U.S. patent application number 11/272177 was filed with the patent office on 2006-08-03 for cpr performance reporting system.
Invention is credited to Ronald E. Stickney, Robert G. Walker.
Application Number | 20060173501 11/272177 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 36501882 |
Filed Date | 2006-08-03 |
United States Patent
Application |
20060173501 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Stickney; Ronald E. ; et
al. |
August 3, 2006 |
CPR performance reporting system
Abstract
A method for assessing CPR performed during at least one
resuscitation event includes obtaining a data set during each of
the at least one resuscitation events, each data set including data
characterizing the performance of chest compressions or
ventilations, or both, on the patient during the at least one
resuscitation event; processing the data set to determine a value
of at least one parameter of the performance; and displaying a
graphical representation of the at least one parameter. A graphical
representation of a desired value or range of values of the at
least one parameter may be displayed in a position for visual
comparison with the determined value. A method for presenting
information on a sequence of events during a resuscitation event
includes: obtaining data on the sequence and timing of chest
compression and lung ventilations from a defibrillator; and
displaying symbols for chest compressions and lung ventilations in
a linear sequence corresponding to the order in which the
compressions and ventilations occurred, the linear distance between
successive symbols being proportional to the temporal distance
between the corresponding actions.
Inventors: |
Stickney; Ronald E.;
(Edmonds, WA) ; Walker; Robert G.; (Bothell,
WA) |
Correspondence
Address: |
MARY Y. REDMAN;MEDTRONIC EMERGENCY RESPONSE SYSTEM INC.
P.O. BOX 97006
REDMOND
WA
98073
US
|
Family ID: |
36501882 |
Appl. No.: |
11/272177 |
Filed: |
November 10, 2005 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
11048322 |
Jan 31, 2005 |
|
|
|
11272177 |
Nov 10, 2005 |
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
607/5 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61H 31/005 20130101;
A61H 2201/5007 20130101; G09B 23/288 20130101; A61N 1/3993
20130101; A61B 5/0809 20130101; A61B 5/361 20210101; A61B 5/0205
20130101; A61H 2201/5043 20130101; A61N 1/39044 20170801 |
Class at
Publication: |
607/005 |
International
Class: |
A61N 1/39 20060101
A61N001/39 |
Claims
1. A method for assessing cardio-pulmonary resuscitation ("CPR")
performed during at least one resuscitation event, said method
comprising: obtaining a data set during each of the at least one
resuscitation events, said data set including data related to the
performance of chest compressions, or ventilations, or both chest
compressions and ventilations, on a patient during the at least one
resuscitation event; processing the data set to determine a value
of at least one parameter of the performance of chest compressions,
or ventilations, or both chest compressions and ventilations; and
displaying a graphical representation of the at least one
parameter.
2. A method according to claim 1, further comprising the step of
displaying a graphical representation of a comparison value of the
at least one parameter in a position for visual comparison with the
determined value.
3. A method according to claim 2 wherein the step of displaying a
graphical representation of a comparison value includes the step of
displaying a graphical representation of a range of values.
4. A method according to claim 1 wherein the at least one
resuscitation event includes a single resuscitation event.
5. A method according to claim 1 wherein the at least one
resuscitation event includes a plurality of resuscitation events
associated with a plurality of patients.
6. A method according to claim 5 wherein the step of processing
includes the step of calculating the median value for the parameter
for the plurality of events.
7. A method of claim 6 wherein the graphical representation
includes a graphic representation of the median value.
8. A method according to claim 5 wherein the step of processing
includes the step of calculating the average value for the
parameter for the plurality of events.
9. A method according to claim 6 wherein the graphical
representation includes a graphic representation of the average
value.
10. A method according to claim 2 wherein the graphical
representation is displayed in a print medium.
11. A method according to claim 2 wherein the graphical
representation includes a scale on a curved line.
12. A method according to claim 2 wherein the graphical
representation includes a bar chart.
13. A method according to claim 11 wherein the comparison value is
displayed in the form of a marking on or near the curved line.
14. A method according to claim 2 wherein the parameter includes at
least one of: temporal percentage of CPR performance, average
number of compressions delivered per unit time, average number of
ventilations delivered per unit time.
15. A method according to claim 2 wherein the parameter includes
average rate of compressions.
16. A method according to claim 2 wherein the parameter includes
average rate of ventilations.
17. A method according to claim 2 wherein the graphical
representation includes a scale on a straight line.
18. A method according to claim 11 wherein the comparison value is
displayed in the form of a marking on or near the straight
line.
19. A method for presenting information on a sequence of events
during a resuscitation event, comprising the steps of: obtaining
data on the sequence and timing of chest compressions, or of lung
ventilations, or of both chest compressions and lung inflations,
from a defibrillator; displaying symbols for chest compressions and
lung ventilations in a linear sequence corresponding to the order
in which the compressions and ventilations occurred, the linear
distance between successive symbols being proportional to the
temporal distance between the corresponding actions.
20. The method of claim 19, further comprising: obtaining from the
defibrillator data on the sequence and timing of actions performed
by the defibrillator; and displaying symbols which represent the
actions performed by defibrillator in the linear sequence at
position indicative of the timing of the defibrillator-performed
actions.
21. A computer program architecture for assessing cardio-pulmonary
resuscitation ("CPR") performed during resuscitation therapy, said
computer program architecture being embodied on computer-readable
media, said computer program architecture having
computer-executable instructions comprising: instructions for
obtaining an event time interval for each of a plurality of
resuscitation events; instructions for processing post-event data
for each of a plurality of patients, said post-event data for each
event resuscitation representing at least one patient signal
electronically captured during said resuscitation event, to
determine for each resuscitation event a figure of merit for CPR
performance during the event; and instructions for performing an
analysis of the plurality of figures of merit associated with the
plurality of resuscitation events.
22. A computer program architecture according to claim 21, further
comprising instructions for downloading said post-event data from a
remote location.
23. A computer program architecture according to claim 21, wherein
the analysis includes calculation of at least one of: a median or a
mean value for the figures of merit.
24. A computer program architecture according to claim 23 wherein
the analysis further comprises a comparison of the calculated value
to a predetermined range of values.
Description
REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
[0001] This application is a continuation in part of U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 11/048,322, filed on Jan. 31, 2005, which is
hereby incorporated by reference herein.
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0002] The present invention relates generally to defibrillator
systems. More particularly, the present invention relates to a data
reporting system for a defibrillator system.
BACKGROUND
[0003] A normal human heart pumping pattern is called a sinus
rhythm, and the pattern is regulated by the body's biological
pacemaker within the upper right chamber of the heart, which is
commonly referred to as the right atrium. This natural pacemaker,
which is generally referred to as the sinoatrial ("SA") node, sends
electrical signals to the right and left ventricular muscles in the
lower chambers of the heart. The ventricular muscles then implement
the pumping action under the control of the SA node. The right
ventricular muscle pumps blood to the lungs for oxygenation, and
the left ventricular muscle pumps the oxygenated blood to various
parts of the body.
[0004] In certain circumstances, the normal or sinus heartbeat
rhythm may be adversely affected as a result of some type of
malfunction in the heart's electrical control system. When this
type of malfunction occurs, an irregular heartbeat may result,
causing the ventricular muscles to pump ineffectively, thus
reducing the amount of blood pumped to the body. This irregular
heartbeat is generally referred to as an arrhythmia.
[0005] A particularly serious arrhythmia is known as ventricular
fibrillation ("VF"), which is a malfunction characterized by rapid,
uncoordinated cardiac movements replacing the normal contractions
of the ventricular muscles. In this event, the ventricular muscles
are not able to pump blood out of the heart, and there is no
initiation of a heartbeat. VF rarely terminates spontaneously, and
is therefore a leading cause of sudden cardiac arrest. The
unpredictability of VF and other irregular heart beat conditions
exacerbates the problem, and emphasizes the need for early
therapeutic intervention to prevent the loss of life.
[0006] Defibrillators are devices for providing life-saving
electrical therapy to persons experiencing an irregular heat beat,
such as VF. A defibrillator provides an electrical stimulus to the
heart in an attempt to convert the irregular heat beat to a normal
sinus rhythm. One commonly used type of defibrillator is the
external defibrillator, which sends electrical pulses to the
patient's heart through external electrodes applied to the
patient's chest. External defibrillators may be manually operated
(as are typically used in hospitals by medical personnel),
semi-automatic, semi-automated, fully automatic, or fully automated
devices, where they can be used in any location where an
unanticipated need may occur.
[0007] In practice, defibrillation pulses are administered to the
patient when necessary, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation ("CPR")
is administered between pulses. CPR includes the delivery of chest
compressions to the patient (to stimulate blood flow) and the
delivery of ventilations to the patient (to provide air to the
lungs). Recent statistical studies suggest that the amount of time
devoted to CPR during a typical resuscitation event may be less
than optimal in real world situations. Although some of the
defibrillator usage time is necessarily occupied by rhythm analysis
and defibrillation functions--which in most cases preclude the
simultaneous delivery of CPR--there may be an undesirable amount of
"wasted" time during which neither the defibrillator device nor the
caregiver are actively administering treatment to the patient.
[0008] Guidelines and standards for performance of CPR are
published by organizations such as the American Heart Association
(AHA), and many emergency medical service provider organizations
adopt particular protocols for how CPR should be performed by those
within the organization. Such guideline, standards and prescribed
protocols may include, for example, desired ranges for chest
compression and ventilation rate (e.g., number of compressions or
ventilations per minute within one cycle of compressions or
ventilations), compressions or ventilations per unit time for the
entire rescue event time interval, percentage of the event time
spent doing CPR, timing and sequencing of CPR delivery relative to
delivery of defibrillation therapy, and other measures of CPR
performance.
[0009] Accordingly, it is desirable to have a system for providing
quantitative post-event feedback related to the amount and
proportion of time that chest compressions and/or ventilations were
performed during a cardiac arrest response treated by a
defibrillator device. In addition, it is desirable to have a system
for providing other figures of merit related to the delivery of CPR
during a resuscitation event, where such figures of merit are
determined from post-event patient data analysis. Furthermore, it
would be desirable to have a system which would facilitate the
appraisal of how CPR is being performed across multiple events.
Other desirable features and characteristics of the present
invention will become apparent from the subsequent detailed
description and the appended claims, taken in conjunction with the
accompanying drawings and the foregoing technical field and
background.
BRIEF SUMMARY
[0010] A method for assessing CPR performed during at least one
resuscitation event includes obtaining a data set during each of
the at least one resuscitation, each data set including data
relating to the performance of chest compressions, or ventilations,
or both, on the patient during the at least one resuscitation
event; processing the data set to determine a value of at least one
parameter of performance of the chest compressions, or
ventilations, or both; and displaying a graphical representation of
the at least one parameter.
[0011] An embodiment may include the step of displaying a graphical
representation of a desired value or range of values of the at
least one parameter in a position for visual comparison with the
determined value.
[0012] A method for presenting information on a sequence of events
during a resuscitation event includes obtaining data on the
sequence and timing of chest compression and lung ventilations from
a defibrillator; and displaying symbols for chest compressions and
lung ventilations in a linear sequence corresponding to the order
in which the compressions and ventilations occurred, the linear
distance between successive symbols being proportional to the
temporal distance between the corresponding actions. Data on the
sequence and timing of actions performed by the defibrillator may
be obtained from the defibrillator. Symbols which represent the
actions performed by the defibrillator may be displayed in the
linear sequence at a position indicative of the timing of the
defibrillator-performed actions.
[0013] A computer program architecture for assessing
cardio-pulmonary resuscitation ("CPR") performed during
resuscitation therapy, the computer program architecture being
embodied on computer-readable media and having computer-executable
instructions, may include instructions for obtaining an event time
interval for each of a plurality of resuscitation events;
instructions for processing post-event data for each of a plurality
of patients, the post-event data for each event resuscitation
representing at least one patient signal electronically captured
during the corresponding resuscitation event, to determine for each
resuscitation event a figure of merit for CPR performance during
the event; and instructions for performing an analysis of the
plurality of figures of merit associated with the plurality of
resuscitation events. The analysis may include the calculation of
at least one of: a median or a mean value for the figure of
merit.
[0014] The analysis may also include a comparison of the calculated
value to a predetermined range of values.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0015] A more complete understanding of the present invention may
be derived by referring to the detailed description and claims when
considered in conjunction with the following figures, wherein like
reference numbers refer to similar elements throughout the
figures.
[0016] FIG. 1 is an illustration of an external defibrillator
system connected to a patient;
[0017] FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of an external
defibrillator system configured in accordance with the
invention;
[0018] FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of a computing device
configured in accordance with the invention;
[0019] FIG. 4 is a flow diagram of a CPR assessment process
according to the invention; and
[0020] FIGS. 5 and 6 are example graphs of patient data signals
captured by a defibrillator device during a resuscitation
event;
[0021] FIG. 7 is a flow diagram of a process for analysis of
assessment information from multiple resuscitation events;
[0022] FIGS. 8 and 9 are examples of graphical representations of
CPR assessment information; and
[0023] FIG. 10 is an example of a report on a resuscitation
event.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0024] The following detailed description is merely exemplary in
nature and is not intended to limit the invention or the
application and uses of the invention. Furthermore, there is no
intention to be bound by any expressed or implied theory presented
in the preceding technical field, background, brief summary or the
following detailed description.
[0025] Aspects of the invention may be described herein in terms of
functional and/or logical block components and various processing
steps. It should be appreciated that such block components may be
realized by any number of hardware, software, and/or firmware
components configured to perform the specified functions. For
example, an embodiment of the invention may employ various
integrated circuit components, e.g., memory elements, digital
signal processing elements, logic elements, look-up tables, or the
like, which may carry out a variety of functions under the control
of one or more microprocessors or other control devices. In
addition, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the present
invention may be practiced in conjunction with any number of
practical defibrillator systems and that the system described
herein is merely one exemplary application for the invention.
[0026] For the sake of brevity, conventional techniques related to
ECG monitoring, patient impedance measurement, defibrillator device
control, digital signal processing, data transmission, and other
functional aspects of the systems (and the individual operating
components of the systems) may not be described in detail herein.
Furthermore, the connecting lines shown in the various figures
contained herein are intended to represent example functional
relationships and/or physical couplings between the various
elements. It should be noted that many alternative or additional
functional relationships or physical connections may be present in
a practical embodiment.
[0027] FIG. 1 depicts a defibrillator system 20 that is configured
to deliver defibrillation therapy to a patient 22, such as a victim
of VF. The defibrillator system 20 includes, but is not limited to,
an external defibrillator device 24 having a connection port 26
that is configured to receive one or more cables or wires
corresponding to one or more patient electrodes 32/34. In practice,
external defibrillator device 24 can be any number of external
defibrillators, such as an automatic external defibrillator or an
automated external defibrillator, a semi-automatic or
semi-automated external defibrillator, or a manually operated
external defibrillator. Fully- or semi-automated or automatic
defibrillators are sometimes referred to as "AEDs."
[0028] External defibrillator device 24 preferably includes a user
interface 27 having a display 28 that is configured to visually
present various measured or calculated parameters of patient 22
and/or other information to the operator (not shown) of external
defibrillator device 24. For example, display 28 can be configured
to visually present the transthoracic impedance, ECG, and/or other
physiology signals of patient 22. User interface 27 can also
include one or more input devices (e.g., switches or buttons) 30
that are configured to receive commands or information from the
operator. External defibrillator device 24 is configured to
generate a charge that is delivered to patient 22 as the
defibrillation therapy pulse via electrodes 32/34.
[0029] Electrodes 32/34 are typically multifunction electrodes in
that they are configured both to provide defibrillation therapy and
to sense one or more physiology and/or physical parameters of
patient 22 that are received by external defibrillator device 24 at
connection port 26. This is a typical configuration in an AED type
device; it will be understood by those skilled in the art that
electrodes may be designed differently for different machines.
Other defibrillators, including for example manual defibrillators,
may also have an additional set of electrodes (not shown), in
addition to the multifunction electrodes, used to receive ECG
information. These additional electrodes, ECG electrodes, are
generally smaller than therapeutic/multifunction electrodes, and
ECG electrodes typically plug into a separate port (not shown) than
the therapeutic/multifunction electrodes. As is understood in the
art, ECG electrodes typically have a three wire lead, though other
arrangements are possible. The signals provided by the one or more
electrodes 32/34 are preferably evaluated by external defibrillator
device 24 to determine, among other things, whether a
defibrillation shock should be applied to patient 22 in accordance
with techniques known to those of ordinary skill in the art. This
external defibrillator device 24 can, in some embodiments, also
evaluate the signals provided by the one or more electrodes 32/34
to determine the waveform parameters of the defibrillation shock
(e.g., sinusoidal, monophasic, biphasic, truncated) as well as
magnitude and duration; AEDs often include a preprogrammed energy
protocol. As is understood in the art, manual defibrillators may
allow for a manual selection of shock parameters.
[0030] FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of a defibrillator 100
suitable for use with the invention as further described herein.
Although not shown in FIG. 2, defibrillator 100 may include a
number of functional elements, logical elements, and/or hardware
components that support conventional defibrillator features
unrelated to the invention. Defibrillator 100 generally includes a
processor 102, a suitable amount of memory 104, a data
communication element 106, a monitoring circuit 108, and a
defibrillation therapy circuit 110. Defibrillator 100 may include a
data bus 112 to facilitate communication of data or control signals
between some or all of the above components.
[0031] Processor 102 may be any general purpose microprocessor,
controller, or microcontroller that is suitably configured to
control the operation of defibrillator 100. Memory 104 may be
realized as any processor-readable medium, including an electronic
circuit, a semiconductor memory device, a ROM, a flash memory, an
erasable ROM, a floppy diskette, a CD-ROM, an optical disk, a hard
disk, an organic memory element, or the like. As described in more
detail below, memory 104 is capable of storing patient data
captured during a resuscitation event, e.g., ECG signals 114,
patient impedance signals 116, or the like.
[0032] Communication element 106 is configured to communicate with
a remote computing device (described below). In particular,
communication element 106 is suitably configured to communicate
post-event patient data to the remote computing device in
accordance with at least one data communication protocol. As used
herein, "post-event patient data" and "post-event data" refers to
data that is transferred, analyzed, reported, or otherwise
processed after a resuscitation event (except in the case of
real-time handling of patient data as described in more detail
below). Thus, although defibrillator 100 obtains patient data
during the resuscitation event, post-event patient data can be
stored by defibrillator 100 for post-event transfer, analysis, and
processing. For example, post-event data may include a patient
impedance signal, a patient ECG signal, and/or data recorded,
collected, or generated by defibrillator 100 during an event,
including, without limitation, defibrillation pulse delivery times,
voice prompt times, and rhythm analysis times.
[0033] In the example embodiment, communication element 106
communicates with the remote computing device in accordance with at
least one standardized data communication protocol (either wireless
or wired). Such standardized data communication protocols include,
without limitation: Bluetooth; IEEE 802.11 (any variation thereof);
Ethernet; IEEE 1394 (Firewire); GPRS; USB; IEEE 802.15.4 (ZigBee);
or IrDA (infrared). Communication element 106 may be realized with
hardware, software, and/or firmware using known techniques and
technologies. For example, defibrillator device 100 may include a
wireless port configured to support wireless data communication
with the remote computing device and/or a cable or wire port
configured to support data communication, via a tangible link, with
the remote computing device. In this regard, communication element
106 and any corresponding logical or software elements,
individually or in combination, are example means for providing the
post-event patient data to the remote computing device.
[0034] Alternatively (or additionally), the post-event data may be
transferred to the remote computing device using portable storage
media. For example, the post-event data can be transferred or
copied from memory 104 onto a portable storage device for transport
to the remote computing device. The portable storage media may
include, without limitation, a magnetic disk, a semiconductor
memory device, a flash memory device, a floppy diskette, an optical
disk (e.g., a CD or a DVD), a hard disk, or the like.
[0035] Alternatively (or additionally), the post-event data may be
transferred, via communication element 106 or using portable
storage media as described above, from defibrillator 100 to another
medical device such as a second defibrillator. For example, where a
first responder (for example, a police officer, firefighter or
bystander) has used an AED to treat a patient, it is desirable to
transfer data stored on the AED concerning that rescue event
(including patient physiological data and information on therapies
applied to the patient) to a defibrillator or other medical device
used by medical personnel (for example, emergency medical
technicians) who take over care of the patient. This transferred
data may later be subsequently transferred from the medical device
to still another medical device or to a computing device. The
post-event data from defibrillator 100 may be merged with other
data from the medical device for transfer to yet another medical
device or computing device.
[0036] In operation, defibrillator 100 communicates with patient
sensors that may be applied to or attached to the patient
undergoing treatment. In a practical embodiment, patient sensors
may be realized as conventional defibrillation therapy electrode
patches 118 that are capable of monitoring patient data and
delivering defibrillation pulses to the patient. For example,
electrode patches 118 are preferably configured to detect the
patient's ECG signal and the patient's chest impedance using
techniques known to those skilled in the art (chest impedance is
typically measured by applying a high frequency variable level
carrier wave into the patient via electrode patches 118). In a
practical embodiment, defibrillator 100 can concurrently sample the
ECG and chest impedance signals during a resuscitation event.
Although only two patient sensors are depicted in FIG. 2, a
practical embodiment may employ any number of patient sensors
defining any number of ECG leads, any number of patient sensors
defining any number of chest impedance measurement circuits, and
any number of patient sensors configured to monitor, sense, or
detect other patient related data or signals that may be utilized
to assess the quality of CPR as further described herein. For
example, patient sensors may include one or more pressure sensors,
one or more accelerometers, or any number of sensors, transducers,
or detectors that indicate characteristics of CPR such as, for
example, rate of compression delivery, duty cycle of compression
delivery, depth of compressions, or force of compression
delivery.
[0037] Therapy circuit 110 is generally responsible for the
application of defibrillation pulses to the patient. In an
automated or automatic defibrillator, therapy circuit 110 may
determine whether a defibrillation pulse is warranted and, if so,
charge and discharge the defibrillation pulse circuit as needed.
Therapy circuit 110 preferably operates in accordance with known
techniques and methodologies and, therefore, will not be described
in detail herein.
[0038] Monitoring circuit 108 is suitably configured to receive the
patient data or signals from patient sensors 118. As described
above, such data may represent the patient ECG signal and/or the
patient chest impedance signal. Monitoring circuit 108 may process
the received data into a format for storage in memory 104, into a
format for interpretation or further analysis by defibrillator 100
(therapy circuit 110 in particular), into a format compliant with a
data communication protocol to facilitate transfer to a remote
computing device, and/or into any suitable format. In practice,
monitoring circuit 108 may perform analog to digital conversion on
the received signals or otherwise condition the received signals
for subsequent handling by defibrillator 100. In one preferred
embodiment that handles post-event data, monitoring circuit 108
facilitates storage of data representing the patient ECG signal 114
and storage of data representing the patient chest impedance signal
116. In this context, the stored post-event data represents at
least one patient signal electronically captured during the
resuscitation event. The storage of such post-event data enables
subsequent review and analysis of the resuscitation event.
[0039] FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of a computing device
200 configured in accordance with the invention. Computing device
200 may be any known device or system configured to support the CPR
assessment techniques described herein, including, without
limitation: a standard desktop personal computer, a portable
computer such as a laptop computer or a tablet computer, a personal
digital assistant ("PDA"), a suitably configured mobile telephone,
or the like. Computing device 200 generally includes a processor
202, an appropriate amount of memory 204, a data communication
element 206, logic corresponding to a CPR merit algorithm 208, a
report generator 210, a display element 212, and a user interface
214.
[0040] As with most commercially available general purpose
computing devices, a practical computing device 200 may be
configured to run on any suitable operating system such as Unix,
Linux, the Apple Macintosh OS, any variant of Microsoft Windows, a
commercially available real time operating system, or a customized
operating system, and it may employ any number of processors 202,
e.g., the Pentium family of processors by Intel, the processor
devices commercially available from Advanced Micro Devices, IBM,
Sun Microsystems, or Motorola, or other commercially available
embedded microprocessors or microcontrollers.
[0041] The logical and functional elements of computing device 200
may communicate with system memory (e.g., a suitable amount of
random access memory), and an appropriate amount of storage or
"permanent" memory. For computing device 200, memory 204 may
represent such random access memory and/or such permanent memory.
The permanent memory may include one or more hard disks, floppy
disks, CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, magnetic tape, removable media, solid state
memory devices, or combinations thereof. In accordance with known
techniques, operating system and application programs reside in the
permanent memory and portions thereof may be loaded into the system
memory during operation. In accordance with the practices of
persons skilled in the art of computer programming, the invention
is described herein with reference to symbolic representations of
operations that may be performed by the various computing
components or devices. Such operations are sometimes referred to as
being computer-executed, computerized, software-implemented, or
computer-implemented. It will be appreciated that operations that
are symbolically represented include the manipulation by the
various microprocessor devices of electrical signals representing
data bits at memory locations in the system memory, as well as
other processing of signals. The memory locations where data bits
are maintained are physical locations that have particular
electrical, magnetic, optical, or organic properties corresponding
to the data bits.
[0042] When implemented in software or firmware, various elements
of the systems described herein (which may reside at defibrillator
100 or computing device 200) are essentially the code segments or
instructions that perform the various tasks. The program or code
segments can be stored in a processor-readable medium or
transmitted by a computer data signal embodied in a carrier wave
over a transmission medium or communication path. The
"processor-readable medium" or "machine-readable medium" may
include any medium that can store or transfer information. Examples
of the processor-readable medium include an electronic circuit, a
semiconductor memory device, a ROM, a flash memory, an erasable ROM
(EROM), a floppy diskette, a CD-ROM, an optical disk, a hard disk,
a fiber optic medium, a radio frequency (RF) link, or the like. The
computer data signal may include any signal that can propagate over
a transmission medium such as electronic network channels, optical
fibers, air, electromagnetic paths, or RF links. The code segments
may be downloaded via computer networks such as the Internet, an
intranet, a LAN, or the like.
[0043] The specific configuration, operating characteristics, and
functionality of display element 212 and user interface 214 can
vary depending upon the practical implementation of computing
device 200. For example, if computing device 200 is a desktop
computer, then display element 212 may be a CRT, LCD, or plasma
monitor, and user interface 214 may include a keyboard and a
pointing device such as a mouse or touchpad (user interface 214 may
also include a speaker system, a microphone system, a camera
system, or the like). Alternatively, if computing device 200 is a
PDA, then display element 212 may be a small scale LCD integrated
into the PDA itself, and user interface 214 may include a small
scale keypad, a stylus writing screen, a touchpad, or the like.
[0044] Computing device 200 may be configured to support data
communication with defibrillator 100. Such data communication may
be carried out over any number of wireless data communication links
and/or any number of wired data communication links. Alternatively,
computing device 200 may obtain post-event data from defibrillator
100 via a portable storage device. To facilitate such data
communication, computing device may include data communication
element 206. In particular, communication element 206 may be
suitably configured to receive post-event patient data (captured by
defibrillator 100) in accordance with at least one data
communication protocol as described above in connection with data
communication element 106. Furthermore, communication element 206
and computing device 200 may be configured for compatibility with a
particular data file format used by the defibrillator. For example,
communication element 206 and computing device 200 may be
configured to support different patient data file formats that may
be used by different manufacturers of defibrillator devices.
Communication element 206 may be realized with hardware, software,
and/or firmware using known techniques and technologies.
Communication element 206 and any corresponding logical or software
elements, individually or in combination, are example means for
receiving post-event patient data from a remote defibrillator
device such as defibrillator 100.
[0045] Computing device 200 is configured to assess the CPR
administered during a resuscitation event after completion of the
event. In this regard, computing device 200 may include a logical,
program, or processing element corresponding to CPR merit algorithm
208. In a practical embodiment, CPR merit algorithm 208 may be
realized as a software program maintained in memory 204 and
performed by processor 202. For example, CPR merit algorithm 208
and one or more associated application programs may be embodied in
a medical informatics software system such as the CODE-STAT.TM.
product from Medtronic, Inc. Briefly, CPR merit algorithm 208
analyzes the post-event patient data (e.g., the patient ECG signal
and/or the patient chest impedance signal obtained from
defibrillator 100) and generates one or more figures of merit that
describe the CPR administered during the resuscitation event.
Although the following description focuses on figures of merit
related to the application of chest compressions, the invention
also contemplates figures of merit related to the application of
ventilations. The figures of merit may be alphanumeric values,
graphs, charts, scores, or the like. In a practical embodiment,
report generator 210 formats and generates one or more reports for
review by a user of computing device 200. The report may be
displayed on display element 212, printed, rendered in a format
suitable for facsimile or email transmission, rendered in an
audible format, or otherwise generated for communication to the
user. In practice, a report may include, without limitation:
patient identification data; event or incident identification data;
a graphical representation that summarizes the distribution of
various activities during the resuscitation event (such as CPR,
application of defibrillation therapy pulses, or the like);
interval statistics (such as a ratio or percentage of time devoted
to chest compressions and/or ventilations, an average rate of
compressions/ventilations, an effective rate of
compressions/ventilations, and the average duty cycle of
compressions/ventilations); and overall statistics (such as the
total duration of defibrillator device use, the total duration of
CPR, the total duration of compressions/ventilations, the number of
analyses performed, the number of pulse checks performed, the
number of defibrillation pulses applied, the number and duration of
"hands-off" pauses, and the like).
[0046] FIG. 4 is a flow diagram of a CPR assessment process 300
according to the invention. Process 300 may be performed by a
computing system, such as computing device 200, following a
resuscitation event. Process 300 assumes that patient data has been
captured (and possibly stored) by a defibrillator, such as
defibrillator 100. The various tasks performed in connection with
process 300 may be performed by software, hardware, firmware, or
any combination thereof. For illustrative purposes, the following
description of process 300 may refer to elements mentioned above in
connection with FIGS. 1-3. In practical embodiments, portions of
process 300 may be performed by different elements of the remote
computing system. It should be appreciated that process 300 may
include any number of additional or alternative tasks, the tasks
shown in FIG. 4 need not be performed in the illustrated order, and
process 300 may be incorporated into a more comprehensive procedure
or process having additional functionality not described in detail
herein.
[0047] CPR assessment process 300 begins by downloading post-event
patient data to the computing device (task 302). Alternatively,
process 300 may begin by transferring post-event patient data from
portable storage media to the computing device. During task 302,
the computing device receives the post-event data from a remote
defibrillator device. The post-event data represents at least one
patient signal that was electronically captured during a
resuscitation event. For example, the post-event data may represent
the patient ECG signal and/or the patient chest impedance signal
captured during a given resuscitation event. Post-event data may
also include device events or actions (for example, rhythm
analyses, voice prompts, or defibrillation pulses) that are marked
or annotated by the device at the appropriate location in the ECG
and/or impedance signals. In the preferred embodiment, the
computing device processes at least the chest impedance signal
captured by the defibrillator. Task 302 (or its equivalent) may be
performed at any time after the resuscitation event has ended.
[0048] FIG. 5 is a graphical representation of an example patient
ECG signal 402 and an example patient chest impedance signal 404
corresponding to a resuscitation segment during which the patient
experiences VF, a defibrillation therapy pulse is administered to
the patient, and then CPR is administered to the patient. The lower
graph in FIG. 5 represents a continuation of the upper graph in
FIG. 5. These example signals are provided to aid in the
description of CPR assessment process 300 and are not intended to
limit the scope of the invention in any way. The graphical
representation depicted in FIG. 5 may be generated by a
defibrillator device for display at the device, at an evaluation
computer system, and/or for storage as post-event data. In FIG. 5,
the displayed text items are annotations generated by the
defibrillator device at specific times during the resuscitation
event. Thus, for example, the instant of the defibrillation pulse
is indicated by the text "Shock 1, 200 J," and a downward pointing
arrow above that text at the instant that the ECG signal stops
(defibrillation pulse delivery causes the ECG display to go blank
for a few seconds). Similarly, the post-therapy rhythm analysis
time and outcome is automatically annotated by the defibrillator
device (indicated by the text "Segment 1," "Segment 2," and
"Nonshockable"), as is a subsequent voice prompt to begin CPR
(indicated by the text "CPR Prompt"). The large spikes in the
patient chest impedance signal 404 that begin immediately preceding
the "CPR Prompt" annotation represent chest compressions. In this
regard, a system according to one example embodiment of the
invention identifies each of the compression spikes, and then
calculates all of the various measures and metrics described
herein. For example, the time point of the defibrillation pulse and
the time point of the first compression of that sequence can be
used to derive a "post-defibrillation pause" figure of merit.
[0049] FIG. 6 is a graphical representation of an example patient
ECG signal 406 and an example patient chest impedance signal 408
corresponding to a resuscitation segment during which chest
compressions interspersed with ventilations are administered to the
patient. The lower graph in FIG. 6 represents a continuation of the
upper graph in FIG. 6. These example signals are provided to aid in
the description of CPR assessment process 300 and are not intended
to limit the scope of the invention in any way. The graphical
representation depicted in FIG. 6 may be generated by a
defibrillator device for display at the device, at an evaluation
computer system, and/or for storage as post-event data. A normal
ECG signal conveys a regular wave of heartbeats, however, during
VF, the ECG signal is erratic or flat. The chest impedance signal
is usually characterized by relatively broader peaks and valleys
that indicate ventilations and relatively narrower peaks and
valleys that indicate chest compressions. In FIG. 6, the narrow
pulses of patient chest impedance signal 408 represent
compressions, while the two broader pulses (identified by reference
number 410) represent ventilations. Typical chest compression rates
during CPR would range from 60 to 180 compressions per minute, with
a recommended rate of 80 to 100 compressions per minute. Typical
ventilation rates would range from 6 to 35 per minute, with
recommended rates near the lower end of that range (i.e., 12 to 15
ventilations per minute). A typical resuscitation event will
include an interval of CPR delivered in sequences of 15
compressions interspersed by two ventilations, followed by an
interval of analysis of the ECG to determine whether delivery of a
defibrillating pulse is advisable, and then possibly by one or more
defibrillation pulses, if the analysis recommends defibrillation. A
five-to-one ratio may also be part of CPR teaching; that is, some
settings and providers will pause every five compressions to
deliver one breath. (The typical resuscitation event described
above would be one involving a patient with an unsecured
(unintubated) airway. For patients with a secured (intubated)
airway, it is typical for the ventilations to be delivered
periodically while continuous chest compressions are being
delivered. The process of CPR, followed by ECG analysis, followed
by defibrillation therapy, may be repeated in whole or in part
during the resuscitation event. A system according to an example
embodiment of the invention may identify the compression spikes
and/or the ventilation spikes for purposes of calculating one or
more figures of merit for the resuscitation event.
[0050] Referring again to FIG. 4, CPR assessment process 300 also
obtains an event time interval for the resuscitation event (task
304). The event time interval may be any period of time spanning
any portion of the resuscitation event. In one preferred
embodiment, task 304 obtains the total duration of the
resuscitation event, which may be represented by the time period
defined by the start and end of the patient ECG signal.
Alternatively, the total time may be defined as the time period
from when the patient is first detected by the defibrillator to the
time when the defibrillator is turned off (or when the patient
sensors are removed from the patient). In practice, the event time
interval obtained during task 304 can be derived from the
post-event data, or it may be a parameter generated by the
defibrillator for use by the computing device. For example, the
computing device may be configured to analyze the post-event data
to determine the duration of the event. It should be appreciated
that CPR merit algorithm 208, processor 202, and any corresponding
logical or software elements, individually or in combination, are
example means for obtaining the event time interval.
[0051] Depending upon the format of the post-event data received
from the defibrillator, it may be necessary for the computing
device to extract or otherwise resolve the patient ECG signal from
the post-event data (task 306) and extract or otherwise resolve the
patient chest impedance signal from the post-event data (task 308).
These tasks may be performed to facilitate efficient analysis and
interpretation of the respective patient signals by CPR merit
algorithm 208 as explained below.
[0052] Generally, CPR assessment process 300 processes and analyzes
certain characteristics of the post-event data (e.g., the ECG
signal and/or the patient impedance signal) to identify qualities
and features of the CPR chest compressions or CPR ventilations
administered to the patient during the resuscitation event (task
310). The manner in which the post-event data is examined may vary
depending upon the desired figure of merit or the specific type of
post-event data under consideration. For example, in one
embodiment, the post-event data is analyzed to identify periods
during which chest compressions were administered to the patient
(task 312). As shown in FIG. 5, chest compressions are typically
administered in multiples during a given CPR cycle. For example, a
CPR protocol may call for 100 chest compressions during a 60 second
cycle. Task 312 may identify the start time of each cycle, the end
time of each cycle, the number of chest compressions actually
delivered during the cycle, the rate of chest compression delivery
during the cycle, the length of pauses between chest compressions
within a cycle, the duration of each chest compression, the duty
cycle of the chest compressions, or the like. In a practical
embodiment, task 312 may identify periods during which ventilations
were administered to the patient. In this regard, task 312 may
identify the number of ventilations administered to the patient,
the rate at which ventilations were administered to the patient,
the duration of each ventilation, the inflation time for each
ventilation, the tidal volume of each ventilation, or the like. In
accordance with one practical embodiment, task 312 may be performed
by CPR merit algorithm 208 by analyzing fluctuations in the patient
ECG signal, fluctuations in the patient chest impedance signal,
and/or other temporal artifacts in the post-event data to identify,
to characterize or quantify the chest compressions and/or
ventilations administered during the event. In this regard, CPR
merit algorithm 208, processor 202, and any corresponding logical
or software elements, individually or in combination, are example
means for processing/analyzing the post-event data.
[0053] CPR assessment process 300 may also analyze characteristics
of the post-event data, such as event markers or annotations
automatically generated by the defibrillator device and inserted
into the post-event data, to identify times during the
resuscitation event when the defibrillator device took certain
actions, such as analyzing the patient's heart rhythm,
administering defibrillation pulses to the patient, or providing
voice prompts to the rescuer (task 314). Following task 314, the
computing device can statistically recreate the resuscitation
event, including the timing of chest compressions and ventilations,
as well as the timing of rhythm analyses, defibrillation pulses,
and voice prompts. This recreation may be presented in a report to
be described below with reference to FIG. 10. Generally, CPR
assessment process 300 derives at least one CPR figure of merit
from the post-event data, where the CPR figure of merit is
indicative of temporal characteristics of chest compressions
administered to the patient and/or temporal characteristics of
ventilations administered to the patient, relative to the timing of
some aspect of the resuscitation event. Example CPR figures of
merit are described in detail below.
[0054] One example CPR figure of merit relates to the amount of
time between a final chest compression of a CPR cycle and the
application of the next defibrillation pulse. As used herein, this
figure of merit refers to a pre-defibrillation pause indicator that
represents the period between a defibrillation pulse and a final
chest compression administered to the patient prior to that
defibrillation pulse. In this regard, CPR assessment process 300
may determine one or more pre-defibrillation pause indicators for
the given resuscitation event (task 316). In practice, CPR merit
algorithm 208 can determine this period by identifying the last
compression in a cycle, marking the time of that compression,
identifying the next defibrillation pulse, and marking the time of
that pulse. In some cases, a lengthy pause between chest
compressions and a defibrillation pulse is undesirable and,
therefore, a pre-defibrillation pause indicator of such a lengthy
pause will adversely affect the CPR figure of merit.
[0055] Another example CPR figure of merit relates to the amount of
time between a defibrillation pulse and the next chest compression.
As used herein, this figure of merit refers to a
post-defibrillation pause indicator that represents the period
between a defibrillation pulse and an initial chest compression
administered to the patient subsequent to that defibrillation
pulse. In this regard, process 300 may determine one or more
post-defibrillation pause indicators for the given resuscitation
event (task 318). In practice, CPR merit algorithm 208 can
determine this period by identifying a defibrillation pulse,
marking the time of that pulse, identifying the next chest
compression, and marking the time of that compression. As mentioned
above, in some cases, a lengthy pause between a defibrillation
pulse and the next chest compression is undesirable. In such cases,
a post-defibrillation pause indicator of a lengthy pause will
adversely affect the CPR figure of merit.
[0056] Another example CPR figure of merit relates to the frequency
of chest compressions administered during a given compression
cycle. As used herein, this figure of merit refers to a compression
frequency indicator that represents compressions per unit of time
in a given cycle. To this end, CPR assessment process 300 may
determine one or more compression frequency indicators for the
given event (task 320). In a practical embodiment, CPR merit
algorithm 208 can determine this frequency by identifying a CPR
compression cycle, counting the number of chest compressions
administered during that cycle, and marking the time of each
compression. Thereafter, CPR merit algorithm 208 can generate an
approximate compression frequency (in compressions per unit of
time) corresponding to the given CPR cycle. Depending upon the
specific CPR protocol, the compression frequency indicator will
adversely affect the CPR figure of merit if it significantly
departs from the ideal compression frequency called for by that CPR
protocol.
[0057] Yet another example CPR figure of merit relates to the
timing of CPR compression cycles administered during a given
resuscitation event. As used herein, this figure of merit refers to
a CPR cycle indicator that represents a period between adjacent CPR
compression cycles. Thus, CPR assessment process 300 may determine
one or more CPR cycle indicators for the given event (task 322). In
a practical embodiment, CPR merit algorithm 208 can determine this
indicator by identifying the CPR compression cycles, marking the
start time and end time for each cycle, and calculating the time
period between any two adjacent cycles. In some cases, a lengthy
pause between chest compression cycles is undesirable. In such
cases, a CPR cycle indicator of a lengthy pause will adversely
affect the CPR figure of merit. An alternative way of looking at
this would be to use the identified timing of compressions to
calculate the rate, and then to compare the calculated rate to
desired compression rates, which nominally would be 80-100
compressions per minute. Rates above or below the desired rates
should be discouraged (and the figure of merit would reflect
that).
[0058] An additional CPR figure of merit relates to the relative
amount of time spent administering chest compressions during the
resuscitation event. As used herein, this figure of merit refers to
a temporal CPR percentage that represents a percentage of an event
time interval (e.g., the total event time) during which chest
compressions were administered to the patient. In this regard, CPR
assessment process 300 may determine the temporal CPR percentage
for the given event (task 324). In a practical embodiment, CPR
merit algorithm 208 can determine the temporal CPR percentage by
identifying the CPR compression cycles, marking the start time and
end time for each cycle, calculating the total amount of time spent
administering chest compression cycles, and identifying the total
event time. Thereafter, the temporal CPR percentage may be
determined by expressing the total combined chest compression time
as a percentage of the total event time. Typically, a low temporal
CPR percentage is undesirable because it indicates less time spent
performing chest compressions. In contrast, a high temporal CPR
percentage is usually desirable because it indicates more time
spent performing chest compressions. Consequently, a low percentage
will adversely affect the CPR figure of merit.
[0059] Yet another CPR figure of merit relates to the percentage of
recommended "hands on time" during which the caregiver was actually
administering compressions. For example, in an AED application, the
data from the defibrillator device may include markings indicating
when voice prompts were given. The AEDs instruct the rescuer not to
touch the patient during some intervals, e.g., intervals during
which the AED is analyzing the ECG or delivering a defibrillation
shock. Thus, there may be periods of time during the resuscitation
event when the rescuer should not be administering compressions. In
this regard, it is possible in post-event review to know exactly
how much of the time the AED was "asking for" CPR to be delivered
(referred to in this context as "hands on time"). This figure of
merit could be used to grade the compressions administered during
the recommended hands on time.
[0060] The system may also generate one or more figures of merit
related to ventilations administered to the patient. For
ventilation, one important aspect is to ensure that ventilations
are not provided at too high a rate, because excessive ventilation
rates can adversely affect the hemodynamics of CPR (for example, it
is generally accepted that a rate above approximately 20
ventilations per minute is undesirable). In other words, it is
generally thought to be a good idea to deliver some breaths, but
important not to overdo the ventilations. Accordingly, a suitable
figure of merit is responsive to a ventilation rate based upon the
number of ventilations administered to the patient during a given
event time interval, where calculated ventilation rates that fall
above or below a target rate adversely affect the figure of
merit.
[0061] CPR assessment process 300 may generate a report (or any
number of reports) containing one or more CPR figures of merit as
described above (task 326). The report may be rendered on display
element 212, printed, generated in an audible format, or
transmitted via facsimile or email. Of course, in a network
environment, the report may be rendered on or transmitted to any
number of computing devices that are in communication with the
remote computing device responsible for the actual processing and
analysis. A simple, quantitative report that indicates the
proportion or percentage of defibrillator use time occupied by
chest compressions can be useful for a number of practical reasons,
including, without limitation: emergency medical services
recordkeeping; caregiver training; development of new resuscitation
protocols; controlling for certain parameters in clinical research
reports or evaluations; and legal verification that appropriate CPR
was administered to the patient. Referring to FIG. 7, process 300
may be performed for multiple cases and may include additional
tasks associated with the collection and processing of multiple
case data, which can be utilized to generate statistical measures
such as medians, averages and/or trending data. This will be
discussed further below.
[0062] One refinement of CPR assessment process 300 would be to
calculate the CPR figure of merit for the portion of the event that
occurs before the return of spontaneous circulation (rather than
for the entire event). This would appropriately avoid "penalizing"
the figure of merit when the caregiver has properly stopped CPR
once a pulse returns. The assessment of when a pulse or spontaneous
circulation returns could be made and manually entered by a
reviewer, making use of audio recordings from the scene, from
separate records of the time course of the resuscitation, or the
like. Alternatively, the assessment of spontaneous circulation
could be determined automatically from a system that has a pulse
detection capability, using technology designed to detect a pulse
based on any of several candidate physiologic measurements.
[0063] The results obtained by CPR assessment process 300 may be
useful in combination with the results obtained from other
algorithms such as algorithms that analyze characteristics of the
ventricular fibrillation signal to estimate the state or viability
of the patient's heart. For example, trend information about the
characteristics of the ventricular fibrillation signal in
combination with information about CPR performance over some time
interval during a resuscitation event might provide insight into
the effectiveness of the CPR provided to the patient, or the
duration or conditions of the cardiac arrest.
[0064] The functionality of computing device 200 may also be
incorporated into defibrillator device 100, thus allowing real-time
or approximately real-time analysis and assessment of CPR. Results
of the analysis could be displayed, printed, or generated in
audible form by defibrillator device 100. Results of the analysis
performed in real-time or approximately real-time could also be
used to have defibrillator device 100 provide feedback to a
caregiver who is in the process of providing CPR, in the form of
visual or aural prompts which provide CPR information, guidance, or
encouragement to the caregiver. For example, if the analysis shows
that compressions are not being given at an appropriate frequency,
aural voiced prompts could instruct the caregiver to speed up or to
slow down the compression rate. As another example, if the analysis
shows that CPR is being performed in an appropriate manner, a
prompt can inform the caregiver and provide encouragement to
continue the effort (e.g., "Good job; keep going"). In such an
embodiment, the patient related data need not be "post-event" data
as defined herein, however, the processing of such data would be
consistent with the methodology of CPR assessment process 300.
[0065] Referring to FIG. 7, results of post-event assessments for
more than one event (including, for example, any one or more of the
figures of merit discussed above) may be collected (task 500) and
stored in memory 204. This may include post-event data from several
defibrillators which has been transferred to the computing device
200, or post-event data from several events involving the same
defibrillator, or a combination of these. The user may choose to
have information from the entire collection of events analyzed, or
may choose a set within the collection for analysis (task 501).
Statistical analyses of the assessment results for the chosen set
is then performed (task 502), and a report is generated (task 503).
For example, median values for a figure of merit across several
events may be calculated. Likewise, other statistical measures,
such as averages or means, statistical distributions, standard
deviations, to name but a few examples, may be calculated for any
of the figures of merits for the a plurality of events.
[0066] The set of events included in such analyses may be chosen
according to the needs of the user. For example, the set or subset
may include data and assessment results for a particular response
team within a specified time period (for example, a particular
year, month or quarter), or all events responded to by an emergency
response organization within a specified time period, or within a
given geographical region. Comparisons of median values or other
statistical measures calculated for one set or subset of events may
be compared with that calculated for another, and may also be
compared to the value or range of values for that figure of merit
prescribed by guidelines or requirements set forth by the AHA or
other organizations.
[0067] As an illustration, the median value for compression rate
for CPR performed by a particular emergency response organization
for all events during a given time period (say, for the sake of
illustration, the most recent calendar quarter, or the time period
from completion of a CPR training program to the present) may be
compared to median value for the same organization for all events
during another time period (say, for the sake of illustration, the
preceding calendar year, or the year preceding completion of the
training program), and these may also be compared to the values
promulgated in CPR guidelines published by the American Heart
Association (AHA), the European Resuscitation Council (ERC), or
others. This may be used to evaluate how the overall performance of
a team or organization compares with prescribed CPR performance
guidelines, and may be useful in, for example, management of the
organization, quality review, or assessment of CPR training
needs.
[0068] Multi-event data and figures of merit may be reported out in
tabular format. For example, a table may be presented with columns
containing information for each event such as a unique event
identification number, date of the event, device used in the event,
figures of merit such as temporal CPR percentage, compression
frequency, ventilation frequency, or other information which may be
deemed of interest to the user.
[0069] As discussed above, a report may be generated for a single
event at the end of the CPR assessment process 300 of FIG. 4, or at
the end of the multi-event analysis of FIG. 7. These reports may be
presented in a graphical format to facilitate the reviewer's
comprehending the information by visual inspection. FIG. 8
illustrates an example of a graphical output according to an
embodiment. In FIG. 8, the following CPR figures of merit are
presented in a visual or graphical manner: temporal CPR percentage
(referred to here as "CPR Ratio") compression frequency
("compression rate"), and ventilation frequency ("ventilation
rate"). These figures of merit are shown by indicator marks 601,
602, 603 which point to or designate a point on a graduated scale
611, 612, 613, respectively. In a representation of an assessment
of a single event, the indicator marks would indicate the value of
the calculated figures of merit. In the case of a statistical
analysis of figures of merit for more than one resuscitation event,
the indicator mark may be used to indicate the statistical measure
which has been calculated, such as the median value for the figure
of merit (or the average or mean value, for example).
[0070] A comparison range for each figure of merit (for example,
the standard set by AHA guidelines or organizational requirements)
is indicated by markings 621, 622, 623 on the respective scales
("on" the scale meaning on or in close enough proximity to the
scale so as to be discerned by visual inspection). The comparison
range may be the range of values prescribed by applicable
guidelines, a target range set by the user, or a range of values
from another data set to which the user wishes to compare the
current set, or any other range of values to which the user wishes
to compare. The comparison range may include a range of values or
may include only a single value. The comparison range may be stored
in memory, or may be input by the user at the time the report is to
be generated. More than one choice for comparison range may be
stored in memory, with the user having the option to choose which
one he wants displayed. On particular comparison range may be
designated as a default range to be displayed in the absence of a
user choice.
[0071] In the illustrated embodiment, each comparison range marking
is a band lying immediately adjacent the scale. The proportions,
gradations and markings on the scales are preferably chosen so as
to facilitate a user comprehending whether the figures of merit are
within range of the guideline values or how far they deviate from
the comparison range from visual inspection of the graphical
report.
[0072] In the illustrated embodiment, the graduated scales 611,
612, 613 are drawn in an arctuate form (i.e., a curved line; in the
illustrated embodiment, the perimeter of a circle) and each figure
of merit value indicator appears as a radial line from the center
of the circle to the scale or slightly beyond. This gives the data
display an appearance somewhat like a pictorial representation of a
circular meter with indicator needle (for example, an automobile
gauge such as a fuel gauge, speedometer or tachometer).
[0073] A scale display could alternatively be set forth in a linear
manner (as a straight line) as shown in FIG. 9, with an indicator
mark such as a hash mark or "X" showing the value of the figure of
merit for a single event (or of the statistical measure such as the
median value, for a multi-event analysis), and a bar on or
alongside the scale indicating the comparison range of values. In
the illustration of FIG. 9, the horizontal scales for various
figures of merit are laid out in a vertical array. The centers of
each comparison range on each horizontal scale may be vertically
aligned.
[0074] Any other graphical representation which will facilitate
presentation of the CPR assessment results by visual inspection may
be used. For example, pie chart, bar charts or line graph
representations may be used. Colors may also be used to indicate
actual figure of merit values (or the mean or other statistical
measure) being within or outside of the comparison range. For
example, data may be presented in red if it is out of range, green
if it is within range, and amber or yellow if it is within
range.
[0075] In a report of CPR data and assessment for a single event, a
representation of ECG data representative of the patient's
condition at some point in the event (for example, the initial
heart rhythm at the start of the rescuer's intervention) may be
displayed along with the graphical figures of merit
representations.
[0076] FIG. 10 illustrates an example of a report of information on
the timing and sequencing of compressions, ventilations,
defibrillator-performed actions and other occurrences for a given
event displayed in a visual, symbolic manner. Markings or symbols
indicating particular actions or occurrences, such as individual
compressions and ventilations, are placed on a timeline (i.e., on
the timeline or in close enough proximity to the timeline to have
their approximate temporal position in the event sequence visually
discernable) in positions indicating their timing and position in
the sequence of actions and occurrences. In the illustration, a
hash mark extending below the timeline indicates a single
compression while a caret mark extending up from the timeline
indicates an individual ventilation. The timing and sequence of
other occurrences, such as AED power-on, shock delivery and AED
analysis may be indicated by placement of symbols on the timeline
also. Such events may be indicated by symbols such as bars or
triangles of various colors or shadings, tic marks, "x" marks,
diamonds, etc. A legend is provided to show what the markings and
symbols stand for.
[0077] The displayed information may include data collected by an
external defibrillator, a CPR feedback device, or other medical
devices (or any combination of these) which may be used in the
cardiac emergency response event. Data which is supplied by a
rescuer or event witness in real time during the event or
post-event may also be displayed. This data may be supplied, for
example, by voice recording during the event, data input via a user
interface on a medical device during the event, or post-event data
entry. A person may annotate a data display in order to add such
data. In the illustrated embodiment, for example, information
concerning the occurrence of return of spontaneous circulation
(ROSC) may be added post-event by such a user annotation.
[0078] In FIG. 10, the timeline is laid out in successive
horizontal segments representative of equal duration time intervals
stacked in a vertical array. Each horizontal segment thus
represents a successive time interval in patient treatment. CPR
figures of merit may be determined for one or more time interval
during the event. These figures of merit and/or numerical data for
each successive time interval may be arranged in tabular form in
proximity to the corresponding time line representation. The CPR
figures of merit for a particular time interval are thus viewable
in proximity to and/or adjacent to a timeline representation of the
compressions and ventilations administered during that time
interval.
[0079] The reports described with reference to FIGS. 8, 9 and 10
may be displayed by, for example, rendering on a display element
212 such as a display of a standard desktop personal computer, a
portable computer such as a laptop computer or a tablet computer, a
personal digital assistant ("PDA"), a suitably configured mobile
telephone, or the like. These reports may, alternatively or
additionally, be displayed in a print medium.
[0080] While at least one exemplary embodiment has been presented
in the foregoing detailed description, it should be appreciated
that a vast number of variations exist. It should also be
appreciated that the exemplary embodiment or exemplary embodiments
are only examples, and are not intended to limit the scope,
applicability, or configuration of the invention in any way.
Rather, the foregoing detailed description will provide those
skilled in the art with a convenient road map for implementing the
exemplary embodiment or exemplary embodiments. It should be
understood that various changes can be made in the function and
arrangement of elements without departing from the scope of the
invention as set forth in the appended claims and the legal
equivalents thereof.
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