U.S. patent application number 10/547060 was filed with the patent office on 2006-08-03 for metal halide lamp.
Invention is credited to Makoto Horiuchi, Makoto Kai, Yukiya Kanazawa, Yoshiharu Nishiura, Hiroshi Nohara, Kiyoshi Takahashi, Atsushi Utsubo.
Application Number | 20060170363 10/547060 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 34100832 |
Filed Date | 2006-08-03 |
United States Patent
Application |
20060170363 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Utsubo; Atsushi ; et
al. |
August 3, 2006 |
Metal halide lamp
Abstract
A metal halide lamp of the present invention has an arc tube
formed of ceramic and a pair of opposing electrodes. This lamp
includes a Pr (praseodymium) halide, a Na (sodium) halide, and a Ca
(calcium) halide enclosed within the arc tube. The Pr halide
content Hp [mol], the Na halide content Hn [mol], and the Ca halide
content Hc [mol] satisfy the relationships of
0.4.ltoreq.Hc/Hp.ltoreq.15.0 and 3.0.ltoreq.Hn/Hp.ltoreq.=25.0.
Inventors: |
Utsubo; Atsushi;
(Toyonaka-shi, JP) ; Nohara; Hiroshi;
(Nishinomiya-shi, JP) ; Kanazawa; Yukiya;
(Osaka-shi, JP) ; Nishiura; Yoshiharu; (Otsu-shi,
JP) ; Takahashi; Kiyoshi; (Kyotanabe-shi, JP)
; Kai; Makoto; (Katano-shi, JP) ; Horiuchi;
Makoto; (Sakurai-shi, JP) |
Correspondence
Address: |
MARK D. SARALINO (MEI);RENNER, OTTO, BOISSELLE & SKLAR, LLP
1621 EUCLID AVENUE
19TH FLOOR
CLEVELAND
OH
44115
US
|
Family ID: |
34100832 |
Appl. No.: |
10/547060 |
Filed: |
July 22, 2004 |
PCT Filed: |
July 22, 2004 |
PCT NO: |
PCT/JP04/10789 |
371 Date: |
August 26, 2005 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
313/640 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H01J 61/125 20130101;
H01J 61/88 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
313/640 |
International
Class: |
H01J 17/20 20060101
H01J017/20 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Jul 25, 2003 |
JP |
2003-279803 |
Claims
1. A metal halide lamp having an arc tube formed of ceramic and a
pair of opposing electrodes, comprising: a Pr (praseodymium)
halide, a Na (sodium) halide, and a Ca (calcium) halide enclosed
within the arc tube, wherein the Pr halide content Hp [mol], the Na
halide content Hn [mol], and the Ca halide content Hc [mol] satisfy
the relationships of: 0.4.ltoreq.Hc/Hp.ltoreq.15.0; and
3.0.ltoreq.Hn/Hp.ltoreq.25.0.
2. The metal halide lamp of claim 1, wherein each of the Pr halide
content, the Na halide content, and the Ca halide content is equal
to or greater than 1.0 mg/cm.sup.3.
3. The metal halide lamp of claim 1, wherein
0.4.ltoreq.Hc/Hp.ltoreq.4.7.
4. The metal halide lamp of claim 1, wherein
11.9.ltoreq.Hc/Hp.ltoreq.15.
5. The metal halide lamp of claim 1, wherein an inner diameter
D(mm) of the arc tube and a distance L(mm) between tips of the
electrodes satisfy the relationship 4.ltoreq.L/D.ltoreq.9.
6. The metal halide lamp of claim 1, comprising an outer tube for
accommodating the arc tube, wherein an interspace between the arc
tube and the outer tube is retained in a decompressed state at 1
kPa or less.
7. The metal halide lamp of claim 1 having a general color
rendering index Ra of 70 or more, and a lamp efficiency of 100 LPW
or more.
8. An illumination device comprising: the metal halide lamp of
claim 1; and means for performing dimming of the metal halide
lamp.
9. The illumination device of claim 8, wherein, the means includes
an electronic ballast for supplying power to the electrodes of the
metal halide lamp, and the electronic ballast is capable of
regulating the power within a range from 25% of a rating to the
rating.
10. An illumination device comprising: the metal halide lamp of
claim 2; and means for performing dimming of the metal halide
lamp.
11. An illumination device comprising: the metal halide lamp of
claim 3; and means for performing dimming of the metal halide
lamp.
12. An illumination device comprising: the metal halide lamp of
claim 4; and means for performing dimming of the metal halide
lamp.
13. An illumination device comprising: the metal halide lamp of
claim 5; and means for performing dimming of the metal halide
lamp.
14. An illumination device comprising: the metal halide lamp of
claim 6; and means for performing dimming of the metal halide
lamp.
15. An illumination device comprising: the metal halide lamp of
claim 7; and means for performing dimming of the metal halide lamp.
Description
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present invention relates to a metal halide lamp for
outdoor use or for use with a high ceiling or the like.
BACKGROUND ART
[0002] In recent years, vigorous development activities have been
directed to ceramic metal halide lamps, which are metal halide
lamps that employ ceramics as an arc tube material. A ceramic arc
tube has advantages in that it allows little reaction with the
emission material and provides excellent heat resistance, as
compared to a quartz arc tube.
[0003] By utilizing the above advantages, it is possible to realize
a metal halide lamp which is capable of operating at a higher
temperature and provides a higher efficiency and higher color
rendition than is possible with quartz.
[0004] An example of a metal halide lamp employing a ceramic arc
tube is a lamp disclosed in Japanese National Phase PCT Laid-Open
Publication No. 2000-511689. This lamp is a metal halide lamp whose
ceramic arc tube has enclosed therein not only a halide of at least
one of Na (sodium), Tl (thallium), Dy (dysprosium), and Ho
(holmium), but also CaI.sub.2 (calcium iodide), such that high
color rendition with a general color rendering index Ra of 90 or
more, as well as white light with a correlated color temperature
from 3900K to 4200K, are provided.
[0005] However, the metal halide lamp described in Japanese
National Phase PCT Laid-Open Publication No. 2000-511689 has an
efficiency of about 85 LPW to 90 LPW in the case where the lamp has
a power rating (lamp power rating) of 150 W (Watt); thus, it
provides a higher efficiency than in the case of employing a quartz
tube. Herein, "LPW" is an acronym of "Lumen Per Watt", with a unit
of "1 m/W".
[0006] In recent years, from the standpoint of energy saving, there
has been a desire for light sources which have a higher efficiency
than that of conventional metal halide lamps. While a high-pressure
sodium lamp has a very efficiency of about 110 LPW (given a power
rating of 180 W), it has a Ra of about 25, indicative of poor color
rendition. Therefore, high-pressure sodium lamps are not likely to
be used for stores or for high ceilings and the like, but are used
for streetlights and the like.
[0007] Thus, not only a good lamp efficiency but also high color
rendition is vital to illuminations for stores and high ceilings.
In general, however, attempts to enhance the efficiency of a light
source will result in an increased emission in the green range, for
which there exists a strong luminous efficiency, and therefore
invite a deterioration of color rendition. In other words, it is
supposed to be very difficult to reconcile high efficiency with
high color rendition.
[0008] The present invention has been made in view of the above
problems, and aims to provide a metal halide lamp that exhibits an
efficiency (100 LPW or more) which is at least 10% higher than the
efficiency (typically 90 LPW) of conventional metal halide lamps,
while maintaining high color rendition with a general color
rendering index Ra of 70 or more, and preferably 85 or more. A 10%
efficiency improvement (increase in luminous flux) is a marginal
level for allowing humans to perceive some increase in brightness.
The stipulation as to a general color rendering index Ra of 70 or
more is believed to ensure high color rendition for enabling
distinction of colors of objects in a general working situation at
a factory or the like.
DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION
[0009] A metal halide lamp of the present invention is a metal
halide lamp having an arc tube formed of ceramic and a pair of
opposing electrodes, comprising: a Pr (praseodymium) halide, a Na
(sodium) halide, and a Ca (calcium) halide enclosed within the arc
tube, wherein the Pr halide content Hp [mol], the Na halide content
Hn [mol], and the Ca halide content Hc [mol] satisfy the
relationships of: 0.4.ltoreq.Hc/Hp.ltoreq.15.0; and
3.0.ltoreq.Hn/Hp.ltoreq.25.0.
[0010] In a preferred embodiment, each of the Pr halide content,
the Na halide content, and the Ca halide content is equal to or
greater than 1.0 mg/cm.sup.3.
[0011] In a preferred embodiment, 0.4.ltoreq.Hc/Hp.ltoreq.4.7.
[0012] In a preferred embodiment, 11.9.ltoreq.Hc/Hp.ltoreq.15.
[0013] In a preferred embodiment, an inner diameter D(mm) of the
arc tube and a distance L(mm) between tips of the electrodes
satisfy the relationship 4.ltoreq.L/D.ltoreq.9.
[0014] In a preferred embodiment, an outer tube for accommodating
the arc tube is comprised, wherein an interspace between the arc
tube and the outer tube is retained in a decompressed state at 1
kPa or less.
[0015] In a preferred embodiment, the general color rendering index
Ra is 70 or more, and the lamp efficiency is 100 LPW or more.
[0016] An illumination device of the present invention comprises:
any of the aforementioned metal halide lamps; and a means for
performing dimming of the metal halide lamp.
[0017] In a preferred embodiment, the means includes an electronic
ballast for supplying power to the electrodes of the metal halide
lamp, and the electronic ballast is capable of regulating the power
within a range from 25% of a rating to the rating.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[0018] FIG. 1 is a side view of an arc discharge metal halide lamp
of the present invention, internalizing a ceramic arc tube
structure.
[0019] FIG. 2 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of the arc tube
20 of FIG. 1.
[0020] FIG. 3 is a diagram showing a relationship between lamp
efficiency (LPW) and a ratio of length between arc tube electrodes
to inner diameter (L/D), with respect to lamps of the present
invention.
[0021] FIG. 4 is a diagram showing a relationship between lamp
efficiency (LPW) and general color rendering indices (Ra) on the
basis of molar ratios between Ca halide amount and Pr halide
amount, with respect to the lamp of the present invention.
[0022] FIG. 5 is a diagram showing changes in color temperature
with respect to typical lamps of the present invention, in the case
where dimming is performed from 30 W to 150 W.
[0023] FIGS. 6(A) through (G) are diagrams each showing a cross
section of an embodiment of an arc tube of the lamp of the present
invention.
[0024] FIG. 7 is a block circuit diagram showing an exemplary
configuration of a system (illumination device) comprising a metal
halide lamp of the present invention and an electronic ballast.
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
[0025] A metal halide lamp of the present invention includes a Pr
(praseodymium) halide, a Na (sodium) halide, and a Ca (calcium)
halide enclosed within an arc tube, such that the following
relationships simultaneously exist between the Pr halide content Hp
[mol], the Na halide content Hn [mol], and the Ca halide content Hc
[mol]: 3.0.ltoreq.=Hn/Hp.ltoreq.25.0 (eq. 1); and
0.4.ltoreq.Hc/Hp.ltoreq.15.0 (eq. 2).
[0026] A main characteristic feature of the present invention is
that a Pr halide, a Na halide, and a Ca halide are enclosed in a
ceramic arc tube at a ratio satisfying eq. 1 and eq. 2 above. The
specific effects emanating therefrom will be described in
conjunction with the description of the function and effects of
below-described Examples.
[0027] Hereinafter, preferred embodiments of the metal halide lamp
of the present invention will be described with reference to the
figures.
[0028] First, FIG. 1 is referred to. FIG. 1 is a diagram showing
the structure of a metal halide lamp 10 of the present embodiment.
This figure shows a spherical borosilicate outer tube 11 being
fitted in an Edison-type metal base 12.
[0029] The metal halide lamp 10 of the present embodiment includes
the transparent outer tube 11 and a ceramic arc tube 20 which is
accommodated within the outer tube 11.
[0030] To the base 12, a borosilicate glass flare ("flare through
the outer tube longitudinal axis") 16 is attached, which extends
into the interior of the outer tube 11 along an axis in the
longitudinal axis direction of the outer tube 11 (dotted line 104
in FIG. 1).
[0031] On the inside of the base 12, an electrically-insulated pair
of electrode metal portions (not shown) are provided. From the
respective electrode metal portions, lead-in electrode wires 14 and
15 (access wires) extend in parallel within the outer tube 11,
through the borosilicate glass flare ("flare through the outer tube
longitudinal axis") 16. The wires 14 and 15 are formed of, for
example, nickel or mild steel.
[0032] A portion of the wire 15 which lies parallel to the outer
tube longitudinal axis 104 extends inside the aluminum oxide
ceramic tube 18 so that photoelectrons will not be generated from
the surface of the wire 15 during lamp operation. Moreover, the
portion of the wire 15 which lies parallel to the outer tube
longitudinal axis 104 supports a getter 19 for capturing
(adsorbing) gaseous impurities.
[0033] The ceramic arc tube 20 may take a variety of structures, as
described later. The arc tube 20 structure shown in FIG. 1 is only
exemplary. The arc tube 20 shown has a shell structure with
polycrystalline alumina walls which are translucent with respect to
visible light.
[0034] The arc tube 20 includes a main tubing 25 and a pair of
small inner diameter/out diameter ceramic truncated cylindrical
shell portions 21 (which may be referred to as "tubings 21"). The
tubings 21 are sinter-fitted onto the two respective open ends of
the main tubing 25.
[0035] The arc tube 20 is suitably formed from materials such as
yttrium-aluminum-garnet (so-called YAG), aluminum nitride, alumina,
yettria, and zirconia.
[0036] Next, referring to FIG. 2, the structure of the arc tube 20
will be specifically described. FIG. 2 is an enlarged
cross-sectional view of the arc tube 20 of FIG. 1.
[0037] The main tubing 25 of the arc tube 20 shown in FIG. 2
includes: a shell portion 101 having an inner diameter D; a pair of
cylindrical shell portions 102 connected to the respective tubings
21; and a pair of conical shell portions 103 connecting the shell
portion 101 to the respective cylindrical shell portions 102.
[0038] From each tubing 21, a lead 26 of, e.g., niobium, extends
outward from the tubing 21. The two leads 26 are respectively
electrically connected to the wires 14 and 15 shown in FIG. 1, and
are used as wiring for supplying lamp power.
[0039] One of the two leads 26 is welded to the wire 14 at a
position where the wire 14 intersects the outer tube longitudinal
axis 104 as shown in FIG. 1. The other of the two leads 26 is
welded to the wire 15 at a position where the wire 15 intersects
the outer tube longitudinal axis 104 as shown in FIG. 1. Thus, the
arc tube 20 is disposed between the welded portions of the wire 14
and the wire 15, and is supported so that the longitudinal axis of
the arc tube 20 substantially coincides with the outer tube
longitudinal axis 104. As a result, input power which is necessary
for lamp operation is supplied to the leads 26 of the arc tube 20
via the wires 14 and 15.
[0040] The leads 26 are affixed to the inner surface of the tubings
21 by means of glass frit 27, and thus sealed. Therefore, it is
preferable that the thermal expansion characteristics (coefficient
of linear expansion) of the leads 26 are close to the thermal
expansion characteristics (coefficient of linear expansion) of the
tubings 21 and the glass frit 27.
[0041] Inside each tubing 21 is placed a molybdenum lead-in wire
29. One end of the wire 29 is welded to one end of the lead 26,
whereas the other end is welded to one end of a tungsten main
electrode shaft 31. At the other end (tip portion) of the main
electrode shaft 31 is provided an electrode 32 composed of a
tungsten coil, which is welded integrally with the main electrode
31.
[0042] The leads 26 have a diameter of, e.g., 0.9 mm. The main
electrode shafts 31 have a diameter of, e.g., 0.5 mm. These
dimensions may be changed to suitable sizes depending on the
purpose.
[0043] A particularly important parameter among the parameters
defining the structure of the lamp of the present embodiment is a
ratio L/D, which is defined by a length or distance "L
(inter-electrode distance)" between the two electrodes 32 of the
arc tube 20 and an inner diameter "D" of a portion of the main
tubing 25 interposed between the electrodes.
[0044] In the present embodiment, the inter-electrode distance L is
to be measured along a line (hereinafter referred to as a
"inter-electrode line") connecting the centers of the tip portions
of the pair of electrodes 32. On the other hand, the inner diameter
D of the main tubing 25 is to be measured along a "plane" which
lies substantially perpendicular to the inter-electrode line. In
the present specification, "substantially perpendicular"
disposition not only encompasses the case where the
"inter-electrode line" lies exactly perpendicular to the
aforementioned "plane", but also encompasses the case where the
"plane" and the "inter-electrode line" intersect each other with an
angle which slightly deviates from the right angle. Specifically,
if the shape of the main tubing 25 and/or the positions of the
electrodes 32 inside the main tubing 25 vary from those shown in
FIG. 2, the plane defining the inner diameter (a plane
perpendicular to the inner wall surface of the main tubing 25) and
the inter-electrode line may no longer be of a "perpendicular"
relationship. However, any such situation where the plane defining
the inner diameter D and the inter-electrode line are not exactly
perpendicular to each other should be tolerated as long as the
associated decrease in emission characteristics is not problematic
in terms of usual lamp design.
[0045] As described later, L/D is a commonplace parameter which
affects the amount of light radiated from the arc tube 20,
distribution of the excited state of active material atoms, expanse
of the material emission line, and the like.
[0046] Hereinafter, specific examples of the metal halide lamp
according to the present embodiment will be described. In each
example described below, an arc tube of the shape as shown in FIG.
6(D) is used. This arc tube has a cross section of a right circular
cylinder taken so that both ends of the tube wall structure appear
spherical.
EXAMPLE 1
[0047] Hereinafter, a first example of the metal halide lamp
according to the present invention will be described.
[0048] The basic structure of the metal halide lamp of the present
example is as described with reference to FIG. 1 and FIG. 2.
According to the present example, the power rating of the lamp is
set at 150 W, and the interior of the outer tube 11 is retained in
a decompressed state at 1 kPa. The arc tube 20 of the present
example is composed of polycrystalline alumina. Within the arc tube
20, an amount of mercury (0.1 to 4.0 mg) suitable for ensuring that
the lamp voltage when lit at the power rating would fall within a
range from 80 to 95V, and halides for enclosure were enclosed to a
total amount of 5.5 to 19 mg, according to the internal volume of
the arc tube. The halides prepared were praseodymium iodide, sodium
iodide, and calcium iodide at a molar ratio of 1:10:0.5, 1:10:2, or
1:10:10; that is, the molar ratio between the Ca halide amount (Hc)
and the Pr halide amount (Hp) was one of the three values:
Hc/Hp=0.5, 2.0, or 10. Within the arc tube 20, Xe (xenon) gas
exhibiting a pressure of 200 Pa at 300K (kelvin) was further
enclosed.
[0049] In the present example, lamps were prepared each of which is
a metal halide lamp having the above-described structure, such that
the ratio L/D of the inter-electrode distance L to the inner
diameter D of the arc tube 20 was varied from 0.6 to 20. While each
lamp was lit at the power rating of 150 W, the light output
characteristics of the lamp were evaluated.
[0050] FIG. 3 shows a relationship between the lamp efficiency
[LPW] and the ratio L/D, with respect to a conventional example and
typical lamps of the present invention.
[0051] The only difference between the conventional high efficiency
lamp (hereinafter referred to as the "conventional lamp") and the
lamps of the present invention herein is the types of enclosed
substances; their structures are otherwise the same. The enclosed
substances in the conventional lamp were iodides of Na, Tl, Dy, Ho,
Tm, and Ca, and they were used according to the first example
described in Japanese National Phase PCT Laid-Open Publication No.
2000-511689. In other words, the halides were enclosed to a total
amount of 5.5 to 19 mg according to the internal volume of the arc
tube, so that Na accounted for 29 mol %, Tl 6.5 mol %, Ho 6.5 mol
%, Tm 6.5 mol %, and Ca 45 mol %.
[0052] As shown in FIG. 3, the lamp efficiency of the conventional
lamp was typically about 90 LPW, irrespective of L/D. However, with
the lamps of the present invention, it was found that a high
efficiency which is about 10% or more greater than conventionally
can be obtained in the case where the inter-electrode distance L
and the inner diameter D satisfy the relationship of
L/D.gtoreq.1.0. Furthermore, it was also found that an Ra of 70 to
90 is obtained while L/D falls within this range, thus indicative
of very high color rendition.
[0053] In particular when the relationship of L/D.gtoreq.4 is
satisfied, the lamps of the present invention have a lamp
efficiency of 113 LPW, thus being able to provide an efficiency
which is 25% or more greater than the lamp efficiency of the
conventional lamp, i.e., 90 LPW. In other words, it was found that,
when L/D.gtoreq.4, it is possible to obtain a high efficiency which
is equal to or greater than the lamp efficiency, 110 LPW, of a
high-pressure sodium lamp--which is in use as a lamp having a high
lamp efficiency. Moreover, whereas the high-pressure sodium lamp
has Ra values of about 20 to 30, the lamps of the present invention
exhibit very good Ra values of 70 to 90, thus reconciling high
efficiency with high color rendering.
[0054] Since the lamp efficiency of the lamps of the present
invention is increased by 25% or more as compared to the lamp
efficiency of the conventional lamp, the number of illumination
lights to be used in conventional illumination design can be
reduced by 25% while maintaining the emission performance.
Furthermore, in the range where the relationship of L/D.gtoreq.4 is
satisfied, the curving of the arc discharge can be suppressed even
when the arc tube 20 is lit in a horizontal posture, and the effect
of preventing flicker during lighting has been confirmed.
[0055] It is even more preferable that the inter-electrode distance
L and the inner diameter D satisfy the relationship of
7.ltoreq.L/D.ltoreq.9. In this case, the lamp efficiency of the
lamps of the present invention is maximized, so that a high value
of 120 LPW or more can be attained. At this time, with those of the
lamps of the present invention having a higher lamp efficiency, the
lamp efficiency can be improved by about 35% as compared to 90 LPW
of the conventional lamp.
[0056] From the graph of FIG. 3, it can be seen that the lamp
efficiency tends to decrease where the relationship of L/D>9 is
satisfied. However, it can be understood that, while the
inter-electrode distance L and the inner diameter D satisfy the
relationship of 9<L/D.ltoreq.20, the lamps of the present
invention have a lamp efficiency which is higher than the lamp
efficiency of the conventional lamp, i.e., 90 LPW.
[0057] When the inter-electrode distance L and the inner diameter D
satisfy the relationship of L/D>20, the inter-electrode distance
L must become very large, thus making it difficult to begin or
maintain discharge using a usual ignition circuit, or the inner
diameter D must become small, thus making it difficult to maintain
discharge due to loss of electrons at the tube wall. Therefore, it
is preferable that the inter-electrode distance L and the inner
diameter D satisfy the relationship of L/D<20.
[0058] Although Hc/Hp is set at one of the three values of 0.5,
2.0, or 10 in the present example, it is necessary to ensure
Hc/Hp.ltoreq.2.0 in order to realize 100 LPW or more in the range
of 1.0.ltoreq.L/D.ltoreq.20. However still, the lamp efficiency can
be improved from that of the conventional lamp while
Hc/Hp.ltoreq.15.0.
[0059] Moreover, while L/D.gtoreq.4, a high lamp efficiency of 100
LPW or more can be realized in the entire range of
Hc/Hp.ltoreq.15.
[0060] In order to obtain the effects of the present invention, it
is necessary to enclose at least 1 mol % or more of a praseodymium
halide, a sodium halide, and a calcium halide within the arc
tube.
[0061] In order to obtain the effects of the present invention,
each of the Pr halide, Na halide, and Ca halide contents is
preferably set to be 1.0 mg/cm.sup.3 or more, and more preferably
set in the range of 2.0 to 25 mg/cm.sup.3.
[0062] Light-transmissive ceramics are to be used for the arc tube
material in the present example. However, in the case where a
quartz arc tube is used, for example, Pr and quartz will react with
each other, so that problems such as devitrification may occur at
an early stage of life. The same is also true of Ca, and therefore
the effects of the present invention cannot be obtained in the case
where the enclosed substances according to the present example are
used in conjunction with a quartz arc tube.
EXAMPLE 2
[0063] Hereinafter, a second example of the metal halide lamp
according to the present invention will be described.
[0064] The lamp of the present example is different from the lamp
of Example 1 as follows. Within the arc tube 20, 0.5 mg of mercury
was enclosed; as halides for enclosure, praseodymium iodide and
sodium iodide were enclosed at a ratio of 1:10 and to a total of 9
mg; and calcium iodide was added so that the molar ratio Hc/Hp
between the Ca halide amount (Hc) and the Pr halide amount (Hp) was
in the range of 0.2 to 18.
[0065] Moreover, the inner diameter D of the main tubing 25 between
the two electrodes 32 was about 4 mm. The inter-electrode distance
L between the two electrodes 32 in a discharge region 201 of the
arc tube 20 was about 32 mm, thus providing the same value of arc
length. Otherwise there was no difference from Example 1. Given the
fact that the inter-electrode distance L has conventionally been
about 10 mm in the case of a power rating of 150 W, the
inter-electrode distance L of the lamp of the present invention is
extremely long. Under a power rating of 150 to 200 W, the
inter-electrode distance L of the lamp of the present invention is
preferably set within the range of 20 mm to 50 mm. If the
inter-electrode distance L is less than 20 mm, the inner diameter D
must increase given the same tube wall load, so that the arc may
curve, possibly breaking the arc tube. On the other hand, if the
inter-electrode distance L exceeds 50 mm, it becomes difficult to
start the lamp.
[0066] The lamp of the present invention was lit with a power
rating of 150 W, and the light output characteristics of the lamp
were evaluated.
[0067] FIG. 4 shows, with respect to the lamp of the present
invention, a relationship between the lamp efficiency [LPW] and
general color rendering index Ra, relative to the molar ratio Hc/Hp
between the Ca halide amount (Hc) and the Pr halide amount (Hp). As
shown in FIG. 4, the efficiency decreases as the Hc/Hp ratio
increases, such that the efficiency is 117 LPW when Hc/Hp=15. As
the Hc/Hp ratio further increases beyond 15, the efficiency
decreases drastically.
[0068] On the other hand, Ra is on a constant increase as the Hc/Hp
ratio increases. When Hc/Hp=0.4, Ra is 70. In other words, in the
range of 0.4.ltoreq.Hc/Hp.ltoreq.15.0, it is possible to achieve
both an efficiency (an efficiency of 115 LPW or more) which is 25%
or more greater than the conventional lamp efficiency of 90 LPW,
and high color rendition with an Ra of 70 or more.
[0069] A 25% improvement in efficiency is an amount which allows
humans to perceive a definite improvement in brightness. A 25%
increase in efficiency from the conventional lamp implies a
groundbreaking efficiency.
[0070] Since the efficiency reads 125 LPW when Hc/Hp=4.7, it is
indicated that an efficiency of 125 LPW, which is greater by about
40% than that of the conventional lamp, is obtained in the range of
Hc/Hp.ltoreq.4.7, while maintaining high color rendition with an Ra
of 70 or more.
[0071] Since the efficiency reads 120 LPW and Ra reads 90 when
Hc/Hp=11.9, it follows that an efficiency (efficiency of 115 LPW or
more) which is greater by about 25% or more than the efficiency (90
LPW) of the conventional lamp and very high color rendition with an
Ra of 90 or more can be obtained in the range of Hc/Hp.gtoreq.11.9.
Furthermore, it has also been confirmed that excellent white light,
with a duv of 0.005 or less (which approximates the black body
locus) is exhibited.
[0072] With the lamp of the present invention, color rendition
similar to the color rendition (Ra of 90 to 92) of the conventional
lamp is obtained in the range of 11.9.ltoreq.Hc/Hp.ltoreq.15.0.
[0073] As was described with respect to Example 1, the lamp
efficiency varies depending on the ratio L/D between the
inter-electrode distance L and the inner diameter D. Although
Example 2 prescribes L/D=8, it is possible in the range of
L/D.gtoreq.1.0 to achieve a high efficiency over the conventional
lamp efficiency of 90 LPW as long as Hc/Hp.ltoreq.15, as described
in Example 1.
[0074] In both Examples 1 and 2, the ratio between praseodymium
iodide and sodium iodide is set at 1:10. However, as long as this
ratio is within the range of 1:3 to 1:25, high color rendition can
be exhibited with a similarly high efficiency.
EXAMPLE 3
[0075] Hereinafter, a third example of the metal halide lamp
according to the present invention will be described.
[0076] The lamps of the present example have an identical structure
to the lamp structure of Example 2, except for the ratio between
enclosed halides.
[0077] In the present example, the molar ratio Hc/Hp between the Ca
halide amount (Hc) and the Pr halide amount (Hp) was varied in the
range from 0.4 to 15.0, and the molar ratio Hn/Hp between the Na
halide amount (Hn) and the Pr halide amount (Hp) was varied in the
range from 3.0 to 25.0.
[0078] Among them, FIG. 5 shows a relationship between the lamp
input power (W) and color temperature (K) with respect to the cases
where Pr:Na:Ca was varied as follows: 1:3:0.4; 1:3:2; 1:10:0.4;
1:10:10; 1:25:2; and 1:25:15.
[0079] For comparison, FIG. 5 also shows a relationship between
input power and chromaticity of a conventional lamp, with respect
to a lamp (conventional lamp) which is in accordance with the lamp
described in Japanese National Phase PCT Laid-Open Publication No.
2000-511689, as in Example 1.
[0080] As shown in FIG. 5, if the input power of the conventional
lamp is decreased, the color temperature increases. However, with
the lamps of the present invention, the change in color temperature
is suppressed to be within about 300K even when the input power is
reduced to 25% of the power rating, thus indicative of excellent
dimming characteristics.
[0081] As shown in FIG. 5, the color temperature of the lamp is
substantially determined by Hn/Hp, whereas Hc/Hp hardly affects the
color temperature. Furthermore, within the embodied ranges of Hn/Hp
and Hc/Hp, excellent dimming characteristics are being obtained
irrespective of these ratios.
[0082] The cause for the color temperature fluctuation of the
conventional lamp is the fact that the enclosed Tl and the other
enclosed substances (especially, the 3A group such as Dy and Ho)
exhibit different vapor pressure characteristics with a strong
dependency on temperature. Therefore, with an input power below the
power rating, the emission balance is lost so that Tl, which would
give strong emission even in a low temperature state during
dimming, exhibits a green emission color, thus boosting up the
color temperature of the lamp.
[0083] On the other hand, with the lamps of the present invention,
the main emission emanates from Pr and Na, so that their vapor
pressure fluctuations under given temperature changes are
substantially equal relative to each other. In addition, since a Ca
halide is mixed, the emission balance between the enclosed
substances is stabilized even against fluctuations in the ignition
conditions, thus realizing dimming characteristics which would not
be attained with Pr and Na alone.
[0084] Although L/D is set at 8 in the present example, similarly
good dimming characteristics were obtained as long as L/D satisfied
the relationship of 1.0.ltoreq.L/D.ltoreq.20.
[0085] Dimming of the metal halide lamps of the present example is
preferably performed by using an electronic ballast. FIG. 7 is a
block circuit diagram illustrating an exemplary configuration of a
system (illumination device) comprising a metal halide lamp
according to the present invention and an electronic ballast. The
electronic ballast shown in FIG. 7 includes: a boost chopper 2
which receives an AC current from a commercial power source 1 and
converts it to a DC current; and an igniting circuit section 3
which converts the DC current to an AC current having a regulated
frequency and waveform. The AC current which is output from the
ignition circuit section 3 is supplied to a metal halide lamp 7
according to the present invention.
[0086] The electronic ballast further includes a first control
circuit 4, a second control circuit 5, and a setting section 6. The
first control circuit 4 performs control such that the magnitudes
of a voltage and current output from the boost chopper 2 are
detected by the first control circuit 4 and will take values as set
by the setting section 6. The output waveform and frequency of the
ignition circuit section 3 are controlled by the second control
circuit 5.
[0087] Dimming of the metal halide lamp 7 is performed by the first
control circuit 4 controlling the operation of the boost chopper 2
so that an output having a value as set by the setting section 6 is
obtained from the boost chopper 2.
[0088] By using an electronic ballast having this structure, not
only is it possible to perform stable and instantaneous dimming
until the end of the metal halide lamp life, but it is also
possible to reduce the influence of source voltage fluctuations
even during lighting at the power rating.
[0089] With the device of FIG. 7, even if the input power to the
lamp 7 is reduced to 25% of the lamp power rating, changes in color
temperature are suppressed to within about 300K, and excellent
dimming characteristics are obtained, as described above.
[0090] In accordance with the metal halide lamp of the present
invention, as described with reference to Examples 1 to 3, the lamp
voltage undergoes little increase during its life, and good lamp
characteristics are obtained, with little changes occurring in the
electrical characteristics until the end of life.
[0091] Moreover, it has also been confirmed with the metal halide
lamp of the present invention that there is little change in the
optical characteristics (especially color temperature changes)
during the lifetime, and that diversifications (individual
differences) in color characteristics during manufacture are also
small. This is a unique effect of the present invention which is
obtained by the mixed use of Pr, Na, and Ca halides, and expresses
itself as stabilization of the emission balance at dimming.
[0092] Although each of Examples 1 to 3 illustrates a particularly
preferable example where the interior of the outer tube 11 is set
to a decompressed state of 1 kPa, the interior of the outer tube 11
may be set to a nitrogen atmosphere of, e.g., 50 kPa or less. In
this case, the lamp efficiency slightly decreases, but it is still
possible to provide a metal halide lamp which combines both a high
efficiency and high color rendition and yet provides excellent
dimming characteristics, as in the case with the lamps of the
Examples. In the case where the interior of the outer tube 11 is
set to a nitrogen atmosphere of 50 kPa, a decrease in efficiency of
about 2 to 3 LPW occurs only in the region where the efficiency
exceeds 120 LPW; therefore, it is preferable to set the interior of
the outer tube 11 to a decompressed state of 1 kPa or less.
[0093] Although iodides are used for the Pr, Na, and Ca halides in
the lamps of Examples 1 to 3, bromides of Pr, Na, and Ca, or, any
combination of iodides and bromides of Pr, Na, and Ca may also be
used. In such cases, too, a metal halide lamp which combines both a
high efficiency and high color rendition and yet provides excellent
dimming characteristics can be provided.
[0094] [Arc Tube Configurations]
[0095] As described above, the arc tube 20 may have any other
geometrical shape different from the configuration as shown in FIG.
1 and FIG. 2.
[0096] FIG. 6(A) through FIG. 6(G), which are cross-sectional views
taken along the longitudinal axis of the arc tube, show various
exemplary configurations that may be adopted for the arc tube 20.
Although the inner surface of the tube wall and the outer surface
of the tube wall would constitute a surface of a body of revolution
around a rotation axis which is the longitudinal axis of the arc
tube, they are not of any particular importance herein and
therefore are omitted from illustration.
[0097] The inner diameter D of the inner surface of any such tube
wall can be calculated by obtaining the internal area of the
cross-sectional view between the electrodes (i.e., across the
distance L between the tips of the electrodes), and dividing this
area by L. Other types of inner surfaces may require a more
complicated averaging procedure for calculating the inner diameter
thereof.
[0098] Hereinafter, each arc tube shape, as well as advantages
obtained when each such arc tube is used, will be described. Any
condition other than the arc tube shape is the same.
[0099] FIG. 6(A) shows an arc tube in which a central portion of
the arc tube has an elliptical cross section.
[0100] FIG. 6(B) shows an arc tube having a cross section of a
right circular cylinder taken so that both ends of a central
portion of the arc tube appear flat. This arc tube shape is
characterized by little change in the color temperature during
lighting. Therefore, this is effective particularly in the case
where changes in the emission color are a problem.
[0101] FIG. 6(C) shows an arc tube which has a cross section such
that both ends of a central portion of the arc tube appear
spherical and side faces of the central portion of the arc tube
appear recessed.
[0102] FIG. 6(D) shows an arc tube having a cross section of a
right circular cylinder taken so that both ends of a central
portion of the arc tube appear spherical.
[0103] FIG. 6(E) shows an arc tube which has a cross section such
that both ends of a central portion of the arc tube appear
spherical and side faces of the central portion of the arc tube
appear elliptical.
[0104] FIG. 6(F) is the shape employed in Examples 1 and 2.
[0105] FIG. 6(G) shows an arc tube having a cross section of a
right circular cylinder taken so that both ends of a central
portion of the arc tube have a large diameter and appear flat.
[0106] The arc tubes of FIG. 6(A) and FIG. 6(E) are characterized
in that individual diversifications in color temperature are
particularly small when mass-produced. Therefore, these arc tube
shapes are particularly preferable in the case where they are to be
used in large quantity for ceiling illuminations or the like so
that color temperature diversifications might stand out.
[0107] The arc tubes of FIG. 6(C) and FIG. 6(G) are characterized
in that they are quick in light excitation at the start. The time
required for reaching the light output rating can be reduced by
about 10 to 20%, although depending on the particular design.
Moreover, the arc curving when lit in a horizontal posture is
particularly small, so that a lamp whose flicker during lighting is
particularly small can be obtained.
[0108] The arc tubes of FIG. 6(D) and FIG. 6(F) can provide a lamp
whose change in color temperature during lighting is the least of
all.
[0109] The arc tube of FIG. 6(B) is characterized by its simple
structure, which allows for a low production cost.
[0110] Many other structures are possible. Each structure may be
considered as a desirable configuration for a different reason.
Thus, each structure has its advantages and disadvantages. In other
words, when one pays attention to a particular active material and
other lamp characteristics, a particular arc tube structure among
many other structures would appear to have more advantages than the
others. With any of the arc tube structures shown in FIG. 6(A)
through FIG. 6(F), an arc discharge metal halide lamp having a
higher lamp efficiency than conventionally can be obtained by
employing the ionizable materials according to the present
invention, which are to be provided in the discharge region, in the
case where the inter-electrode distance L and the diameter D
satisfy the above relationship (i.e., L/D.gtoreq.1.0).
[0111] Although Examples 1, 2, and 3 only illustrate results
obtained when mercury is enclosed within the arc tube 20, the
effects of the present invention can similarly be obtained in the
absence of mercury.
[0112] Although Examples 1, 2, and 3 above are directed to lamps
whose power rating is 150 W, the power rating of the metal halide
lamp of the present invention is not limited to 150 W. As the power
rating increases, the proportion of loss power (such as electrode
loss) relative to the overall power consumption decreases, so that
the lamp emission efficiency will be increased. On the other hand,
if the power rating is decreased, the proportion of loss power
increases, so that the emission efficiency will be reduced.
Therefore, the emission efficiency described in the present
examples only exemplifies values with respect to lamps whose power
rating is about 150 W, and may result in a different value
depending on the lamp's power rating, although that is not to say
that the above effects are affected. A lamp having an improved
emission efficiency relative to that of the conventional lamp can
be obtained.
[0113] Thus, according to the present invention, there is realized
a metal halide lamp which reconciles a higher-than-conventional
lamp efficiency with high color rendition. Furthermore, one
excellent effect of the mixing of a calcium halide and a
praseodymium halide is that the metal halide lamp of the present
invention is of a design which is less susceptible to fluctuations
in the coldest point temperature, which is advantageous in terms of
color stability at dimming.
INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY
[0114] The metal halide lamp of the present invention is excellent
in both efficiency and color rendition. Moreover, there is little
characteristics diversification during manufacture and little
characteristics change during lifetime, and a wide range of dimming
is possible. Therefore, the metal halide lamp of the present
invention is effective for outdoor illuminations such as
streetlight illuminations and for indoor illuminations such as
high-ceiling illuminations, and may also be suitably used for store
illuminations.
* * * * *