U.S. patent application number 11/417447 was filed with the patent office on 2006-09-14 for synthesis of n-(4-fluorobenzyl)-n-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)-n'-(4-(2-methylpropyloxy)ph- enylmethyl)carbamide and its tartrate salt and crystalline forms.
Invention is credited to Carl-Magnus A. Andersson, Jorg Berghausen, Fritz Blatter, Nathalie Schlienger, Mikkel Boas Thygesen, Bo-Ragnar Tolf.
Application Number | 20060205780 11/417447 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 35539440 |
Filed Date | 2006-09-14 |
United States Patent
Application |
20060205780 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Thygesen; Mikkel Boas ; et
al. |
September 14, 2006 |
Synthesis of
N-(4-fluorobenzyl)-N-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)-N'-(4-(2-methylpropyloxy)ph-
enylmethyl)carbamide and its tartrate salt and crystalline
forms
Abstract
Disclosed herein are methods for synthesizing
N-(4-fluorobenzyl)-N-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)-N'-(4-(2-methylpropyloxy)-p-
henylmethyl)carbamide. Also disclosed herein is the hemi-tartrate
salt of
N-(4-fluorobenzyl)-N-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)-N'-(4-(2-methylpropyloxy)-p-
henylmethyl)carbamide and methods for obtaining the salt. Further
disclosed are various crystalline forms of
N-(4-fluorobenzyl)-N-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)-N'-(4-(2-methylpropyloxy)-p-
henylmethyl)carbamide and its hemi-tartrate salt including various
polymorphs and solvates.
Inventors: |
Thygesen; Mikkel Boas;
(Copenhagen East, DK) ; Schlienger; Nathalie;
(Frederiksberg, DK) ; Tolf; Bo-Ragnar; (Malmo,
SE) ; Andersson; Carl-Magnus A.; (Hjarup, SE)
; Blatter; Fritz; (Reinach, CH) ; Berghausen;
Jorg; (Lorrach, DE) |
Correspondence
Address: |
KNOBBE MARTENS OLSON & BEAR LLP
2040 MAIN STREET
FOURTEENTH FLOOR
IRVINE
CA
92614
US
|
Family ID: |
35539440 |
Appl. No.: |
11/417447 |
Filed: |
May 3, 2006 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
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11235558 |
Sep 26, 2005 |
|
|
|
11417447 |
May 3, 2006 |
|
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60614014 |
Sep 27, 2004 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
514/317 ;
546/226 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C07D 211/58 20130101;
A61P 25/18 20180101; A61P 21/00 20180101; A61P 9/08 20180101; A61P
25/28 20180101; A61P 25/24 20180101; A61P 25/22 20180101; A61P
25/06 20180101; A61P 7/02 20180101; A61P 25/00 20180101; A61P 43/00
20180101; A61P 9/14 20180101; A61P 25/20 20180101; A61P 9/12
20180101; A61P 1/14 20180101; A61P 25/16 20180101; A61P 25/14
20180101; A61P 9/10 20180101 |
Class at
Publication: |
514/317 ;
546/226 |
International
Class: |
A61K 31/445 20060101
A61K031/445; C07D 211/06 20060101 C07D211/06 |
Claims
1. A crystalline form of
N-(4-fluorobenzyl)-N-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)-N'-(4-(2-methylpropyloxy)ph-
enylmethyl)carbamide having substantially the same X-ray powder
diffraction pattern as depicted in FIG. 1.
2. A crystalline form of
N-(4-fluorobenzyl)-N-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)-N'-(4-(2-methylpropyloxy)ph-
enylmethyl)carbamide hemi-tartrate having substantially the same
X-ray powder diffraction pattern as depicted in FIG. 2.
3. A crystalline form of
N-(4-fluorobenzyl)-N-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)-N'-(4-(2-methylpropyloxy)ph-
enylmethyl)carbamide hemi-tartrate having substantially the same
X-ray powder diffraction pattern as depicted in FIG. 3.
4. A crystalline form of
N-(4-fluorobenzyl)-N-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)-N'-(4-(2-methylpropyloxy)ph-
enylmethyl)carbamide hemi-tartrate having substantially the same
X-ray powder diffraction pattern as depicted in FIG. 4.
5. A crystalline form of
N-(4-fluorobenzyl)-N-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)-N'-(4-(2-methylpropyloxy)ph-
enylmethyl)carbamide hemi-tartrate having substantially the same
X-ray powder diffraction pattern as depicted in FIG. 5.
6. A crystalline form of
N-(4-fluorobenzyl)-N-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)-N'-(4-(2-methylpropyloxy)ph-
enylmethyl)carbamide hemi-tartrate having substantially the same
X-ray powder diffraction pattern as depicted in FIG. 6.
7. A crystalline form of
N-(4-fluorobenzyl)-N-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)-N'-(4-(2-methylpropyloxy)ph-
enylmethyl)carbamide hemi-tartrate having substantially the same
X-ray powder diffraction pattern as depicted in FIG. 7.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser.
No. 11/235,558, filed Sep. 26, 2005, which was a non-provisional of
U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/614,014, filed on Sep. 27,
2004, both of which are incorporated herein by reference in their
entirety.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] 1. Field of the Invention
[0003] The present invention relates to the fields of medicine and
chemistry. More particularly, the present invention relates to
N-(4-fluorobenzyl)-N-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)-N'-(4-(2-methylpropyloxy)-p-
henylmethyl)carbamide, its tartrate salt, and polymorphs and
syntheses and uses thereof.
[0004] 2. Description of the Related Art
[0005] WO 01/66521 describes N-azacycloalkyl-N-aralkyl carbamides
and carboxylic acid amides, which constitute a new class of
compounds effective in inhibiting an activity of monoamine
receptors, including the serotonin receptor of the 5-HT2A subclass.
WO 01/66521 is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
Examples of disease conditions for which such compounds can be used
include, but are not limited to, neuropsychiatric diseases such as
schizophrenia and related idiopathic psychoses, depression,
anxiety, sleep disorders, appetite disorders, affective disorders
such as major depressions, bipolar disorder, depression with
psychotic features and Tourette's Syndrome. Other beneficial
treatments may be drug-induced psychoses and side-effects of
Parkinson's disease as well as psychoses secondary to
neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's or Huntington's
Disease, hypertension, migraine, vasospasm, ischemia and the
primary treatment and secondary prevention of various thrombotic
conditions including myocardial infarction, thrombotic or ischemic
stroke, idiopathic and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and
peripheral vascular disease.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0006] One embodiment disclosed herein includes a method for the
preparation of a compound of formula I: ##STR1## that includes
reacting (4-fluorobenzyl)-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)amine of formula
II ##STR2## with 4-(2-methylpropyloxy)phenylmethyl-isocyanate of
formula III ##STR3##
[0007] In some embodiments, about 0.9 to about 1.1 equivalents of
the (4-fluorobenzyl)-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)amine is used per
equivalent of the 4-(2-methylpropyloxy)phenylmethyl-isocyanate.
Some embodiments further include isolating the compound of formula
I after the reacting. In some embodiments, the isolating includes
adding a salt-forming acid after the reacting, isolating the formed
salt by solvent removal, precipitation, or both solvent removal and
precipitation, adding the isolated salt to a two phase system
comprising an organic solvent phase and an alkaline aqueous phase,
and obtaining the compound of formula I from the organic solvent
phase. In some embodiments, the salt forming acid is selected from
the group consisting of one or more of the following: mineral
acids, mono- or dicarboxylic acids, and sulfonic acids. In some
embodiments, the pH of the aqueous phase is greater than about 8.5.
In one embodiment this pH is obtained by adding an aqueous alkaline
metal hydroxide. In some embodiments, the reaction is carried out
in the presence of an inert organic solvent. In some embodiments,
the solvent is selected from the group consisting of one or more of
the following: aliphatic ethers, esters of aliphatic carboxylic
acids, alcohols, lactones, halogenated hydrocarbons, and aliphatic
C.sub.3-C.sub.8 ketones. In some embodiments, the reaction is
carried out at a temperature from about -30.degree. C. to about
60.degree. C.
[0008] Another embodiment disclosed herein includes a crystalline
form of
N-(4-fluorobenzyl)-N-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)-N'-(4-(2-methylpropyloxy)ph-
enylmethyl)carbamide that exhibits a melting point of about
124.degree. C., determined with Differential Scanning Calorimetry
(DSC) at a heating rate of 10.degree. C./minute.
[0009] Another embodiment disclosed herein includes a crystalline
form of
N-(4-fluorobenzyl)-N-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)-N'-(4-(2-methylpropyloxy)ph-
enylmethyl)carbamide that exhibits a X-ray powder diffraction
pattern comprising peaks having d-values in angstroms of about
13.0, about 10.9, about 6.5, about 4.7, about 4.3, about 4.22, and
about 4.00. In one embodiment, the crystalline form exhibits a
X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising peaks having d-values
in angstroms of about 13.0, about 10.9, about 6.8, about 6.5, about
6.2, about 5.2, about 4.7, about 4.5, about 4.3, about 4.22, about
4.00, about 3.53, about 3.40, about 3.28, about 3.24, about 3.19,
about 3.08, about 2.91, and about 2.72.
[0010] Another embodiment disclosed herein includes a method for
the preparation of the above crystalline form including dissolving
a salt of a compound of formula I in water: ##STR4##
[0011] adding an amount of an organic aprotic solvent to the
aqueous salt solution sufficient to dissolve the compound of
formula I;
[0012] adjusting the pH of the aqueous salt solution to a value of
at least about 8.5 by addition of a base;
[0013] removing a part of the organic aprotic solvent;
[0014] cooling the remaining organic aprotic solution to less than
15.degree. C.; and
[0015] isolating any precipitate formed.
[0016] In some embodiments, the salt of the compound of formula I
is a hemi-tartrate salt. Some embodiments further include
extracting the aqueous solution with the organic solvent and
collecting all organic phases prior to removing a part of the
organic solvent. In one embodiment, the organic solvent is selected
from the group consisting of one or more of the following:
hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons, esters of aliphatic
carboxylic acids, alcohols, lactones, ethers, and aliphatic
C.sub.4-C.sub.8 ketones.
[0017] Another embodiment disclosed herein includes a crystalline
form of
N-(4-fluorobenzyl)-N-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)-N'-(4-(2-methylpropyloxy)ph-
enylmethyl)carbamide produced by the process that includes
dissolving a hemi-tartrate salt of a compound of formula I in
water: ##STR5## adding an amount of an organic aprotic solvent to
the aqueous salt solution sufficient to dissolve the compound of
formula I, adjusting the pH of the aqueous salt solution to a value
of at least about 8.5 by addition of a base, extracting the aqueous
solution with the organic solvent and collecting all organic
phases, removing a part of the organic aprotic solvent, cooling the
remaining organic aprotic solution to less than 15.degree. C., and
isolating any precipitate formed.
[0018] Another embodiment disclosed herein is
N-(4-fluorobenzyl)-N-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)-N'-(4-(2-methylpropyloxy)ph-
enylmethyl)carbamide hemi-tartrate of formula IV, ##STR6##
[0019] Another embodiment disclosed herein includes a method for
the preparation of
N-(4-fluorobenzyl)-N-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)-N'-(4-(2-methylpropyloxy)ph-
enylmethyl)carbamide hemi-tartrate, comprising performing the
reaction for synthesizing the compound of formula I as described
above, adding tartaric acid after the reaction, and isolating the
hemi-tartrate salt formed. In one embodiment, the isolating
includes obtaining the hemi-tartrate salt from a suspension formed
after addition of tartaric acid. In one embodiment, the isolating
includes precipitating the hemi-tartrate salt by cooling, solvent
removal, adding a non-solvent, or a combination of these
methods.
[0020] Another embodiment disclosed herein includes a crystalline
form of
N-(4-fluorobenzyl)-N-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)-N'-(4-(2-methylpropyloxy)ph-
enylmethyl)carbamide hemi-tartrate that exhibits a X-ray powder
diffraction pattern comprising peaks having d-values in angstroms
of about 18.6, about 16.7, about 10.2, about 6.2, about 6.1, about
4.63, about 4.49, about 4.44, and about 3.96. In one embodiment,
the X-ray powder diffraction pattern includes peaks having d-values
in angstroms of about 18.6, about 16.7, about 10.2, about 8.2,
about 7.7, about 7.4, about 6.5, about 6.2, about 6.1, about 5.86,
about 5.14, about 5.03, about 4.78, about 4.69, about 4.63, about
4.49, about 4.44, about 4.35, about 4.10, about 3.96, and about
3.66.
[0021] In one embodiment, the above crystalline form is prepared by
dissolving the compound of formula IV in ethanol or an admixture of
ethanol and isopropanol: ##STR7## cooling the solution to a
temperature of less than about 20.degree. C., and isolating any
resulting precipitated solid. In one embodiment, the temperature
during the dissolution step is about 55 to about 90.degree. C. In
one embodiment, the cooling rate during the cooling step is about
0.1 to about 3.degree. C./minute.
[0022] Another embodiment disclosed herein includes a crystalline
form of
N-(4-fluorobenzyl)-N-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)-N'-(4-(2-methylpropyloxy)ph-
enylmethyl)carbamide tartrate produced by a method that includes
dissolving the compound of formula IV in ethanol or an admixture of
ethanol and isopropanol at a temperature of about 55 to about
90.degree. C.: ##STR8## cooling the solution to a temperature of
less than about 20.degree. C. at a rate of about 0.1 to about
3.degree. C./minute, and isolating any resulting precipitated
solid.
[0023] Another embodiment disclosed herein includes a crystalline
form of
N-(4-fluorobenzyl)-N-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)-N'-(4-(2-methylpropyloxy)ph-
enylmethyl)carbamide tartrate that exhibits a X-ray powder
diffraction pattern comprising peaks having d-values in angstroms
of about 17.4, about 10.2, about 5.91, about 4.50, about 4.37, and
about 3.87. One embodiment exhibits a X-ray powder diffraction
pattern comprising peaks having d-values in angstroms of about
17.4, about 10.2, about 8.8, about 6.4, about 5.91, about 5.46,
about 4.99, about 4.90, about 4.62, about 4.50, about 4.37, about
4.20, about 3.87, about 3.73, about 3.58, about 3.42, and about
2.90.
[0024] Another embodiment disclosed herein includes a crystalline
form of
N-(4-fluorobenzyl)-N-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)-N'-(4-(2-methylpropyloxy)ph-
enylmethyl)carbamide tartrate that exhibits a X-ray powder
diffraction pattern comprising peaks having d-values in angstroms
of about 12.0, about 10.7, about 5.86, about 4.84, about 4.70,
about 4.57, and about 3.77, hereinafter referred to as Form C. One
embodiment exhibits a X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising
peaks having d-values in angstroms of about 12.0, about 10.7, about
7.4, about 6.9, about 6.6, about 6.2, about 5.86, about 5.53, about
5.28, about 5.16, about 4.84, about 4.70, about 4.57, about 4.38,
about 4.09, about 3.94, about 3.77, about 3.71, about 3.49, about
3.46, about 3.25, about 3.08, and about 2.93.
[0025] Another embodiment disclosed herein includes a method for
the preparation of the crystalline form described above that
includes suspending of a solid form of a compound of formula IV in
an aprotic solvent: ##STR9## and stirring the suspension while
adding crystal seeds of crystalline form C, described herein. In
one embodiment, the temperature of the solvent during the
suspending step is from about 30 to about 100.degree. C. In one
embodiment, the aprotic solvent is selected from the group
comprising of one or more of the following: aliphatic or cyclic
ethers, carboxylic esters, lactones, alkanes, and aliphatic
C.sub.3-C.sub.8 ketones. In one embodiment, the seeding is carried
out at a temperature from about 40 to about 80.degree. C. One
embodiment further includes cooling the suspension at a rate from
about 0.1 to about 1.degree. C./minute. In one embodiment, the
suspension is cooled to about room temperature.
[0026] Another embodiment disclosed herein includes a method for
the preparation of the crystalline form described above that
includes suspending a crystalline form of
N-(4-fluorobenzyl)-N-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)-N'-(4-(2-methylpropyloxy)ph-
enylmethyl)carbamide tartrate or mixtures of crystalline forms of
N-(4-fluorobenzyl)-N-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)-N'-(4-(2-methylpropyloxy)ph-
enylmethyl)carbamide tartrate in a polar and aprotic solvent at
temperatures from about 30 to about 70.degree. C., stirring the
suspension while adding crystal seeds of the crystalline form C,
described herein, and isolating of the crystalline solid from the
suspension.
[0027] Another embodiment disclosed herein includes a method for
the preparation of the crystalline form described above that
includes dissolving a tartrate salt of
N-(4-fluorobenzyl)-N-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)-N'-(4-(2-methylpropyloxy)ph-
enylmethyl)carbamide in a solvent at temperatures from about 0 to
about 70.degree. C., stirring the resulting solution at a
temperature of about 50 to about 70.degree. C. while adding crystal
seeds of crystalline form C, cooling the obtained suspension at a
cooling rate of about 5 to about 15.degree. C. per hour to a
temperature of about -20.degree. C. to about room temperature, and
isolating crystalline solid from the suspension. In one embodiment,
the solvent is tetrahydrofuran. In other embodiments, the solvent
is selected from the group consisting of one or more of acetone,
ethanol, isopropanol, dichloromethane, 1,4-dioxane, and
acetonitrile.
[0028] Another embodiment disclosed herein includes a crystalline
form of
N-(4-fluorobenzyl)-N-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)-N'-(4-(2-methylpropyloxy)ph-
enylmethyl)carbamide tartrate produced by a process that includes
suspending a crystalline form of
N-(4-fluorobenzyl)-N-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)-N'-(4-(2-methylpropyloxy)ph-
enylmethyl)carbamide tartrate or mixtures of crystalline forms of
N-(4-fluorobenzyl)-N-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)-N'-(4-(2-methylpropyloxy)ph-
enylmethyl)carbamide tartrate in a polar and aprotic solvent at
temperatures from about 30 to about 70.degree. C., stirring the
suspension while adding crystal seeds of the crystalline form C,
and isolating of the crystalline solid from the suspension.
[0029] Another embodiment disclosed herein includes a crystalline
form of
N-(4-fluorobenzyl)-N-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)-N'-(4-(2-methylpropyloxy)ph-
enylmethyl)carbamide tartrate produced by a process that includes
dissolving a tartrate salt of
N-(4-fluorobenzyl)-N-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)-N'-(4-(2-methylpropyloxy)ph-
enylmethyl)carbamide in tetrahydrofuran or acetone at temperatures
from about 0 to about 70.degree. C., stirring the resulting
solution at a temperature of about 50 to about 70.degree. C. while
adding crystal seeds of the crystalline form C, cooling the
obtained suspension at a cooling rate of about 5 to about
15.degree. C. per hour to a temperature of about -20.degree. C. to
about room temperature, and isolating crystalline solid from the
suspension.
[0030] Another embodiment disclosed herein includes a crystalline
form of
N-(4-fluorobenzyl)-N-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)-N'-(4-(2-methylpropyloxy)ph-
enylmethyl)carbamide tartrate including from about 0% to about 6.6%
isopropanol or ethanol that exhibits a X-ray powder diffraction
pattern comprising peaks having d-values in angstroms of about
17.2, about 16.0, about 6.1, about 4.64, about 4.54, and about
4.37. One embodiment exhibits a X-ray powder diffraction pattern
comprising peaks having d-values in angstroms of about 17.2, about
16.0, about 10.7, about 9.8, about 6.6, about 6.1, about 6.00,
about 5.73, about 5.33, about 5.17, about 4.91, about 4.64, about
4.54, about 4.37, about 4.10, about 3.91, about 3.84, about 3.67,
about 3.55, about 3.42, about 3.32, about 3.13, and about 3.06.
[0031] Another embodiment disclosed herein includes a crystalline
form of
N-(4-fluorobenzyl)-N-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)-N'-(4-(2-methylpropyloxy)ph-
enylmethyl)carbamide tartrate comprising about 5% t-butyl methyl
ether that exhibits a X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising
peaks having d-values in angstroms of about 17.3, about 16.2, about
10.6, about 9.8, about 8.1, about 7.5, about 6.6, about 6.0, about
5.28, about 5.09, about 4.90, about 4.72, about 4.51, about 4.39,
about 4.26, about 4.04, about 3.86, about 3.70, about 3.54, about
3.48, and about 3.02.
[0032] Another embodiment disclosed herein includes a crystalline
form of
N-(4-fluorobenzyl)-N-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)-N'-(4-(2-methylpropyloxy)ph-
enylmethyl)carbamide tartrate comprising about 3% of
tetrahydrofuran that exhibits a X-ray powder diffraction pattern
comprising peaks having d-values in angstroms of about 19.0, about
16.0, about 13.0, about 7.8, about 6.4, about 6.2, about 5.74,
about 5.29, about 5.04, about 4.83, about 4.62, about 4.50, about
4.34, about 4.24, about 4.05, about 3.89, about 3.76, about 3.58,
and about 3.27.
[0033] Another embodiment disclosed herein includes a
pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of formula IV
and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent: ##STR10##
[0034] Other embodiments disclosed herein include pharmaceutical
compositions that include any of the crystalline forms described
above and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
[0035] Another embodiment disclosed herein includes a method of
delivering the compound of formula I to a host, comprising
administering to a subject a compound of formula IV: ##STR11##
[0036] Another embodiment disclosed herein includes a method of
inhibiting an activity of a monoamine receptor, comprising
administering to a subject a compound of formula IV: ##STR12##
[0037] Another embodiment disclosed herein includes a method for
the treatment of neuropsychiatric diseases, comprising
administering to a subject a compound of formula IV: ##STR13##
[0038] In some embodiments, the neuropsychiatric disease is
selected from the group consisting of psychosis, schizophrenia,
schizoaffective disorders, mania, psychotic depression, affective
disorders, dementia, anxiety, sleep disorders, appetite disorders,
bipolar disorder, psychosis secondary to hypertension, migraine,
vasospasm, and ischemia, motor tics, tremor, psychomotor slowing,
bradykinesia, and neuropathic pain.
[0039] Another embodiment disclosed herein includes a method for
the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, comprising
administering to a subject the compound of formula IV. In some
embodiments, the neurodegenerative disease is selected from the
group consisting Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease,
Alzheimer's disease, Spinocerebellar Atrophy, Tourette's Syndrome,
Friedrich's Ataxia, Machado-Joseph's disease, Lewy Body Dementia,
Dystonia, Progressive Supranuclear Palsy, and Frontotemporal
Dementia.
[0040] Another embodiment disclosed herein includes a method for
treating dyskinesia associated with dopaminergic therapy,
comprising administering to a subject the compound of formula
IV.
[0041] Another embodiment disclosed herein includes a method for
treating dystonia, myoclonus, or tremor associated with
dopaminergic therapy, comprising administering to a subject the
compound of formula IV.
[0042] Another embodiment disclosed herein includes a method for
treating a thrombotic condition, comprising administering to a
subject the compound of formula IV. In some embodiments, the
thrombotic condition is selected from the group consisting of
myocardial infarction, thrombotic or ischemic stroke, idiopathic
and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, peripheral vascular
disease, and Raynaud's disease.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0043] FIG. 1 is a X-ray powder diffraction pattern of crystal form
Y of the free base compound of formula I.
[0044] FIG. 2 is a X-ray powder diffraction pattern of crystal form
A of the compound of formula IV.
[0045] FIG. 3 is a X-ray powder diffraction pattern of crystal form
B of the compound of formula IV.
[0046] FIG. 4 is a X-ray powder diffraction pattern of crystal form
C of the compound of formula IV.
[0047] FIG. 5 is a X-ray powder diffraction pattern of crystal form
D of the compound of formula IV.
[0048] FIG. 6 is a X-ray powder diffraction pattern of crystal form
E of the compound of formula IV.
[0049] FIG. 7 is a X-ray powder diffraction pattern of crystal form
F of the compound of formula IV.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
[0050] One useful N-azacycloalkyl-N-aralkyl carbamide is
N-(4-fluorobenzyl)-N-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)-N'-(4-(2-methylpropyloxy)ph-
enylmethyl)carbamide of formula I: ##STR14##
Synthesis of
N-(4-fluorobenzyl)-N-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)-N'-(4-(2-methylpropyloxy)ph-
enylmethyl)carbamide
[0051] One embodiment is a method of synthesizing the compound of
formula (I) comprising reacting the compound of formula II
((4-fluorobenzyl)-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)amine) ##STR15## with the
compound of formula III
(4-(2-methylpropyloxy)phenylmethyl-isocyanate) ##STR16##
[0052] In one embodiment, about 0.9 to about 1.1 equivalents of
(4-fluorobenzyl)-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)amine per equivalent of
4-(2-methylpropyloxy)phenylmethyl-isocyanate is used. In some
embodiments, the resulting compound of formula I is isolated from
the reaction mixture. In one embodiment, a salt-forming acid is
added after the reaction. The formed salt may be isolated by
solvent removal, precipitation, or both solvent removal and
precipitation, followed by deliberation of the compound of formula
I under alkaline aqueous conditions through dissolution in an
organic solvent in a two phase system, and separating the compound
of formula I from the organic solution. In a preferred embodiment,
1.0 equivalent of (4-fluorobenzyl)-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)amine
per equivalent of 4-(2-methylpropyloxy)phenylmethyl-isocyanate is
used in the reaction. The reaction may be carried out in the
presence of Lewis acids as catalysts such as metal salts or more
preferably metal alkoxylates. Some examples are MgCl.sub.2,
FeCl.sub.2, FeCl.sub.3, FeBr.sub.2, Fe(SO.sub.4).sub.2, NiCl.sub.2,
BCl.sub.3, AlCl.sub.3, BBr.sub.3, TiCl.sub.4, TiBr.sub.4,
ZrCl.sub.4, BCl.sub.3, Al(O--C.sub.1C.sub.4-Alkyl).sub.3, and
Ti(O--C.sub.1-C.sub.4-Alkyl).sub.3. The amount of catalyst may be
from about 0.0001 to about 5 percent by weight and preferably about
0.01 to about 3 percent by weight relative to the compound of
formula II.
[0053] The reaction is preferably carried out in the presence of an
inert organic solvent such as aliphatic ethers (e.g., diethyl
ether, methyl propyl ether, dibutyl ether, ethylene glycol dimethyl
ether, tetrahydrofuran or dioxane), esters of aliphatic carboxylic
acids or alcohols (e.g., C.sub.2-C.sub.4 alkyl esters of acetic
acid), lactones (e.g., valerolactone), halogenated hydrocarbons
(e.g., di- or trichloromethane, tetrachloroethane), or aliphatic
C.sub.3-C.sub.8ketones (e.g., acetone, methyl propyl ketone,
diethyl ketone, or methyl i- or t-butyl ketone).
[0054] The reaction temperature is preferably in the range of about
-30.degree. C. to about 60.degree. C. and more preferably in the
range of about 5.degree. C. to about 30.degree. C. The reaction
time may be controlled by monitoring the consumption of the
compound of formula II or formula III either by on-line process
analytics, or by recovering and analyzing samples off-line.
[0055] Isolation of the compound of formula I may be performed by
any suitable method including removal of the solvent by
distillation of the reaction residue under reduced pressure and
lower temperatures, such as up to about 100.degree. C., preferably
up to about 80.degree. C. Isolation may also occur by partial
removal of solvent to increase the concentration, filtering of
impurities, precipitating the solid compound of formula I either by
further concentration or addition of a non-solvent such as an
aliphatic hydrocarbon (e.g., pentane, hexane, heptane, octane,
cyclohexane, methylcyclohexane, or water), filtering of the solid,
and drying. The isolated compound of formula I may be purified by
known methods such as distillation or chromatographic methods.
[0056] It was found that removal of impurities such as formed
side-products prior to the isolation is a convenient route to
produce the compound of formula I with high purity. It was further
found that purification can be effectively improved by forming
salts of the carbamide, which can be precipitated as crystalline
compounds and re-crystallized from solvents to remove impurities.
The free carbamide of formula I is then deliberated by dissolution
of the salt in water, addition of a base, and extraction of the
carbamide with an organic solvent. The organic solutions may be
washed with water and aqueous sodium chloride before removal of the
solvent by distillation, optionally under reduced pressure.
Impurities may be removed in this method by precipitation or
dissolution in water in then use of a two phase systems. When
precipitation of the salt is desired for easy isolation by
filtration or centrifugation, partial removal of the organic
solvent and addition of fresh solvent may be carried out. Suitable
solvents with low salt solubility are aprotic organic solvents such
as hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons, ethers, ketones,
carboxylic acid esters and lactones, acetonitrile, and alcohols
having at least 3 carbon atoms.
[0057] Salt forming acids may be selected from inorganic or organic
acids, such as mineral acids (HCl, HBr, HI, H.sub.2SO.sub.4), mono-
or dicarboxylic acids (formic acid, acetic acid, oxalic acid,
malonic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, succinic acid, tartaric
acid) or sulfonic acids (methylsulfonic acid). The acids may be
added as aqueous solutions in amounts sufficient to form a solid or
crystalline precipitate. The amount may range from about 0.5 to
about 2 equivalents relative to the compound of formula I,
depending mainly on the functionality of the acid and the desired
excess for complete and fast salt formation.
[0058] The salts may be dissolved in water and a non-water miscible
organic solvent for the compound of formula I added to dissolve the
deliberated compound of formula I when the base is added. Suitable
bases include, but are not limited to, alkaline earth metal
hydroxides such as LiOH, NaOH or KOH. In one embodiment, the pH of
the aqueous phase is greater than about 8.5. The reaction may be
terminated from minutes to 1 hour. The reaction is preferably
stopped after 5 to 30 minutes. The organic phase is then separated,
optionally washed with water and brine and/or filtered. The desired
product may be obtained by removal of the solvent and drying, or by
precipitation with a non-solvent, filtration, and drying of the
solid residue. The compound of formula I is obtained in high purity
and yields.
[0059] The starting materials for the above-described reaction can
be obtained by known and analogous methods. Specifically, the
compound of formula II may be obtained by the reaction of
N-methylpiperidine-4-one with 4-fluorobenzylamine in the presence
of a metal hydride, for example according to the scheme
##STR17##
[0060] Compounds of formula III may be prepared by reacting
4-hydroxybenzaldehyde with isobutylhalogenide (e.g.,
isobutylbromide) to form 4-isobutoxybenzaldehyde, which may be
converted with hydroxylamine to the aldoxime form: ##STR18## This
oxime may be catalytically hydrogenated with a palladium catalyst
to the corresponding 4-isobutoxybenzylamine, from which the
isocyanate of formula III may be obtained by reaction with
phosgene.
Crystalline form of
N-(4-fluorobenzyl)-N-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)-N'-(4-(2-methylpropyloxy)ph-
enylmethyl)carbamide (Form Y)
[0061] Using the above-described method, the compound of formula I
is generally obtained as a substantially amorphous solid, which may
be admixed with small amounts of a crystalline form. It was
surprisingly found that a pure crystalline form can be obtained
from the salt form, such as the hemi-tartrate salt, when
deliberating the base under certain condition. This crystallisation
can even be used to purify the base by re-crystallization of salts
or by re-crystallization of the base itself.
[0062] Accordingly, in one embodiment, a crystalline form of
N-(4-fluorobenzyl)-N-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)-N'-(4-(2-methylpropyloxy)ph-
enylmethyl)carbamide is provided that exhibits a characteristic
melting point of about 124.degree. C. (peak temperature),
determined with Differential Scanning Calometry (DSC) at a heating
rate of 10.degree. C./minute, hereinafter designated as form Y. The
enthalpy of fusion of form Y is about 99 J/g.
[0063] The X-ray powder diffraction pattern of form Y is depicted
in FIG. 1. Specifically the X-ray powder diffraction pattern
exhibits the following characteristic peaks expressed in d-values
(.ANG.): 13.0 (vs), 10.9 (vs), 6.8 (vw), 6.5 (s), 6.2 (w), 5.2 (w),
4.7 (m), 4.5 (w), 4.3 (s), 4.22 (vs), 4.00 (m), 3.53 (vw), 3.40
(vw), 3.28 (w), 3.24 (w), 3.19 (w), 3.08 (w), 2.91 (w), and 2.72
(w). The abbreviations in parenthesis are used herein as follows:
(vs)=very strong intensity, (s)=strong intensity, (m)=medium
intensity, (w)=weak intensity, and (vw)=very weak intensity. In
various embodiments, form Y is present in a solid form of the
compound of formula I in amounts of at least about 50%, 70%, 80%,
90%, 95%, or 98%, with the remainder being other crystalline forms
(including hydrates and solvates) and/or amorphous forms.
[0064] Form Y is a very thermodynamically stable form of the
compound of formula I. Powder X-ray diffraction and DSC indicate
the crystalline character of form Y, and analysis of the elemental
composition complies with compound of formula I. The crystalline
form Y of formula I is obtained as a white powder.
[0065] The compound of formula I is soluble in various organic
solvents and shows a low solubility in water. In contrast, salts of
the compound of formula I are well soluble in water. These
properties can be used for the preparation of Form Y of the
compound of formula I. For example, one process for forming Form Y
includes: [0066] a) dissolution in water under stirring of a salt
form of formula I, preferably the hemitartrate salt; [0067] b)
addition of a sufficient amount of an organic aprotic solvent for
the dissolution of the formed compound of formula I; [0068] c)
adjusting of the pH of the aqueous salt solution to a value of at
least 8.5 by addition of a base; [0069] d) optionally extracting
the aqueous phase with the organic solvent and collecting all
organic phases; [0070] e) removing a part of the solvent and
cooling the remaining organic solution to less than 15.degree. C.;
[0071] f) holding at this temperature while optionally stirring;
and [0072] g) filtering off the precipitate, washing the solid
residue, and drying it. The mother liquor can be again concentrated
and cooled to increase the yield. Salt forming acids may be
selected from inorganic or organic acids, such as mineral acids
(e.g., HCl, HBr, HI, H.sub.2SO.sub.4, H.sub.3PO.sub.4), mono- or
dicarboxylic acids (e.g., formic acid, acetic acid, oxalic acid,
malonic acid, tartaric acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, succinic
acid), sulfonic acids (e.g., methylsulfonic acid), citric acid,
glucuronic acid, malic acid, pamoic acid, or ethane-1,2-disulfonic
acid.
[0073] Suitable solvents are hydrocarbons such as toluene,
halogenated hydrocarbons such as di- or trichloromethane,
tetrachloroethane, esters of aliphatic carboxylic acids and
alcohols (C.sub.2-C.sub.4alkyl esters of acetic acid) (ethyl
acetate), lactones (valerolactone), ethers (diethylether,
methylpropyl ether, t-butyl-methyl-ether, dibutyl ether, dimethyl
ether), aliphatic C.sub.4-C.sub.8ketones (methyl propyl ketone,
diethyl ketone or methyl i- or t-butyl ketone). The pH value in
step c) may be advantageously adjusted to at least 9.5. Suitable
bases include, but are not limited to aqueous alkaline or earth
alkaline metal hydroxides such as LiOH, NaOH, KOH or
Ca(OH).sub.2.
[0074] Removal of a part of the solvent mainly serves to
concentrate the organic solution so that it contains about 5 to
about 30 percent by weight of the compound of formula I. The
cooling temperature is preferably in the range of about -10 to
about 10.degree. C. and most preferably about 0.degree. C. to about
10.degree. C. Storage time at this temperature optionally under
stirring is preferably about 30 minutes to about 12 hours. Removal
of residual solvent may be carried out in a conventional manner
under vacuum, in an inert gas flow, or both.
Formation of
N-(4-fluorobenzyl)-N-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)-N'-(4-(2-methylpropyloxy)ph-
enylmethyl)carbamide hemi-tartrate
[0075] The compound of formula I has a low solubility in water.
Accordingly, in some embodiments, forms of the compound are
provided that are water soluble and hence have enhanced
bioavailability and improved processing characteristics for the
preparation and formulation of drug compositions. It was found that
a hemi-tartrate of
N-(4-fluorobenzyl)-N-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)-N'-(4-(2-methylpropyloxy)ph-
enylmethyl)carbamide is particularly suitable. Accordingly, one
embodiment provides
N-(4-fluorobenzyl)-N-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)-N'-(4-(2-methylpro-
pyloxy)phenylmethyl)carbamide hemi-tartrate according to the
formula IV, ##STR19##
[0076] The compound of formula IV may be prepared as an integrated
part of the process for synthesizing the compound of formula I as
described above by using tartaric acid as the salt forming acid.
Alternatively, the tartrate salt may be formed by reaction of the
isolated compound of formula I with tartaric acid.
[0077] In one embodiment,
N-(4-fluorobehzyl)-N-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)-N'-(4-(2-methylpropyloxy)ph-
enylmethyl)carbamide hemi-tartrate is formed according to the
following method: [0078] a) react about 0.9 to about 1.1
equivalents of (4-fluorobenzyl)-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)amine of
formula II ##STR20## [0079] with 1 equivalent of
4-(2-methylpropyloxy)phenylmethyl-isocyanate of formula III
##STR21## [0080] b) add tartaric acid, and [0081] c) isolate the
hemi-tartrate of the compound of formula I from the obtained
suspension. The hemi-tartrate may also be obtained through
precipitation by cooling, solvent removal, adding a non-solvent, or
a combination of these methods. In one embodiment, one or more
solvents are added in step b) that have a low solubility for the
hemi-tartrate, such as isopropyl acetate, a ketone (such as acetone
or 2-butanone), and/or tetrahydrofuran. The temperature in step b)
is preferably from about 15 to about 30.degree. C. The
hemi-tartrate precipitates and forms a suspension, which may be
stirred for up to 3 days before filtering off the solid from the
reaction mixture preferably at ambient conditions. The solid
residue may be washed, and then dried at temperatures up to
50.degree. C., if desired, under vacuum.
[0082] The hemi-tartrate of formula IV is obtained in high yields
and purity. The mother liquors can be used to isolate more
hemi-tartrate of formula IV in the usual manner. The hemi-tartrate
may be further purified by conversion to the free base of formula I
and isolating a solution of the base, which is then used to
re-precipitate the hemi-tartrate by the addition of tartaric
acid.
Crystalline forms of
N-(4-fluorobenzyl)-N-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)-N'-(4-(2-methylpropyloxy)ph-
enylmethyl)carbamide hemi-tartrate (Forms A-C)
[0083] It was surprisingly found that the compound of formula IV
can be obtained in a number of crystalline forms. One such
crystalline solid form produced by the above-described method is
hereinafter referred to crystalline form A. Crystalline form A
generally contains some water as demonstrated when subjected to
heat in thermogravimetric analysis coupled to FT infrared
spectroscopy, or by Karl Fischer titration. The water content may
range up to an amount of about 2 to 3 percent by weight, which
would generally correspond to a hemi-hydrate. However, the water is
only weakly bound, since the weight loss starts just above ambient
temperature and is complete at about 150.degree. C. The water can
also easily be removed by treatment with dry nitrogen for a longer
time (about up to 20 hours) and form A can also exist in a
water-free state. DSC indicates that the melting point of the
dehydrated form A is about 133-135.degree. C. (peak temperature)
with an enthalpy of fusion of about 70 J/g. Form A shows a
considerable water uptake when exposed to humidity, especially
above 75% relative humidity. The water is given off when the
relative humidity is decreased to 50% and less. This behaviour is
typical for a deliquescent solid. The compound of formula IV as
crystalline form A is well soluble in methanol, water, or organic
solvents admixed with water. The compound of formula IV shows a low
solubility in other organic solvents. Crystalline form A may
contain smaller amounts of crystalline form C (described below),
when manufactured according to the above process.
[0084] The X-ray powder diffraction pattern of form A is depicted
in FIG. 2. Specifically the X-ray powder diffraction pattern
exhibits the following characteristic peaks expressed in d-values
(.ANG.): 18.6 (s), 16.7 (vs), 10.2 (s), 8.2 (m), 7.7 (w), 7.4 (w),
6.5 (w), 6.2 (m), 6.1 (vs), 5.86 (w), 5.14 (m), 5.03 (m), 4.78 (m),
4.69 (m), 4.63 (s), 4.49 (s), 4.44 (vs), 4.35 (m), 4.10 (m), 3.96
(s), and 3.66 (m). In various embodiments, form A is present in a
solid form of the compound of formula IV in amounts of at least
about 50%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or 98%, with the remainder being
other crystalline forms (including hydrates and solvates) and/or
amorphous forms.
[0085] Crystalline form A can be prepared in a controlled manner by
crystallization from ethanol, optionally admixed with isopropanol.
Accordingly, one embodiment is a process for the preparation of
crystalline form A that includes: [0086] a) dissolving the compound
of formula IV in ethanol or an admixture of ethanol and isopropanol
at elevated temperature; [0087] b) slowly cooling the solution to a
temperature of less than 20.degree. C.; and [0088] c) filtering off
the precipitated solid and drying it.
[0089] In some embodiments, the mixtures of ethanol and isopropanol
may contain up to about 15 and more preferably up to 10 volume
percent isopropanol. Ethanol is the preferred solvent. It is also
preferred to use dried ethanol, optionally in admixture with dry
isopropanol. In some embodiments, the elevated temperature is from
about 55 to about 90.degree. C. and preferably from about 55 to
about 65.degree. C. The mixture is stirred at elevated temperatures
until the compound of formula IV is completely dissolved. Slow
cooling may mean a cooling rate of about 0.1 to about 3.degree.
C./minute, preferably about 0.2 to about 2.degree. C./minute, and
particularly about 0.2 to about 1.degree. C./minute.
Crystallization started at below about 50.degree. C. and it was
observed that a thick paste can form when stirring at such a
temperature for about 1 hour. Heating again to the higher
temperature and then cooling again generally results in a
suspension, which can be stirred at about 40 to about 50.degree. C.
and also when further cooling to a temperature of less than about
20.degree. C., preferably about 5 to about 15.degree. C. The
cooling rate after stirring may be about 0.1 to about 3.degree.
C./minute and preferably about 0.3 to about 1.degree. C./minute.
The resulting crystalline solid is then filtered off and dried by
sucking dry air through the filter cake at temperatures of about 25
to less than about 40.degree. C., preferably at about 30.degree. C.
Drying may be completed by keeping the pre-dried solid for a
certain time under vacuum at ambient or elevated temperature.
[0090] The compound of formula IV can be transformed to a
completely amorphous form by dissolving the compound in a solvent
such as for example water and lyophilizing the solution. The
amorphous form can then be used to manufacture other polymorphic or
pseudo-polymorphic forms.
[0091] In one embodiment, another crystalline form of the compound
of formula IV is prepared using phase equilibration processes in a
reproducible manner using ethyl acetate, acetone, methyl-ethyl
ketone, or acetonitrile as solvent. This crystalline solid is
hereinafter referred to crystalline form B. Crystalline form B may
contain some water, as demonstrated when subjected to heat in
thermogravimetric analysis coupled to FT infrared spectroscopy, or
by Karl Fischer titration. The water content may range up to an
amount of about 3.4 percent by weight. This amount generally
indicates a monohydrate stable under ambient conditions
(theoretical content would be 3.5%). However, water is only weakly
bound, since a weight loss is observed at ambient temperature and
low relative humidity of about less than 20% and form B can also
exist in a water-free state. The melting point of the dehydrated
form B is about 135.degree. C. with an enthalpy of fusion of about
71 J/g. Form B shows a considerable water uptake when exposed to
high humidity, especially above 80% relative humidity. However, the
hygroscopicity is less pronounced than observed in form A and no
deliquescence is found at high relative humidity of about 90%.
[0092] The X-ray powder diffraction pattern of form B is depicted
in FIG. 3. Specifically the X-ray powder diffraction pattern
exhibits the following characteristic peaks expressed in d-values
(.ANG.): 7.4 (vs), 10.2 (s), 8.8 (w), 6.4 (w), 5.91 (vs), 5.46 (w),
4.99 (m), 4.90 (m), 4.62 (m), 4.50 (vs), 4.37 (vs), 4.20 (w), 3.87
(vs), 3.73 (w), 3.58 (m), 3.42 (w), and 2.90 (w). In various
embodiments, form B is present in a solid form of the compound of
formula IV in amounts of at least about 50%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or
98%, with the remainder being other crystalline forms (including
hydrates and solvates) and/or amorphous forms.
[0093] Crystalline form B can be prepared in a controlled manner by
various processes. In one embodiment, it is precipitated from
solutions in polar solvents such as water or methylene chloride
using non-solvents such as methylethylketone, heptane, toluene,
acetonitrile or ethyl acetate at temperatures of 0-40.degree. C.,
and subsequent phase equilibration substantially at room
temperature. Another method is the equilibration of suspensions of
other crystalline forms such as crystalline forms A or C or
mixtures thereof in solvents such as acetonitrile, ethyl acetate,
ethanol/methylethylketone, ethanol/acetone, ethyl acetate saturated
with water, acetonitrile or ethyl acetate containing about 1 volume
percent of water at a temperature from room temperature to about
40.degree. C., optionally with temperature cycles. The
equilibration of suspensions with the amorphous material of the
compound of formula I at temperatures of 0 to about 45.degree. C.,
optionally under the application of temperature cycles, is a
further method for the preparation of form B. Suitable solvents are
heptane, ethyl acetate, acetonitrile, methylethylketone,
ethylacetate or tertiary-butylmethylether saturated with water, or
ethyl acetate/ethanol containing 1 volume percent water.
[0094] It was observed that crystal form A from the hemi-tartrate
production can contain to some extent another polymorph form and
further investigation revealed that this polymorph is neither a
hydrate nor a solvate. This crystalline solid is hereinafter
referred to as crystalline form C. Crystalline form C may be
prepared by suspension equilibration of crystalline forms A or B,
preferably with addition of seeding crystals of form C. Crystalline
form C is more thermodynamically and chemically stable than forms A
or B. Crystalline form C absorbs much less water than form A. Water
absorption at about 95% relative humidity is only about 1% and no
deliquescence or hygroscopicity is observed. The exposure to
humidity does not result in a change of the crystalline form.
Crystalline form C is stable at 75% relative humidity in an open
container and does not absorb water up to about 60.degree. C.
Thermogravimetric analysis results in a weight loss of about 0.9%
below 150.degree. C., which can be attributed to absorbed water.
The investigation with DSC at a heating rate of 20.degree. C. shows
an endothermic signal at 177.degree. C. with an enthalpy of fusion
of about 129 J/g. The signal is attributed to the melting (peak)
temperature, whereby first decomposition of the substance is
observed above 170.degree. C. Solubility of crystalline form C in
water is very high. Crystalline form C is highly suitable as an
active compound in the manufacturing and formulation of drugs.
[0095] The X-ray powder diffraction pattern of form C is depicted
in FIG. 4. Specifically the X-ray powder diffraction pattern
exhibits the following characteristic peaks expressed in d-values
(.ANG.): 12.0 (w), 10.7 (vs), 7.4 (vw), 6.9 (vw), 6.6 (vw), 6.2
(w), 5.86 (m), 5.53 (w), 5.28 (m), 5.16 (m), 4.84 (vs), 4.70 (m),
4.57 (s), 4.38 (m), 4.09 (w), 3.94 (w), 3.77 (s), 3.71 (m), 3.49
(w), 3.46 (w), 3.25 (w), 3.08 (w), and 2.93 (w). In various
embodiments, form C is present in a solid form of the compound of
formula IV in amounts of at least about 50%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or
98%, with the remainder being other crystalline forms (including
hydrates and solvates) and/or amorphous forms.
[0096] In one embodiment, a process is provided for the preparation
of pure crystalline form C on a large scale for industrial
production of the pharmaceutically active compound. It was found
that the crystallization from heated and then cooled solutions does
not readily result in form C. It was further found that form C can
be manufactured in a controlled manner, when crystalline forms A or
B are equilibrated in suspension in the presence of a polar and
aprotic solvent and seed crystals of form C are added. In an
alternative to using seed crystals, a starting material may be used
that contains some crystal form C after preparation of the compound
of formula IV. The solid in the suspension may have crystals with a
particle size in the range of 1 to about 200 and preferably 2 to
100 .mu.m, which can be filtered off, washed and dried under
moderate conditions; e.g., for instance at 60.degree. C. under
vacuum. The particle size obtained may be dependent on the
manufacture scale, on the solvent or solvent mixture used, on the
cooling rate, and the number of added seeding crystals.
[0097] One method for the preparation of crystalline form C
comprises forming a suspension of a solid compound of formula IV in
an aprotic solvent at elevated temperature and stirring the
suspension, optionally adding crystal seeds of form C, until
substantial complete conversion in pure form C.
[0098] The temperature of the process may be from 20 to 100.degree.
C. and preferably 40 to 80.degree. C. Suitable solvents for
conversion to form C may be selected from the group comprising
aliphatic or cyclic ethers, carboxylic esters, lactones, alkanes
and aliphatic C.sub.3-C.sub.8ketones. Seeding with crystals of form
C is preferably carried out when the solid form is in part
dissolved and a saturated solution is formed in which the solid
form is suspended. Seeding is carried out preferably in a
temperature range from 40 to 80.degree. C. and more preferably from
55 to 65.degree. C. Stirring time of the suspension may be from 30
minutes to days, and most preferably from 30 minutes to 6 hours.
The suspension is slowly cooled before isolation of the solid by
filtration or centrifugation and the cooling rate may be from 0.1
to 1.degree. C./minute. Cooling may be carried out to an end
temperature near room temperature or below.
[0099] One embodiment is a process for the preparation of
crystalline form C of
N-(4-fluorobenzyl)-N-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)-N'-(4-(2-methylpr-
opyloxy)phenylmethyl)- carbamide tartrate of formula IV,
comprising: [0100] a) suspending the amorphous form or crystalline
forms A, B, D, E, or F or mixtures thereof under stirring in a
polar and aprotic solvent at temperatures from 30 to 70.degree. C.;
[0101] b) continuing stirring at temperatures from 30 to 70.degree.
C. and adding crystal seeds of crystalline form C, when crystalline
form C is not present in the starting material; [0102] c)
continuing stirring at temperatures from 30 to 70.degree. C. until
formation of crystalline form C is completed; [0103] d) cooling to
the process end temperature; [0104] e) isolating of the crystalline
solid from the suspension; and [0105] f) optionally washing and
then drying the crystalline solid.
[0106] Crystalline form A may be used as the starting material, but
the process can also be carried out with forms B, D, E, and F, or
with an amorphous form. The starting material may advantageously be
dried prior to use. Drying at 40.degree. C. under vacuum is
generally sufficient to remove unwanted residual solvents (e.g.,
alcohols, water, or mixtures thereof) which are detrimental to the
formation of form C. Suitable solvents for crystallization of form
C may be selected from the group comprising ethers, carboxylic
esters, lactones and aliphatic ketones. Some specific examples and
preferred solvents are diethylether, propyl methyl ether, t-butyl
methyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, ethyl acetate, t-butyl methyl
ketone, acetone, and methyl ethyl ketone. Most preferred solvent
are ketones and especially preferred is methyl ethyl ketone and
tetrahydrofuran. The amounts of crystalline forms A or B in the
suspension, when used as starting materials, are not critical and
the amount is chosen such that the suspension can be stirred at the
applied temperatures. The temperature in step a) is preferably at
about room temperature.
[0107] The temperature in steps b) and c) may range from 10 to
60.degree. C. It may be advantageous to apply temperature cycles
between higher and lower temperatures. The amount of crystal seeds
added may be from 0.01 to 10 and preferably 0.1 to 5 percent by
weight, referred to the amount of crystalline forms A and/or B. The
addition of crystal seeds is in general preferred in order to
accelerate the transformation of the crystalline forms.
[0108] Stirring in step c) may be continued for hours to days, for
example, 0.5 hours to 3 days and preferably 2 hours to about 2
days. The transformation/conversion time substantially depends on
the scale, the temperature, the solvent used, agitating intensity,
and the amount of crystal seeds added to the suspension. The
conversion time may be controlled by monitoring the ratio of the
disappearing form and the produced form C either by on-line process
analytics, or by recovering and analyzing samples off-line.
[0109] Isolation of the crystalline solid can be carried out by
centrifugation or filtration. The product may be washed for example
with a solvent and then dried over dry inert gas which can be
pulled through the filter cake optionally under vacuum or applying
vacuum for a time sufficient to remove the solvents. Further
drying, either under vacuum and/or at moderate temperatures up to
about 80.degree. C. can be applied. It can be noted that form C
exhibits excellent properties in terms of filtration and drying and
a solid material is obtained that is essentially free of residual
solvent; i.e., with less than 1000 ppm, preferably less than 200
ppm.
[0110] It was surprisingly found that crystalline form C can also
be prepared by crystallization from a solution of the compound of
formula IV in a selected solvent and seeding with crystalline form
C at elevated temperature. Accordingly, in one embodiment, a method
of preparing crystalline form C is provided, comprising: [0111] a)
dissolving the amorphous form or crystalline forms A, B, D, E or F
or mixtures thereof under stirring in a suitable solvent at
temperatures from 0 to 70.degree. C.; [0112] b) continuing stirring
and adding crystal seeds of crystalline form C to the solution at
elevated temperature; preferably at about 50 to 70.degree. C. and
most preferably at 55 to 65.degree. C.; [0113] c) continuing
agitation of the forming suspension at the same temperature for a
time sufficient to convert the compound of formula IV in
crystalline form C; [0114] d) cooling the obtained suspension at a
cooling rate of 5 to 15.degree. C. per hour to -20.degree. C. to
room temperature and preferably to 0 to 25.degree. C.; [0115] e)
isolating the crystalline solid from the suspension; and [0116] f)
optionally washing and then drying the crystalline solid.
[0117] The amount of the compound of formula IV in step a) is
chosen such that concentrated solutions are obtained. The
concentration that can be reached depends on the solvent or solvent
mixture used, and the solubility of the starting material.
Tetrahydrofuran, and mixtures containing tetrahydrofuran are
preferred as solvents since typically about 200 mg/ml of form A can
be dissolved at reflux temperature. However, any solvent suitable
at dissolving the starting material may be used. Non-limiting
examples include tetrahydrofuran, acetone, ethanol, isopropanol,
dichloromethane, 1,4-dioxane, and acetonitrile. The temperature in
step a) is preferably from 40 to 70.degree. C. The amount of added
crystal seeds in step b) may be from 0.1 to 15% by weight and
preferably from 2 to 10% by weight, referred to the amount of
dissolved compound of formula IV. The agitation time in step c)
depends on the scale and may range from about 20 minutes to about
24 hours, more preferably from 25 minutes to 12 hours, and most
preferably from 30 minutes to 6 hours. The cooling rate in step d)
is preferably from 8 to 12.degree. C. per hour. Stirring may be
continued after cooling at the cooling temperature range for up to
24, preferably 18 hours and more preferably 14 hours.
[0118] Crystalline form C can be obtained in high polymorphic
purity. The material obtained with the processes described above
may contain residual starting material, for example in amounts of
up to 20 or up to 10 percent by weight relative to crystalline form
C. These mixtures are also very suitable for drug formulations.
Solvates of
N-(4-fluorobenzyl)-N-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)-N'-(4-(2-methylpropyloxy)ph-
enylmethyl)carbamide hemi-tartrate (Forms D-F)
[0119] In some embodiments, the compound of formula IV may form
various solvates with certain solvents. These pseudo-polymorphic
forms may be used in drug formulations or for the production of
other polymorphic forms. In some embodiments, these solvates can
exist either as solvated forms; i.e., containing a significant
amount of the respective solvent, or in a corresponding
non-solvated from; i.e., in a solvent-free form, wherein the
crystalline structure is essentially retained.
[0120] One such solvate is formed by suspension equilibration of
crystalline form A or an amorphous form of the compound of formula
IV in isopropanol. After drying under nitrogen for about 30
minutes, the formed solvate contains about 6.0 to 6.6 percent by
weight of isopropanol. The theoretical value for the
hemi-isopropanolate is 5.6% content of isopropanol and it is
concluded that the hemi-solvate has formed. The hemi-solvate with
isopropanol is stable when exposed to 53% relative humidity in an
open container. This form is herein referred to as crystalline form
D.
[0121] The X-ray powder diffraction pattern of form D is depicted
in FIG. 5. Specifically the X-ray powder diffraction pattern
exhibits the following characteristic peaks expressed in d-values
(.ANG.): 17.2 (s), 16.0 (m), 10.7 (vw), 9.8 (w), 6.6 (m), 6.1 (s),
6.00 (m), 5.73 (w), 5.33 (w), 5.17 (m), 4.91 (m), 4.64 (s), 4.54
(vs), 4.37 (vs), 4.10 (m), 3.91 (m), 3.84 (m), 3.67, (w), 3.55 (m),
3.42 (m), 3.32 (w), 3.13 (w), and 3.06 (m). In various embodiments,
form D is present in a solid form of the compound of formula IV in
amounts of at least about 50%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or 98%, with the
remainder being other crystalline forms (including hydrates and
solvates) and/or amorphous forms.
[0122] It was further found that a t-butyl methyl ether (TBME)
solvate may be formed, when the amorphous form of the compound of
formula IV is subjected to phase equilibration in TBME at ambient
temperature. The content of TBME is about 5% by weight relative to
the compound of formula IV, measured by thermogravimetry at
10.degree. C. heating rate. This form is herein referred to as
crystalline form E.
[0123] The X-ray powder diffraction pattern of form E is depicted
in FIG. 6. Specifically the X-ray powder diffraction pattern
exhibits the following characteristic peaks expressed in d-values
(.ANG.): 17.3 (vs), 16.2 (m), 10.6 (m), 9.8 (m), 8.1 (w), 7.5 (w),
6.6 (m), 6.0 (vs), 5.28 (m), 5.09 (s), 4.90 (m), 4.72 (vs), 4.51
(m), 4.39 (s), 4.26 (s), 4.04 (m), 3.86 (w), 3.70 (w), 3.54 (m),
3.48 (m), 3.02 (w). In various embodiments, form E is present in a
solid form of the compound of formula IV in amounts of at least
about 50%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or 98%, with the remainder being
other crystalline forms (including hydrates and solvates) and/or
amorphous forms.
[0124] It was also found that the crystallisation of the compound
of formula IV from a solution in tetrahydrofuran (THF) results in a
non-stoichiometrical THF solvate, which contains from 0 to about 3%
THF relative to the compound of formula IV, as measured by
thermogravimetry at a heating rate of 10.degree. C. The solvent
release starts above ambient temperature and is complete near
130.degree. C. This form is herein referred to as crystalline form
F.
[0125] The X-ray powder diffraction pattern of form F is depicted
in FIG. 7. Specifically the X-ray powder diffraction pattern
exhibits the following characteristic peaks expressed in d-values
(.ANG.): 19.0 (w), 16.0 (m), 13.0 (m), 7.8 (w), 6.4 (m), 6.2 (m),
5.74 (w), 5.29 (w), 5.04 (m), 4.83 (m), 4.62 (m), 4.50 (m), 4.34
(m), 4.24 (vs), 4.05 (m), 3.89 (m), 3.76 (m), 3.58 (w), and 3.27
(m). In various embodiments, form F is present in a solid form of
the compound of formula IV in amounts of at least about 50%, 70%,
80%, 90%, 95%, or 98%, with the remainder being other crystalline
forms (including hydrates and solvates) and/or amorphous forms.
Stability and Pharmaceutical Formulations
[0126] As mentioned above, the compound of formula IV is especially
suitable as an active compound or pro-drug in pharmaceutical
formulations to inhibit an activity of a monoanine receptor,
preferably a serotonin receptor of the 5-HT2A subclass. The
compound of formula IV has very good solubility in aqueous systems
and the free base is deliberated at physiological pH ranges,
providing a high bioavailability. The compound of formula IV also
possesses high storage stability.
[0127] It was found that crystal form C is the most stable form of
all found crystal forms. It was also found that crystal forms A and
B are stable at ambient temperatures, stable in the presence of
form C, and capable of coexisting with crystal form C. Crystal
forms A, B and especially C are suitable for various types and a
broad range of formulations, even in presence of humid components.
These new crystal forms A, B and especially C present some
advantages for manufacture, good handling due to convenient crystal
size and morphology, very good stability under production
conditions of various types of formulation, storage stability, high
solubility, and high bio-availability. Crystal forms D, E and F may
also be used for pharmaceutical formulations.
[0128] Form C is chemically very stable and can easily be
formulated into tablets or any other pharmaceutically acceptable
dosage form. Despite its high thermal stability it still exhibits
favourable solubility properties as its aqueous solubility is
greater than about 50 to 100 mg/ml. Forms A, B, D, E, and F exhibit
high aqueous solubility of greater than 200 mg/ml. The solubility
of all forms will depend on the pH in aqueous environments.
[0129] Forms A and B exhibit sufficient stability under ambient
water partial pressures (i.e. at relative humidities between 20%
and 75%). Furthermore, forms A and B are very suitable for
pharmaceutical processing in aqueous environments; for instance,
for granulation with water or with solvent-water mixtures.
[0130] Accordingly, some embodiments include pharmaceutical
compositions comprising the compound of formula IV and a
pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent. In some
embodiments, the compound of formula IV is selected from the group
of crystalline forms A, B and C.
[0131] The amount of compound of formula IV required substantially
depends on type of formulation and desired dosages during
administration time periods. The amount in an oral formulation may
be from 0.1 to 500 mg, preferably from 0.5 to 300 mg, and more
preferably from 1 to 100 mg. Oral formulations may be solid
formulations such as capsules, tablets, pills and troches, or
liquid formulations such as aqueous suspensions, elixirs and
syrups. Solid and liquid formulations encompass also incorporation
of the compound of formula IV into liquid or solid food. Liquids
also encompass solutions of the compound of formula IV for
parenteral applications such as infusion or injection.
[0132] The crystal forms described above may be directly used as
powder (e.g., micronized particles), granules, suspensions or
solutions, or they may be combined together with other
pharmaceutically acceptable ingredients in admixing the components
and optionally finely divide them, and then filling capsules,
composed for example from hard or soft gelatine, compressing
tablets, pills or troches, or suspending or dissolving them in
carriers for suspensions, elixirs and syrups. Coatings may be
applied after compression to form pills.
[0133] Pharmaceutically acceptable ingredients are well known for
the various types of formulations and may be for example binders
such as natural or synthetic polymers, excipients, lubricants,
surfactants, sweetening and flavouring agents, coating materials,
preservatives, dyes, thickeners, adjuvants, antimicrobial agents,
antioxidants and carriers for the various formulation types.
[0134] Examples for binders are gum tragacanth, acacia, starch,
gelatine, and biological degradable polymers such as homo- or
co-polyesters of dicarboxylic acids, alkylene glycols, polyalkylene
glycols and/or aliphatic hydroxyl carboxylic acids; homo- or
co-polyamides of dicarboxylic acids, alkylene diamines, and/or
aliphatic amino carboxylic acids; corresponding
polyester-polyamide-co-polymers, polyanhydrides, polyorthoesters,
polyphosphazene and polycarbonates. The biological degradable
polymers may be linear, branched or crosslinked. Specific examples
are poly-glycolic acid, poly-lactic acid, and
poly-d,1-lactide/glycolide. Other examples for polymers are
water-soluble polymers such as polyoxaalkylenes (e.g.,
polyoxaethylene, polyoxapropylene and mixed polymers thereof),
poly-acrylamides and hydroxylalkylated polyacrylamides, poly-maleic
acid and esters or -amides thereof, poly-acrylic acid and esters or
-amides thereof, poly-vinylalcohol und esters or -ethers thereof,
poly-vinylimidazole, poly-vinylpyrrolidon, and natural polymers
like chitosan.
[0135] Examples for excipients are phosphates such as dicalcium
phosphate.
[0136] Examples for lubricants are natural or synthetic oils, fats,
waxes, or fatty acid salts like magnesium stearate.
[0137] Surfactants may be anionic, cationic, amphoteric, or
neutral. Examples for surfactants are lecithin, phospholipids,
octyl sulfate, decyl sulfate, dodecyl sulfate, tetradecyl sulfate,
hexadecyl sulfate and octadecyl sulfate, Na oleate or Na caprate,
1-acylaminoethane-2-sulfonic acids, such as
1-octanoylaminoethane-2-sulfonic acid,
1-decanoylaminoethane-2-sulfonic acid,
1-dodecanoylaminoethane-2-sulfonic acid,
1-tetradecanoylaminoethane-2-sulfonic acid,
1-hexadecanoylaminoethane-2-sulfonic acid, and
1-octadecanoylaminoethane-2-sulfonic acid, and taurocholic acid and
taurodeoxycholic acid, bile acids and their salts, such as cholic
acid, deoxycholic acid and sodium glycocholates, sodium caprate or
sodium laurate, sodium oleate, sodium lauryl sulphate, sodium cetyl
sulphate, sulfated castor oil and sodium dioctylsulfosuccinate,
cocamidopropylbetaine and laurylbetaine, fatty alcohols,
cholesterols, glycerol mono- or -distearate, glycerol mono- or
-dioleate and glycerol mono- or -dipalmitate, and polyoxyethylene
stearate.
[0138] Examples for sweetening agents are sucrose, fructose,
lactose or aspartam.
[0139] Examples for flavouring agents are peppermint, oil of
wintergreen or fruit flavours like cherry or orange flavour.
[0140] Examples for coating materials are gelatine, wax, shellac,
sugar or biological degradable polymers.
[0141] Examples for preservatives are methyl or propylparabens,
sorbic acid, chlorobutanol, phenol and thimerosal.
[0142] Examples for adjuvants are fragrances.
[0143] Examples for thickeners are synthetic polymers, fatty acids
and fatty acid salts and esters and fatty alcohols.
[0144] Examples for antioxidants are vitamins, such as vitamin A,
vitamin C, vitamin D or vitamin E, vegetable extracts or fish
oils.
[0145] Examples for liquid carriers are water, alcohols such as
ethanol, glycerol, propylene glycol, liquid polyethylene glycols,
triacetin and oils. Examples for solid carriers are talc, clay,
microcrystalline cellulose, silica, alumina and the like.
[0146] The pharmaceutical formulation according to the invention
may also contain isotonic agents, such as sugars, buffers or sodium
chloride.
[0147] The compound of formula IV according to the invention may
also be formulated as effervescent tablet or powder, which
disintegrates in an aqueous environment to provide a drinking
solution.
[0148] A syrup or elixir may contain the compound of formula IV,
sucrose or fructose as sweetening agent, a preservative like
methylparaben, a dye, and a flavouring agent.
[0149] Slow release formulations may also be prepared from the
compound of formula IV according to the invention in order to
achieve a controlled release of the active agent in contact with
the body fluids in the gastro intestinal tract, and to provide a
substantial constant and effective level of the active agent in the
blood plasma. The compound of formula IV may be embedded for this
purpose in a polymer matrix of a biological degradable polymer, a
water-soluble polymer or a mixture of both, and optionally suitable
surfactants. Embedding can mean in this context the incorporation
of micro-particles in a matrix of polymers. Controlled release
formulations are also obtained through encapsulation of dispersed
micro-particles or emulsified micro-droplets via known dispersion
or emulsion coating technologies.
[0150] The compound of formula IV of this invention is also useful
for administering a combination of therapeutic effective agents to
an animal. Such a combination therapy can be carried out in using
at least one further therapeutic agent which can be additionally
dispersed or dissolved in a formulation. The compound of formula IV
of this invention and its formulations respectively can be also
administered in combination with other therapeutic agents that are
effective to treat a given condition to provide a combination
therapy.
[0151] The crystal form and the pharmaceutical compositions
described herein are highly suitable for effective treatment of
neuropsychiatric diseases including psychosis, affective disorders,
dementia, neuropathic pain and hypertension.
[0152] One embodiment is a method of delivering the compound of
formula I to a host, comprising administering to the host an
effective amount of the compound of formula IV, such as crystalline
forms A, B and C. A further embodiment is the use of the compound
of formula IV for the manufacture of a medicament useful in the
inhibition of an activity of a monoamine receptor, preferably a
serotonin receptor of the 5-HT2A subclass.
[0153] One embodiment is a method for the treatment of
neuropsychiatric diseases including the neuropsychiatric diseases
selected from the group consisting of psychosis, schizophrenia,
schizoaffective disorders, mania, psychotic depression, affective
disorders, dementia, anxiety, sleep disorders, appetite disorders,
bipolar disorder, psychosis secondary to hypertension, migraine,
vasospasm, and ischemia, motor tics, tremor, psychomotor slowing,
bradykinesia, and neuropathic pain by administering a compound of
Formula IV.
[0154] Another embodiment is a method for the treatment of
neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease,
Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Spinocerebellar Atrophy,
Tourette's Syndrome, Friedrich's Ataxia, Machado-Joseph's disease,
Lewy Body Dementia, Dystonia, Progressive Supranuclear Palsy, and
Frontotemporal Dementia by administering a compound of Formula
IV.
[0155] Another embodiment is a method for treating dyskinesia
associated with dopaminergic therapy, by administering a compound
of Formula IV.
[0156] Another embodiment is a method for treating dystonia,
myoclonus, or tremor associated with dopaminergic therapy, by
administering a compound of Formula IV.
[0157] Another embodiment is a method for treating a thrombotic
condition including myocardial infarction, thrombotic or ischemic
stroke, idiopathic and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura,
peripheral vascular disease, and Raynaud's disease, by
administering a compound of Formula IV.
[0158] Another embodiment is a method of treating addiction,
including alcohol addiction, opioid addiction, and nicotine
addiction, by administering a compound of Formula IV.
[0159] Another embodiment is a method of treating a decrease in
libido or ejaculatory problems by administering a compound of
Formula IV.
EXAMPLES
Experimental Procedures
[0160] Powder X-ray Diffraction (PXRD): PXRD was performed on a
Philips 1710 powder X-ray diffractometer using CuK.sub..alpha.
radiation. d-spacings were calculated from the 2.theta. values
using the wavelength of 1.54060 .ANG.. Generally, 2.theta. values
were within an error of .+-.0.1-0.2.degree.. The experimental error
on the d-spacing values was therefore dependent on the peak
location.
[0161] Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC): Perkin Elmer DSC 7
in gold sample pan sealed under nitrogen for characterization of
form A and sealed under about 50% relative humidity for
characterization of form B. Heating rate 10 K/min. All melting
points were obtained from the peak temperatures of the DSC
measurements, rather than onset temperatures.
[0162] FT-Raman Spectroscopy: Bruker RFS100. Nd:YAG 1064 nm
excitation, 100 mW laser power, Ge-detector, 64 scans, range
25-3500 cm.sup.-1, 2 cm.sup.-1 resolution.
[0163] TG-FTIR: Thermogravimetric measurements were carried out
with a Netzsch Thermo-Microbalance TG 209 coupled to a Bruker FTIR
Spectrometer Vector 22 (sample pans with pinhole, nitrogen
atmosphere, heating rate 10K/min).
[0164] HPLC: HPLC measurements were carried out with a HP LC1090M,
Column Symmetry C18, 3.0150 mm.
Example 1
Preparation of
N-(4-fluorobenzyl)-N-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)-N'-(4-(2-methylpropyloxy)ph-
enylmethyl)carbamide
[0165] a) Preparation of ##STR22##
[0166] Triacetoxy borohydride (6.5 kg) was added over 1.5 h to a
solution of N-methylpiperid-4-one (3.17 kg) and 4-fluorobenzylamine
(3.50 kg) in methanol (30 L) maintaining the temperature under
27.degree. C. The reaction mixture was stirred for 15 h at
22.degree. C. The residual amine was checked by gel chromatography
(4-fluorobenzylamine: <5%). A solution of 30% sodium hydroxide
(12.1 kg) in water (13.6 kg) was added in 75 minutes (min)
maintaining the temperature under 20.degree. C. Methanol was
distilled off to a residual volume of 26 litres. Ethyl acetate was
added (26 L), the solution was stirred for 15 min, the phases were
decanted over 15 min and the lower aqueous phase was discarded.
Ethyl acetate was distilled under reduced pressure from the organic
phase at 73-127.degree. C. At this stage the residue was mixed with
a second crude batch prepared according to this method. The
combined products were then distilled at 139-140.degree. C./20 mbar
to yield 11.2 kg product (>82%). b) Preparation of ##STR23##
[0167] 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde (4.0 kg) and ethanol (20 L) were added
to a solution of isobutyl bromide (9.0 kg) in ethanol (15 L).
Potassium carbonate (13.6 kg) was added and the suspension was
refluxed (74-78.degree. C.) for 5 days. The residual
4-hydroxybenzaldehyde was checked by HPLC (<10%). The suspension
was cooled to 20.degree. C. and used in the next step. c)
Preparation of ##STR24##
[0168] Hydroxylamine (50% in water, 8.7 kg) was added to the
product from previous step b) (174 L, 176 kg) and ethanol (54 L).
The suspension was refluxed (77.degree. C.) for 3 h. Unreacted
residual was checked by HPLC (<5%). The suspension was cooled to
30.degree. C., filtered and the filter was washed with ethanol (54
L). The solution was concentrated by distillation under reduced
pressure at 30.degree. C. to a residual volume of 67 litters. The
solution was cooled to 25.degree. C. and water (110 L) was added.
The suspension was concentrated by distillation under reduced
pressure at 30.degree. C. to a residual volume of 102 litters.
Petrol ether (60-90 fraction, 96 L) was added and the mixture was
heated to reflux (70.degree. C.). The solution was cooled to
40.degree. C. and crystallization was initiated by seeding. The
suspension was cooled to 5.degree. C. and stirred for 4 h. The
product was centrifuged and the cake was washed with petrol ether
(60-90 fraction, 32 L). The wet cake was dried at about 40.degree.
C. to yield 16 kg product (63%). d) Preparation of ##STR25##
[0169] The product from previous step c) (15.7 kg) was dissolved in
ethanol (123 L). Acetic acid (8.2 kg) and palladium on charcoal 5%
wet (1.1 kg) were added. The oxime was hydrogenated at 22.degree.
C. and 1.5 bar for 4 h. Consumption of oxime was checked by HPLC.
The catalyst was filtered and the solvent was distilled under
reduced pressure at 36.degree. C. to a final volume of 31 L. Ethyl
acetate (63 L) was added and the mixture was heated to reflux
(75.degree. C.) until dissolution. The solution was cooled to
45.degree. C. and the crystallization was initiated by seeding. The
suspension was cooled to 6-10.degree. C. and stirred for 2.5 h. The
product was centrifuged and the cake was washed with 2 portions of
ethyl acetate (2.times.0.8 L). The wet cake was dried at a
temperature of about 40.degree. C. to yield 8 kg (41%). e)
Preparation of ##STR26##
[0170] Aqueous sodium hydroxide (30%, 5.0 kg) was added to a
suspension of the product from previous step d) (7.9 kg) in heptane
(41 L). The solution was heated to 47.degree. C., stirred for 15
min and decanted over 15 min. The pH was checked (pH>12) and the
aqueous phase was separated. The solvent was removed by
distillation under reduced pressure at 47-65.degree. C. Heptane was
added (15 L) and then removed by distillation under reduced
pressure at 58-65.degree. C. Heptane was added (7 L), the solution
was filtered, and the filter was washed with heptane (7 L). The
solvent was removed by distillation under reduced pressure at
28-60.degree. C. Tetrahydrofuran (THF, 107 L) and triethylamine
(TEA, 6.8 kg) were added and the temperature was fixed at
22.degree. C. In another reactor, phosgene (5.0 kg) was introduced
in tetrahydrofuran (88 L) previously cooled to -3.degree. C. The
THF and TEA solution was added to the solution of phosgene in 3 h
50 min, maintaining the temperature at -3.degree. C. The reactor
was washed with tetrahydrofuran (22 L). The mixture was stirred for
45 min at 20.degree. C. and then for 90 min at reflux (65.degree.
C.). The solvent was distilled under reduced pressure at
25-30.degree. C. to a residual volume of 149 L. The absence of
phosgene was controlled. At this stage, phosgene was still present
and the suspension was degassed by bubbling nitrogen through it.
After this operation, the level of phosgene above the solution was
below 0.075 ppm. The suspension was filtered and washed with
tetrahydrofuran (30 L). The solvent was distilled under reduced
pressure at 20-25.degree. C. to a residual volume of 40 L.
Tetrahydrofuran (51 L) was added and the solvent was distilled
under reduced pressure at 20-25.degree. C. to a residual volume of
40 L. The final volume was adjusted to about 52 litters by addition
of tetrahydrofuran (11 L). The solution was analysed and used in
the next step. f) Preparation of the Title Compound of Formula I
##STR27##
[0171] The product from previous step e) (51 L) was added in 1 h to
a solution of the product from step a) (7.3 kg) in tetrahydrofuran
(132 L) at 17.degree. C. The line was washed with tetrahydrofuran
(12 L) and the mixture was stirred for 15 h. Residual product from
the first step was checked by HPLC. The solvent was removed by
distillation under reduced pressure at 20-38.degree. C. to a
residual volume of 165 L. Charcoal (Norit SX1-G, 0.7 kg) was added,
the mixture was stirred for 15 min and filtered. The line was
washed with tetrahydrofuran (7 L) and the solvent was removed by
distillation under reduced pressure at 20-25.degree. C. to a
residual volume of 30 L. Isopropyl acetate (96 L) was added to
obtain a solution of the title compound of formula I, which
contains a small amount of impurities (mainly side products from
the previous reactions.) Removal of the solvent from a sample
yields a substantially amorphous solid.
[0172] The solution with the crude product was used for the direct
preparation of the hemi-tartrate and simultaneously for the
purification of the free base via the hemi-tartrate through
crystallization from suitable solvents.
Example 2
Preparation of Pure Crystalline Form Y of Compound of Formula I
[0173] 15.78 g of the tartrate salt prepared according to Example
10 described below was dissolved in 130 ml water. 500 ml TBME was
added and the pH adjusted to 9.8 by addition of 2 N NaOH solution.
After precipitation of a white solid, the aqueous phase was
extracted 5 times by 500 ml TBME. The organic phases were
concentrated until a volume of about 400 ml remains. The solution
was stored at 6.degree. C. The precipitate was filtered, washed
with TBME and finally dried in vacuum for 5 hours. Yield: 8.24 g of
a white powder. The mother liquor was concentrated to a fourth and
stored at 6.degree. C. The precipitate was filtered and dried in
vacuum for 18 hours. Yield: 1.6 g of a white powder.
[0174] PXRD revealed a crystalline sample. The powder X-ray
diffraction pattern is shown in FIG. 1 and the characteristic peaks
in 2 theta with the corresponding d-spacing values in .ANG. are
given in Table 1. Raman spectroscopy also indicated a crystalline
sample. No Raman peaks from tartaric acid were found. TG-FTIR
revealed a mass loss of about 0.4% between 60.degree. C. and
150.degree. C., believed to be caused by the liberation of TBME.
Above about 190.degree. C., the sample started to decompose. DSC
(-50.degree. C. to 210.degree. C., 10.degree. C./min) revealed a
melting endotherm at 124.degree. C. TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1
d-Spacings for crystal form Y (free base) Angle [.degree.2.theta.]
d-spacings [.ANG.] Intensity (qualitative) 6.8 13.0 vs 8.1 10.9 vs
13.0 6.8 vw 13.7 6.5 s 14.4 6.2 w 17.0 5.2 w 19.1 4.7 m 19.7 4.5 w
20.8 4.3 s 21.0 4.22 vs 22.2 4.00 m 25.2 3.53 vw 26.2 3.40 vw 27.1
3.28 w 27.5 3.24 w 27.9 3.19 w 29.0 3.08 w 30.7 2.91 w 33.0 2.72
w
[0175] Approximate solubility of the free base was determined at
room temperature for 11 solvents as listed in Table 2.
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Approximate solubility of the crystalline
free base of formula I in various solvents Solvent Solubility
(mg/ml) acetone 100 ethanol 260 ethyl acetate <30 isopropanol
100 tetrahydrofuran >250 acetonitrile <50 dichloromethane
>500 1,4-dioxane 140 methanol 170 toluene <70 water <4
Example 3
Preparation of the Hemi-Tartrate of Formula IV From the Solution
Obtained in Example 1(f)
a) Crude Product Salt Formation
[0176] To the solution of the compound of Formula I in isopropyl
acetate (96 L) according to Example 1 (f) was added at 23.degree.
C. a previously prepared solution of tartaric acid (1.7 kg) in
water (1.7 L) and tetrahydrofuran (23 L). The residual suspension
was stirred for 2.5 days at 22.degree. C. The tartrate crude
product was centrifuged and the cake was washed with 4 portions of
isopropyl acetate (4.times.23 L). A total of 107 kg of mother
liquors was saved for later use in obtaining the tartrate salt. The
wet cake was dried at about 40.degree. C. to yield 8.3 kg (50%)
product.
b) Purification
[0177] The tartrate crude product of previous step a) (8.1 kg) was
dissolved in demineralized water (41 L) at 22.degree. C. Isopropyl
acetate (40 L), 30% aqueous sodium hydroxide (4.3 kg) and sodium
chloride (2 kg) were added. The pH was checked (>12) and the
solution was stirred for 15 min. The solution was decanted over 15
min and the aqueous phase was separated. The aqueous phase was
re-extracted with isopropyl acetate (12 L). Demineralized water (20
L) and sodium chloride (2.0 kg) were added to the combined organic
phases, the solution was stirred for 15 min, decanted over 15 min
and the aqueous phase was discarded. Charcoal (0.4 kg) was added
and the mixture was stirred for 20 min and filtered. After a line
wash with isopropyl acetate (12 L), the solvent was removed under
reduced pressure at 20-25.degree. C. Heptane (49 L) was added and
the suspension was stirred for 15 min at 40.degree. C. Then, 8 L of
solvent was removed by distillation under reduced pressure at
38-41.degree. C. The slurry was cooled to 20.degree. C. and stirred
for 1 h. The product was centrifuged and the cake was washed with
heptane (5 L). The wet compound of Formula I (5.5 kg) was dissolved
in ethanol (28 L) at 45.degree. C. A solution of tartaric acid
(0.72 kg) in ethanol (11 L) was added at 45.degree. C. and the line
was washed with ethanol (9 L). The solution was cooled to
43.degree. C., seeded with the tartrate salt of the compound of
Formula I, then the slurry was cooled to 35.degree. C. in 30 min,
stirred at this temperature for 1 h and cooled to -5.degree. C.
After 14 h at this temperature the product was centrifuged and
washed with two portions of ethanol (2.times.6 L). A total of 42 kg
of mother liquors were saved for later use in obtaining the
tartrate salt. The wet cake was dried at about 45.degree. C. for 76
h to yield 4 kg.
c) Additional Isolation From Mother Liquors
[0178] Additional product was obtained from the saved mother
liquors as follows. The solvent was removed by distillation under
reduced pressure at 24-26.degree. C. from a solution of the crude
tartrate mother liquors (107 kg) from step a) and the Formula
I-tartrate mother liquors (42 kg) from step b) to a residual volume
of 27 L. Demineralized water (25 L) was added and the mixture was
concentrated to a residual volume of 32 L by distillation under
reduced pressure at 24-26.degree. C. Isopropyl acetate (30 L) and
30% aqueous sodium hydroxide (2.7 kg) were added. The pH was
checked (>12) and the solution was stirred for 15 min. The
solution was decanted over 15 min and the aqueous phase was
separated. The aqueous phase was re-extracted with isopropyl
acetate (6 L). Demineralized water (9 L) and sodium chloride (0.9
kg) were added to the combined organic phases, the solution was
stirred for 15 min, decanted over 15 min and the aqueous phase was
discarded. Charcoal (0.3 kg) was added, the mixture was stirred for
20 min and filtered. After a line wash with isopropyl acetate (8
L), the solvent was removed by distillation under reduced pressure
at 20-25.degree. C. to a residual volume of 12 L, but not to
dryness. Heptane (25 L) was added at 30.degree. C., the slurry was
cooled to 20.degree. C. and stirred for 1.5 h. The product was
centrifuged and the cake was washed with heptane (2.times.5 L). The
wet cake (4.3 kg) was dissolved in ethanol (23 L) at 45.degree. C.
A solution of tartaric acid (0.58 kg) in ethanol (7.5 L) was added
at 45.degree. C. and the line was washed with ethanol (6 L). The
solution was stirred for 20 min (crystallization of the product)
and the slurry was cooled to 35.degree. C. in 30 min, stirred at
this temperature for 1 h and cooled to -5.degree. C. After 14 h at
this temperature the product was centrifuged and washed with two
portions of ethanol (2.times.4 L). The wet cake was dried at about
45.degree. C. for 80 h giving 3.3 kg of product.
[0179] PXRD of both products revealed a crystalline sample and the
high baseline indicated the presence of amorphous parts and
possibly of small amounts of crystalline form C. PXRD reveals that
the solid product contains substantially crystalline form A of
N-(4-fluorobenzyl)-N-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)-N'-(4-(2-methylpropyloxy)ph-
enylmethyl)carbamide hemi-tartrate of formula IV. Crystalline form
A contains some water as demonstrated when subjected to heat in
thermogravimetric analysis (TG-FTIR, loss of 2.2% attributed to
water and a small amount of solvent). The amount indicates that
crystalline form A was a hemi-hydrate (theoretical value of water
content 1.8%). However, water was only weakly bound, since the
weight loss starts just above ambient temperature and was complete
at about 150.degree. C. The water can also easily be removed by
treatment with dry nitrogen for a longer time (about up to 20
hours). The melting point of the dehydrated form A was about
133-135.degree. C. with an enthalpy of fusion of about 70 J/g (peak
temperature, measured by DSC). Form A shows a considerable water
uptake when exposed to humidity above 75% relative humidity. The
water was given off when the relative humidity was decreased to 50%
and less. This behaviour was typical for a deliquescent solid.
[0180] Approximate solubility was measured by preparation of
saturated solutions in various solvents and gravimetric
determination of dissolved substance after solvent removal. The
results are given in Table 3. TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Approximate
solubility of the crystalline form A of compound of formula IV
Solvent Solubility (mg/ml) 1,4-dioxane .about.2 2-propanol .about.1
acetone .about.2 acetone/water (1:1) >200 acetonitrile .about.2
dichloromethane >30 dimethylsulfoxide >200 ethanol >10
ethyl acetate <1 2-propanol/water (9:1) <1 methanol >100
methyl ethyl ketone <1 t-butyl methyl ether <1
tetrahydrofuran >5 toluene <1 water >300
Example 4
Preparation of the Hemi-Tartrate of Formula IV From Crude Free Base
of Formula I
[0181] Crude product from Example 1(f) (5.5 kg) was dissolved at
45.degree. C. in ethanol (28 L). A solution of (+)-L-tartaric acid
(0.72 kg) in ethanol was added at 45.degree. C. and the line was
washed with 9 L of ethanol. The solution was cooled to 43.degree.
C. and seeded with the hemi-tartrate of formula IV. The slurry was
then cooled to 35.degree. C. over 30 min, stirred at this
temperature for 1 hour and cooled under stirring to -5.degree. C.
After 14 hours stirring at this temperature, the product was
centrifuged and washed with 2 portions of ethanol (2.times.6 L).
The wet cake was dried at 45.degree. C. for 76 hours yielding 4.0
kg of product (83%, based on tartaric acid). PXRD of the product
revealed that polymorph A was formed.
Example 5
Preparation of the Hemi-Tartrate of Formula IV From Crude Free Base
of Formula I
[0182] Crude product according to Example 1(f) (4.3 kg) was
dissolved at 45.degree. C. in ethanol (23 L). A solution of
(+)-L-tartaric acid (0.58 kg) in ethanol was added at 45.degree. C.
and the line was washed with 6 L of ethanol. The solution was
stirred for 20 min (formation of solid precipitate) and the slurry
was cooled to 35.degree. C. over 30 min. The slurry was stirred at
this temperature for 1 hour and then cooled to -5.degree. C. After
14 hours stirring at this temperature, the product was centrifuged
and washed with 2 portions of ethanol (2.times.4 L). The wet cake
was dried at 45.degree. C. for 80 hours yielding 3.3 kg of product
(85%, based on tartaric acid). PXRD of the product revealed that
polymorph A was formed.
Example 6
Preparation of Amorphous Form of Compound of Formula IV Through
Lyophilization of Aqueous Solution
[0183] 2.02 g of crude free base of formula I was dissolved at room
temperature in 8.0 ml water (Fluka no. 95306) at 23.+-.2.degree. C.
The obtained solution was filtered through a 0.22 .mu.m millipore
filtration unit, and the filtered solution was transferred into a
100 ml round glass flask. The clear solution was frozen in a bed of
dry ice (solid CO.sub.2) at -78.degree. C., and subsequently the
glass flask with the frozen solution was connected to a
lyophilizer. Lyophilizer type: CHRIST, BETA 2-8 LD-2. The initial
pressure of was about 0.10 mbar, and the cold trap temperature was
-82.degree. C., and the end pressure was 0.007 mbar. After about 15
hours, the lyophilization was complete and the flask was
disconnected. The obtained white solid powder was characterized by
differential scanning calorimetry and powder X-ray diffraction.
PXRD for the obtained product shows the complete amorphous state,
and likewise DSC measurement reveals a completely amorphous
compound with a glass transition temperature near 54.degree. C. and
a .DELTA.C.sub.p of about 0.5 J/g/.degree. C.
Example 7
Preparation of Crystalline Pure Form A by Re-Crystallization
[0184] 142.5 g of the product from Example 5 was suspended in
absolute ethanol (750 ml). The white suspension was heated under
stirring over 30 min to 70.degree. C. From 60.degree. C., the
solution was clear yellowish. The solution was slowly cooled and
the product started to crystallize at about 48.degree. C. Cooling
from 48.degree. C. to 15.degree. C. was performed over 4 h. The
suspension was stirred for 1.5 h at 15.degree. C. Thereafter, a
thick suspension was formed. The precipitate was filtered under
vacuum, washed twice with 70 ml absolute ethanol and then dried in
vacuum at 40.degree. C. The dry weight was 135.2 g (95% yield).
[0185] This product was again suspended under stirring in 850 ml
absolute ethanol and heated over 30 min to 75.degree. C. The
dissolution was complete and the solution was substantially
colourless from 58-60.degree. C. The solution was filtered at
75.degree. C., the line was washed with 50 ml absolute ethanol, and
the solution was then allowed to cool under stirring.
Crystallization initiated at 48.degree. C. The product crystallized
at about 42-44.degree. C. and a voluminous precipitate was formed.
The suspension was allowed to cool over night to room temperature.
The suspension was filtered at 20-22.degree. C. and washed twice
with 50 ml absolute ethanol. The white and solid product was dried
over 48 h under vacuum at 42.degree. C. The dry weight was 123.6 g
(92% yield).
[0186] The X-ray powder diffraction pattern is shown in FIG. 2 and
the characteristic peaks in 2 theta with the corresponding
d-spacing values in .ANG. are given in Table 4. TABLE-US-00004
TABLE 4 d-Spacings for the crystalline form A of the compound of
formula IV Angle [.degree.2.theta.] d-spacings [.ANG.] Intensity
(qualitative) 4.7 18.6 s 5.3 16.7 vs 8.7 10.2 s 10.8 8.2 m 11.5 7.7
w 12.0 7.4 w 13.6 6.5 w 14.3 6.2 m 14.6 6.1 vs 15.1 5.86 w 17.2
5.14 m 17.6 5.03 m 18.6 4.78 m 18.9 4.69 m 19.1 4.63 s 19.8 4.49 s
20.0 4.44 vs 20.4 4.35 m 21.6 4.10 m 22.4 3.96 s 24.3 3.66 m 25.7
3.47 w 26.6 3.35 w 29.3 3.05 w
Example 8
Preparation of Crystalline Pure Form A by Re-Crystallization
[0187] 105.0 g compound of formula IV as obtained in Example 5 was
dissolved under stirring at 65.degree. C. in 560 ml absolute
ethanol and then cooled under stirring to 48.degree. C. at a
cooling rate of 1.degree. C./min. Crystallization started after a
few minutes at this temperature and the suspension turned to a
thick paste within 1 h. The suspension was heated again to
60.degree. C. and then cooled to 48.degree. C. at a rate of
1.degree. C./min. The obtained suspension was stirred and cooled to
15.degree. C. at a cooling rate of 3.degree. C./h. The crystalline
precipitate was separated by filtration and the bottle was washed
with 50 ml absolute ethanol cooled to 5.degree. C. The crystalline
residue was then dried in air at 30.degree. C. for 18 h and
thereafter under vacuum and room temperature for 40 hours to yield
98.1 g crystalline product. PXRD indicated that the product was
polymorph A. TG-FTIR shows a weight loss of about 2.5%, which was
attributed to water and a small amount of ethanol.
Example 9
Preparation of Crystalline Pure Form A by Re-Crystallization
[0188] 21.0 g compound of formula IV as obtained in Example 3(b)
was dissolved under stirring at 65.degree. C. in 112 ml absolute
ethanol and then cooled under stirring to 48.degree. C. at a
cooling rate of 1.degree. C./min. Crystallization started after a
few minutes at this temperature and the suspension turned to a
thick paste within 1 h. The suspension was heated again to
60.degree. C. and then cooled to 48.degree. C. at a rate of
1.degree. C./min. The obtained suspension was stirred and cooled to
15.degree. C. at a cooling rate of 3.degree. C./h. The crystalline
precipitate was separated by filtration and the bottle was washed
with 10 ml absolute isopropanol cooled to 5.degree. C. The
crystalline residue was first dried under nitrogen at 25.degree. C.
for 18 h and thereafter under vacuum and room temperature for 20
hours to yield 19.9 g crystalline product. PXRD indicated that the
produce was polymorph A with similarities to form D. TG-FTIR showed
a weight loss of about 7.7%, which was attributed to isopropanol
and water. The product was again dried at 30.degree. C. in air for
20 h yielding a product with a weight loss of about 5% isopropanol
and water.
Example 10
Preparation of Crystalline Pure Form A by Re-Crystallization
[0189] 150.0 g compound of formula IV as obtained in Example 3(b)
was dissolved under stirring at 65.degree. C. in 112 ml absolute
ethanol and then cooled under stirring to 48.degree. C. at a
cooling rate of 1.degree. C./min. Crystallization started after a
few minutes at this temperature and the suspension turned to a
thick paste within 1 h. The suspension was heated again to
60.degree. C. and then cooled to 48.degree. C. at a rate of
1.degree. C./min. The obtained suspension was stirred and was
cooled to 15.degree. C. at a cooling rate of 3.degree. C./h. The
crystalline precipitate was separated by filtration and the bottle
was washed with 10 ml absolute ethanol cooled to 5.degree. C. The
crystalline residue was first dried under vacuum and 40.degree. C.
for 50 hours to yield 146 g crystalline product, which was
according to PXRD pure polymorph A.
Example 11
Preparation of Crystalline Pure Form A by Suspension
Equilibration
[0190] 20 mg of the compound of formula IV from Example 3(b) was
suspended in a solvent and stirred for 4 days at a variable
temperature with cycling from 18 to 40.degree. C. The product was
identified as crystalline form A by PXRD or Raman spectroscopy when
using the following solvents: ethanol, isopropanol, heptane, methyl
ethyl ether, t-butyl methyl ether (TBME), ethanol and TBME,
ethanol/heptane, TBME saturated with water.
Example 12
Preparation of Crystalline Pure Form A by Suspension Equilibration
From Amorphous Form
[0191] 64 mg of amorphous compound from Example 6 was suspended in
1.0 ml tetrahydrofuran and stirred at 5.degree. C. for 18 hours.
The solid was filtered and dried under nitrogen at room temperature
for 2 hours. Crystalline form A was identified by PXRD or Raman
spectroscopy.
Example 13
Preparation of Crystalline Pure Form A by Suspension Equilibration
From Amorphous Form
[0192] 20 mg amorphous compound from Example 6 was suspended in 500
.mu.l ethanol/acetone (1:1) and then stirred for 3 days with
cycling from room temperature to 40.degree. C. Crystalline form A
was identified by Raman spectroscopy.
Example 14
Preparation of Crystalline Pure Form A by Suspension Equilibration
From Amorphous Form
[0193] 20 mg amorphous compound from Example 6 was suspended in 500
.mu.l tetrahydrofuran and then stirred for 3 days with cycling from
room temperature to 40.degree. C. Crystalline form A was identified
by Raman spectroscopy.
Example 15
Preparation of Crystal Form B by Precipitation with Anti-Solvent
Methyl Ethyl Ketone
[0194] 600 .mu.l of an aqueous solution containing about 160 mg of
the compound of formula IV from Example 3(b) was added to 10 ml
methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) at 5.degree. C. The suspension was
stirred for 3 days. 5 ml MEK was added and stirring was continued
for 5 hours. The solid was filtered off and dried in air for at
room temperature for 12 h. Crystalline form B was identified by
XPRD or Raman spectroscopy. TG-FTIR shows a weight loss of about
2.5%, which was attributed to water. The X-ray powder diffraction
pattern is shown in FIG. 3 and the characteristic peaks in 2 theta
with the corresponding d-spacing values in .ANG. are given in Table
5. TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 d-Spacings for the crystalline form B of
the compound of formula IV Angle [.degree.2.theta.] d-spacings
[.ANG.] Intensity (qualitative) 5.1 17.4 vs 8.7 10.2 s 10.0 8.8 w
13.7 6.4 w 15.0 5.91 vs 16.2 5.46 w 17.8 4.99 m 18.1 4.90 m 19.2
4.62 m 19.7 4.50 vs 20.3 4.37 vs 21.1 4.20 w 23.0 3.87 vs 23.8 3.73
w 24.8 3.58 m 26.1 3.42 w 30.8 2.90 w
Example 16
Preparation of Crystal Form B by Precipitation with Anti-Solvent
Heptane
[0195] 2.0 ml of a solution containing 135 mg of the compound of
formula IV according to Example 3(b) in methylene chloride was
added at room temperature to 3.0 ml heptane. The formed suspension
was stirred for 24 h, then filtered off and dried in air at room
temperature for 8 h. Crystalline form B was identified by PXRD or
Raman spectroscopy. DSC measurement revealed a melting point of
about 131.degree. C. with a melting enthalpy of about 63 J/g.
Example 17
Preparation of Crystal Form B by Precipitation with Anti-Solvent
Toluene
[0196] 2.0 ml of a solution containing 135 mg of the compound of
formula IV from Example 3(b) in methylene chloride was added at
room temperature to 3.0 ml toluene. The formed suspension was
stirred for 24 h, then filtered off and dried in air at room
temperature for 14 h. Crystalline form B was identified by PXRD or
Raman spectroscopy. DSC measurement revealed a melting point of
near 129.degree. C. with a melting enthalpy of about 71 J/g.
Example 18
Preparation of Crystal Form B by Precipitation with Anti-Solvent
Acetonitrile
[0197] 2.0 ml of a solution containing 135 mg of the compound of
formula IV from Example 3(b) in methylene chloride was added at
room temperature to 3.0 ml acetonitrile. The formed suspension was
stirred for 24 h, then filtered off and dried in air at room
temperature for 18 h. Crystalline form B was identified by Raman
spectroscopy.
Example 19
Preparation of Crystal Form B by Precipitation with Anti-Solvent
Ethyl Acetate
[0198] 1.5 ml of a solution containing 210 mg of the compound of
formula IV according to Example 3(b) in methanol was added at room
temperature to 10 ml ethyl acetate. No product precipitated until
about 50% of ethyl acetate/methanol solvent mixture was evaporated
at room temperature. The resulting suspension was stirred at
15.degree. C. for 18 h, then filtered off and dried in air at room
temperature for 12 h. Crystalline form B was identified by Raman
spectroscopy.
Example 20
Preparation of Crystal Form B by Suspension Equilibration with
Polymorph A in Acetonitrile
[0199] 20 mg of the compound of formula IV from Example 3(b) was
suspended in acetonitrile and stirred for 4 days at a temperature
cycling from 18 to 40.degree. C., then filtered off and dried in
air at room temperature for 18 h. Crystalline form B was identified
by Raman spectroscopy.
Example 21
Preparation of Crystal Form B by Suspension Equilibration with
Polymorph A in Ethyl Acetate
[0200] 20 mg of the compound of formula IV from Example 3(b) was
suspended in 6 ml ethyl acetate and stirred for 4 days at a
temperature cycling from 18 to 40.degree. C., then filtered and
dried in air at room temperature for 18 h. Crystalline form B was
identified by Raman spectroscopy.
Example 22
Preparation of Crystal Form B by Suspension Equilibration with
Polymorph A in Ethanol/MEK
[0201] 20 mg of the compound of formula IV from Example 3(b) was
suspended in 5 ml ethanol/MEK (1:1) and stirred for 4 days at a
temperature cycling from 18 to 40.degree. C., then filtered and
dried in air at room temperature for 18 h. Crystalline form B was
identified by Raman spectroscopy.
Example 23
Preparation of Crystal Form B by Suspension Equilibration with
Polymorph A in Water Saturated Ethyl Acetate
[0202] 20 mg of the material from Example 6 was suspended in 500
.mu.l ethyl acetate saturated with water and stirred for 3 days at
a temperature cycling from room temperature to 40.degree. C., then
filtered and dried in air at room temperature for 8 h. Crystalline
form B was identified by Raman spectroscopy.
Example 24
Preparation of Crystal Form B by Suspension Equilibration with
Polymorph A in Acetonitile Containing 1% Water
[0203] 20 mg of the material from Example 6 was suspended in 500
.mu.l acetonitrile containing 1% water and stirred for 3 days at a
temperature cycling from room temperature to 40.degree. C., then
filtered and dried in air at room temperature for 16 h. Crystalline
form B was identified by Raman spectroscopy.
Example 25
Preparation of Crystal Form B by Suspension Equilibration with
Polymorph A in Ethyl Acetate/Water
[0204] 1.0 g of the material from Example 6 was suspended in 10 ml
ethyl acetate and 100 .mu.l water and stirred for 100 h at room
temperature, then filtered off and dried in air at room temperature
for 18 h. 750 mg of crystalline form B was obtained as identified
by Raman spectroscopy and powder X-ray diffraction.
Example 26
Preparation of Crystal Form B by Suspension Equilibration with
Polymorph A in Ethanol/MEK
[0205] 20 mg of the compound of formula I from Example 3(b) was
suspended in 7 ml ethanol/MEK (1:1) and stirred for 4 days at a
temperature cycling from 18 to 40.degree. C., then filtered and
dried in air at room temperature for 18 h. Crystalline form B was
identified by Raman spectroscopy.
Example 27
Preparation of Crystal Form B by Suspension Equilibration with
Amorphous Form in Heptane
[0206] 60 mg of the material from Example 6 was suspended in 1.0 ml
heptane and stirred at 40.degree. C. for 18 h. The solid was
filtered and dried in air at 40.degree. C. for 1 h. Crystalline
form B was identified by Raman spectroscopy.
Example 28
Preparation of Crystal Form B by Suspension Equilibration with
Amorphous Form in Ethyl Acetate
[0207] 62 mg of the material from Example 6 was suspended in 1.0 ml
ethyl acetate and stirred at 40.degree. C. for 18 h. The solid was
filtered off and dried in air at 40.degree. C. for 1 h. Crystalline
form B was identified Raman spectroscopy.
Example 29
Preparation of Crystal Form B by Suspension Equilibration with
Amorphous Form in Acetonitrile
[0208] 62 mg of the material from Example 6 were suspended in 1.0
ml acetonitrile and stirred at 5.degree. C. for 18 h. The solid was
filtered off and dried in nitrogen at 22.degree. C. for 2 h.
Crystalline form B was identified by Raman spectroscopy.
Example 30
Preparation of Crystal Form B by Suspension Equilibration with
Amorphous Form in MEK
[0209] 149 mg of the material from Example 6 were suspended in 3.0
ml MEK and stirred at room temperature for 16 h. The solid was
filtered off and dried in nitrogen at 22.degree. C. for 30 min.
Crystalline form B was identified by Raman spectroscopy.
Example 31
Preparation of Crystal Form B by Suspension Equilibration with
Amorphous Form in Water Saturated Ethyl Acetate
[0210] 20 mg of the material from Example 6 was suspended in 500
.mu.l ethyl acetate saturated with water, stirred for 3 days at a
temperature cycling from room temperature to 40.degree. C., then
filtered and dried in air at room temperature for 6 h. Crystalline
form B was identified by Raman spectroscopy.
Example 32
Preparation of Crystal Form B by Suspension Equilibration with
Amorphous Form in Water Containing Solvent Mixture
[0211] 70 mg of the material from Example 6 was suspended in 2.0 ml
ethyl acetate/ethanol containing 1% water, stirred for 1 day at a
temperature cycling from 5.degree. C. to room temperature. Stirring
was then continued at 10.degree. C. for 5 days. The solid was
filtered off and dried in air at room temperature for 15 min.
Crystalline form B was identified by Raman spectroscopy.
Example 33
Preparation of Crystalline Form C by Suspension Equilibration of
Polymorph A in Acetone
[0212] 20 mg of the compound of formula IV from Example 3(b) was
suspended in 1 ml acetone, and 2 mg of form C seeding crystals were
added, and the suspension was agitated for 4 days at a temperature
cycling from 18 to 40.degree. C., then filtered and dried in air at
room temperature for 1 h. Crystalline form C was identified by
Raman spectroscopy.
Example 34
Preparation of Crystalline Form C by Suspension Equilibration of
Polymorph A in Tetrahydrofuran (THF)
[0213] 20 mg of the compound of formula IV from Example 3(b) was
suspended in 500 .mu.l THF, 2 mg of form C seeding crystals were
added, and the suspension was agitated for 3 days at a temperature
cycling from 18 to 40.degree. C., filtered off, dried in air at
room temperature for 3 h. Crystalline form C was identified by
Raman spectroscopy.
Example 35
Preparation of Crystalline Form C by Suspension Equilibration of
Polymorph A in Tetrahydrofuran (THF)
[0214] 255 mg of the compound of formula I from Example 3(b) was
suspended in 5.0 ml THF, 25 mg of form C was added as seeding
crystals, and the suspension was stirred for 40 h at a temperature
of 40.degree. C., filtered, and dried under nitrogen at room
temperature for 15 min. Crystalline form C was identified by PXRD
and Raman spectroscopy.
Example 36
Preparation of Crystalline Form C by Suspension Equilibration of
Polymorph A in Tetrahydrofuran (THF)
[0215] 1.0 g of the compound of formula I from Example 3(b) was
suspended in 6.0 ml THF, 50 mg of form C was added as seeding
crystals, and the obtained suspension was stirred for 50 h at room
temperature, filtered, and dried in air at room temperature for 45
min. Crystalline form C was identified by PXRD and Raman
spectroscopy. TG-FTIR showed a weight loss of less than 0.9% below
150.degree. C., which was attributed to water. Dynamic pour
absorption experiments show that polymorph C does not absorb water,
form a hydrate, are exhibit hygroscopicity. DSC experiments
revealed a melting point near 177.degree. C. with an enthalpy of
fusion of about 129 J/g.
[0216] The X-ray powder diffraction pattern is shown in FIG. 4 and
the characteristic peaks in 2 theta with the corresponding
d-spacing values in .ANG. are given in Table 6. TABLE-US-00006
TABLE 6 d-Spacings for the crystalline form C of the compound of
formula IV Angle [.degree.2.theta.] d-spacings [.ANG.] Intensity
(qualitative) 7.3 12.0 w 8.2 10.7 vs 11.9 7.4 vw 12.8 6.9 vw 13.5
6.6 vw 14.3 6.2 w 15.1 5.86 m 16.0 5.53 w 16.8 5.28 m 17.2 5.16 m
18.3 4.84 vs 18.9 4.70 m 19.4 4.57 s 20.3 4.38 m 21.7 4.09 w 22.5
3.94 w 23.6 3.77 s 24.0 3.71 m 25.5 3.49 w 25.7 3.46 w 26.1 3.41 w
27.5 3.25 vw 29.0 3.08 w 30.5 2.93 w
Example 37
Preparation of Seeding Material of Polymorph C
[0217] 25 g of compound of formula IV from Example 3(b) was
suspended in 100 ml THF and the suspension was stirred for 3 days
at 30.degree. C. The solid was filtered off and dried under reduced
pressure at 40.degree. C. for 2 h. A yield of 23.3 g of pure
polymorph C was obtained as confirmed by PXRD and Raman
spectroscopy. The material was used as seeding crystals in later
experiments.
Example 38
Preparation of Polymorph C
[0218] 6.0 g of the crystalline material from Example 9 was
suspended in 30 ml MEK and stirred at 50.degree. C. 100 mg crystal
seeds from Example 37 were added after 2 hours and stirring was
continued for 80 hours at room temperature. The crystalline solid
was filtered off and dried for 18 hours at 45.degree. C. A of yield
4.7 g of polymorph C containing a small amount of polymorph A was
obtained as confirmed by PXRD. TG-FTIR indicates no weight loss
below 170.degree. C.
Example 39
Preparation of Polymorph C
[0219] 6.0 g of the crystalline material of Example 9 was suspended
in 30 ml THF and stirred at 50.degree. C. 100 mg crystal seeds from
Example 37 were added after 2 hours and stirring was continued for
80 hours at room temperature. The crystalline solid was filtered
off and dried for 18 hours at 45.degree. C. A yield of 4.7 g of
polymorph C containing a small amount of polymorph A was obtained
as confirmed by PXRD. TG-FTIR indicates a weight loss of about 0.5%
below 170.degree. C., which was attributed to THF.
Example 40
Preparation of Polymorph C
[0220] 6.0 g of the crystalline material of Example 8 was suspended
in 40 ml THF and stirred at 50.degree. C. 150 mg crystal seeds from
Example 37 were added after 2 hours and stirring was continued for
104 hours at 40.degree. C. A second portion of 200 mg crystal seeds
from Example 37 was added after 30 hours The crystalline solid was
filtered off and dried for 18 hours at 45.degree. C. A yield of 5.0
g of polymorph C containing a small amount of polymorph A was
obtained as confirmed by PXRD. TG-FTIR indicates a weight loss of
about 0.5 to 0.8% below 170.degree. C., which was attributed to
THF.
Example 41
Preparation of Polymorph C
[0221] 6.0 g of the crystalline material of Example 8 was suspended
in 40 ml MEK and stirred at 50.degree. C. 150 mg crystal seeds from
Example 37 were added after 2 hours and stirring was continued for
104 hours at 40.degree. C. A second portion of 200 mg crystal seeds
from Example 37 was added after 30 hours. The crystalline solid was
filtered off and dried for 18 hours at 45.degree. C. A yield of 5.4
g of polymorph C containing a small amount of polymorph A was
obtained as confirmed by PXRD. TG-FTIR indicates no weight loss
below 170.degree. C.
Example 42
Preparation of Pure Polymorph C
[0222] 7.0 g of the crystalline material of Example 8 was suspended
in 50 ml acetone and stirred at 50.degree. C. 200 mg crystal seeds
from Example 37 were added after 2 hours. A thick paste was formed
and 10 ml acetone was added. Stirring was continued for 29 hours at
50.degree. C. The suspension was then cooled to 10.degree. C. and
stirred at this temperature for 14 h. The crystalline solid was
filtered off and dried in air for 4.5 hours at 45.degree. C.
yielding 6.3 g of pure polymorph C as confirmed by PXRD.
Example 42
Preparation of Pure Polymorph C
[0223] 7.0 g of the crystalline material of Example 8 was suspended
in 50 ml MEK and stirred at 60.degree. C. 200 mg crystal seeds from
Example 37 were added after 2 hours and stirring was continued for
29 hours at 60.degree. C. The suspension was then cooled to
10.degree. C. and stirred at this temperature for 14 h. The
crystalline solid was filtered off and dried in air for 4.5 hours
at 45.degree. C. A yield of 6.0 g of pure polymorph C was obtained
as confirmed by PXRD.
Example 43
Preparation of Pure Polymorph C
[0224] 50.0 g of the crystalline material of Example 10 was
suspended in 310 ml MEK and stirred (600 rpm) at 50.degree. C. 1.5
g crystal seeds from Example 37 (suspension in 10 ml MEK) were
added after 2 hours. Stirring was continued for 52 hours at
50.degree. C. The suspension was then cooled to 15.degree. C. and
stirred at this temperature for 2 h. The crystalline solid was
filtered off and dried under vacuum for 16 hours at 50.degree. C. A
yield of 44.2 g of pure polymorph C was obtained as confirmed by
PXRD. TG-FTIR indicates no weight loss below 170.degree. C.
(solvent free product).
Example 44
Preparation of Pure Polymorph C
[0225] 50.0 g of the crystalline material of Example 10 was
suspended in 360 ml MEK and stirred (600 rpm) at 50.degree. C. 1.5
g crystal seeds from Example 37 (suspension in 10 ml MEK) were
added after 2 hours. Stirring was continued for 35.5 hours at
50.degree. C. The suspension was then cooled to 15.degree. C. and
stirred at this temperature for 2 h. The crystalline solid was
filtered off and dried under vacuum for 16 hours at 50.degree. C. A
yield of 41.5 g of pure polymorph C was obtained as confirmed by
PXRD. TG-FTIR indicates no weight loss below 170.degree. C.
(solvent free product).
Example 45
Preparation of Pure Polymorph C From Solution in THF
[0226] 7.0 g of the crystalline material of Example 10 was
suspended in 35 ml THF and heated to 65.degree. C. Crystal form A
was completely dissolved, and the solution was cooled to 60.degree.
C. Then 0.35 g crystal seeds from Example 37 (suspension in 1.0 ml
THF) were added and stirring was continued for about 30 minutes at
60.degree. C. Thereafter, the suspension was cooled to 10.degree.
C. at a cooling rate of 0.15.degree. C. per minute, and stirring
was continued at this temperature for 2 h. The crystalline solid
was filtered off and dried under vacuum for 16 hours at 50.degree.
C. A yield of 4.5 g of pure polymorph C was obtained as confirmed
by PXRD and Raman spectroscopy.
Example 46
Preparation of Form C Directly From Solution
[0227] 2.0 g of the crystalline material of Example 10 was
suspended in 10 ml of THF at room temperature. Heating of the
suspension to 65.degree. C. led to a clear solution. This solution
was cooled to 60.degree. C. and 100 mg of seed crystals of form C
from Example 37 were added to the solution. At this temperature,
the suspension became slowly more concentrated, and after stirring
this suspension for one hour at 60.degree. C., the suspension was
cooled to 10.degree. C. at a rate of 10.degree. C. per hour. After
5 hours, 10.degree. C. was reached and stirring was continued
overnight, about 14 hours, before the obtained solid was filtered
off and dried at 50.degree. C. for about 2 hours under vacuum to
obtain pure crystalline form C.
Example 47
Stability Tests with Polymorph C
a) Thermal Treatment
[0228] The compounds of Examples 3(b) (polymorph A), 25 (polymorph
B), and 36 (polymorph C) were placed in sealed ampoules and exposed
for 1 week to 100.degree. C. Polymorphs A and B formed a
deliquescent compact material, whereas polymorph C was
substantially unchanged and remained a crystalline free flowing
powder. The products where analyzed by HPLC and the purity was
detected to indicate chemical stability via decomposition.
Polymorph A showed a purity of 25.9%, polymorph B 28.3%, and
polymorph C 99.7%, demonstrating the high stability of polymorph
C.
Example 48
Exposure to Humidity
[0229] The compounds of Examples 3(b) (polymorph A), 25 (polymorph
B), and 36 (polymorph C) were placed in open containers and exposed
1 week and 2 weeks at 60.degree. C. and 75% relative humidity. In
polymorph A, a water content of 2.8% was detected and the HPLC
purity was 80%. Polymorph B transformed to polymorph C, a water
content of 1.9% was detected, and the HPLC purity was 94.6%.
Polymorph C remained unchanged and HPLC purity was 99.7%.
Example 49
Preparation of Crystalline Form E Using Polymorph A as Starting
Material
[0230] 600 .mu.l of a solution containing 160 mg of compound of
formula IV according to Example 3(b) in water was added at
5.degree. C. to 10 ml isopropanol. A crystalline solid precipitated
and the suspension was stirred for 5 hours at 5.degree. C. The
crystalline solid was filtered off and dried under nitrogen for 1
hour at room temperature. A yield of 164 mg of crystalline form D
was obtained as confirmed by PXRD and Raman spectroscopy. TG-FTIR
indicated a weight loss of about 8% below 170.degree. C., which was
attributed to isopropanol and water.
Example 50
Preparation of Crystalline Using E From Amorphous Form as Starting
Material
[0231] 200 mg of the material from Example 6 was suspended in 16.0
ml isopropanol. The suspension was stirred for 18 h at 40.degree.
C. and for 14 h at 20.degree. C. The crystalline solid was filtered
off and dried under nitrogen for 1 hour at room temperature. A
yield of 178 mg of crystalline form D was obtained as confirmed by
PXRD and Raman spectroscopy. TG-FTIR indicated a weight loss of
about 6.6% below 170.degree. C., which was attributed to
isopropanol. The amount of isopropanol indicates existence of a
hemi-solvate of isopropanol (theoretical content of isopropanol was
5.6%; solvent difficult to remove when drying).
[0232] The X-ray powder diffraction pattern is shown in FIG. 5 and
the characteristic peaks in 2 theta with the corresponding
d-spacing values in .ANG. is given in Table 7. TABLE-US-00007 TABLE
7 d-Spacings for the crystalline form D of the compound of formula
IV Angle [.degree.2.theta.] d-spacings [.ANG.] Intensity
(qualitative) 5.1 17.2 s 5.5 16.0 m 8.3 10.7 vw 9.0 9.8 w 13.4 6.6
m 14.5 6.1 s 14.8 6.00 m 15.5 5.73 w 16.6 5.33 w 17.1 5.17 m 18.1
4.91 m 19.1 4.64 s 19.5 4.54 vs 20.3 4.37 vs 21.7 4.10 m 22.7 3.91
m 23.2 3.84 m 24.2 3.67 w 25.1 3.55 m 26.0 3.42 m 26.9 3.32 w 28.5
3.13 w 29.2 3.06 m
Example 51
Preparation of Crystalline From E Using Amorphous Form as Starting
Material
[0233] 70 mg of the material from Example 6 was suspended in 1.0 ml
t-butyl methyl ether (TBME). The suspension was stirred for 18 h at
40.degree. C. The crystalline solid was filtered off and dried in
air for 1 h at 40.degree. C. A yield of 58 mg of crystalline form E
was obtained as confirmed by PXRD and Raman spectroscopy.
Example 52
Preparation of Crystalline From Amorphous Form as Starting
Material
[0234] 150 mg of the material from Example 6 was suspended in 4.0
ml TBME. The suspension was stirred for 26 h at room temperature.
The crystalline solid was filtered off and dried in air for 5 min
at room temperature. A yield of 121 mg of crystalline form E was
obtained as confirmed by PXRD and Raman spectroscopy. TG-FTIR
(10.degree. C./min) indicates a weight loss of about 5.1% starting
above ambient temperature and being complete below 150.degree. C.,
which was attributed to TBME. The amount of TBME indicates
existence of a TBME-solvate.
[0235] The X-ray powder diffraction pattern is shown in FIG. 6 and
the characteristic peaks in 2 theta with the corresponding
d-spacing values in .ANG. are given in Table 8. TABLE-US-00008
TABLE 8 d-Spacings for the crystalline form E of the compound of
formula IV Angle [.degree.2.theta.] d-spacings [.ANG.] Intensity
(qualitative) 5.1 17.3 vs 5.5 16.2 m 8.4 10.6 m 9.0 9.8 m 10.9 8.1
w 11.8 7.5 w 13.5 6.6 m 14.7 6.0 vs 16.8 5.28 m 17.4 5.09 s 18.1
4.90 m 18.8 4.72 vs 19.7 4.51 m 20.2 4.39 s 20.8 4.26 s 22.0 4.04 m
23.0 3.86 w 24.0 3.70 w 25.2 3.54 m 25.6 3.48 m 29.6 3.02 w
Example 53
Preparation of Crystalline From F Amorphous Form as Starting
Material
[0236] 250 mg of the material from Example 6 was dissolved under
stirring at 65.degree. C. in 5.5 ml tetrahydrofuran (THF). The
solution was cooled to 20.degree. C., whereby a thick paste was
formed. 3 ml THF was added and stirring was continued at 40.degree.
C. for 1 h. The suspension was then cooled to 20.degree. C. and
stirring continued for 3 h. The crystalline solid was filtered off
and dried in air for 30 min at room temperature. A yield of 214 mg
of crystalline form F was obtained as confirmed by PXRD and Raman
spectroscopy. TG-FTIR (10.degree. C./min) indicates a weight loss
of about 3.0% starting above ambient temperature and being complete
below 130.degree. C., which was attributed to THF. The amount of
THF indicates existence of a non-stoichiometric THF-solvate
(theoretical content for mono-THF-solvate was 12.5% THF).
[0237] The X-ray powder diffraction pattern is shown in FIG. 7 and
the characteristic peaks in 2 theta with the corresponding
d-spacing values in .ANG. are given in Table 8. TABLE-US-00009
TABLE 9 d-Spacings for the crystalline form F of the compound of
formula IV Angle [.degree.2.theta.] d-spacings [.ANG.] Intensity
(qualitative) 4.6 19.0 w 5.5 16.0 m 6.8 13.0 m 11.3 7.8 w 13.7 6.4
m 14.2 6.2 m 14.6 6.1 w 15.4 5.74 w 16.7 5.29 w 17.6 5.04 m 18.3
4.83 m 19.2 4.62 m 19.7 4.50 m 20.5 4.34 m 20.9 4.24 vs 21.9 4.05 m
22.8 3.89 m 23.7 3.76 m 24.9 3.58 w 27.2 3.27 m
Example 54
Preparation of
N-(4-fluorobenzyl)-N-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)-N'-(4-(2-methylpropyloxy)ph-
enylmethyl)carbamide hemi-tartrate
[0238] a) Preparation of: ##STR28##
[0239] N-Methyl-4-piperidone (SM, 16.0 kg) and 4-Fluorobenzylamine
(17.7 kg, 1.00 equivalents) were dissolved in methanol (110.2 kg,
8.70-v/w SM) at T=15-19.degree. C., then 5% Palladium/C (0.59 kg,
3.68%-w/w SM) was added under nitrogen. The bulk was heated up to
T=23-27.degree. C. and hydrogenated at the same temperature and
P=.about.5 bar until the hydrogen absorption stops (.about.11
hours). The residual SM was checked by GC (imine<5%), then the
bulk was clarified (1575+GF92 filter papers) and the line was
washed with methanol (5.1 kg, 0.40-v/w SM). The solvent was
distilled under reduced pressure (P=265-60 mbar, T=35-40.degree.
C.) and the oily residue was purified by fractional distillation
under vacuum at T=135-140.degree. C, P=8-0.5 mbar to provide 22.15
kg (70%) of product. b) Preparation of: ##STR29##
[0240] 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde (SM, 60.0 kg) was dissolved in
dimethylformamide (142.5 kg, 2.50-v/w SM) at T=15-25.degree. C.,
then solid potassium carbonate (137.2 kg, 2.02 equiv.) and
potassium iodide (8.1 kg, 0.10 equiv.) were added portion wise at
T<30.degree. C. and the suspension heated up to T=78-82.degree.
C. The temperature of the condenser was fixed to 15.degree. C. and
isobutylbromide (134.8 kg, 2.00 equiv.) was added to the suspension
over 4-5 hours at T=78-82.degree. C. At the end of the addition,
the mixture was stirred .about.3 hours at T=78-82.degree. C. and
residual SM was checked by HPLC (SM<5%). The suspension was
cooled to T=20-30.degree. C., diluted with 100% ethanol (213.1 kg,
4.50-v/w SM), stirred 15 min at T=20-30.degree. C., and finally
centrifuged to remove the excess of carbonate and potassium
bromide. The line and the cake were washed with 100% ethanol (82.4
kg, 1.74-v/w SM), then 50% hydroxylamine in water (48.8 kg, 1.5
equiv.) was added to the filtrate at room temperature, then the
bulk was heated up to T=73-77.degree. C. and stirred at this
temperature for 2 hours. A sample was taken for IPC
(Aca-11-aldehyde<5%), then the bulk was concentrated under
reduced pressure (270-150 mbar, 45-55.degree. C.) to .about.6 Vol,
the residue quenched with water (404.5 kg, 6.74-v/w SM) at
T=45-55.degree. C. and the residual ethanol distilled under vacuum
(270-150 mbar, 45-55.degree. C., residual Vol=.about.10.4). The
bulk was diluted with benzene 60-90 (236.9 kg, 5.64-v/w SM) and
heated at reflux (T =.about.60.degree. C.) to reach a complete
dissolution (.about.15 min, visual check). The solution was cooled
down to 8-12.degree. C. (crystallization occurs at
T=.about.17.degree. C., seed at .about.12.degree. C. if necessary),
then to 0-5.degree. C. After 2 hours stirring at T=0-5.degree. C.,
the bulk was centrifuged and the cake washed with benzene 60-90
(59.4 kg, 1.41-v/w SM) in 2 portions, then dried under reduced
pressure at T=40.degree. C. to provide 86.7 kg (91.3%) of product.
c) Preparation of: ##STR30##
[0241] The product from step b (SM, 40.0 kg) was dissolved in 100%
ethanol (229.5 kg, 7.26-v/w SM) at T=20-25.degree. C., then
anhydrous Raney-Nickel (5.8 kg, 14.6% -w/w SM) was added under
nitrogen (wash the catalyst with 100% ethanol until KF<300 ppm)
and the suspension cooled down to T=-8.degree. C.--12.degree. C.
Ammonia gas (45.8 kg, 13 equiv.) was added under vacuum over
.about.8 hours through a cannula, then the suspension heated up to
T=48-50.degree. C. (the internal pressure rises to .about.2.5 bar).
The bulk was hydrogenated at T=48-50.degree. C. and P=4 bar until
the hydrogen absorption stops (.about.9 hours) and the residual SM
was checked by HPLC (SM<0.5%). The suspension was cooled to
T=10-15.degree. C., the excess of ammonia was removed, the bulk was
clarified (1575+GF92 filter papers+celtroxe layer on the filter)
and the line was washed with 100% ethanol (63.4 kg, 2.00-v/w SM).
The solvent was distilled under reduced pressure (P=870-13 mbar,
T=42-50.degree. C.) and the oily green residue was diluted with
100% ethanol (50.7 kg, 1.60-v/w SM) and ethyl acetate (150.1 kg,
4.17-v/w SM) and finally cooled to T=20-25.degree. C. 100% Acetic
acid (19.9 kg, 1.60 equiv.) was slowly added allowing the
temperature to rise during the addition (+.about.14.degree. C.),
then the bulk was heated to reflux (T=.about.70.degree. C.) to
reach a complete dissolution. The solution was cooled down to
40-42.degree. C. and seeded, then the suspension was stirred at the
crystallization temperature (T=.about.41.degree. C.) for 30 min,
cooled to T=0-5.degree. C. and stirred 5 hours at this temperature.
The bulk was centrifuged, the cake washed with cold ethyl acetate
(2.times.9.4 kg, 2.times.0.26-v/w SM) and finally dried under
vacuum at T=50.degree. C. to provide 33.6 kg (67.9%) of amino
acetate form.
[0242] A solution of the amino acetate form (26.4 kg) in potable
water (42.2 kg, 1.60 Vol) was basified with 30% sodium hydroxide
(35.4 kg, .about.2.41 equiv.) to pH=14 at T=10-25.degree. C., then
the product was extracted in toluene (91.4 kg, 4.00 Vol) at
T=43-47.degree. C. The bulk was decanted at T=43-47.degree. C., the
pH was corrected to 14 with additional 30% NaOH if necessary, then
phases were separated. The organic phase was washed with potable
water (35.1 kg, 1.33 Vol), then concentrated to dryness under
vacuum (P=170-20 mbar, indicative) at T=48-50.degree. C. affording
the product as an oily residue. d) Preparation of: ##STR31##
[0243] The product from step c was dissolved in anhydrous toluene
(68.5 kg, KF<300 ppm, 3.00 Vol), the solution transferred into a
phosgenation reactor equipped with scrubber and the line washed
with anhydrous toluene (10.3 kg, 0.45 Vol). The toluene solution
was cooled to T=0-5.degree. C. and hydrogen chloride (gas, 4.0 kg,
1.00 equiv.) was slowly introduced in .about.3 hours with a cannula
at T max=10.degree. C. At the end of the addition, the bulk was
heated up to 97-103.degree. C. and phosgene (16.6 kg, 1.5 equiv.)
was slowly introduced (.about.3 hours) with a cannula. At the end
of the addition, the mixture was stirred for additional 30 min at
T=97-103.degree. C., the reaction was checked by IPC (TLC, starting
material <1%) and the bulk cooled down to T=80-85.degree. C. The
solution was concentrated under vacuum (P=500 mbar, indicative) at
the same temperature to .about.2.1 Vol, the bulk was checked to
confirm the absence of residual phosgene and the crude isocyanate
solution cooled to T=20-25.degree. C., discharged into a drum and
analyzed.
e) Preparation of the Title Compound of Formula IV:
[0244] The product from step d (.about.30% toluene solution, 1
equiv.) was added in .about.40 min at T=38-42.degree. C. to a
solution of the product from step a (SM, 21.8 kg) in THF (189.5 kg,
9.80-v/w SM). At the end of the addition, the line was washed with
THF (9.7 kg, 0.50-v/w SM), the bulk was stirred at T=38-42.degree.
C. until a clear solution was obtained (.about.3 hours) and a
sample was taken for IPC (TLC, Aca-11-Fluoramine<1%) to check
completeness of the urea formation. The solvent was distilled under
reduced pressure (P=170-70 mbar, T=22-25.degree. C.) and the solid
residue was dissolved in 100% ethanol (132.5 kg, 7.69-v/w SM) at
T=40-45.degree. C. A previously prepared solution of L-(+)-tartaric
acid (8.1 kg, 1.10 equiv.) in 100% ethanol (96.0 kg, 5.57-v/w SM)
was added at T=40-45.degree. C. and the line was washed with 100%
ethanol (3.3 kg, 0.19-v/w SM). The solution was cooled down to
35-38.degree. C. and seeded, the suspension was stirred at the
crystallization temperature (T=.about.37.degree. C.) for 30 min,
cooled to T=0-5.degree. C. in .about.2 hours and finally stirred at
this temperature for additional 2 hours. The bulk was centrifuged,
the cake washed with cold 100% ethanol (2.times.18.9 kg,
2.times.0.65-v/w SM) and the dry weight of the crude product was
calculated based on LOD (.about.46%).
[0245] Crude tartrate product (36.7 kg, SM, dry weight calculated
based on measured LOD) was dissolved at reflux (T=.about.75.degree.
C.) in 100% ethanol (205.4 kg, 7.08-v/w SM, alcohol contained in
wet product included), then the solution was filtered at reflux
temperature through an absolute 0.3 .mu. cartridge and the line
rinsed with hot 100% ethanol (5.9 kg, 0.21-v/w SM). The solution
was cooled down to 48-50.degree. C. and seeded, the suspension was
stirred at the crystallization temperature (T=.about.49.degree. C.)
for 30 min, cooled in .about.2 hours to T=20-22.degree. C. and
finally stirred at this temperature for additional 2 hours. The
bulk was centrifuged, the cake washed with pre-filtered cold 100%
ethanol (2.times.18.9 kg, 2.times.0.65-v/w SM) and the product
dried under vacuum at T=45.degree. C. for at least 60 hours.
[0246] A suspension of the compound of formula IV (SM, 26.5 kg) in
pre-filtered and degassed methyl ethyl ketone (149.3 kg, 7.00 Vol)
was heated to T=58-63.degree. C. and stirred at this temperature
for 8 hours under nitrogen atmosphere. Samples for IPC (powder
X-ray, DSC, IR) were taken each 2 hours stirring. The mixture was
cooled down to T=12-17.degree. C. in .about.4.5 hours and stirred
at this temperature for .about.2 hours, then the product was
centrifuged and the cake washed with cold (15.degree. C.)
pre-filtered and degassed methyl ethyl ketone (2.times.10.7 kg,
2.times.0.50 Vol). The wet product was dried .about.15 hours in
vacuo at T=45.degree. C., discharged and packaged under nitrogen to
provide 25.2 kg (51.1%) of Form C of the title compound of formula
IV.
* * * * *