shows the behaviour of keratinocytes in the wound
healing model in the presence of mitomycin c. Telomerization of
keratinocytes still increased the rate of wound closure by
>3-fold, even though proliferation of the cells was inhibited by
mitomycin c. This indicates that the enhanced wound closing induced
by telomerase expression involves more rapid migration of the
epithelial cells, independent from proliferative capacity of the
cells.
[0034] FIG. 13 shows reconstitution of telomerase activity in
rabbit fibroblasts. Cultured fibroblasts were transduced with
AdhTERT for 24 h, and then analyzed 48 h later for TRAP activity.
Expression of the TERT gene reconstitutes telomerase activity in a
dose-dependent manner.
[0035] FIG. 14 shows hTERT gene transfer into rabbit skin tissues
cultured ex vivo. An adenovirus vector encoding hTERT was injected
intradermally and the tissues harvested 3 days later. Frozen
tissues sections were stained with anti-hTERT antibody (top panel)
and co-localized with nuclear staining using DAPI (bottom
panel).
[0036] FIG. 15 shows paraffin sections from ischemic rabbit ear
wounds treated with control vector (left) or adenovirus hTERT
vector. The sections show increased formation of granulation tissue
in the aged rabbit ear wounds treated with AdhTERT but not in the
control.
[0037] FIG. 16 quantitates the granulation tissue in aged rabbit
ischemic wounds. The granulation tissue cross-sectional area (A)
and distance migrated (B) was quantitated and expressed as mean
values.+-.SEM. There was 3.9-fold increase in granulation tissue
area (Panel A) and 2.2-fold increase in migration distance (Panel
B) in the group treated with the AdhTERT vector, but not the
control (p<0.01).
[0038] FIG. 17 shows AdhTERT reconstitution of telomerase activity
in cultured rhesus monkey fibroblasts treated to express hTERT, as
measured by TRAP assay.
[0039] FIG. 18 shows efficient hTERT gene transfer into monkey
skin. The tissue was obtained from aged rhesus monkey monkeys, and
injected intradermally with buffer control (Top Panel), or AdhTERT
(Bottom Panel). The panels show antibody staining for hTERT
expression, co-localized with nuclear staining using DAPI. The
results show that the vector caused hTERT protein expression in the
dermal region.
No TRAP activity was detectable in AdhTERT transduced tissues,
presumably due to low efficiency of gene transfer or
expression.
[0040] FIG. 19 shows wound closure in aged rhesus monkeys treated
with AdhTERT (.box-solid.) or control vector (.circle-solid.).
[0041] FIG. 20 shows sections of normal human skin punches cultured
ex vivo. The epidermal layer migrated along the cut edge of the
punches with increasing time in culture.
[0042] FIG. 21 (Top Panel) shows migration of epidermal cells in
human skin punches cultured in different media. The Bottom Panel
shows the pattern of epidermal migration for 4 normal human skin
tissues over a period of 7 days. Epidermal migration rate was
relatively consistent among punches obtained from the same
donor.
[0043] FIG. 22 shows expression of adenoviral delivery of hTERT to
human skin punches. AdhTERT was injected into normal (left) or
wound derived (right) skin punches. The cells were then stained
with antibody for hTERT (upper panels), co-localized with propidium
iodide (lower panels).
[0044] FIG. 23 shows that transient hTERT expression substantially
enhances epidermal migration in human skin. The Top Panel provides
results from a skin sample taken from a 78 year old donor. The
epidermis of untreated skin punches or punches treated with AdLacZ
(negative control) stopped migrating by 3 days. In contrast, the
punch treated with AdhTERT migrated for 5 days to over twice the
distance.
[0045] The Bottom Panel provides results of normal skin tissue, and
skin taken near a chronic wound in the same donor (GTS 1388, age
39). Epidermal migration was slower in the wound. AdhTERT enhanced
migration of the wound tissues by almost 3-fold, but had no effect
on the normal tissue. The effect is greater than would be expected
based on the number of cells detectably expressing hTERT,
indicating that the transfected cells are recruiting activity in
the surrounding epithelium.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0046] The healing of an adult skin wound is a complex process,
requiring collaboration between different cells and tissues. The
phases of healing involve proliferation, migration, matrix
synthesis, and contraction of the collaborating cells. Compositions
that advance these processes may provide considerable improvement
to the therapeutic modalities available.
[0047] It has now been discovered that increasing telomerase
activity has a variety of effects that enhance the wound-healing
potential of cells near the site of the wound. Replication is
enhanced, and the cells become less susceptible to triggers of
apoptosis. A surprising finding made in the course of this work is
that telomerase expression also substantially enhances mobility of
old cells surrounding the wound--allowing them to close the wound
more rapidly. This is of considerable interest, because
reepithelializing open areas of the wound creates a sterile
barrier, and enhances healing of the subdermal tissues.
[0048] The enzyme telomerase is known to be generally involved in
maintaining telomere length and forestalling replicative senescence
in dividing cells. Most normal human somatic cells possess low or
undetectable levels of telomerase, and their telomeres shorten with
each cell division, ultimately leading to replicative
senescence.
[0049] Kang et al. (Cell Growth Differ. 9:85, 1998) found that
normal human oral keratinocytes (but not fibroblasts) have levels
of telomerase measurable by telomeric repeat amplification protocol
(TRAP) that diminished as the cells were passaged. Harle-Bachor et
al. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:6476, 1996) dissected human skin
taken during surgery, and tested for telomerase levels. They found
that dermal fibroblasts were telomerase negative, but the epidermis
had detectable telomerase activity, attributable to proliferative
basal cells, which may act to promote regeneration of the
epidermis. Fujimoto et al. (Oral. Oncol. 37:132, 2001) measured
telomerase expression in oral keratinocytes and squamous cell
carcinomas. Campisi et al. (J. Invest. Dermatol. 3:1, 1998) and
Mendez et al. (J. Vasc. Surg. 28:876, 1998) reported that loss of
telomeres, proliferative capacity, and function are associated with
skin aging and chronic wounds.
[0050] Artificially increasing the expression of telomerase can
prevent the onset of senescence in some normal cells, increasing
replicative capacity without causing malignant transformation
(Bodnar et al., Science 279:349, 1998; Yang et al., J. Biol. Chem.
274:26141, 1999; Morales et al., Nature Genet. 21:115, 1999).
Ectopic expression of telomerase has been found to immortalize skin
fibroblasts and microvascular endothelial cells, while maintaining
growth control and differentiated function (Jiang et al., Nature
Genet. 21:111, 1999). Farwell et al. (Am. J. Pathol. 156:1537,
2000) determined genetic and epigenetic changes in epithelial cells
immortalized by telomerase. Yang et al. (Nat. Biotechnol. 19:219,
2001) determined the effect of telomerase on human microvasculature
in vivo. Funk et al. (Exp. Cell Res. 258:270, 2000) found that
telomerase expression restores dermal integrity to in vitro aged
fibroblasts in a reconstituted skin model.
[0051] However, before the filing of the present disclosure with
the Patent Office, previous reports of epithelial cells with
increased telomerase expression have taught against the invention
claimed in this application. It has been reported that telomerase
expression is insufficient to immortalize keratinocytes. Loss of
cell cycle control was believed to be a second requirement for
immortalization--specifically, inactivation of the
pRb/p16.sup.INK4a pathway (Dickson et al., Mol. Cell. Biol.
20:1436, 2000; and Kiyono et al. Nature 396:84, 1998).
[0052] In spite of those discouraging reports, the experiments
detailed below were conducted to determine what effect increased
telomerase activity in keratinocytes would have on phenotypic
features of the cells. Ectopic telomerase expression by itself was
found to be sufficient for primary keratinocytes to bypass
senescence and extend their life span--even in the absence of
Rb/p16.sup.INK4a cell cycle control disruption. Normal levels of
c-myc protooncogene expression, and normal growth and
differentiation are maintained (Example 2, below). Furthermore,
keratinocyte cultures established from adult donors and
subsequently telomerized were shown to lose their susceptibility to
apoptosis-inducing agents (Example 4).
[0053] A significant aspect of this discovery in the context of
wound healing is that upon telomerization, epithelial cells from
older adults acquire considerably improved capacity to mobilize and
move into open areas of a wound. As shown in FIG. 6 (Example 3),
keratinocytes transfected to express telomerase reverse
transcriptase close a cleared 1 mm streak in tissue culture within
3 days--an improvement of at least 3-fold, compared with the vector
control. The experiment described in Example 5 demonstrates that
the increased mobilization is not simply due to increased
proliferation rate: if the cells are treated with mitomycin c so as
to block proliferation, wound closure still remains considerably
enhanced.
[0054] Another remarkable finding during the course of this
investigation is the ability of telomerized cells to recruit
activity of other cells to promote wound closure. FIGS. 15 and 16
(Example 6) show that inducing telomerase activity at the site of a
wound in animal models causes substantial increase in granulation
tissue formed, expediting the healing process. FIG. 23 (Example 8)
shows that telomerase preferentially affects senescent cells near
the wound, causing them to revert to a younger phenotype, as
illustrated by increased migration over the wound surface. The
extent of improvement found in these experiments goes beyond what
might be predicted from the number of cells actually expressing
telomerase. The implication is that the telomerized cells secrete
factors or otherwise influence neighboring cells to participate in
healing.
[0055] The description that follows illustrates how this discovery
can be implemented in clinical therapy in a variety of embodiments.
Polynucleotide vectors and other agents can be applied to increase
telomerase expression in cells around the site of a wound, thereby
initiating or enhancing reepithelialization and closure of the
wound over underlying tissues. Alternatively or in addition, the
wound can be treated with a preparation of telomerized cells to
overlay or repopulate the open area of a wound. These strategies
can be implemented as effective treatments on their own, and can
also be used as effective adjuncts to other wound-closing
therapies.
General Techniques
[0056] For further elaboration of general techniques useful in the
practice of this invention, the practitioner can refer to standard
textbooks and reviews in cell and molecular biology, tissue
culture, and veterinary and human medicine.
[0057] Methods in molecular genetics and genetic engineering are
described generally in the current editions of Molecular Cloning: A
Laboratory Manual, (Sambrook et al., Cold Spring Harbor); Gene
Transfer Vectors for Mammalian Cells (Miller & Calos eds.); and
Current Protocols in Molecular Biology (F. M. Ausubel et al. eds.,
Wiley & Sons). Cell biology, protein chemistry, and antibody
techniques can be found in Current Protocols in Protein Science (J.
E. Colligan et al. eds., Wiley & Sons); Current Protocols in
Cell Biology (J. S. Bonifacino et al., Wiley & Sons) and
Current protocols in Immunology (J. E. Colligan et al. eds., Wiley
& Sons.). Reagents, cloning vectors, and kits for genetic
manipulation referred to in this disclosure are available from
commercial vendors such as BioRad, Stratagene, Invitrogen, and
Clontech.
[0058] Cell culture methods are described generally in the current
edition of Culture of Animal Cells: A Manual of Basic Technique (R.
I. Freshney ed., Wiley & Sons); Culture of Epithelial Cells (R.
I. Freshney ed., Wiley & Sons), General Techniques of Cell
Culture (M. A. Harrison & I. F. Rae, Cambridge Univ.
Press).
[0059] Topical publications include Molecular Biology of the Skin:
The Keratinocyte (M. Darmon & M. Blumenberg, eds., Academic
Press), Wound Closure Biomaterials and Devices (Chu et al. eds.,
CRC Press), and Biomembranes Part V: Cellular and Subcellular
Transport: Epithelial Cells (S. Fleischer & B. Fleischer eds.,
Meth. Enzymol. vol. 191).
Cell Isolation
[0060] Skin cells and epithelial cells of various types can be
isolated from tissue samples taken from humans and other species to
validate the effectiveness of agents proposed for increasing
telomerase levels, and to prepare some of the telomerized cell
compositions of this invention.
[0061] Primary cultures of keratinocytes (skin epithelial cells)
are readily obtained by culturing skin cells that have been
separated by dissection and/or enzymatic digestion from a
corresponding sample of epithelium, such as split-thickness
explants of human skin. The cells can be passaged in serum-free
medium, and form confluent, stratified cultures.
[0062] In one method, a layer of feeder cells is prepared form the
3T3 line of human fibroblasts (ATCC Accession No. CRL-1658). The
feeders are grown in 3T3 medium at 37.degree. C. to .about.50%
confluence, treated with mitomycin c (1-10 .mu.g/mL) for 12 h, and
then seeded at 2.5.times.10.sup.4 cells/cm in keratinocyte growth
medium (KGM: DMEM/F12 1:3, 10% fetal calf serum, 4 mM L-glutamine,
100 U/mL penicillin & streptomycin, 0.4 .mu.g/mL
hydrocortisone, cholera endotoxin (1.times.10.sup.-10 M),
transferrin (5 .mu.g/mL), liothyronine (2.times.10.sup.-11 M),
adenine (1.8.times.10.sup.-4 M), insulin (5 .mu.g/mL) and EGF (10
ng/mL). A skin sample is submerged briefly in alcohol 3 times,
dried, and trimmed to remove hypodermis so only the epidermis and
relatively dense dermis remain. The sample is then cut into 2-3 mm
thin strips, and covered with medium containing dispase at 2 mg/mL
overnight at 4.degree. C., or for 2-4 h at 37.degree. C. The
epidermis is then peeled away from the dermis using two sterile
hypodermic needles, and placed into 5 mL 0.05% trypsin solution
with shaking for 1 min. Fifteen mL DMEM containing 10% FCS is added
to inactivate the trypsin, and pieces of the upper epidermal layer
is removed by passing through sterile gauze. The flow-through
single-cell suspension is then centrifuged at 300 g for 5 min,
resuspended in KGM, and plated on to the feeder layers at
2-5.times.10.sup.4 viable cells cm.sup.-2, or onto a collagen-IV
coated flask.
[0063] Other methods for culturing keratinocytes are described by
Rheinwald and Green (Cell 6:331, 1976), Flaxman et al. (Br. J.
Dermatol. 92:305, 1975), Price et al. (J. Natl. Cancer Inst.
70:853, 1983), Wilke et al. (J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 80:1299, 1988),
Germain et al. (Burns 19:99, 1993); and reviewed by Daniels et al.
(Burns 22:35, 1996) and Barlow et al. (Methods Mol. Biol. 75:117,
1997). U.S. Pat. No. 5,712,163 provides chemically defined culture
media for culturing epithelial cells, containing nutrients, insulin
or IGF, transferrin or Fe.sup.2+, T.sub.3 or thyroxin, an
ethanolamine, and calcium above 1.0 mM. Depending on the source and
the culture method, doubling times can be achieved of up to 33
hours, and between 20 and 50 population doublings. Telomerase
activity in the cultured epithelial cells can then be increased as
described in the following section. U.S. Pat. No. 4,016,036
provides a process for serially culturing keratinocytes on a layer
of inactivated fibroblast feeder cells. As an alternative, the
cells can be grown on a porous analog of the extracellular matrix
that supports the cells in vivo, such as collagen (Orgill et al.,
J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 15:39, 1998).
[0064] As an alternative, useful cell populations can be obtained
by providing a population of stem cells, and then permitting or
causing the cells to proliferate or differentiate into the desired
phenotype. Li et al. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:3902, 1998)
isolated and characterized candidate human keratinocyte stem cells.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,200,806 (Thomson) and U.S. Pat. No. 6,090,622
(Gearhart et al.), and International Patent Publication WO 99/20741
(Geron Corporation) provide compositions of human pluripotent stem
cells.
[0065] Tani et al. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97:10960, 2000)
provide enrichment methods for keratinocyte stem cells based on
cell surface phenotype. Jones et al. (Cell 73:713, 1993) and
International Patent Publication WO 99/47644 report enrichment of
human keratinocyte stem cells to a high degree of purity using
cell-surface integrins. Pellegrini et al. (Med. Biol. Eng. Comput.
36:778, 1998) provide cultivation conditions for human keratinocyte
stem cells. Bata-Csorgo et al. (J. Clin. Invest. 95:317, 1995)
report kinetics and regulation of human keratinocyte stem cell
growth in short-term primary ex vivo culture.
[0066] Differentiation into a phenotype characteristic of certain
types of epithelial cells can be determined according to
characteristic morphology and cell-surface markers, such as
cytokeratins (K1, K4, K10), integrins (integrin .beta.1,
.alpha.6.beta.4 integrin), and the receptor for keratinocyte growth
factor. Stem cells differentiated to the desired phenotype can then
be treated to increase the level of telomerase activity.
Alternatively, the stem cell can be genetically altered to increase
telomerase activity in cell progeny, and then differentiated into
an epithelial cell with appropriate characteristics.
[0067] The compositions and techniques of this invention are
generally applicable to different types of cells at the site of a
wound, including but not limited to epithelial cells such as
keratinocytes, and the underlying substrata. Reference to
keratinocytes in the following description serves as a model for
other types of cells, and is not meant to limit the practice of the
invention except where explicitly required. Cells suitable for
treatment in accordance with this invention include epithelial
cells of the dermis, and of the internal mucosa. Clinical aspects
of this invention can be performed on human patients, and
veterinary subjects such as pets, livestock, other mammals, avians,
and other vertebrates, as appropriate.
[0068] Other cells of interest in the practice of this invention
can be studied in situ or isolated according to any suitable
technique. For example, isolation and culture of human fibroblasts
is described inter alia by Houck, Sharma & Hayflick, Proc. Soc.
Exp. Biol. Med. 137:331, 1971; and in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,460,959 and
6,093,393. Fibroblasts can be recognized by their characteristic
stellate or spindle shape, ability to form collagen, or ability to
respond to fibroblast growth factors (FGF). Gupta et al. (Exp. Cell
Res. 230:244, 1997) and Cha et al. (Yonsei Med. J. 37:186, 1996)
describe techniques for isolation and culture of human dermal
microvascular endothelial cells. Isolation, characterization, and
culture of mucosal epithelial cells are described by Pool-Zobel et
al., Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 24:23, 1994; and in International
Patent Publication WO 00/03002.
Increasing Telomerase Activity
[0069] Increasing telomerase activity in cells according to this
invention can be accomplished by any effective mechanism, including
but not limited to the following: [0070] genetically altering the
cell with a nucleic acid having an encoding region for telomerase
reverse transcriptase (TERT); [0071] artificially placing TERT
protein or telomerase holoenzyme into the cell; [0072] increasing
TERT expression from the endogenous gene; [0073] increasing the
activity of endogenous TERT by applying an activating small
molecule drug or other compound; [0074] altering expression,
availability, or activity of some other component involved in
telomerase biology (such as telomerase RNA component or a
telomere-associated protein), thereby effectively increasing
telomerase activity; or [0075] any combination of these
effects.
[0076] A convenient method to increase telomerase activity is to
genetically alter the cells so that they express TERT, which is the
limiting component of telomerase enzyme expression in most cells. A
TERT gene can be cotransfected with a gene for the telomerase RNA
component, or a TERT can be selected that is compatible with the
RNA component already expressed by the cell. A cell is referred to
in this disclosure as "telomerized", if it has been genetically
altered with a recombinant polynucleotide to increase functional
telomerase activity, either on a transient or permanent basis.
[0077] The polynucleotide and amino acid sequence of human TERT is
provided in SEQ. ID NOs:1 & 2. See also Nakamura et al.,
Science 277:955, 199; and U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,166,178 and 6,261,836,
which describe the use of TERT to increase replicative capacity of
various cell types. Vectors used to express human TERT typically
encode at least 10, 30, or 100 consecutive amino acids in SEQ. ID
NO:2, or a protein sequence that is at least 70% or 90% identical
to a fragment of SEQ. ID NO:2, and having telomerase reverse
transcriptase activity. The encoding sequence typically encodes at
least 25, 100, or 300 consecutive nucleotides in SEQ. ID NO:1, or a
nucleotide sequence 70% or 90% identical to a fragment of SEQ. ID
NO:1, or hybridizes to such a sequence under stringent
conditions.
[0078] When TERT is referred to in this description, it is
understood to mean a polypeptide comprising a TERT sequence from
any species, with or without alterations (such as insertions,
mutations and deletions) with respect to the native sequence--so
long as the gene product has telomerase catalytic activity when
associated with telomerase RNA component, as measured by TRAP
assay, described below. Mouse TERT sequence is provided in
International Patent Publication WO 99/27113. Other publications
with telomerase-related sequences include International Patent
Publication WO 98/21343 (Amgen); WO 98/37181 (Whitehead); WO
98/07838A1 (Mitsubishi); WO 99/01560 (Cambia), and U.S. Pat. No.
5,583,016 (Geron Corp.). U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,968,506 and 6,261,556
(Geron Corp.) describes purified mammalian telomerase and methods
for obtaining it.
[0079] Expression vectors embodied in this invention are
polynucleobdes that have an encoding region, which upon expression
in a target cell, is able to confer on that cell an increase in
telomerase activity. Typically, vectors with a TERT encoding
sequence will further comprise a heterologous transcription control
element that will promote transcription in the intended
undifferentiated or differentiated cell line. Sequences that can
drive expression of the TERT coding region include viral LTRS,
enhancers, and viral promoters (such as MPSV, SV40, MoLV, CMV,
MSCV, HSV TK), eukaryotic promoters (such as .beta.-actin,
ubiquitin, elongation factors exemplified by EF1.alpha., ubiquitin,
and PGK) or combinations thereof (for example, the CMV enhancer
combined with the actin promoter).
[0080] A TERT expression cassette can be delivered into the cell
genome using a suitable vector system, such as a retrovirus or
adenovirus. Transfection and expression of telomerase in human
cells is described in Bodnar et al., Science 279:349, 1998 and
Jiang et al., Nat. Genet. 21:111, 1999. For causing TERT expression
on a permanent basis (for example, to create telomerized cells for
administration), the PBABE retroviral vector shown in FIG. 1 is
exemplary. For causing TERT expression on a transient basis (for
example, for rejuvinating cells already present at a wound site),
the AdhTERT adenoviral vector detailed in Example 4 is
exemplary.
[0081] As an alternative, the replicative capacity of the cell line
can be enhanced without integrating a TERT gene into the genome.
For example, TERT can be transiently expressed using a suitable
expression system such as adenovirus, or by introducing TERT
protein (or the telomerase holoenzyme) directly into the cell. The
TERT will be diluted out as the cell divides, but extension of
telomeres in the parent cell should increase replicative capacity
of the cell line by several doublings. Other suitable vectors
include nucleic acid-lipid compositions effective for causing
expression of the encoded protein, such as DNA lipofectin or
lipofectamine complexes, neutral or anionic liposomes (U.S. Pat.
Nos. 5,753,258, 5,756,122, 5,981,501), cationic lipid complexes
(U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,008,202, 6,020,202 and 6,071,533), or
combinations with amphipathic lipids (WO 00/59474).
[0082] Another alternative is to upregulate TERT expression from
the endogenous gene by upregulating expression of trans-activating
transcriptional regulators. The TERT promoter contains a number of
regulator recognition sequences, such as c-myc, SP1, SRY,
HNF-3.beta., HNF-5, TFIID-MBP, E2F and c-myb. See International
Patent Publication WO 00/46355.
[0083] Another alternative is to deliver to the cell an enzyme
capable of conferring telomerase activity. For example, telomerase
can be purified by affinity techniques from cells that express the
holoenzyme (U.S. Pat. No. 6,261,556). Telomerase reverse
transcriptase (or an enzymatically active fragment) can be combined
with telomerase RNA component (U.S. Pat. No. 5,837,857) either in
solution or by cotranslation in a manner that permits reassembly
into a telomerase holoenzyme. The active enzyme is then provided in
a form that permits it to be translocated across the cell membrane
(U.S. Pat. No. 5,059,532; WO 97/04748).
[0084] A further alternative is not to increase TERT expression,
but enhance the effective activity of telomerase already present in
the cell. This is effective in cells that have an endogenous level
of TERT expression, such as in bone marrow progenitor cells and
gonadal tissue. For example, TRF1 and TRF2 are proteins that bind
to telomere repeats and regulate access of telomerase (Smogorzewska
et al., Mol. Cell Biol. 20:1659, 2000). Decreasing expression of
such factors may enhance the ability of telomerase to increase
telomere length, thereby increasing replicative capacity of the
cell. Furthermore, the presence of phosphatase inhibitors or
protein kinase activators has been reported to increase telomerase
activity (Li et al., J. Biol. Chem. 272:16729, 1998; Bodnar et al.,
Exp. Cell Res. 228:58, 1996).
Determining Telomerase Activity and the Effect on Cell Behavior
[0085] Evidence of increased telomerase expression can be obtained
by a variety of techniques, including but not limited to
determining gene transcript levels (for example, by Northern or
RT-PCR analysis), protein expression (for example, by
immunocytochemistry), or telomerase activity (for example, by
primer extension assay). Extended lifespan or replicative capacity
of the treated cells, while often desirable, need not be positively
demonstrated for the invention to be put into practice, except
where explicitly required.
[0086] Telomerase activity can be determined by TRAP assay (Kim et
al., Science 266:2011, 1997; Weinrich et al., Nature Genetics
17:498, 1997), or other suitable technique (e.g., U.S. Pat. No.
5,741,677). Desirable levels of telomerase activity are at least 1,
4, 10, or 20 TPG units, calculated as described in Example 2.
Evaluation of TERT expression by RT-PCR or immunoassay can be done
by standard methods, using the sequences disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.
6,166,178. Absent of evidence to the contrary, it can be assumed
that elevated levels of TERT transcript or protein corresponding to
telomerase reverse transcriptase is an indication that the activity
of telomerase in the cell is also elevated. The following assay
kits are available commercially for research purposes: TRAPeze.RTM.
XL Telomerase Detection Kit (Cat. s7707; Intergen Co., Purchase
N.Y.); TeloTAGGG.RTM. Telomerase PCR ELISAplus (Cat. 2,013,89;
Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis Ind.); and LightCycler
TeloTAGGG.RTM. human TERT quantification kit (Cat. 3,012,344).
[0087] Migration of isolated epithelial cells can be determined by
plating or culturing in a monolayer, creating an adjacent free
space on the substrate, and periodically observing cells moving
into the free space. The migration occurs even in the absence of
chemotactic factors, although the response of the cells to such
factors may be of interest. The assay can also include a
replication inhibitor such as mitomycin c, to decouple migration
from cell replication. In a preferred method (Example 3),
keratinocytes are grown as a monolayer on a standard tissue culture
surface (such as a T25 flask) in regular medium until .about.80-90%
confluent. A transverse area is then cleared by scraping, and
migration of the cells into the cleared area is observed as a
function of time. Depending on other features of the cell,
migration of telomerized epithelial cells can be 1, 2, 5, or 10
cell diameters per day; or 2, 3, or 5-fold higher than cells of the
same type that are untreated or treated with a control vector.
[0088] Effectiveness of compositions of this invention in closing
or reepithelializing a wound can be ascertained in a suitable
model. Since hTERT affects telomerase activity in non-human
primates and other mammals, preclinical development is well suited
to animal testing. A number of established animal models are
available. Jimenez et al. (J. Surg. Res. 81:238, 1999) measured the
effect of KGF-2 in linear incisions made in dorsal skin of rats.
Cribbs et al. (J. Burn Care Rehabil. 19:95, 1998) tested the wound
healing effect of heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor in an
animal burn model. Leivo et al. (Br. J. Dermatol. 143:991, 2000)
measured reepithelialization rate and protein expression in a human
suction-induced wound model.
[0089] Human skin can also be transplanted onto the nude mouse for
evaluating wound healing in a superficial excisional full-thickness
wound. See for example Rossio-Pasquier et al., Arch. Dermatol. Res.
291:591, 1999. Epidermal wound healing can also be characterized
using human skin specimens in an organ culture model. Moll et al.
(J. Invest. Dermatol. 111:251, 1998) found that dissociated
autologous keratinocytes promoted reepithelialization of 3 mm
diameter defects made in excised skin specimens.
[0090] Repopulation of human keratinocytes and fibroblasts can be
tested in a spontaneous cell sorting model. See Funk et al., Exp.
Cell Res. 258:270, 2000; and Wang et al., J. Invest. Dermatol.
114:674, 2000. Two-piece silicon chambers (Renner, Germany) are
surgically implanted onto the backs of SCID mice to provide an
aseptic wound bed resting on the muscle fascia. Dermal fibroblasts
and keratinocytes are harvested from culture and resuspended in
serum-free medium. Human skin reconstitutions are initiated by
placing a slurry of 6.times.10.sup.6 keratinocytes and
6-8.times.10.sup.6 fibroblasts (isolated as already described, or
obtained from an established cell line such as BJ fibroblasts).
After one week, the upper chambers are removed to allow aeration of
the skin surface. The skin can then be tested for blister
resistance or examined microscopically.
[0091] A full-thickness human skin xenograft model can be set up
using skin samples from tissue bank or surgical discards from
hospitals. The samples are trimmed of subcutaneous fat tissue and
cut into pieces of 1-2 cm.sup.2. SCID mice are anesthetized using
isofluorane, and 0.1 mL buprinex is administered s.c. (0.1 ml)
behind the nape of neck as analgesic. A full thickness skin bed
matching the size of the skin graft is created on the shaved dorsal
region of the animal where there is a larger surface area and
better vascular supply. One or two grafts are sutured in place
using 4-0 Dermalon.TM. (Sherwood Davis & Geck) or 6-0
Vicryl.TM. (Ethicon). Any bleeding is stopped by applying
gelfoam.TM.. Petroleum jelly and telfa pad is applied, and the area
bandaged using elastikon.TM. and conform.TM.. The bandage and the
sutures are removed 14 days later, with one change of bandage at 7
days. Scabbing ensues, and the grafts can be tested after the scabs
come off, usually between 4-12 weeks.
[0092] The skin structure of the xenografts is monitored by
immunohistochemistry using antibodies for human skin associated
markers such as involucrin (NeoMarkers), associated with upper
layers of the stratum corneum and the epidermis; collagen IV
(Sigma), associated with the basal portion of the epidermis; and
collagen I (Southern Biotech), associated with the dermal
component. These antibodies are human-specific, and do not
cross-react with murine skin. In general, the xenografts are
positive for all three markers with some variability. The level of
murine invasion can be determined using antibodies against human
vs. mouse MHC Class I antigen. The amount of mouse cell invasion is
variable from graft to graft, and increases with time
post-surgery.
[0093] To monitor wound healing in the xenograft model, a 3 or 4 mm
wound is created in the center of the skin xenograft using a
sterile biopsy punch. Bleeding can be stopped using hemostatic
sponges, and an occlusive bandage is placed on top of the wound for
2 days. Immediately before bandaging and every other day after
bandage removal, the size of the wound is traced using an extra
fine Sharpie.RTM. pen onto a clear, sterile Hybridwell.TM. strip
until the wound is completely closed. Most of the wounds achieve
complete closure by about 2 weeks. The size of the wound is
quantified with respect to time by scanning each strip into
ImageQuant.TM. or Photoshop.TM. 5.03, and performing area
integration of the wound outlines with Openlab.TM. 2.1 or
ImageQuant.TM.. Using the best curve fit function, time to 50% and
75% wound closure is determined.
[0094] One way to determine the effect of increased telomerase
expression is to deliver AdhTERT or control virus to the biopsy
wound by direct intra-dermal injection, topical application, or
both. For example, 1.times.10.sup.7 to 5.times.10.sup.8 particles
are resuspended in 50 .mu.L viral dilution buffer (saline+10%
glycerol), and 10-15 .mu.L aliquots are injected into 4 different
sites i.d. using a tuberculin syringe with a 29 gauge needle.
Alternatively, the virus is resuspended in 20 .mu.L and directly
applied to the wound bed. After allowing 30 minutes absorption and
diffusion, the wound is bandaged using Opsite.TM. IV (Smith &
Nephew) for 2-3 days. The kinetics of wound healing is then
monitored as already described. The skin xenografts are harvested
at different times following wounding for analysis of skin
associated markers and telomerase expression.
[0095] Systems for testing telomerase activating agents and
telomerized cells in tissue culture and animal models are
illustrated below in Examples 2-8
Use of Telomerizing Agents and Telomerized Cell Preparations
[0096] The techniques and compositions provided in this disclosure
can be used for a variety of desirable purposes. Such purposes
include research or investigational work related to the behavior of
epithelial cells or cells expressing telomerase. Of particular
interest is clinical use in human or veterinary medicine, such as
for the treatment of wounds or enhancement of properties of the
dermis wherever desired.
[0097] Compositions for clinical use according to this invention
include two categories: agents that can be used to increase
telomerase activity in cells already present at or around an area
of the epithelium in need of treatment; and compositions containing
cells with increased telomerase activity. In general, such
compositions are effective in treating a wound or otherwise
enhancing properties of an epithelial surface in the body when
applied individually, but they may also be used in combination
where the benefits of both are desired.
Agents that Increase Telomerase Activity
[0098] Agents of this invention designed to increase telomerase
activity or expression include vectors encoding TERT, agents that
increase transcription of the endogenous TERT gene, and agents that
affect the TERT gene product, transactivators or telomerase
associated proteins in a manner that increases telomerase activity
in cells near the wound that is being treated.
[0099] Compositions of this invention can be formulated for
treating wounds of the skin or dermis, with or without involvement
of the substratum and the underlying tissues. Compositions of this
invention can also be formulated for treating wounds of other
epidermal surfaces, including mucosal surfaces such as the
bronchus, mouth, nose, esophagus, stomach, or intestine. Unless
specifically required otherwise, the techniques and compositions of
this embodiment are generally applicable to humans and other
vertebrates.
[0100] Suitable TERT vectors include viral vectors, naked DNA, and
DNA-liposome complexes, in which the TERT encoding region is
operatively linked to transcription and translation elements active
in the target cell. These vectors may include a constitutive
promoter (such as the CMV or EF1.alpha. promoter), or a
tissue-specific promoter (such as promoters for cytokeratins or
integrins expressed in epithelial cells, or the receptor for
keratinocyte growth factor).
[0101] When this disclosure refers to administration of an agent
"to a wound site", what is meant is that the agent is placed at,
in, or around the wound in one or more locations, such that cells
at the site of administration are caused to express increased
telomerase activity or increased expression of TERT. The type of
cells that may be affected include epithelial cells, keratinocytes,
microvascular cells, and other cells subjacent to the affected
surface or exposed during wounding. It is understood that most
agents of this invention administered with a view to increasing
telomerase activity in a particular cell type, such as an
epithelial cell, will inevitably also affect other cell types in
the vicinity. Evidence of telomerase expression or clinical benefit
in the general area of the wound is a desired object, and it is not
necessary to understand the effect on a particular cell type at the
treatment site in order to practice the invention.
[0102] The therapeutic composition will contain an amount of the
agent effective for accomplishing one, two or more than two of the
following effects: a) increase in the level of telomerase activity
or TERT expression in epithelial cells at the treatment site; b)
increase in the level of telomerase activity or TERT expression in
fibroblasts or other cells at the treatment site; c) increase the
mobility of epithelial cells on a solid surface (as determined in
an in vitro assay); d) cause reepithelialization of a wound or
epithelial surface; and e) increase the rate of wound closure or
healing as determined by clinical criteria. These effects may be
obtained in a single dose, or by sequential administration of two
or more doses after an appropriate interval. The amount given per
dose depends on the efficiency of the agent or vector chosen. For
example, retroviral vectors are typically used at a titer of about
10.sup.6 to 10.sup.7 per mL, adjusted empirically.
[0103] General aspects of formulation and administration of
pharmaceutical compounds can be found in the latest edition of
Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences (Maack Publishing Co, Easton
Pa.). With respect to the use of nucleic acid vectors in
therapeutic applications, the reader may wish to consult The Skin
and Gene Therapy (U. R. Hengge & B. Volc-Platzer eds., Springer
Verlag, 2000), or Gene Therapy (Advances in Pharmacology, Vol 40)
(J. T. August, J. Coyle & M. W. Anders eds., Academic Press
1997).
[0104] The agent may be administered in an excipient suitable for
topical administration, or administration to a wound site. This
means that the excipient will have one or more of the following
three properties: a) enhanced ability to penetrate the dermis or
tissues at the wound site (compared with a neutral isotonic
solvent); b) enhanced ability for keeping the agent at the site
long enough to enhance the effect; or c) ability to prolong
activity of the agent when administered to the dermis or the wound
site. Excipients that enhance penetration contain organic solvents
or additives such as alcohol, oils, glycols, and emoluments, or
specific carriers that cause binding to the target cell. Excipients
that keep the agent at the target site include creams, gels, and
semisolid compositions, or solutes that produce a semisolid or high
viscosity medium once applied. Excipients that prolong longevity of
the agent after administration depend on the nature of the
effective agent. For example, protein or virus compositions will
persist longer on the skin or at a wound site if it is prepared in
an excipient that contains protease inhibitors, such as metal
chelators that inhibit metalloproteinase. Similarly, bare nucleic
acid compositions will persist longer in an excipient that contains
nuclease inhibitors. If helpful in enhancing the shelf life, the
composition may be distributed in separate components to be
combined just before administration.
[0105] The agent may alternatively or in addition be administered
in a device suitable for topical administration, or administration
to a wound site. Typically, the device will have the characteristic
of either enhancing penetration or keeping the agent at the site
long enough to enhance the effect. Devices of this nature include
solid matrixes made of collagen, laminin, or other biocompatible
polymers, and standard dressings (such as pads or bandages) made of
gauze, nylon, or various plastics. The device is typically adapted
to stay in place at the site of treatment by conforming to the
shape of the site, and having fasteners or positions for
accommodating fasteners that allow it to be attached to the site.
The product may be distributed as a combined composition, in which
the device is impregnated with the agent, and designed to deliver
the agent upon attachment. Alternatively, the product may be
distributed as a kit, comprising the therapeutically effective
agent, and a device for preparing the treatment site, or for
applying the agent to the treatment site, or for covering the site
during or after treatment (such as a suitable dressing).
[0106] At the option of the manufacturer or distributor, the
pharmaceutical composition may be packaged with (or marketed using)
a written indication for use of the product in treating wounds or
the epithelium according to the invention.
Telomerized Cell Compositions
[0107] Isolated cells with increased telomerase expression or
activity can be assembled into a therapeutic composition in several
different forms. Generally, the composition will contain
telomerized epithelial and/or fibroblast cells matched to the
species and type of wound being treated: for example, keratinocytes
and fibroblasts for skin lesions; mucosal epithelial cells for
lesions to the gastrointestinal tract. The cells may further be
engineered to express other factors that promote wound healing,
such as growth factors or cytokines (e.g., KGF or FGF).
[0108] In one embodiment, telomerized epithelial cells are prepared
as a suspension in a pharmaceutically compatible excipient, such as
a buffer or semi-solid gel. Siedler et al. (Arch. Dermatol.
136:676, 2000) propose human fibrin glue containing keratinocytes
for healing of chronic ulcers. The epithelial cells are optionally
accompanied by other cells that facilitate engraftment or support
the cells after engraftment, such as fibroblasts, endothelial
cells, or Langerhans cells, which may or may not be
telomerized.
[0109] In another embodiment, the cells are attached to a solid
carrier from which they can migrate once applied to the wound.
Suitable carriers include microcarriers (particles of any shape
less than 1000 microns in diameter, with particles in the 100
micron range being preferred), and made of a compatible matrix such
as collagen. See Voigt et al. (Tissue Eng. 5:563, 1999) and
LaFrance et al. (Tissue Eng. 5:153, 1999). The large
surface-to-volume ratio of the microspheres can provide a vehicle
for delivering appropriate cell numbers while minimizing the amount
of biomaterial to be absorbed. The composition is then applied
directly to the wound cavity or ulcer, or to the region surrounding
the wound from which the cells can migrate.
[0110] In another embodiment, the cells are provided in the form of
a flat sheet. This may be advantageous for providing more immediate
protection, or treating areas that have a paucity of
proliferation-competent endogenous epithelial cells. In general,
the sheet will comprise a two-dimensional arrangement of epithelial
cells, supported in some manner by a porous matrix produced by
other cells, or manufactured artificially using a biocompatible
polymer (such as collagen, laminin, or other matrix proteins). The
epithelial cells may in some cases be underlaid by a supportive
layer of cells such as fibroblasts that enhance engraftment or
shelf life. In accordance with this invention, cells in the
composition can be either telomerized before forming into sheets,
or the sheet can be preformed ex vivo (or isolated from a donor),
and then telomerized using one of the vectors described earlier. If
fibroblasts are contained in the composition, they may also be
telomerized. The sheet is then prepared for transport, and grafted
onto the wound site in the clinic.
[0111] U.S. Pat. No. 4,304,866 describes a method of producing
transplantable sheets by culturing keratinocytes in a vessel and
then detaching a sheet of cells from the vessel with a neutral
protease such as dispase. U.S. Pat. No. 5,759,830 provides a
three-dimensional fibrous scaffold containing attached cells for
producing vascularized tissue in vivo. Orgill et al. (J. Biomed.
Mater. Res. 39:531, 1998) outline the use of island grafts of
artificial skin, comprising keratinocytes and a copolymer of
collagen and chondroitin sulfate. International Patent Publication
WO 99/63051 outlines a bioengineered flat sheet graft prosthesis
comprising layers of processed tissue material.
[0112] When this disclosure refers to administration of a cell
composition "to a wound site", what is meant is that the
composition is placed over, in, or around the wound, so as to
provide coverage of at least part of the wound, or create a site
from which the administered cells can migrate into the wound and
promote closure or healing.
[0113] The cell compositions of this invention intended for
clinical or veterinary use can be provided in an isotonic
excipient, prepared under sufficiently sterile conditions for
administration to the subject. They are optionally provided on a
microparticle or matrix suitable for topical administration or
administration to a wound site. This means that the microparticle
or matrix is either adapted to adhere to the site of administration
(using fasteners or dressing, if needed); or that the microparticle
or matrix provides a vehicle from which the cells can migrate into
the treatment site and participate in coverage of the site,
reepithelialization, or healing.
[0114] Duration of the graft cells at the treatment site may be
temporary or permanent, depending on the nature of the condition
being treated and concurrent therapies. For permanent engraftment,
it may be desirable to use compositions in which the cells are
autologous or histocompatible with the patient being treated,
although this is not always required. The product may be packaged
as a single composition suitable for immediate use, or it may be
packaged as a kit with component parts in separate containers to be
admixed before administration, or for sequential administration.
The kit may also contain a dressing or other substance for covering
the site or improving engraftment. At the option of the
manufacturer or distributor, the pharmaceutical composition may be
packaged with (or marketed using) a written indication for use of
the product in treating wounds or the epithelium wherever
needed.
Conditions Suitable for Treatment
[0115] The techniques and compositions of this invention may be
used for the treatment of wounds or other conditions of the
epidermis wherever desired.
[0116] Some of the medical conditions that can be treated according
to this invention are acute conditions (such as lesions suffered in
trauma, burns, abrasions, surgical incisions, donor graft sites,
and lesions caused by infectious agents). Other medical conditions
that can be treated are chronic conditions (such as chronic venous
ulcer, diabetic ulcer, compression ulcer, pressure sores, and
ulcers or sores of the mucosal surface). Included are skin or
epithelial surface lesions caused by a persistent inflammatory
condition or infection, or by a genetic defect (such as keloid
formation and coagulation abnormalities). This invention also
contemplates manipulation of the skin and repair of any perceived
defects in the skin surface for other purposes, such as cosmetic
enhancement.
[0117] In the usual course of therapy, the treatment site is
monitored for response to treatment. Desirable effects for agents
that increase telomerase expression or activity include cell
proliferation or migration at the treatment site, epithelialization
of the surface, closure of a wound if present, or restoration of
normal physiological function. Throughout this disclosure,
"epithelialization" or "reepithelialization" of a treatment site
means that the site acquires an increased density of epithelial
cells as a result of the therapy that is applied.
[0118] Desirable effects for cell compositions include coverage of
the treatment site, survival of the engrafted cells, lack of immune
rejection, closure of the wound if present, or restoration of
normal physiological function. The engrafted cells may participate
in wound closure either by participating directly in the healing
process (for example, becoming part of the healed tissue), or by
covering the wound and thereby providing an environment that
promotes healing by host cells.
[0119] Ultimate choice of the treatment protocol, dose, and
monitoring is the responsibility of the managing clinician.
Other Uses of the Invention
[0120] Isolated cells, compositions, and mixed cell populations of
this invention can also be used for any other desirable research,
developmental, or therapeutic purpose. The high proliferative
capacity and high mobility of telomerized epithelial cells can be
maintained as the cells are passaged in culture, thereby providing
a standardized reservoir of cells for further investigation. Cell
cultures or matrixes can be combined with a putative therapeutic or
cosmetic agent, and any alteration in cell viability,
proliferation, migration, or other phenotypic feature can be
correlated with efficacy of the agent. Telomerized cells can also
be used in living wound models such as those described earlier, to
screen the ability of other compounds to promote cell migration or
the process of reepithelialization.
[0121] The examples that follow are provided by way of further
illustration, and are not meant to limit the claimed invention.
EXAMPLES
Example 1
Telomerization of Keratinocytes
[0122] To determine the effect of telomerase on human
keratinocytes, early passage (<PD5) cultures of both neonatal
and adult keratinocytes were grown in an optimized medium and
transfected with a vector encoding human telomerase reverse
transcriptase (hTERT).
[0123] Human primary epidermal keratinocytes were obtained from
Cascade Biologics (Portland, Oreg.). The cell lines are referred to
in this disclosure according to their Cascade lot designation:
HEKa18, HEKa2, HEKn9 and HEKn4 are two lines of adult keratinocytes
and two lines of neonatal keratinocytes.
[0124] The cells were cultured in EpiLife.TM. serum-free medium
plus calcium chloride at 0.06 mM and Human Keratinocyte Growth
Supplement (HKGS) (Cascade Biologics, Portland, Oreg.). Cells were
plated at 2-4.times.10.sup.5 cells per T75 flask, refed every 2-3
days, and subcultured 4-7 days before high cell density was
reached. PD (the number of population doublings) for every passage
was calculated as log.sub.2 (number of cells at time of
subculture/number of cells plated). Cumulative PD was plotted
against time in culture so that replicative life span, senescence,
slow growth or crisis, and immortalization could be assessed. Cells
were considered to have been immortalized when the life span of a
culture was greater than 50 PDs beyond that of parental cell line,
and growth curves showed no sign of a decrease in proliferation
rate.
[0125] FIG. 1 is a map of the amphotrophic retroviral vector that
was used to transduce cells for expression of telomerase reverse
transcriptase. The hTERT encoding sequence and a puromycin drug
selection gene (puro) is driven by a constitutive viral LTR
promoter (Nakamura et al., Science 277:955, 1997). Control cultures
were infected with an equivalent vector without hTERT. Viral titers
were determined by the infection of NIH-3T3 cells with
BABE-puro-hTERT or control BABE-puro vectors, and were typically
3-5.times.10.sup.6/mL.
[0126] FIG. 2 shows proliferation potential of control and
hTERT-expressing human primary keratinocytes. Early life span
cultures of two adult keratinocyte lines (HEKa18, HEKa2) and
neonatal lines (HEKn9, HEKn4) were transduced with control (BABE)
or hTERT expression retroviral vectors, drug selected, and then
serially passaged.
[0127] Control HEKa and HEKn cultures senesced at PD 33-38 and
PD51-56 respectively, as evidenced by complete cessation of cell
division, senescence-associated (SA) .beta.-galactosidase positive
staining, and enlarged cellular morphology. In contrast,
hTERT-transduced keratinocytes had indefinite lifespans and were
negative for SA-.beta.-galactosidase staining. Moreover, all
hTERT-keratinocytes exhibited no slow phase growth or crisis stage,
during which clonal populations with pRb/p16.sup.ink4a inactivation
could have emerged
Example 2
Characterization of Telomerized Cells
[0128] Total RNA was isolated from keratinocytes using High
Pure.TM. RNA Isolation Kit (Roche). 100 ng total RNA was used for
real time PCR quantitation of hTERT and hTR (the telomerase RNA
component) with a light cycler (Roche). TeloTAGGG.TM. hTERT and hTR
quantitation kits (Roche) and PCR were used according to the
manufacturers protocol. Telomerase activity was assessed by the
PCR-based telomeric repeat amplification protocol (TRAP) assay (Kim
et al., Nucl. Acids Res. 25:13, 1997). Mean telomere restriction
fragment (TRF) lengths were determined by Southern blotting (Bodnar
et al., Science 279:349, 1998).
[0129] FIG. 3 shows the effect of hTERT transduction on hTERT
expression, telomerase activity and telomere dynamics in
keratinocytes. Panel (a) shows quantitation of hTERT transcripts in
four lines of hTERT transduced keratinocytes (transcripts per 100
ng RNA.times.10.sup.-6). Panel (b) shows telomerase activity in the
hTERT transduced keratinocytes at various population doublings.
Cell lysate equivalent to 100 cells was used for each lane. The
H1299 tumor cell line is a positive control. HT=reaction mixture
heat treated before PCR; IC=internal control. Panel (c) shows
terminal restriction fragment lengths of keratinocytes transduced
with hTERT or control vector (BABE).
[0130] Telomerase activity was quantitated using the formula
TPG=100.times.[(TP-TP')/TI]/[(R8-B)/RI]
[0131] where TP is telomerase products from test sample, TP' is
products from heat-inactivated control, TI is internal control of
sample, R8 is products from quantification standard, B is buffer
blank, and RI is internal control of standard. The total product
generated (TPG) is defined as 0.001 amol (600 molecules) of primer
TS extended for at least three telomeric repeats by telomerase in
the sample. One TPG corresponds roughly to the telomerase activity
in one immortal cell. Values obtained are shown in Table 1:
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Telomerase Activity in hTERT-Transduced
Keratinocytes Sample TPG Value HEKa18h TERT - PD23 5.6 HEKa18h TERT
- PD71 7.2 HEKa9h TERT - PD18 16 HEKa9h TERT - PD90 10.4 H1299
(control) 4.5
[0132] The transduced keratinocytes expressed relatively high
levels of hTERT transcripts that increased with passage, likely
reflecting enrichment of telomerase-expressing cells (Panel A).
This level of expression is roughly 100-200 fold greater than that
seen in tumor cell lines such as H1299 and Raji. Expression of hTR
(the RNA subunit of telomerase) was steady and similar between
hTERT-keratinocytes and vector controls (data not shown).
hTERT-keratinocytes had high levels of telomerase activity and
elongated telomeres, while control keratinocytes were telomerase
negative and telomeres progressively shortened with passage (Panels
B & C).
[0133] pRb phosphorylation is required for progression through the
S phase. pRb activity is regulated by proteins such as CDK4, cyclin
D1 and p16 (Weinberg et al., Cell 81:323, 1995). To determine
whether there were perturbations in the pRb/p16 pathway in
hTERT-transduced keratinocytes, expression of pRb and p16 proteins
was analyzed by Western blot analysis.
[0134] Western analysis for p16 (G175-1239, PharMingen), pRb
(G3-245, PharMingen), p53 (OP29, Oncogene), cyclin D1 (G124-326,
PharMingen), CDK4 (DCS-35, PharMingen), c-myc (N-262, Santa Cruz
Biotechnology), GADD45 (H-165, Santa Cruz Biotechnology) and TFIIB
(SC-225, Santa Cruz Biotechnology) was performed as described in
Wang et at. (Nature 405:755, 2000). The antibody to pRb recognizes
both hyper- and hypo-phosphorylated forms of the proteins (Jiang et
al., Nature Genet 21:111, 1999).
[0135] FIG. 4 shows the expression of cell cycle regulation
proteins and c-myc in hTERT-keratinocytes. (a) Vector control
(BABE) and hTERT-expressing keratinocytes were maintained at either
subconfluent cultures (S) or confluent cultures for 72 hours (C)
and analyzed for pRb, p53, cyclin D1, CDK4, and TFIIB. (b) Vector
control and hTERT-expressing keratinocytes were analyzed for
p16.sup.INK4a protein levels at early and late population doublings
(PDs). (c) Vector control (B) and hTERT-keratinocytes at different
PDs were analyzed for c-myc and GADD45 expression. TFIIB protein
was used to normalize loading in panels (b) and (c).
[0136] It was found that pRb was predominantly hyperphosphorylated
in subconfluent, proliferating keratinocytes, but was
hypophosphorylated when the cells were maintained at confluence
(Panel A). Levels of pRb were also down-regulated at confluence.
Cyclin D1 and CDK4 were expressed at similar levels in
proliferating hTERT-transduced and control keratinocytes, but
cyclin D1 expression was down-regulated upon growth arrest (Panel
a). The amount of p16 increased in late passage keratinocytes
(Panel b). In contrast to previous reports, it was found that all
hTERT-keratinocytes retained stable p16.sup.INK4a protein levels
even after dramatic life span extension (Panel b).
[0137] p53 plays an important role in initiation of
senescence-associated growth arrest (Sedivy et al., Proc. Natl.
Acad. Sci. USA 95:9078, 1998). In these experiments, it was found
that p53 was normally expressed in hTERT-transduced keratinocytes
in both growing and non-growing states (Panel A). Thus, neither
pRb/p16.sup.INK4a nor p53 inactivation are required for
immortalization of human keratinocytes by telomerase.
[0138] Wang et al. (Nature 405:755, 2000) reported that
hTERT-driven cell proliferation and immortalization are associated
with activation of the c-myc protooncogene. This was after
long-term culture of immortalized epithelial cells that had
suffered previous inactivation of the pRb/p16.sup.INK4a pathway.
However, it has now been discovered that hTERT-immortalized normal
keratinocytes at both early and late passages, show that c-myc and
GADD45 (a downstream target of c-myc) were expressed at levels
similar to that seen in control populations (FIG. 3, Panel C).
[0139] Telomerase-transduced cultures were examined under
conditions known to induce arrest and differentiation of young
keratinocytes: high cell density, high calcium concentrations, EGF
removal, TGF-.beta. treatment, or exposure to phorbol ester.
[0140] FIG. 5 shows long-term retention of normal keratinocyte
growth control mechanism by keratinocytes transduced with the hTERT
retroviral vector ("T", first 4 series), or vector control ("B",
next 2 series). SCC-4 is a squamous cancer cell line (positive
control). Cells were plated at low density in EpiLife.TM. medium,
either in the presence or absence of EGF; or in the presence or
absence of 12-O-tetra-decanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). Cells were
counted 7-8 days later, and growth rate under these conditions was
determined (average.+-.S.D of three experiments).
[0141] Under these conditions, the fractions of cycling
hTERT-keratinocytes were similar to that of control cells. In
contrast, the SCC-4 human squamous cell carcinoma cell line was not
dependent on EGF or inhibited by phorbol ester. These results
indicate that hTERT-immortalized keratinocytes retain normal c-myc
expression and growth regulatory mechanisms.
Example 3
Telomerized Cells Close Wounds More Rapidly
[0142] Human keratinocyte migration and proliferation are essential
for re-epithelialization of skin wounds. In this experiment, the
effect of replicative senescence and hTERT-transduction in a
culture model of wound closure was examined.
[0143] Keratinocytes were plated at 1.times.10.sup.5 cells/T25
flask. Once the cells reached 80-90% confluence, the monolayer of
cells was scratched in a standardized manner with a plastic
apparatus to create a cell-free zone approximately 1 mm across.
[0144] Retrovirus transduction for permanent expression was
effected using the hTERT/BABE vector described in Example 1. When
the keratinocytes were growing in log phase, the medium was
replaced with 5 mL viral supernatant in DMEM/F12 medium at a titer
of 3-5.times.10.sup.6 mL.sup.-1. After culturing overnight at
37.degree. C. in 5% CO.sub.2/95%, the cells were washed twice in
PBS, and selected for 7 days in EpiLife.TM. medium containing 0.5
.mu.g/mL puromycin, and then grown in regular EpiLife.TM.
medium.
[0145] Adenovirus transduction was effecting using a
replication-deficient (E1 and E3 deleted) adenovirus, containing an
expression cassette in which the hTERT encoding region is under
control of CAG (CMV enhancer, chicken .beta.-actin promoter, and
the rabbit .beta.-globin polyadenylation signal). When the
keratinocytes were .about.80-90% confluent, the well was scratched
to create a cell-free zone, and simultaneously transduced with the
adenovirus vector at 2-10 MOI in EpiLife.TM. medium (1 MOI.ident.1
PFU.ident.0.7 TCID). The cells were cultured overnight at
37.degree. C. in 5% CO.sub.2/95%, washed twice in PBS, and then
grown in regular EpiLife.TM. medium.
[0146] In vitro re-epithelialization or wound closure was
documented by photography through a 40.times. objective over a 1-4
day period. The width of the wound was measured at three different
places in each of three replicate plates, and the rate of wound
closure was calculated by linear regression of the mean wound width
as a function of time.
[0147] FIG. 6, Panel (a) shows results of transduction for TERT
expression using the retroviral vector. When measured by the time
required to produce a 50% wound closure (T.sub.50), it was found
that young keratinocytes (PD8) closed culture wounds at a rate
roughly 3-fold faster (T.sub.50=33.+-.1.2 h) than that seen with
old keratinocytes (PD41) (T.sub.50=113.+-.5.7 h, p<0.00002).
Stable hTERT expressing keratinocytes transduced at early passage,
on the other hand, retained their youthful rates of wound closure
(T.sub.50=32.+-.0.8 hr, p<0.0002), even at very late passages
(PD152).
[0148] To test whether telomerase could rescue age-associated
deficits in wound closure in this model system, late-passage
cultures of keratinocytes were wounded and then transduced with
adenoviral vector for transient hTERT expression (AdhTERT). The
identical adenovirus containing GFP in place of hTERT was used as a
control.
[0149] FIG. 6, Panel (b) shows the results of transduction with the
adenovirus vector. Old keratinocytes were efficiently infected with
adenovirus since 60-70% of cells were positive for expression 7
days after infection with AdGFP at 10 MOI and high levels of
telomerase activity were seen when AdhTERT was used (data not
shown). Short-term hTERT expression in late passage keratinocytes
(PD42) remarkably accelerated wound healing in vitro, as shown by a
near-complete wound closure on day 4 in AdhTERT-treated
(T.sub.50=34.+-.2.3 h) but not AdGFP-treated keratinocytes
(T.sub.50=109.+-.17.7 h, p<0.001). The rate of closure of the
transient hTERT transduced cultures was similar to that of young
cells.
[0150] FIG. 7 shows the rate of wound closure over the 4 days
following transduction for increased expression of TERT, or with a
control vector. Either long-term expression (resulting from
retrovirus transduction) or transient expression (resulting from
adenovirus transduction) caused a comparable acceleration in wound
healing over the 4-day period.
Example 4
Telomerized Cells are Resistant to Apoptosis
[0151] Cells transduced with the hTERT retrovirus were measured for
their resistance to apoptotic cell death, induced by TNF-.alpha. or
UV irradiation.
[0152] Apoptosis is characterized in the early stages by
translocation of membrane phosphatidylserine (PS) from the inner to
the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane. Annexin V is a 35-36 kDa
calcium-dependent binding protein with a high affinity for PS,
which can be used to stain for externalized PS in early
apoptosis.
[0153] For TNF-.alpha. induced apoptosis, keratinocytes were
transduced with hTERT retrovirus or BABE control. The transduced
cells were then cultured for 48 hours in standard keratinocyte
culture medium, or medium containing TNF-.alpha.. The cells were
washed in PBS containing 0.5% BSA (or 1% FBS). 5.times.10.sup.5
cells were combined with 0.5 mL 1.times. Binding Buffer from the
Annexin V FITC Kit. 5 .mu.L Annexin V FITC and 10 .mu.L propidium
iodide were added, and the mixture was incubated at room
temperature in the dark for 10 min. They were then measured for
percentage positive cells and mean fluorescence intensity by flow
cytometry.
[0154] FIG. 8 shows the results. Adult keratinocytes treated with
vector control (HEKa2 BABE PD22) were .about.20% susceptible to
apoptotic cell death, which increased in the presence of
TNF-.alpha.. However, only .about.10% (<2-fold less) of the
telomerized keratinocytes (HEKa2 hTERT PD25) showed evidence of
apoptosis, and were resistant to the effects of TNF-.alpha..
[0155] For apoptosis induced by UV irradiation, primary adult
keratinocytes were seeded in 100 mm TC dishes at 3.times.10.sup.5
per dish, and cultured in EpiLife.RTM. medium. Cells reached about
40% confluence at 3 days, and were transduced in fresh medium
containing AdhTERT at 10 MOI. AdhTERT is a replication-deficient,
E1 and E3 regions deleted, adenovirus containing a cassette
encoding the human telomerase gene under the control of CAG
(comprising the CMV enhancer, chicken actin promoter, and a portion
of 3' untranslated region containing the polyadenylation site of
rabbit globin gene). After culturing with AdhTERT for 72 h, the
cells were washed twice with Ca.sup.++- and Mg.sup.++-free PBS. UV
irradiation was performed for 24 h, and the cells were then stained
with Annexin V.
[0156] FIG. 9 (Top) shows the results of this experiment.
Transfection with the hTERT adenovirus vector protected the
keratinocytes against UV-induced irradiation at doses up to 10 mJ
cm.sup.-1.
[0157] FIG. 9 (Bottom) shows that the protective effect of hTERT is
retained as the cells divide. In this experiment, cells were
transfected with the AdhTERT for 3 days at 40% confluence, and then
cultured under conditions that allow cell proliferation. On day 8
(when the cells were 75% confluent), they were subject to UV
irradiation for 24 h, and then washed and stained the next day.
[0158] The results show that the protective effects of hTERT extend
to the progeny of the cells transfected on day 8. Since adenovirus
vectors provide only transient expression, the long-lasting effect
may ensue from the lengthening of telomeres caused by hTERT in the
parent cells.
Example 5
Enhanced Wound Closure by Telomerized Cells Does Not Depend on Cell
Replication
[0159] In the previous examples, telomerase expression was shown to
increase replicative capacity of keratinocytes, render them less
susceptible to apoptosis, and increase their capacity to
re-epithelialize a wound. In this experiment, the wound healing
effect was decoupled from the proliferation effect, showing that
wound closure is not due simply to an increase in cell
replication.
[0160] Keratinocyte cell lines were plated at 1.times.10.sup.5 per
T25 flask. Once they had grown to 80-90% confluence
(.about.5.times.10.sup.5), the cell monolayer was scratched as
before to create a cell-free zone. The cells were treated with
mitomycin c at 10 .mu.g/mL for 2 hours. The medium was then
aspirated and replaced with fresh EpiLife.TM. medium, with or
without Adeno-hTERT or Adeno-GFP (control), to transiently increase
telomerase expression. After transducing overnight, the medium was
replaced with fresh medium, and the rate of wound closure was
measured for 4 days in triplicate.
[0161] FIG. 10 shows the effect of mitomycin c (MC) on cell
proliferation. The cells were trypsinized and counted on day 4 to
determine the extent of proliferation since mitomycin c treatment.
The HEKa18 line ("H18") was at PD37 when plated in this experiment.
This is near the full extent of its normal replicative capacity
(FIG. 2). Accordingly, little further proliferation was observed,
regardless of whether mitomycin c was present. The HEKn9 line
("H9") was at PD42 when plated, which is below its full replicative
capacity (FIG. 2). This cell line proliferated through several
doublings when cultured in regular medium. However, mitomycin c
reduced the proliferation rate by well over 50%.
[0162] FIGS. 11 & 12 show the effect of mitomycin c (10
.mu.g/mL) on cell migration of HEKn9 keratinocytes transduced to
express hTERT ("AdT"), compared with vector control ("AdG"). The
transient expression of hTERT accelerated wound closure by over
3-fold, even in the presence of mitomycin c.
[0163] A summary of the kinetics of epithelial cell migration is
shown in Table 2. TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Kinetics of Wound Closure
T.sub.50 (hours to achieve 50% Sample wound closure) HEKn9 pBABE
PD8 33.0 .+-. 1.2 HEKn9 pBABE PD41 113.4 .+-. 5.7 HEKn9 PD42 +
AdGFP 108.9 .+-. 17.7 HEKn9 PD42 + AdGFP + Mitomycin c 189.2 .+-.
28.9 HEKn9 pBABE/TERT PD152 31.6 .+-. 0.8 HEKn9 PD42 + AdhTERT 34.3
.+-. 2.3 HEKn9 PD42 + AdhTERT + Mitomycin c 40.3 .+-. 2.1 pBABE =
retrovirus control pBABE/TERT = retroviral vector for expressing
TERT AdGFP = adenoviral vector for expressing GFP (control) AdhTERT
= adenoviral vector for expressing TERT
[0164] In conclusion, it has been found that hTERT-treated
keratinocytes have increased replicative capacity, and are
resistant to apoptosis. They retain normal growth control, as shown
by dependence on epidermal growth factor (EGF) and sensitivity to
phorbol ester (TPA). hTERT-treated keratinocytes do not
spontaneously activate c-myc, and retain functional p53 and
pRB/p16.sup.ink4a cell cycle checkpoint. Both stable and transient
hTERT expression increases migration and accelerates wound healing
in aging keratinocytes.
Example 6
Enhanced Wound Healing Using hTERT in the Aged Rabbit Ischemic Ear
Model
[0165] In this study, it was shown that AdhTERT gene delivery
induces a specific and robust enhancement of granulation tissue
formation in the ischemic ear wounds of aged rabbits.
Methods
[0166] The adenovirus vector encoding hTERT under control of the
CAG expression system was described in Example 4. Rabbit
fibroblasts were obtained from ATCC(CRL-1414), grown in BME+10% FBS
to passage 33, infected with AdhTERT or Ad-null for 24 hr at
different MOI, and analyzed 48 hrs later for telomerase activity
using the TRAP assay. Skin tissues were obtained from young rabbits
and maintained in DMEM+10% FBS ex vivo. The tissues were injected
intradermally with 2.times.10.sup.9 viral particles and harvested 3
days later. Frozen tissue sections were analyzed for hTERT
expression using anti-hTERT antibody as described below.
[0167] Ear wounds were induced in rabbits as an established
clinically relevant model for wound ischemia (Ahn, S. T. & T.
A. Mustoe, Ann Plast Surg 24:17, 1990; Wu et al., Am J Pathol
154:301, 1999). New Zealand white rabbits (>55 months of age)
were prepared by shaving the ears and prepping with betadine
solution. An incision was made to the level of bare cartilage at
the base of each ear. Both ears of each rabbit were made ischemic
by dissecting the rostral and central arteries, with preservation
of the caudal, central and rostral veins. The incision was closed
with a running 4-0 Vicryl.TM. suture. Three to five full thickness
(6 mm) circular wounds were then made on the inner surface of the
ear down to bare cartilage.
[0168] Adenoviral gene transfection was performed by delivering
2.times.10.sup.9 viral particles of AdhTERT or Ad-null (control)
per ear wound. Two thirds of total dose was injected at 4 periwound
locations at 5 .mu.L each, using a Hamilton syringe with a 30 gauge
needle. One third of the dose was topically placed within the
defect in 10 .mu.L. Sterile Tegaderm.TM. dressing (3M Health Care,
St. Paul, Minn.) was placed over each wound upon completion of the
procedure. The dressings were changed as needed over the next 12
days, at which time the animals were sacrificed and the wounds
harvested for histological and biochemical analysis.
[0169] Telomerase activity was measured according to standard TRAP
assay procedures described earlier, as applied to frozen skin
tissue homogenized in lysis buffer.
[0170] Immunohistochemical analysis of hTERT expression was
performed on 6 .mu.m frozen tissue sections fixed in 4%
paraformaldehyde in PBS (pH 7), rinsed in PBS and permeabilized in
PBS containing 0.1% Triton.TM. X-100. The sections were blocked in
5% goat serum in PBS for 30 min at room temp, drained and incubated
with anti-hTERT antibody (1A4, 2.5 .mu.g/ml) for 1 h. After washing
several times in PBS, Texas-Red.TM. conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG
(Jackson Immunolabs, Westgrove, Pa.) was added at 7.5 .mu.g/mL for
30 min at room temp in the dark. The sections were then washed
again with PBS, mounted using Vectashield.TM. mounting medium
containing DAPI (Vector Labs), and viewed under a Nikon fluorescent
microscope.
[0171] Data were collected from histological sections to determine
the extent of wound re-epithelialization and new granulation tissue
formation. The wound healing parameters were measured twice using a
calibrated reticle from H&E-stained paraffin tissue sections by
observers blinded to treatment. Analysis of all wound parameters
was performed by Student's t-test and analysis of variance with
post hoc analysis using Tukey's standardized range. All comparisons
were made to paired wounds. Any dependent associations were
analyzed using Spearman's correlation of coefficients.
Results
[0172] FIG. 13 shows reconstitution of telomerase activity in
rabbit fibroblasts, which do not express detectable endogenous
telomerase. Cultured fibroblasts were transduced with AdhTERT at 0,
10, 100 or 1000 MO for 24 h, and then analyzed 48 h later for TRAP
activity. For each group, 4000 and 40,000 cell equivalents were
loaded in the first and second lane, respectively. The triangle
denotes lysates (40,000 cells) that were heat-inactivated prior to
assay. AdhTERT but not Ad-null (the control vector) was effective
in reconstituting telomerase activity in a dose-dependent fashion.
Subsequent immunocytochemical analysis also showed hTERT positive
cells in AdhTERT transduced rabbit fibroblast cultures.
[0173] FIG. 14 shows hTERT gene transfer into rabbit skin tissues
cultured ex vivo. AdhTERT or Ad-null was injected intradermally and
the tissues harvested 3 days later. Frozen tissues sections were
stained with anti-hTERT antibody (red fluorescence, top panel) and
co-localized with nuclear staining using DAPI (blue fluorescence,
bottom panel). hTERT protein was expressed mostly in the dermal
region. However, no TRAP activity was detectable in AdhTERT
transduced tissues, most likely due to the low efficiency of gene
transfer/expression.
[0174] To determine if hTERT expression in rabbit skin can enhance
wound healing, AdhTERT or Ad-null was administered to ischemic ear
wounds of aged rabbits by both intradermal injection and topical
application. Pilot experiments using young rabbits showed that
AdhTERT causes hTERT expression in the dermal regions 3 days after
wounding and virus administration. Analysis of the aged wounds at
day 12 also showed hTERT positive dermal cells, albeit at less
frequency, probably due to the transient nature of adenoviral gene
expression.
[0175] FIG. 15 shows H&E stained paraffin sections from
ischemic rabbit ear wounds treated with Ad-null (left) or AdhTERT
(right) and harvested on day 12. There was a dramatic increase in
granulation tissue formation in the aged rabbit ear wounds treated
with AdhTERT, but not in wounds treated with Ad-null. Table 3
summarizes the quantitative data. TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3
Histological analysis of aged rabbit ischemic ear wounds Wound
parameters No Treatment Ad-null AdhTERT (day12 post-wounding) (n =
5) (n = 15) (n = 9) Granulation tissue Area(.times.10.sup.4
.mu.m.sup.2) 5 .+-. 1 7 .+-. 2 27 .+-. 6* Distance (.mu.m) 340 .+-.
5 445 .+-. 45 986 .+-. 152* Peak to peak distance (.mu.m) 5245 .+-.
180 5048 .+-. 102 3890 .+-. 330* Peak height (.mu.m) 335 .+-. 28
312 .+-. 27 407 .+-. 20 Epithelial tissue Epithelial gap (.mu.m)
2750 .+-. 822 1529 .+-. 468 1167 .+-. 519 Epithelial height (.mu.m)
145 .+-. 23 124 .+-. 14 130 .+-. 18 *p < 0.01 between Ad-null
and AdhTERT
[0176] FIG. 16 shows granulation tissue formation in aged rabbit
ischemic wounds. Ischemic rabbit ear wounds were treated with
Ad-null, AdhTERT or no treatment and then harvested 12 days later.
The granulation tissue cross-sectional area (A) and distance
migrated (B) was quantitated and expressed as mean values.+-.SEM.
There was 3.9-fold increase in granulation tissue area and 2.2-fold
increase in migration distance in the AdhTERT treated group
relative to the Ad-null or no treatment group (p<0.01). However,
no difference was observed in the growth or migration of the
overlying epithelium.
[0177] The results show that transient expression of hTERT can
specifically enhance new granulation tissue formation, which is
critical in effecting wound healing. The lack of observable effect
on epithelial growth or migration is most likely due to the
inefficient gene delivery to the epithelium.
[0178] The hTERT effect on granulation tissue formation is quite
dramatic, despite the relative inefficient gene transfer to the
skin. This suggests that in addition to influencing the phenotype
and/or replicative capacity of the transduced cells, hTERT
expression cells may indirectly influence the phenotype of
neighboring cells--for example, by elaborating trans-acting factors
or altering the extra-cellular matrix environment. There was no
abnormal inflammatory response in the hTERT treated wounds beyond
that observed with normal wound healing, suggesting that local
AdhTERT gene delivery can be used safely.
Example 7
Wound Healing in Aged Rhesus Monkey Monkeys
[0179] The ability of hTERT gene to reconstitute function in rhesus
monkey cells was demonstrated by positive hTERT protein expression
and telomerase activity following AdhTERT transduction of rhesus
monkey fibroblasts in culture.
[0180] FIG. 17 shows AdhTERT reconstitution of telomerase activity
in culture. Rhesus monkey lung fibroblasts (NIA AG11856A) were
grown in DMEM+10% FBS to population doubling 8.3, infected,
transduced with AdhTERT at 0, 50, 100 or 500 MOI for 24 hrs and
then analyzed 48 hrs later for TRAP activity. For each group, 1000
and 5000 cell equivalents were loaded in the first two lanes,
respectively. The triangle denotes lysates (5,000 cells) that were
heat-inactivated prior to assay.
[0181] The results show that monkey skin fibroblasts do not express
detectable endogenous telomerase activity. The weak signals in the
heat inactivated lanes are likely to be due to leakage from other
adjacent lanes. Upon transduction with AdhTERT but not Ad-null,
telomerase activity was reconstituted and the level of telomerase
activity showed a dose related increase with the transducing viral
dose. Immunocytochemical analysis also revealed hTERT positive
cells in AdhTERT transduced rhesus monkey fibroblast cultures.
[0182] FIG. 18 shows the efficiency of hTERT gene transfer into
monkey skin. The tissue was obtained from aged rhesus monkeys and
maintained in DEME+10% FBS ex vivo. The tissues were injected
intradermally with buffer control (Top Panel), or AdhTERT
(2.times.10.sup.9 viral particles, Bottom Panel) and harvested 3
days later. The panels show antibody staining for hTERT expression,
co-localized with nuclear staining using DAPI (Example 6). The
results show that AdhTERT caused hTERT protein expression in the
tissue, mostly in the dermal region. No TRAP activity was
detectable in AdhTERT transduced tissues, presumably due to low
efficiency of gene transfer or expression.
[0183] Wound healing experiments were conducted using an
established model in aged rhesus monkeys (Roth et al., J Gerontol A
Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 52:B98-102, 1997). Full thickness wounds were
created in female rhesus monkey monkeys (18-32 years old)
anesthetized with ketamine (15 mg/kg) and diazepam (1 mg/kg). Four
separate 5 mm punch biopsy wounds were made on the dorsal side of
the animals. AdhTERT or Ad-null virus was applied at 10.sup.10
viral particles per wound to two wounds at the time of wounding. To
measure wound closure, each monkey served as its own control.
AdhTERT was used to treat 2 of the wounds on each animal, and
Ad-null was administered to the other 2 wounds. Two thirds of each
dose was delivered around the wound edge by 8 intra-dermal
injections of 5 .mu.L using a Hamilton syringe with a 30 gauge
needle. The remaining third of the viral dose was applied topically
into the wound defect (20 .mu.L). The percentage of wound area
remaining was assessed every other day. Wound tracings were
performed using a single-layer plastic film placed over the biopsy
site and % wound area remaining was quantified as number of pixels
using NIH Image analysis software. Upon complete healing, an 8 mm
punch biopsy was collected around each wound and processed for
histological and biochemical analysis.
[0184] The AdhTERT vector was found to cause hTERT expression in
the dermal regions 3 days after wounding and virus administration.
FIG. 19 shows the results of the wound healing measurements. Each
data point represents the percent wound area remaining averaged for
the 2 wound receiving AdhTERT (.box-solid.) or control vector
(.circle-solid.). The effect of transient hTERT expression on wound
healing in this model was inconclusive. The adenovirus vector
administration did not cause abnormal inflammation, which shows
that transient induction of hTERT gene expression in wounds can be
done safely.
Example 8
AdhTERT Gene Delivery Promotes Epidermal Migration in Human Skin
Tissues
[0185] Chronic ulcers are characterized by impaired wound healing
and frequently repeated wounding at the same sites. They may be
partially due to the compromised regenerative capacity of skin
cells as a consequence of replicative senescence. In addition, the
aberrant gene expression/phenotype often associated with the state
of senescence may further exacerbate the pathology found in chronic
wounds.
[0186] To extend the other findings provided in this disclosure, an
assay of ex-vivo epidermal migration was developed using intact
human skin tissues. The tissue was obtained from both normal donors
and from donors with chronic wounds, and was used to determine the
effect of hTERT gene expression on epidermal migration.
[0187] Human skin tissues from autopsy or surgical procedures were
provided by Research Tissue Recovery Network (Blue Springs, Mo.)
and by Dr. Spencer Brown at University of Texas Southwestern
Medical Center (Dallas, Tex.) within 24 hr of isolation. Normal
skin tissues were obtained from donors without any wounds or from
anatomical sites distal from any affected wounds; wound tissues
were obtained from sites close to or at the edges of affected acute
or chronic wounds.
[0188] Upon receipt, skin tissues were trimmed of subcutaneous fat
and washed 5 times using DMEM supplemented with streptomycin (10
.mu.g/mL) and penicillin (10 units/mL). Generally, 4 or 6 mm full
thickness punches were made from the skin samples using a sterile
biopsy (uni-punch, Premier Medical Products, King of Prussia, Pa.).
The skin punches were attached to the bottom of Petri dishes or
6-well tissue culture plates using skin closure glue Nexabond.TM.
(Veterinary Products Laboratories, Phoenix, Ariz.), submerged in
DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS and Pen/Strep, and incubated at
37.degree. C. with 5% CO.sub.2 for up to 7 days. For each time
point, 3 skin punches were harvested and fixed in 10% neutral
buffered formalin for 24 h. The tissues were paraffin embedded on
edge and 6 micron serial sections were generated. For each skin
punch, 3 sections at different depths were stained with H&E and
examined under a microscope. Photomicrographs of the sections were
taken under a 2.5.times. object lens and the images saved as JPG
files. To cover the entire tissue section, sometimes two
overlapping photomicrographs were taken and assembled using Adobe
PhotoShop.RTM. software.
[0189] FIG. 20 shows H&E sections of normal human skin punches
cultured ex vivo. The epidermal layer was distinguished from the
dermal region in H&E stained sections due to the difference in
cellularity. The epidermal layer migrated along the cut edge of the
punches with increasing time in culture. Distance migrated by the
epidermal keratinocytes over the cut edge of the dermis was
measured on both sides using the NIH Image 1.62 software. The pixel
numbers were converted into millimeters by normalizing to the
original width of the punches (4 or 6 mm).
[0190] FIG. 21 (Top Panel) shows migration of epidermal cells in
different media. One was the basic fibroblast medium (DMEM plus 10%
FBS) and the other was a 1:1 mixture of fibroblast medium and
keratinocyte medium EpiLife.TM. (Cascade Biologics, Inc., Portland,
Oreg.). No significant difference in the distance migrated by the
epidermis was observed.
[0191] FIG. 21 (Bottom Panel) shows the pattern of epidermal
migration for 7 normal human skin tissues over a period of 7 days.
3 skin tissues were of questionable quality due to compromised
shipping procedure. Epidermal migration was observed in the other 4
tissues tested. Migration of the epidermis occurred as early as day
1, and plateaued by day 3 or 5. The epidermal layer eventually
reached the interface of the dermal and connective tissues and no
more migration was observed. The distance migrated in certain
samples decreased after 5 days, presumably due to thickening or
contraction of the tissues upon long term culture. The epidermal
migration rate was relatively consistent among punches obtained
from the same donor.
[0192] FIG. 22 shows expression of adenoviral delivery of hTERT to
human skin punches. AdhTERT was injected into normal (left) or
wound derived (right) skin punches from donor GTS 1384. Frozen
tissues sections were harvested on day 3 (normal) or day 5 (wound
tissue), fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde, and permeabilized in 0.1%
Triton X-100.TM.. The sections were blocked in 5% goat serum,
incubated with hTERT antibody (1A4, 2.5 .mu.g/mL) for one hour at
room temp, and then stained with Texas-Red.TM. conjugated goat
anti-mouse IgG (Jackson Immunolabs).
[0193] Upper panels show hTERT staining; lower panels show
co-localization with propidium iodide. Administration by injection
caused hTERT expression to be mostly localized along the injection
path. Bathing with AdhTERT (10.sup.8 pfu/mL for 24 h) was less
efficient in transducing the dermal cells, although a few cells
lining the migrating epidermis did show hTERT expression.
[0194] To assess the effect of hTERT on epidermal migration, skin
punches were treated with AdhTERT by direct injection or bathing.
Results were compared with punches exposed to adenovirus encoding
LacZ, adenovirus control (Ad-null), or no virus. One sample of the
four tested (GTS 1384, age 78, normal skin) showed significant
enhancement (FIG. 23, Top Panel). The epidermis of untreated skin
punches or punches treated with AdLacZ stopped migrating by 3 days.
In contrast, the punch treated with AdhTERT migrated for 5 days to
over twice the distance.
[0195] FIG. 23 (Bottom Panel) shows results of normal tissue, and
tissue taken from a chronic wound in the same donor (GTS 1388, age
39). Epidermal migration was slower in the wound tissues than the
normal tissue, demonstrating impaired healing properties. AdhTERT
enhanced migration of the wound tissues by almost 3-fold, but had
no effect on the normal tissue.
[0196] These results show that hTERT preferentially affects dermal
tissues (normal or pathologic) that have sub-optimal epidermal
migration. hTERT transduction is not mitogenic, nor does it
significantly change the phenotype of young cells. But in older
cells, hTERT enables the cells to proliferate further, and causes
beneficial ("youthful") changes that result in enhanced migration
and epithelializing potential. Even a few hTERT expressing cells
can rescue the senescent phenotype and generate growth factors or
extracellular matrix components that improve epidermal cell
migration over the wound surface.
[0197] The compositions and procedures described in this disclosure
can be effectively modified by routine optimization without
departing from the spirit of the invention embodied in the claims
that follow.
SEQUENCE DATA
[0198] TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Sequences Listed in this Disclosure
SEQ. ID NO: Descriptive Annotation Source 1 Homo sapiens telomerase
GenBank Locus NM 003210. reverse transcriptase See also Nakamura et
al., (TERT) mRNA sequence Science 277:955, 1997; and GenBank Locus
AF015950 2 Homo sapiens telomerase GenBank Locus NM 0032107.
reverse transcriptase (TERT) amino acid sequence SEQ. ID NO:1 1
gcagcgctgc gtcctgctgc gcacgtggga agccctggcc ccggccaccc ctgcgatgcc
61 gcgcgctccc cgctgccgag ccgtgcgctc cctgctgcgc agccactacc
gcgaggtgct 121 gccgctggcc acgttcgtgc ggcgcctggg gccccagggc
tggcggctgg tgcagcgcgg 181 ggacccggcg gctttccgcg cgctggtggc
ccagtgcctg gtgtgcgtgc cctgggacgc 241 acggccgccc cccgccgccc
cctccttccg ccaggtgtcc tgcctgaagg agctggtggc 301 ccgagtgctg
cagaggctgt gcgagcgcgg cgcgaagaac gtgctggcct tcggcttcgc 361
gctgctggac ggggcccgcg ggggcccccc cgaggccttc accaccagcg tgcgcagcta
421 cctgcccaac acggtgaccg acgcactgcg ggggagcggg gcgtgggggc
tgctgctgcg 481 ccgcgtgggc gacgacgtgc tggttcacct gctggcacgc
tgcgcgctct ttgtgctggt 541 ggctcccagc tgcgcctacc aggtgtgcgg
gccgccgctg taccagctcg gcgctgccac 601 tcaggcccgg cccccgccac
acgctagtgg accccgaagg cgtctgggat gcgaacgggc 661 ctggaaccat
agcgtcaggg aggccggggt ccccctgggc ctgccagccc cgggtgcgag 721
gaggcgcggg ggcagtgcca gccgaagtct gccgttgccc aagaggccca ggcgtggcgc
781 tgcccctgag ccggagcgga cgcccgttgg gcaggggtcc tgggcccacc
cgggcaggac 841 gcgtggaccg agtgaccgtg gtttctgtgt ggtgtcacct
gccagacccg ccgaagaagc 901 cacctctttg gagggtgcgc tctctggcac
gcgccactcc cacccatccg tgggccgcca 961 gcaccacgcg ggccccccat
ccacatcgcg gccaccacgt ccctgggaca cgccttgtcc 1021 cccggtgtac
gccgagacca agcacttcct ctactcctca ggcgacaagg agcagctgcg 1081
gccctccttc ctactcagct ctctgaggcc cagcctgact ggcgctcgga ggctcgtgga
1141 gaccatcttt ctgggttcca ggccctggat gccagggact ccccgcaggt
tgccccgcct 1201 gccccagcgc tactggcaaa tgcggcccct gtttctggag
ctgcttggga accacgcgca 1261 gtgcccctac ggggtgctcc tcaagacgca
ctgcccgctg cgagctgcgg tcaccccagc 1321 agccggtgtc tgtgcccggg
agaagcccca gggctctgtg gcggcccccg aggaggagga 1381 cacagacccc
cgtcgcctgg tgcagctgct ccgccagcac agcagcccct ggcaggtgta 1441
cggcttcgtg cgggcctgcc tgcgccggct ggtgccccca ggcctctggg gctccaggca
1501 caacgaacgc cgcttcctca ggaacaccaa gaagttcatc tccctgggga
agcatgccaa 1561 gctctcgctg caggagctga cgtggaagat gagcgtgcgg
gactgcgctt ggctgcgcag 1621 gagcccaggg gttggctgtg ttccggccgc
agagcaccgt ctgcgtgagg agatcctggc 1681 caagttcctg cactggctga
tgagtgtgta cgtcgtcgag ctgctcaggt ctttctttta 1741 tgtcacggag
accacgtttc aaaagaacag gctctttttc taccggaaga gtgtctggag 1801
caagttgcaa agcattggaa tcagacagca cttgaagagg gtgcagctgc gggagctgtc
1861 ggaagcagag gtcaggcagc atcgggaagc caggcccgcc ctgctgacgt
ccagactccg 1921 cttcatcccc aagcctgacg ggctgcggcc gattgtgaac
atggactacg tcgtgggagc 1981 cagaacgttc cgcagagaaa agagggccga
gcgtctcacc tcgagggtga aggcactgtt 2041 cagcgtgctc aactacgagc
gggcgcggcg ccccggcctc ctgggcgcct ctgtgctggg 2101 cctggacgat
atccacaggg cctggcgcac cttcgtgctg cgtgtgcggg cccaggaccc 2161
gccgcctgag ctgtactttg tcaaggtgga tgtgacgggc gcgtacgaca ccatccccca
2221 ggacaggctc acggaggtca tcgccagcat catcaaaccc cagaacacgt
actgcgtgcg 2281 tcggtatgcc gtggtccaga aggccgccca tgggcacgtc
cgcaaggcct tcaagagcca 2341 cgtctctacc ttgacagacc tccagccgta
catgcgacag ttcgtggctc acctgcagga 2401 gaccagcccg ctgagggatg
ccgtcgtcat cgagcagagc tcctccctga atgaggccag 2461 cagtggcctc
ttcgacgtct tcctacgctt catgtgccac cacgccgtgc gcatcagggg 2521
caagtcctac gtccagtgcc aggggatccc gcagggctcc atcctctcca cgctgctctg
2581 cagcctgtgc tacggcgaca tggagaacaa gctgtttgcg gggattcggc
gggacgggct 2641 gctcctgcgt ttggtggatg atttcttgtt ggtgacacct
cacctcaccc acgcgaaaac 2701 cttcctcagg accctggtcc gaggtgtccc
tgagtatggc tgcgtggtga acttgcggaa 2761 gacagtggtg aacttccctg
tagaagacga ggccctgggt ggcacggctt ttgttcagat 2821 gccggcccac
ggcctattcc cctggtgcgg cctgctgctg gatacccgga ccctggaggt 2881
gcagagcgac tactccagct atgcccggac ctccatcaga gccagtctca ccttcaaccg
2941 cggcttcaag gctgggagga acatgcgtcg caaactcttt ggggtcttgc
ggctgaagtg 3001 tcacagcctg tttctggatt tgcaggtgaa cagcctccag
acggtgtgca ccaacatcta 3061 caagatcctc ctgctgcagg cgtacaggtt
tcacgcatgt gtgctgcagc tcccatttca 3121 tcagcaagtt tggaagaacc
ccacattttt cctgcgcgtc atctctgaca cggcctccct 3181 ctgctactcc
atcctgaaag ccaagaacgc agggatgtcg ctgggggcca agggcgccgc 3241
cggccctctg ccctccgagg ccgtgcagtg gctgtgccac caagcattcc tgctcaagct
3301 gactcgacac cgtgtcacct acgtgccact cctggggtca ctcaggacag
cccagacgca 3361 gctgagtcgg aagctcccgg ggacgacgct gactgccctg
gaggccgcag ccaacccggc 3421 actgccctca gacttcaaga ccatcctgga
ctgatggcca cccgcccaca gccaggccga 3481 gagcagacac cagcagccct
gtcacgccgg gctctacgtc ccagggaggg aggggcggcc 3541 cacacccagg
cccgcaccgc tgggagtctg aggcctgagt gagtgtttgg ccgaggcctg 3601
catgtccggc tgaaggctga gtgtccggct gaggcctgag cgagtgtcca gccaagggct
3661 gagtgtccag cacacctgcc gtcttcactt ccccacaggc tggcgctcgg
ctccacccca 3721 gggccagctt ttcctcacca ggagcccggc ttccactccc
cacataggaa tagtccatcc 3781 ccagattcgc cattgttcac ccctcgccct
gccctccttt gccttccacc cccaccatcc 3841 aggtggagac cctgagaagg
accctgggag ctctgggaat ttggagtgac caaaggtgtg 3901 ccctgtacac
aggcgaggac cctgcacctg gatgggggtc cctgtgggtc aaattggggg 3961
gaggtgctgt gggagtaaaa tactgaatat atgagttttt cagttttgaa aaaaa SEQ.
ID NO:2
MPRAPRCRAVRSLLRSHYREVLPLATFVRRLCPQCWRLVQRGDPAAFRALVAQCLVCVPWDARPPPMPSF
RQVSCLKELVARVLQRLCERGAKNVLAFGFALLDGARGGPPEAFTTSVRSYLPNTVTDALRGSCAWCLLL
RRVCDDVLVIILLARCALFVLVAPSCAYQVCGPPLYQLCAATQARPPPHASGPRRRLCCERAWNHSVREA
CVPLCLPAPGARRRCGSASRSLPLPKRPRRCMPEPERTPVCQGSWAHPGRTRCPSDRCFCVVSPARPAEE
ATSLEGALSGTRHSHPSVCRQHACPPSTSRPPRPWDTPCPPVYAETKHFLYSSGDKEQLRPSFLLSSLRP
SLTGARRLVETIFLGSRPWMPCTPRRLPRLPQRYWQMRPLFLELLCNHAQCPYCVLLKTHCPLRAAVTPA
AGVCAREKPQCSVAAPEEEDTDPRRLVQLLRQKSSPWQVYGFVRACLRRLVPPCLWCSRHNERRFLRNTK
KFISLGKHAKLSLQELTWKMSVRDCAWLRRSPGVGCVPAAEHRLREEILAKFLHWLMSVYVVELLRSFFY
VTETTFQKNRLFFYRKSVWSKLQSIGIRQHLKRVQLRELSEAEVRQHREARPALLTSRLRFIPKPDCLRP
IVNMDYVVGARTFRREKRAERLTSRVKALFSVLNYERARRPGLLCASVLCLDDIHRAWRTFVLRVRAQDP
PPELYFVKVDVTCAYDTIPQDRLTEVIASIIKPQNTYCVRRYAVVQKAAHGHVRKAFKSHVSTLTDLQPY
MRQFVAHLQETSPLRDAVVIEQSSSLNEASSGLFDVFLRFMCHHAVRIRGKSYVQCQCIPQGSILSTLLC
SLCYGDMENKLFAGIRRDGLLLRLVDDFLLVTPHLTHAKTFLRTLVRGVPEYGCVVNLRKTVVNFPVEDA
LGGTAFVQMPAHGLFPWCGLLLDTRTLEVQSDYSSYARTSIRASLTFNRGFKAGRNMRRKLFGVLRLKCH
SLFLDLQVNSLQTVCTNIYKILLLQAYRFHACVLQLPFHQQVWKNPTFFLRVISDTASLCYSILKAKNAG
MSLGAKGMGPLPSEAVQWLCHQAFLLKLTRIIRVTYVPLLGSLRTAQTQLSRKLPGTTLTALEAAANPAL
PSDFKTILD
[0199]
Sequence CWU 1
1
2 1 4015 DNA Homo sapiens CDS (56)..(3454) 1 gcagcgctgc gtcctgctgc
gcacgtggga agccctggcc ccggccaccc ccgcg atg 58 Met 1 ccg cgc gct ccc
cgc tgc cga gcc gtg cgc tcc ctg ctg cgc agc cac 106 Pro Arg Ala Pro
Arg Cys Arg Ala Val Arg Ser Leu Leu Arg Ser His 5 10 15 tac cgc gag
gtg ctg ccg ctg gcc acg ttc gtg cgg cgc ctg ggg ccc 154 Tyr Arg Glu
Val Leu Pro Leu Ala Thr Phe Val Arg Arg Leu Gly Pro 20 25 30 cag
ggc tgg cgg ctg gtg cag cgc ggg gac ccg gcg gct ttc cgc gcg 202 Gln
Gly Trp Arg Leu Val Gln Arg Gly Asp Pro Ala Ala Phe Arg Ala 35 40
45 ctg gtg gcc cag tgc ctg gtg tgc gtg ccc tgg gac gca cgg ccg ccc
250 Leu Val Ala Gln Cys Leu Val Cys Val Pro Trp Asp Ala Arg Pro Pro
50 55 60 65 ccc gcc gcc ccc tcc ttc cgc cag gtg tcc tgc ctg aag gag
ctg gtg 298 Pro Ala Ala Pro Ser Phe Arg Gln Val Ser Cys Leu Lys Glu
Leu Val 70 75 80 gcc cga gtg ctg cag agg ctg tgc gag cgc ggc gcg
aag aac gtg ctg 346 Ala Arg Val Leu Gln Arg Leu Cys Glu Arg Gly Ala
Lys Asn Val Leu 85 90 95 gcc ttc ggc ttc gcg ctg ctg gac ggg gcc
cgc ggg ggc ccc ccc gag 394 Ala Phe Gly Phe Ala Leu Leu Asp Gly Ala
Arg Gly Gly Pro Pro Glu 100 105 110 gcc ttc acc acc agc gtg cgc agc
tac ctg ccc aac acg gtg acc gac 442 Ala Phe Thr Thr Ser Val Arg Ser
Tyr Leu Pro Asn Thr Val Thr Asp 115 120 125 gca ctg cgg ggg agc ggg
gcg tgg ggg ctg ctg ctg cgc cgc gtg ggc 490 Ala Leu Arg Gly Ser Gly
Ala Trp Gly Leu Leu Leu Arg Arg Val Gly 130 135 140 145 gac gac gtg
ctg gtt cac ctg ctg gca cgc tgc gcg ctc ttt gtg ctg 538 Asp Asp Val
Leu Val His Leu Leu Ala Arg Cys Ala Leu Phe Val Leu 150 155 160 gtg
gct ccc agc tgc gcc tac cag gtg tgc ggg ccg ccg ctg tac cag 586 Val
Ala Pro Ser Cys Ala Tyr Gln Val Cys Gly Pro Pro Leu Tyr Gln 165 170
175 ctc ggc gct gcc act cag gcc cgg ccc ccg cca cac gct agt gga ccc
634 Leu Gly Ala Ala Thr Gln Ala Arg Pro Pro Pro His Ala Ser Gly Pro
180 185 190 cga agg cgt ctg gga tgc gaa cgg gcc tgg aac cat agc gtc
agg gag 682 Arg Arg Arg Leu Gly Cys Glu Arg Ala Trp Asn His Ser Val
Arg Glu 195 200 205 gcc ggg gtc ccc ctg ggc ctg cca gcc ccg ggt gcg
agg agg cgc ggg 730 Ala Gly Val Pro Leu Gly Leu Pro Ala Pro Gly Ala
Arg Arg Arg Gly 210 215 220 225 ggc agt gcc agc cga agt ctg ccg ttg
ccc aag agg ccc agg cgt ggc 778 Gly Ser Ala Ser Arg Ser Leu Pro Leu
Pro Lys Arg Pro Arg Arg Gly 230 235 240 gct gcc cct gag ccg gag cgg
acg ccc gtt ggg cag ggg tcc tgg gcc 826 Ala Ala Pro Glu Pro Glu Arg
Thr Pro Val Gly Gln Gly Ser Trp Ala 245 250 255 cac ccg ggc agg acg
cgt gga ccg agt gac cgt ggt ttc tgt gtg gtg 874 His Pro Gly Arg Thr
Arg Gly Pro Ser Asp Arg Gly Phe Cys Val Val 260 265 270 tca cct gcc
aga ccc gcc gaa gaa gcc acc tct ttg gag ggt gcg ctc 922 Ser Pro Ala
Arg Pro Ala Glu Glu Ala Thr Ser Leu Glu Gly Ala Leu 275 280 285 tct
ggc acg cgc cac tcc cac cca tcc gtg ggc cgc cag cac cac gcg 970 Ser
Gly Thr Arg His Ser His Pro Ser Val Gly Arg Gln His His Ala 290 295
300 305 ggc ccc cca tcc aca tcg cgg cca cca cgt ccc tgg gac acg cct
tgt 1018 Gly Pro Pro Ser Thr Ser Arg Pro Pro Arg Pro Trp Asp Thr
Pro Cys 310 315 320 ccc ccg gtg tac gcc gag acc aag cac ttc ctc tac
tcc tca ggc gac 1066 Pro Pro Val Tyr Ala Glu Thr Lys His Phe Leu
Tyr Ser Ser Gly Asp 325 330 335 aag gag cag ctg cgg ccc tcc ttc cta
ctc agc tct ctg agg ccc agc 1114 Lys Glu Gln Leu Arg Pro Ser Phe
Leu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg Pro Ser 340 345 350 ctg act ggc gct cgg agg
ctc gtg gag acc atc ttt ctg ggt tcc agg 1162 Leu Thr Gly Ala Arg
Arg Leu Val Glu Thr Ile Phe Leu Gly Ser Arg 355 360 365 ccc tgg atg
cca ggg act ccc cgc agg ttg ccc cgc ctg ccc cag cgc 1210 Pro Trp
Met Pro Gly Thr Pro Arg Arg Leu Pro Arg Leu Pro Gln Arg 370 375 380
385 tac tgg caa atg cgg ccc ctg ttt ctg gag ctg ctt ggg aac cac gcg
1258 Tyr Trp Gln Met Arg Pro Leu Phe Leu Glu Leu Leu Gly Asn His
Ala 390 395 400 cag tgc ccc tac ggg gtg ctc ctc aag acg cac tgc ccg
ctg cga gct 1306 Gln Cys Pro Tyr Gly Val Leu Leu Lys Thr His Cys
Pro Leu Arg Ala 405 410 415 gcg gtc acc cca gca gcc ggt gtc tgt gcc
cgg gag aag ccc cag ggc 1354 Ala Val Thr Pro Ala Ala Gly Val Cys
Ala Arg Glu Lys Pro Gln Gly 420 425 430 tct gtg gcg gcc ccc gag gag
gag gac aca gac ccc cgt cgc ctg gtg 1402 Ser Val Ala Ala Pro Glu
Glu Glu Asp Thr Asp Pro Arg Arg Leu Val 435 440 445 cag ctg ctc cgc
cag cac agc agc ccc tgg cag gtg tac ggc ttc gtg 1450 Gln Leu Leu
Arg Gln His Ser Ser Pro Trp Gln Val Tyr Gly Phe Val 450 455 460 465
cgg gcc tgc ctg cgc cgg ctg gtg ccc cca ggc ctc tgg ggc tcc agg
1498 Arg Ala Cys Leu Arg Arg Leu Val Pro Pro Gly Leu Trp Gly Ser
Arg 470 475 480 cac aac gaa cgc cgc ttc ctc agg aac acc aag aag ttc
atc tcc ctg 1546 His Asn Glu Arg Arg Phe Leu Arg Asn Thr Lys Lys
Phe Ile Ser Leu 485 490 495 ggg aag cat gcc aag ctc tcg ctg cag gag
ctg acg tgg aag atg agc 1594 Gly Lys His Ala Lys Leu Ser Leu Gln
Glu Leu Thr Trp Lys Met Ser 500 505 510 gtg cgg gac tgc gct tgg ctg
cgc agg agc cca ggg gtt ggc tgt gtt 1642 Val Arg Asp Cys Ala Trp
Leu Arg Arg Ser Pro Gly Val Gly Cys Val 515 520 525 ccg gcc gca gag
cac cgt ctg cgt gag gag atc ctg gcc aag ttc ctg 1690 Pro Ala Ala
Glu His Arg Leu Arg Glu Glu Ile Leu Ala Lys Phe Leu 530 535 540 545
cac tgg ctg atg agt gtg tac gtc gtc gag ctg ctc agg tct ttc ttt
1738 His Trp Leu Met Ser Val Tyr Val Val Glu Leu Leu Arg Ser Phe
Phe 550 555 560 tat gtc acg gag acc acg ttt caa aag aac agg ctc ttt
ttc tac cgg 1786 Tyr Val Thr Glu Thr Thr Phe Gln Lys Asn Arg Leu
Phe Phe Tyr Arg 565 570 575 aag agt gtc tgg agc aag ttg caa agc att
gga atc aga cag cac ttg 1834 Lys Ser Val Trp Ser Lys Leu Gln Ser
Ile Gly Ile Arg Gln His Leu 580 585 590 aag agg gtg cag ctg cgg gag
ctg tcg gaa gca gag gtc agg cag cat 1882 Lys Arg Val Gln Leu Arg
Glu Leu Ser Glu Ala Glu Val Arg Gln His 595 600 605 cgg gaa gcc agg
ccc gcc ctg ctg acg tcc aga ctc cgc ttc atc ccc 1930 Arg Glu Ala
Arg Pro Ala Leu Leu Thr Ser Arg Leu Arg Phe Ile Pro 610 615 620 625
aag cct gac ggg ctg cgg ccg att gtg aac atg gac tac gtc gtg gga
1978 Lys Pro Asp Gly Leu Arg Pro Ile Val Asn Met Asp Tyr Val Val
Gly 630 635 640 gcc aga acg ttc cgc aga gaa aag agg gcc gag cgt ctc
acc tcg agg 2026 Ala Arg Thr Phe Arg Arg Glu Lys Arg Ala Glu Arg
Leu Thr Ser Arg 645 650 655 gtg aag gca ctg ttc agc gtg ctc aac tac
gag cgg gcg cgg cgc ccc 2074 Val Lys Ala Leu Phe Ser Val Leu Asn
Tyr Glu Arg Ala Arg Arg Pro 660 665 670 ggc ctc ctg ggc gcc tct gtg
ctg ggc ctg gac gat atc cac agg gcc 2122 Gly Leu Leu Gly Ala Ser
Val Leu Gly Leu Asp Asp Ile His Arg Ala 675 680 685 tgg cgc acc ttc
gtg ctg cgt gtg cgg gcc cag gac ccg ccg cct gag 2170 Trp Arg Thr
Phe Val Leu Arg Val Arg Ala Gln Asp Pro Pro Pro Glu 690 695 700 705
ctg tac ttt gtc aag gtg gat gtg acg ggc gcg tac gac acc atc ccc
2218 Leu Tyr Phe Val Lys Val Asp Val Thr Gly Ala Tyr Asp Thr Ile
Pro 710 715 720 cag gac agg ctc acg gag gtc atc gcc agc atc atc aaa
ccc cag aac 2266 Gln Asp Arg Leu Thr Glu Val Ile Ala Ser Ile Ile
Lys Pro Gln Asn 725 730 735 acg tac tgc gtg cgt cgg tat gcc gtg gtc
cag aag gcc gcc cat ggg 2314 Thr Tyr Cys Val Arg Arg Tyr Ala Val
Val Gln Lys Ala Ala His Gly 740 745 750 cac gtc cgc aag gcc ttc aag
agc cac gtc tct acc ttg aca gac ctc 2362 His Val Arg Lys Ala Phe
Lys Ser His Val Ser Thr Leu Thr Asp Leu 755 760 765 cag ccg tac atg
cga cag ttc gtg gct cac ctg cag gag acc agc ccg 2410 Gln Pro Tyr
Met Arg Gln Phe Val Ala His Leu Gln Glu Thr Ser Pro 770 775 780 785
ctg agg gat gcc gtc gtc atc gag cag agc tcc tcc ctg aat gag gcc
2458 Leu Arg Asp Ala Val Val Ile Glu Gln Ser Ser Ser Leu Asn Glu
Ala 790 795 800 agc agt ggc ctc ttc gac gtc ttc cta cgc ttc atg tgc
cac cac gcc 2506 Ser Ser Gly Leu Phe Asp Val Phe Leu Arg Phe Met
Cys His His Ala 805 810 815 gtg cgc atc agg ggc aag tcc tac gtc cag
tgc cag ggg atc ccg cag 2554 Val Arg Ile Arg Gly Lys Ser Tyr Val
Gln Cys Gln Gly Ile Pro Gln 820 825 830 ggc tcc atc ctc tcc acg ctg
ctc tgc agc ctg tgc tac ggc gac atg 2602 Gly Ser Ile Leu Ser Thr
Leu Leu Cys Ser Leu Cys Tyr Gly Asp Met 835 840 845 gag aac aag ctg
ttt gcg ggg att cgg cgg gac ggg ctg ctc ctg cgt 2650 Glu Asn Lys
Leu Phe Ala Gly Ile Arg Arg Asp Gly Leu Leu Leu Arg 850 855 860 865
ttg gtg gat gat ttc ttg ttg gtg aca cct cac ctc acc cac gcg aaa
2698 Leu Val Asp Asp Phe Leu Leu Val Thr Pro His Leu Thr His Ala
Lys 870 875 880 acc ttc ctc agg acc ctg gtc cga ggt gtc cct gag tat
ggc tgc gtg 2746 Thr Phe Leu Arg Thr Leu Val Arg Gly Val Pro Glu
Tyr Gly Cys Val 885 890 895 gtg aac ttg cgg aag aca gtg gtg aac ttc
cct gta gaa gac gag gcc 2794 Val Asn Leu Arg Lys Thr Val Val Asn
Phe Pro Val Glu Asp Glu Ala 900 905 910 ctg ggt ggc acg gct ttt gtt
cag atg ccg gcc cac ggc cta ttc ccc 2842 Leu Gly Gly Thr Ala Phe
Val Gln Met Pro Ala His Gly Leu Phe Pro 915 920 925 tgg tgc ggc ctg
ctg ctg gat acc cgg acc ctg gag gtg cag agc gac 2890 Trp Cys Gly
Leu Leu Leu Asp Thr Arg Thr Leu Glu Val Gln Ser Asp 930 935 940 945
tac tcc agc tat gcc cgg acc tcc atc aga gcc agt ctc acc ttc aac
2938 Tyr Ser Ser Tyr Ala Arg Thr Ser Ile Arg Ala Ser Leu Thr Phe
Asn 950 955 960 cgc ggc ttc aag gct ggg agg aac atg cgt cgc aaa ctc
ttt ggg gtc 2986 Arg Gly Phe Lys Ala Gly Arg Asn Met Arg Arg Lys
Leu Phe Gly Val 965 970 975 ttg cgg ctg aag tgt cac agc ctg ttt ctg
gat ttg cag gtg aac agc 3034 Leu Arg Leu Lys Cys His Ser Leu Phe
Leu Asp Leu Gln Val Asn Ser 980 985 990 ctc cag acg gtg tgc acc aac
atc tac aag atc ctc ctg ctg cag gcg 3082 Leu Gln Thr Val Cys Thr
Asn Ile Tyr Lys Ile Leu Leu Leu Gln Ala 995 1000 1005 tac agg ttt
cac gca tgt gtg ctg cag ctc cca ttt cat cag caa 3127 Tyr Arg Phe
His Ala Cys Val Leu Gln Leu Pro Phe His Gln Gln 1010 1015 1020 gtt
tgg aag aac ccc aca ttt ttc ctg cgc gtc atc tct gac acg 3172 Val
Trp Lys Asn Pro Thr Phe Phe Leu Arg Val Ile Ser Asp Thr 1025 1030
1035 gcc tcc ctc tgc tac tcc atc ctg aaa gcc aag aac gca ggg atg
3217 Ala Ser Leu Cys Tyr Ser Ile Leu Lys Ala Lys Asn Ala Gly Met
1040 1045 1050 tcg ctg ggg gcc aag ggc gcc gcc ggc cct ctg ccc tcc
gag gcc 3262 Ser Leu Gly Ala Lys Gly Ala Ala Gly Pro Leu Pro Ser
Glu Ala 1055 1060 1065 gtg cag tgg ctg tgc cac caa gca ttc ctg ctc
aag ctg act cga 3307 Val Gln Trp Leu Cys His Gln Ala Phe Leu Leu
Lys Leu Thr Arg 1070 1075 1080 cac cgt gtc acc tac gtg cca ctc ctg
ggg tca ctc agg aca gcc 3352 His Arg Val Thr Tyr Val Pro Leu Leu
Gly Ser Leu Arg Thr Ala 1085 1090 1095 cag acg cag ctg agt cgg aag
ctc ccg ggg acg acg ctg act gcc 3397 Gln Thr Gln Leu Ser Arg Lys
Leu Pro Gly Thr Thr Leu Thr Ala 1100 1105 1110 ctg gag gcc gca gcc
aac ccg gca ctg ccc tca gac ttc aag acc 3442 Leu Glu Ala Ala Ala
Asn Pro Ala Leu Pro Ser Asp Phe Lys Thr 1115 1120 1125 atc ctg gac
tga tggccacccg cccacagcca ggccgagagc agacaccagc 3494 Ile Leu Asp
1130 agccctgtca cgccgggctc tacgtcccag ggagggaggg gcggcccaca
cccaggcccg 3554 caccgctggg agtctgaggc ctgagtgagt gtttggccga
ggcctgcatg tccggctgaa 3614 ggctgagtgt ccggctgagg cctgagcgag
tgtccagcca agggctgagt gtccagcaca 3674 cctgccgtct tcacttcccc
acaggctggc gctcggctcc accccagggc cagcttttcc 3734 tcaccaggag
cccggcttcc actccccaca taggaatagt ccatccccag attcgccatt 3794
gttcacccct cgccctgccc tcctttgcct tccaccccca ccatccaggt ggagaccctg
3854 agaaggaccc tgggagctct gggaatttgg agtgaccaaa ggtgtgccct
gtacacaggc 3914 gaggaccctg cacctggatg ggggtccctg tgggtcaaat
tggggggagg tgctgtggga 3974 gtaaaatact gaatatatga gtttttcagt
tttgaaaaaa a 4015 2 1132 PRT Homo sapiens 2 Met Pro Arg Ala Pro Arg
Cys Arg Ala Val Arg Ser Leu Leu Arg Ser 1 5 10 15 His Tyr Arg Glu
Val Leu Pro Leu Ala Thr Phe Val Arg Arg Leu Gly 20 25 30 Pro Gln
Gly Trp Arg Leu Val Gln Arg Gly Asp Pro Ala Ala Phe Arg 35 40 45
Ala Leu Val Ala Gln Cys Leu Val Cys Val Pro Trp Asp Ala Arg Pro 50
55 60 Pro Pro Ala Ala Pro Ser Phe Arg Gln Val Ser Cys Leu Lys Glu
Leu 65 70 75 80 Val Ala Arg Val Leu Gln Arg Leu Cys Glu Arg Gly Ala
Lys Asn Val 85 90 95 Leu Ala Phe Gly Phe Ala Leu Leu Asp Gly Ala
Arg Gly Gly Pro Pro 100 105 110 Glu Ala Phe Thr Thr Ser Val Arg Ser
Tyr Leu Pro Asn Thr Val Thr 115 120 125 Asp Ala Leu Arg Gly Ser Gly
Ala Trp Gly Leu Leu Leu Arg Arg Val 130 135 140 Gly Asp Asp Val Leu
Val His Leu Leu Ala Arg Cys Ala Leu Phe Val 145 150 155 160 Leu Val
Ala Pro Ser Cys Ala Tyr Gln Val Cys Gly Pro Pro Leu Tyr 165 170 175
Gln Leu Gly Ala Ala Thr Gln Ala Arg Pro Pro Pro His Ala Ser Gly 180
185 190 Pro Arg Arg Arg Leu Gly Cys Glu Arg Ala Trp Asn His Ser Val
Arg 195 200 205 Glu Ala Gly Val Pro Leu Gly Leu Pro Ala Pro Gly Ala
Arg Arg Arg 210 215 220 Gly Gly Ser Ala Ser Arg Ser Leu Pro Leu Pro
Lys Arg Pro Arg Arg 225 230 235 240 Gly Ala Ala Pro Glu Pro Glu Arg
Thr Pro Val Gly Gln Gly Ser Trp 245 250 255 Ala His Pro Gly Arg Thr
Arg Gly Pro Ser Asp Arg Gly Phe Cys Val 260 265 270 Val Ser Pro Ala
Arg Pro Ala Glu Glu Ala Thr Ser Leu Glu Gly Ala 275 280 285 Leu Ser
Gly Thr Arg His Ser His Pro Ser Val Gly Arg Gln His His 290 295 300
Ala Gly Pro Pro Ser Thr Ser Arg Pro Pro Arg Pro Trp Asp Thr Pro 305
310 315 320 Cys Pro Pro Val Tyr Ala Glu Thr Lys His Phe Leu Tyr Ser
Ser Gly 325 330 335 Asp Lys Glu Gln Leu Arg Pro Ser Phe Leu Leu Ser
Ser Leu Arg Pro 340 345 350 Ser Leu Thr Gly Ala Arg Arg Leu Val Glu
Thr Ile Phe Leu Gly Ser 355 360 365 Arg Pro Trp Met Pro Gly Thr Pro
Arg Arg Leu Pro Arg Leu Pro Gln 370 375 380 Arg Tyr Trp Gln Met Arg
Pro Leu Phe Leu Glu Leu Leu Gly Asn His 385 390 395 400 Ala Gln Cys
Pro Tyr Gly Val Leu Leu Lys Thr His Cys Pro Leu Arg 405 410 415 Ala
Ala Val Thr Pro Ala Ala Gly Val Cys Ala Arg Glu Lys Pro Gln 420 425
430 Gly Ser Val Ala Ala Pro Glu Glu Glu Asp Thr Asp Pro Arg Arg Leu
435 440 445 Val Gln Leu Leu Arg Gln His Ser Ser Pro Trp Gln Val Tyr
Gly Phe 450 455 460 Val Arg Ala Cys Leu Arg Arg Leu Val Pro Pro Gly
Leu Trp Gly Ser 465 470 475 480 Arg His Asn Glu Arg Arg Phe Leu Arg
Asn Thr Lys Lys Phe Ile Ser 485 490
495 Leu Gly Lys His Ala Lys Leu Ser Leu Gln Glu Leu Thr Trp Lys Met
500 505 510 Ser Val Arg Asp Cys Ala Trp Leu Arg Arg Ser Pro Gly Val
Gly Cys 515 520 525 Val Pro Ala Ala Glu His Arg Leu Arg Glu Glu Ile
Leu Ala Lys Phe 530 535 540 Leu His Trp Leu Met Ser Val Tyr Val Val
Glu Leu Leu Arg Ser Phe 545 550 555 560 Phe Tyr Val Thr Glu Thr Thr
Phe Gln Lys Asn Arg Leu Phe Phe Tyr 565 570 575 Arg Lys Ser Val Trp
Ser Lys Leu Gln Ser Ile Gly Ile Arg Gln His 580 585 590 Leu Lys Arg
Val Gln Leu Arg Glu Leu Ser Glu Ala Glu Val Arg Gln 595 600 605 His
Arg Glu Ala Arg Pro Ala Leu Leu Thr Ser Arg Leu Arg Phe Ile 610 615
620 Pro Lys Pro Asp Gly Leu Arg Pro Ile Val Asn Met Asp Tyr Val Val
625 630 635 640 Gly Ala Arg Thr Phe Arg Arg Glu Lys Arg Ala Glu Arg
Leu Thr Ser 645 650 655 Arg Val Lys Ala Leu Phe Ser Val Leu Asn Tyr
Glu Arg Ala Arg Arg 660 665 670 Pro Gly Leu Leu Gly Ala Ser Val Leu
Gly Leu Asp Asp Ile His Arg 675 680 685 Ala Trp Arg Thr Phe Val Leu
Arg Val Arg Ala Gln Asp Pro Pro Pro 690 695 700 Glu Leu Tyr Phe Val
Lys Val Asp Val Thr Gly Ala Tyr Asp Thr Ile 705 710 715 720 Pro Gln
Asp Arg Leu Thr Glu Val Ile Ala Ser Ile Ile Lys Pro Gln 725 730 735
Asn Thr Tyr Cys Val Arg Arg Tyr Ala Val Val Gln Lys Ala Ala His 740
745 750 Gly His Val Arg Lys Ala Phe Lys Ser His Val Ser Thr Leu Thr
Asp 755 760 765 Leu Gln Pro Tyr Met Arg Gln Phe Val Ala His Leu Gln
Glu Thr Ser 770 775 780 Pro Leu Arg Asp Ala Val Val Ile Glu Gln Ser
Ser Ser Leu Asn Glu 785 790 795 800 Ala Ser Ser Gly Leu Phe Asp Val
Phe Leu Arg Phe Met Cys His His 805 810 815 Ala Val Arg Ile Arg Gly
Lys Ser Tyr Val Gln Cys Gln Gly Ile Pro 820 825 830 Gln Gly Ser Ile
Leu Ser Thr Leu Leu Cys Ser Leu Cys Tyr Gly Asp 835 840 845 Met Glu
Asn Lys Leu Phe Ala Gly Ile Arg Arg Asp Gly Leu Leu Leu 850 855 860
Arg Leu Val Asp Asp Phe Leu Leu Val Thr Pro His Leu Thr His Ala 865
870 875 880 Lys Thr Phe Leu Arg Thr Leu Val Arg Gly Val Pro Glu Tyr
Gly Cys 885 890 895 Val Val Asn Leu Arg Lys Thr Val Val Asn Phe Pro
Val Glu Asp Glu 900 905 910 Ala Leu Gly Gly Thr Ala Phe Val Gln Met
Pro Ala His Gly Leu Phe 915 920 925 Pro Trp Cys Gly Leu Leu Leu Asp
Thr Arg Thr Leu Glu Val Gln Ser 930 935 940 Asp Tyr Ser Ser Tyr Ala
Arg Thr Ser Ile Arg Ala Ser Leu Thr Phe 945 950 955 960 Asn Arg Gly
Phe Lys Ala Gly Arg Asn Met Arg Arg Lys Leu Phe Gly 965 970 975 Val
Leu Arg Leu Lys Cys His Ser Leu Phe Leu Asp Leu Gln Val Asn 980 985
990 Ser Leu Gln Thr Val Cys Thr Asn Ile Tyr Lys Ile Leu Leu Leu Gln
995 1000 1005 Ala Tyr Arg Phe His Ala Cys Val Leu Gln Leu Pro Phe
His Gln 1010 1015 1020 Gln Val Trp Lys Asn Pro Thr Phe Phe Leu Arg
Val Ile Ser Asp 1025 1030 1035 Thr Ala Ser Leu Cys Tyr Ser Ile Leu
Lys Ala Lys Asn Ala Gly 1040 1045 1050 Met Ser Leu Gly Ala Lys Gly
Ala Ala Gly Pro Leu Pro Ser Glu 1055 1060 1065 Ala Val Gln Trp Leu
Cys His Gln Ala Phe Leu Leu Lys Leu Thr 1070 1075 1080 Arg His Arg
Val Thr Tyr Val Pro Leu Leu Gly Ser Leu Arg Thr 1085 1090 1095 Ala
Gln Thr Gln Leu Ser Arg Lys Leu Pro Gly Thr Thr Leu Thr 1100 1105
1110 Ala Leu Glu Ala Ala Ala Asn Pro Ala Leu Pro Ser Asp Phe Lys
1115 1120 1125 Thr Ile Leu Asp 1130
* * * * *