U.S. patent application number 11/214737 was filed with the patent office on 2006-07-13 for carbon-based material and method of producing the same, and composite material and method of producing the same.
This patent application is currently assigned to NISSIN KOGYO CO., LTD.. Invention is credited to Akira Magario, Toru Noguchi.
Application Number | 20060155009 11/214737 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 35463947 |
Filed Date | 2006-07-13 |
United States Patent
Application |
20060155009 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Magario; Akira ; et
al. |
July 13, 2006 |
Carbon-based material and method of producing the same, and
composite material and method of producing the same
Abstract
A method of producing a carbon-based material includes steps
(a), (b) and (c). In the step (a), an elastomer and at least a
first carbon material is mixed and the first carbon material is
dispersed by applying a shear force to obtain a composite
elastomer. In the step (b), the composite elastomer is heat-treated
to vaporize the elastomer, and a second carbon material is
obtained. In the step (c) the second carbon material is
heat-treated together with a substance including an element Y to
vaporize the substance including the element Y, a melting point of
the element Y being low.
Inventors: |
Magario; Akira; (Nagano-ken,
JP) ; Noguchi; Toru; (Nagano-ken, JP) |
Correspondence
Address: |
OLIFF & BERRIDGE, PLC
P.O. BOX 19928
ALEXANDRIA
VA
22320
US
|
Assignee: |
NISSIN KOGYO CO., LTD.
Ueda-shi
JP
|
Family ID: |
35463947 |
Appl. No.: |
11/214737 |
Filed: |
August 31, 2005 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
523/210 ;
106/472; 524/495 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C04B 35/62876 20130101;
C04B 35/62878 20130101; C04B 2235/5436 20130101; C04B 35/52
20130101; B82Y 30/00 20130101; C04B 2235/401 20130101; C04B
2235/5264 20130101; C04B 35/6261 20130101; C22C 47/02 20130101;
C22C 1/1005 20130101; C01B 32/00 20170801; C04B 2235/5288 20130101;
C22C 49/14 20130101; C04B 2235/96 20130101; Y10T 428/30
20150115 |
Class at
Publication: |
523/210 ;
524/495; 106/472 |
International
Class: |
C08K 9/12 20060101
C08K009/12; C08K 3/04 20060101 C08K003/04; C09C 1/44 20060101
C09C001/44 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Sep 3, 2004 |
JP |
2004-257440 |
Claims
1. A method of producing a carbon-based material, the method
comprising: (a) mixing an elastomer and at least a first carbon
material and dispersing the first carbon material by applying a
shear force to obtain a composite elastomer; (b) heat-treating the
composite elastomer to vaporize the elastomer included in the
composite elastomer to obtain a second carbon material; and (c)
heat-treating the second carbon material together with a substance
including an element Y and having a melting point lower than a
melting point of the first carbon material to vaporize the
substance including the element Y.
2. The method of producing a carbon-based material as defined in
claim 1, wherein the step (b) is performed in the presence of a
substance including an element X so that the element X bonds to a
carbon atom of the first carbon material, and wherein the element X
includes at least one element selected from boron, nitrogen,
oxygen, and phosphorus.
3. The method of producing a carbon-based material as defined in
claim 2, wherein the composite elastomer includes the substance
including the element X, and wherein the element X bonds to the
carbon atom of the first carbon material by the heat treatment in
the step (b).
4. The method of producing a carbon-based material as defined in
claim 2, wherein the step (b) is performed in an atmosphere
containing the substance including the element X so that the
element X bonds to the carbon atom of the first carbon
material.
5. The method of producing a carbon-based material as defined in
claim 2, wherein the element X is oxygen or nitrogen.
6. The method of producing a carbon-based material as defined in
claim 1, wherein the composite elastomer includes the substance
including the element Y.
7. The method of producing a carbon-based material as defined in
claim 1, wherein, in the step (c), the substance including the
element Y is disposed in a heat treatment furnace together with the
second carbon material and vaporized by the heat treatment.
8. The method of producing a carbon-based material as defined in
claim 1, wherein the carbon-based material is mixed into a matrix
material including aluminum, and wherein the substance including
the element Y includes at least one element selected from
magnesium, aluminum, silicon, calcium, titanium, vanadium,
chromium, manganese, iron, nickel, copper, zinc, and zirconium.
9. The method of producing a carbon-based material as defined in
claim 1, wherein the carbon-based material is mixed into a matrix
material including magnesium, and wherein the substance including
the element Y includes at least one element selected from
magnesium, aluminum, silicon, calcium, titanium, vanadium,
chromium, manganese, iron, nickel, copper, zinc, and zirconium.
10. The method of producing a carbon-based material as defined in
claim 8, wherein the substance including the element Y includes the
element Y selected from magnesium, zinc, and aluminum.
11. The method of producing a carbon-based material as defined in
claim 9, wherein the substance including the element Y includes the
element Y selected from magnesium, zinc, and aluminum.
12. The method of producing a carbon-based material as defined in
claim 1, wherein the first carbon material is carbon black.
13. The method of producing a carbon-based material as defined in
claim 1, wherein the first carbon material is carbon fiber.
14. The method of producing a carbon-based material as defined in
claim 13, wherein the carbon fiber is carbon nanofiber.
15. The method of producing a carbon-based material as defined in
claim 14, wherein the carbon nanofibers have an average diameter of
0.5 to 500 nm.
16. The method of producing a carbon-based material as defined in
claim 1, wherein the elastomer has a molecular weight of 5,000 to
5,000,000.
17. The method of producing a carbon-based material as defined in
claim 1, wherein at least one of a main chain, a side chain, and a
terminal chain of the elastomer includes at least one unsaturated
bond or group having affinity to carbon nanofiber and selected from
a double bond, a triple bond, and functional groups such as
a-hydrogen, a carbonyl group, a carboxyl group, a hydroxyl group,
an amino group, a nitrile group, a ketone group, an amide group, an
epoxy group, an ester group, a vinyl group, a halogen group, a
urethane group, a biuret group, an allophanate group, and a urea
group.
18. The method of producing a carbon-based material as defined in
claim 1, wherein a network component of the elastomer in an
uncrosslinked form has a spin-spin relaxation time (T2n) measured
at 30.degree. C. by a Hahn-echo method using a pulsed nuclear
magnetic resonance (NMR) technique of 100 to 3,000 .mu.sec.
19. The method of producing a carbon-based material as defined in
claim 1, wherein a network component of the elastomer in a
crosslinked form has a spin-spin relaxation time (T2n) measured at
30.degree. C. by a Hahn-echo method using a pulsed nuclear magnetic
resonance (NMR) technique of 100 to 2,000 .mu.sec.
20. The method of producing a carbon-based material as defined in
claim 1, wherein the elastomer is natural rubber or nitrile
butadiene rubber.
21. The method of producing a carbon-based material as defined in
claim 1, wherein the step (a) is performed by using an open-roll
method with a roll distance of 0.5 mm or less.
22. The method of producing a carbon-based material as defined in
claim 21, wherein two rolls used in the open-roll method have a
surface velocity ratio of 1.05 to 3.00.
23. The method of producing a carbon-based material as defined in
claim 1, wherein the step (a) is performed by using an internal
mixing method.
24. The method of producing a carbon-based material as defined in
claim 1, wherein the step (a) is performed by using a multi-screw
extrusion mixing method.
25. The method of producing a carbon-based material as defined in
claim 1, wherein the step (a) is performed at 0 to 50.degree.
C.
26. A carbon-based material obtained by the method as defined in
claim 1.
27. A carbon-based material which is mixed into a matrix material
including aluminum or magnesium, wherein a surface of a carbon
material has a first bonding structure and a second bonding
structure, wherein the first bonding structure is a structure in
which an element X bonds to a carbon atom of the carbon material,
wherein the second bonding structure is a structure in which an
element Y bonds to the element X, wherein the element X includes at
least one element selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, and
phosphorus, and wherein the element Y includes at least one element
selected from magnesium, aluminum, silicon, calcium, titanium,
vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, nickel, copper, zinc, and
zirconium.
28. A carbon-based material, wherein a surface of a carbon material
has a first bonding structure and a second bonding structure, and
wherein the first bonding structure is a structure in which oxygen
bonds to a carbon atom of the carbon material, and wherein the
second bonding structure is a structure in which magnesium bonds to
the oxygen.
29. A method of producing a composite material, the method
comprising: (d) mixing the carbon-based material obtained by the
method as defined in claim 1 with a matrix material.
30. A composite material obtained by the method as defined in claim
29.
Description
[0001] Japanese Patent Application No. 2004-257440, filed on Sep.
3, 2004, is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The present invention relates to a carbon-based material and
a method of producing the same, and a composite material and a
method of producing the same.
[0003] A composite material using a carbon material such as carbon
fiber, carbon black, graphite, or carbon nanofiber has attracted
attention (see JP-A-5-78110, for example). Such a composite
material is expected to exhibit improved electric conductivity,
heat transfer properties, and mechanical strength due to inclusion
of the carbon material such as carbon nanofiber.
[0004] However, the carbon material generally exhibits low
wettability (affinity) with a matrix material of the composite
material and exhibits low dispersibility in the matrix material. In
particular, since the carbon nanofibers have strong aggregating
properties, it is very difficult to uniformly disperse the carbon
nanofibers in a matrix of the composite material. Therefore, it is
difficult to obtain a carbon nanofiber composite material having
desired properties. Moreover, expensive carbon nanofibers cannot be
efficiently utilized.
SUMMARY
[0005] A first aspect of the invention relates to a method of
producing a carbon-based material, the method comprising:
[0006] (a) mixing an elastomer and at least a first carbon material
and dispersing the first carbon material by applying a shear force
to obtain a composite elastomer;
[0007] (b) heat-treating the composite elastomer to vaporize the
elastomer included in the composite elastomer to obtain a second
carbon material; and
[0008] (c) heat-treating the second carbon material together with a
substance including an element Y and having a melting point lower
than a melting point of the first carbon material to vaporize the
substance including the element Y
[0009] A second aspect of the invention relates to a carbon-based
material obtained by the above method.
[0010] A third aspect of the invention relates to a carbon-based
material which is mixed into a matrix material including aluminum
or magnesium,
[0011] wherein a surface of a carbon material has a first bonding
structure and a second bonding structure,
[0012] wherein the first bonding structure is a structure in which
an element X bonds to a carbon atom of the carbon material,
[0013] wherein the second bonding structure is a structure in which
an element Y bonds to the element X,
[0014] wherein the element X includes at least one element selected
from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, and phosphorus, and
[0015] wherein the element Y includes at least one element selected
from magnesium, aluminum, silicon, calcium, titanium, vanadium,
chromium, manganese, iron, nickel, copper, zinc, and zirconium.
[0016] A fourth aspect of the invention relates to a carbon-based
material,
[0017] wherein a surface of a carbon material has a first bonding
structure and a second bonding structure, and
[0018] wherein the first bonding structure is a structure in which
oxygen bonds to a carbon atom of the carbon material, and
[0019] wherein the second bonding structure is a structure in which
magnesium bonds to the oxygen.
[0020] A fifth aspect of the invention relates to a method of
producing a composite material, the method comprising:
[0021] (d) mixing the carbon-based material obtained by the above
method with a matrix material.
[0022] A sixth aspect of the invention relates to a composite
material obtained by the above method of producing a composite
material.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING
[0023] FIG. 1 schematically shows a mixing method for an elastomer
and a carbon material utilizing an open-roll method used in one
embodiment of the invention.
[0024] FIG. 2 is a schematic configuration diagram of a device for
producing a composite material by using a pressureless permeation
method.
[0025] FIG. 3 is a schematic configuration diagram of a device for
producing a composite material by using a pressureless permeation
method.
[0026] FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram showing XPS data on a
carbon-based material obtained in an example according to the
invention.
[0027] FIG. 5 shows EDS data (carbon) on a composite material
obtained in an example according to the invention.
[0028] FIG. 6 shows EDS data (oxygen) on a composite material
obtained in an example according to the invention.
[0029] FIG. 7 shows EDS data (magnesium) on a composite material
obtained in an example according to the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENT
[0030] The invention may provide a carbon-based material exhibiting
improved surface wettability, and a method of producing the same.
The invention may also provide a composite material in which a
carbon material is uniformly dispersed, and a method of producing
the same.
[0031] An embodiment of the invention provides a method of
producing a carbon-based material, the method comprising:
[0032] (a) mixing an elastomer and at least a first carbon material
and dispersing the first carbon material by applying a shear force
to obtain a composite elastomer;
[0033] (b) heat-treating the composite elastomer to vaporize the
elastomer included in the composite elastomer to obtain a second
carbon material; and
[0034] (c) heat-treating the second carbon material together with a
substance including an element Y and having a melting point lower
than a melting point of the first carbon material to vaporize the
substance including the element Y.
[0035] According to the step (a) of the method according to one
embodiment of the invention, free radicals formed in the elastomer
shorn by the shear force attack the surface of the first carbon
material, whereby the surface of the first carbon material is
activated. Therefore, the dispersibility of the first carbon
material in the elastomer is improved. When using carbon nanofibers
as the first carbon material, an unsaturated bond or group of the
elastomer bonds to an active site of the carbon nanofiber,
particularly to a terminal radical of the carbon nanofiber, to
reduce the aggregating force of the carbon nanofibers, whereby the
dispersibility of the carbon nanofibers can be increased.
[0036] According to the step (b) of the method according to one
embodiment of the invention, the second carbon material having an
activated surface is obtained by vaporizing the elastomer by the
heat treatment. According to the step (c) of the method according
to one embodiment of the invention, the substance including the
element Y is vaporized by the heat treatment so that the element Y
adheres to the surface of the second carbon material, whereby a
carbon-based material exhibiting improved wettability with a matrix
material is obtained. Therefore, the carbon-based material obtained
by the method according to one embodiment of the invention can be
easily utilized for general metalworking such as casting.
[0037] The elastomer according to one embodiment of the invention
may be a rubber elastomer or a thermoplastic elastomer. When using
a rubber elastomer, the elastomer may be in a crosslinked form or
an uncrosslinked form. As the raw material elastomer, an
uncrosslinked form is used when using a rubber elastomer.
[0038] The step (a) of dispersing the carbon material in the
elastomer by applying a shear force may be carried out by using an
open-roll method with a roll distance of 0.5 mm or less, an
internal mixing method, a multi-screw extrusion mixing method, or
the like.
[0039] An embodiment of the invention provides a carbon-based
material, wherein a surface of a carbon material has a first
bonding structure and a second bonding structure, and
[0040] wherein the first bonding structure is a structure in which
oxygen bonds to a carbon atom of the carbon material, and
[0041] wherein the second bonding structure is a structure in which
magnesium bonds to the oxygen.
[0042] Am embodiment of the invention provides a method of
producing a composite material, including (d) mixing the
carbon-based material obtained by the method according to the
embodiment of the invention with a matrix material.
[0043] Since the element Y adheres to the surface of the
carbon-based material obtained according to one embodiment of the
invention, the carbon-based material exhibits excellent wettability
with the matrix material of the composite material. In particular,
when using aluminum or magnesium as the matrix of the composite
material, if an element which makes up an aluminum alloy or a
magnesium alloy is used as the element Y, since the matrix material
and the element Y exhibit excellent wettability, the carbon-based
material and the matrix material also exhibit excellent
wettability. Moreover, the carbon-based material can be dispersed
in the matrix metal material due to an improvement of the
wettability of the carbon-based material.
[0044] Embodiments of the invention are described below in detail
with reference to the drawings.
[0045] (A) Elastomer
[0046] The elastomer may have a molecular weight of 5,000 to
5,000,000, or 20,000 to 3,000,000. If the molecular weight of the
elastomer is within this range, since the elastomer molecules are
entangled and linked, the elastomer easily enters the space in the
aggregated first carbon material (e.g. carbon nanofibers) to
exhibit an improved effect of separating the carbon nanofibers. If
the molecular weight of the elastomer is less than 5,000, since the
elastomer molecules cannot be sufficiently entangled, the effect of
dispersing the first carbon material is reduced even if a shear
force is applied in the subsequent step. If the molecular weight of
the elastomer is greater than 5,000,000, the elastomer becomes too
hard so that processing becomes difficult.
[0047] A network component of the elastomer in an uncrosslinked
form may have a spin-spin relaxation time (T2n/30.degree. C.)
measured at 30.degree. C. by a Hahn-echo method using a pulsed
nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technique of 100 to 3,000 .mu.sec,
or 200 to 1,000 .mu.sec. If the elastomer has a spin-spin
relaxation time (T2n/30.degree. C.) within the above range, the
elastomer is flexible and has a sufficiently high molecular
mobility. Therefore, when mixing the elastomer and the first carbon
material, the elastomer can easily enter the space in the first
carbon material due to high molecular motion. If the spin-spin
relaxation time (T2n/30.degree. C.) is shorter than 100 .mu.sec,
the elastomer cannot have a sufficient molecular mobility. If the
spin-spin relaxation time (T2n/30.degree. C.) is longer than 3,000
.mu.sec, since the elastomer tends to flow as a liquid, it becomes
difficult to disperse the first carbon material.
[0048] A network component of the elastomer in a crosslinked form
may have a spin-spin relaxation time (T2n) measured at 30.degree.
C. by a Hahn-echo method using a pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance
(NMR) technique of 100 to 2,000 .mu.sec. The reasons therefor are
the same as those described for the uncrosslinked form.
Specifically, when crosslinking an uncrosslinked form which
satisfies the above conditions by using the method of the
invention, the spin-spin relaxation time (T2n) of the resulting
crosslinked form almost falls within the above range.
[0049] The spin-spin relaxation time obtained by the Hahn-echo
method using the pulsed NMR technique is a measure which indicates
the molecular mobility of a substance. In more detail, when
measuring the spin-spin relaxation time of the elastomer by the
Hahn-echo method using the pulsed NMR technique, a first component
having a shorter first spin-spin relaxation time (T2n) and a second
component having a longer second spin-spin relaxation time (T2nn)
are detected. The first component corresponds to the network
component (backbone molecule) of the polymer, and the second
component corresponds to the non-network component (branched
component such as terminal chain) of the polymer. The shorter the
first spin-spin relaxation time, the lower the molecular mobility
and the harder the elastomer. The longer the first spin-spin
relaxation time, the higher the molecular mobility and the softer
the elastomer.
[0050] As the measurement method in the pulsed NMR technique, a
solid-echo method, a Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) method, or a
90-degree pulse method may be applied instead of the Hahn-echo
method. However, since the elastomer according to the invention has
a medium spin-spin relaxation time (T2), the Hahn-echo method is
most suitable. In general, the solid-echo method and the 90-degree
pulse method are suitable for measuring a short spin-spin
relaxation time (T2), the Hahn-echo method is suitable for
measuring a medium spin-spin relaxation time (T2), and the CPMG
method is suitable for measuring a long spin-spin relaxation time
(T2).
[0051] At least one of the main chain, side chain, and terminal
chain of the elastomer includes an unsaturated bond or a group
having affinity to the first carbon material, particularly to a
terminal radical of the carbon nanofiber, or the elastomer has
properties of readily producing such a radical or group. The
unsaturated bond or group may be at least one unsaturated bond or
group selected from a double bond, a triple bond, and functional
groups such as a-hydrogen, a carbonyl group, a carboxyl group, a
hydroxyl group, an amino group, a nitrile group, a ketone group, an
amide group, an epoxy group, an ester group, a vinyl group, a
halogen group, a urethane group, a biuret group, an allophanate
group, and a urea group.
[0052] The carbon nanofiber generally has a structure in which the
side surface is formed of a six-membered ring of carbon atoms and
the end is closed by introduction of a five-membered ring. However,
since the carbon nanofiber has a forced structure, a defect tends
to occur, so that a radical or a functional group tends to be
formed at the defect. In one embodiment of the invention, since at
least one of the main chain, side chain, and terminal chain of the
elastomer includes an unsaturated bond or a group having high
affinity (reactivity or polarity) to the radical of the carbon
nanofiber, the elastomer and the carbon nanofiber can be bonded.
This enables the carbon nanofibers to be easily dispersed by
overcoming the aggregating force of the carbon nanofibers. When
mixing the elastomer and the first carbon material such as the
carbon nanofibers, free radicals produced by breakage of the
elastomer molecule attack the defects of the carbon nanofibers to
produce free radicals on the surfaces of the carbon nanofibers.
[0053] As the elastomer, an elastomer such as natural rubber (NR),
epoxidized natural rubber (ENR), styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR),
nitrile rubber (NBR), chloroprene rubber (CR), ethylene propylene
rubber (EPR or EPDM), butyl rubber (IIR), chlorobutyl rubber
(CIIR), acrylic rubber (ACM), silicone rubber (Q), fluorine rubber
(FKM), butadiene rubber (BR), epoxidized butadiene rubber (EBR),
epichlorohydrin rubber (CO or CEO), urethane rubber (U), or
polysulfide rubber (T); a thermoplastic elastomer such as an
olefin-based elastomer (TPO), poly(vinyl chloride)-based elastomer
(TPVC), polyester-based elastomer (TPEE), polyurethane-based
elastomer (TPU), polyamide-based elastomer (TPEA), or styrene-based
elastomer (SBS); or a mixture of these elastomers may be used. In
particular, a highly polar elastomer which readily produces free
radicals during mixing of the elastomer, such as natural rubber
(NR) or nitrile rubber (NBR), is preferable. An elastomer having a
low polarity, such as ethylene propylene rubber (EPDM), may also be
used in the invention, since such an elastomer also produces free
radicals by setting the mixing temperature at a relatively high
temperature (e.g. 50 to 1 50.degree. C. for EPDM).
[0054] The composite elastomer according to one embodiment of the
invention may be directly used as an elastomer material in the form
of a crosslinked elastomer, an uncrosslinked elastomer, or a
thermoplastic polymer.
(B) First Carbon Material
[0055] As the first carbon material, a carbon allotrope may be
used. For example, the first carbon material may be selected from
carbon fiber, carbon black, amorphous carbon, graphite, diamond,
fullerene, and the like. The carbon fiber used herein includes
carbon nanofiber. When using carbon black, since the carbon black
is inexpensive and many grades are commercially available, the
carbon black can be relatively easily utilized. A nanomaterial such
as a minute carbon material (e.g. carbon nanofiber or fullerene)
achieves a high reinforcement effect with a small amount of
addition.
[0056] The amount of the first carbon material to be added may be
determined depending on the type and the application of the
carbon-based material.
[0057] As the carbon black used in the invention, carbon black of
various grades produced by using various raw materials may be used.
The carbon black may be in a state of either elementary particles
(primary particles) or an aggregate in which the elementary
particles are fused and connected (agglomerate). However, carbon
black having a comparatively high structure in which the aggregate
is grown is preferable when used as a reinforcement filler.
[0058] The carbon black used in the invention has an average
elementary particle diameter of preferably 100 nm or less, and
still more preferably 50 nm or less. The volume effect and the
reinforcing effect are increased as the size of the carbon black
particle becomes smaller. In practical application, the average
particle diameter is preferably 10 to 30 nm.
[0059] The size of the carbon black particle is also indicated by
the nitrogen adsorption specific surface area. In this case, the
nitrogen adsorption specific surface area is 10 m.sup.2/g or more,
and preferably 40 m.sup.2/g or more as the nitrogen adsorption
specific surface area (m.sup.2/g) measured according to JIS K
6217-2 (2001) "Carbon black for rubber industry--Fundamental
characteristics--Part 2: Determination of specific surface
area--Nitrogen adsorption methods--Single-point procedures".
[0060] The reinforcing effect of the carbon black used in the
invention is affected by the degree of structure of the aggregate
in which the elementary particles are fused. The reinforcing effect
is increased by adjusting the DBP absorption to 50 cm.sup.3/100 g
or more, and preferably 100 cm.sup.3/100 g or more. This is because
the aggregate forms a higher structure as the DBP absorption is
greater.
[0061] As the carbon black used in the invention, carbon black of
grades such as SAF-HS (N134, N121), SAF (N110, N115), ISAF-HS
(N234), ISAF (N220, N220M), ISAF-LS (N219, N231), ISAF-HS (N285,
N229), HAF-HS (N339, N347), HAF (N330), HAF-LS (N326), T-HS (N351,
N299), T-NS (N330T), MAF (N550M), FEF (N550), GPF (N660, N630,
N650, N683), SRF-HS-HM (N762, N774), SRF-LM (N760M, N754, N772,
N762), FT, HCC, HCF, MCC, MCF, LEF, MFF, RCF, and RCC, and
conductive carbon black such as Tokablack, HS-500, acetylene black,
and Ketjenblack may be used.
[0062] When the first carbon material is carbon fiber, particularly
carbon nanofiber, the composite elastomer according to one
embodiment of the invention preferably includes the carbon
nanofibers in an amount of 0.01 to 50 wt %.
[0063] The carbon nanofibers preferably have an average diameter of
0.5 to 500 nm. In order to increase the strength of the composite
elastomer, the average diameter of the carbon nanofibers is still
more preferably 0.5 to 30 nm. The carbon nanofiber may be either a
linear fiber or a curved fiber.
[0064] As examples of the carbon nanofiber, a carbon nanotube and
the like can be given. The carbon nanotube has a single-layer
structure in which a graphene sheet of a hexagonal carbon layer is
closed in the shape of a cylinder, or a multi-layer structure in
which the cylindrical structures are nested. Specifically, the
carbon nanotube may be formed only of the single-layer structure or
the multi-layer structure, or may have the single-layer structure
and the multi-layer structure in combination. A carbon material
having a partial carbon nanotube structure may also be used. The
carbon nanotube may be called a graphite fibril nanotube.
[0065] A single-layer carbon nanotube or a multi-layer carbon
nanotube is produced to a desired size by using an arc discharge
method, a laser ablation method, a vapor-phase growth method, or
the like.
[0066] In the arc discharge method, an arc is discharged between
electrode materials made of carbon rods in an argon or hydrogen
atmosphere at a pressure slightly lower than atmospheric pressure
to obtain a multi-layer carbon nanotube deposited on the cathode.
When a catalyst such as nickel/cobalt is mixed into the carbon rod
and an arc is discharged, a single-layer carbon nanotube is
obtained from soot adhering to the inner side surface of a
processing vessel.
[0067] In the laser ablation method, a target carbon surface into
which a catalyst such as nickel/cobalt is mixed is irradiated with
strong pulse laser light from a YAG laser in a noble gas (e.g.
argon) to melt and vaporize the carbon surface to obtain a
single-layer carbon nanotube.
[0068] In the vapor-phase growth method, a carbon nanotube is
synthesized by thermally decomposing hydrocarbons such as benzene
or toluene in a vapor phase. As specific examples of the
vapor-phase growth method, a floating catalyst method, a
zeolite-supported catalyst method, and the like can be given.
[0069] The carbon material may be provided with improved adhesion
to and wettability with the elastomer by subjecting the carbon
material to a surface treatment such as an ion-injection treatment,
sputter-etching treatment, or plasma treatment before mixing the
carbon material into the elastomer.
(C) Element Y
[0070] The element Y bonds to the surface of the second carbon
material to improve the wettability between the carbon-based
material and the matrix material. A carbon material generally
exhibits poor wettability with a metal material such as aluminum
and magnesium. However, the wettability is improved by using the
carbon-based material having the element Y on the surface. A
particulate substance including the element Y may be mixed and
dispersed in the elastomer in advance so that the first carbon
material is more favorably dispersed when mixing the first carbon
material into the elastomer. In this case, in the step (a), the
substance including the element Y may be mixed into the elastomer
before mixing the first carbon material, or may be mixed into the
elastomer together with the first carbon material.
[0071] The substance including the element Y preferably has an
average particle diameter greater than the average diameter of the
first carbon material used. The average particle diameter of the
substance including the element Y is 500 .mu.m or less, and
preferably 1 to 300 .mu.m. The shape of the substance including the
element Y is not limited to spherical. The substance including the
element Y may be in the shape of a sheet or scale insofar as
turbulent flows occur around the substance including the element Y
during mixing.
[0072] The substance including the element Y is preferably a metal
or semimetal having a melting point lower than the melting point of
the first carbon material, and still more preferably a
low-melting-point (high-vapor-pressure) metal or semimetal having a
melting point of 1000.degree. C. or less. If the melting point of
the substance including the element Y satisfies the above
condition, the substance including the element Y can be vaporized
by the heat treatment in the step (b) without damaging the carbon
material.
[0073] When the carbon-based material is mixed into an aluminum or
magnesium matrix material, the element Y preferably includes at
least one element selected from magnesium, aluminum, silicon,
calcium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, nickel,
copper, zinc, and zirconium. Therefore, the substance including the
element Y may include at least one element Y selected from these
elements. These elements are used as elements which make up an
aluminum alloy or a magnesium alloy. These elements easily bond to
aluminum or magnesium, and can stably exist in a state in which the
elements bond to aluminum or magnesium. As the element Y,
magnesium, zinc, or aluminum, which exhibits particularly excellent
bonding properties with magnesium or aluminum as the matrix
material, may be used. In particular, when oxygen bonds to the
surface of the first carbon material as the element X, it is
preferable to use magnesium as the element Y since magnesium easily
bonds to oxygen. Therefore, the carbon-based material thus obtained
has a first bonding structure and a second bonding structure on the
surface of the carbon material, the first bonding structure being a
structure in which the element X bonds to the carbon atom of the
carbon material and the second bonding structure being a structure
in which the element Y bonds to the element X. In particular, when
the first bonding structure is a structure in which oxygen bonds to
the carbon atom of the carbon material, it is preferable that the
second bonding structure be a structure in which magnesium bonds to
oxygen.
[0074] The above description illustrates the case of mixing the
substance including the element Y with the elastomer in the step
(a). However, the invention is not limited thereto. It suffices
that the substance including the element Y be subjected to the heat
treatment in the step (c) together with the second carbon material.
For example, the substance including the element Y may be disposed
in a heat treatment furnace together with the second carbon
material and vaporized by the heat treatment in the step (c). In
this case, the substance including the element Y may not be
particulate.
[0075] In the invention, magnesium or aluminum used as the matrix
material includes an alloy containing magnesium or aluminum as the
major component.
(D) Step (a) of Mixing Carbon Material into Elastomer and
Dispersing Carbon Material by Applying Shear Force
[0076] The step (a) of dispersing the carbon material in the
elastomer by applying a shear force may be carried out by using an
open-roll method, an internal mixing method, a multi-screw
extrusion mixing method, or the like.
[0077] In one embodiment of the invention, an example using an
open-roll method with a roll distance of 0.5 mm or less is
described below as the step of mixing the substance including the
element Y and the first carbon material into the elastomer.
[0078] FIG. 1 is a diagram schematically showing the open-roll
method using two rolls. In FIG. 1, a reference numeral 10 indicates
a first roll, and a reference numeral 20 indicates a second roll.
The first roll 10 and the second roll 20 are disposed at a
predetermined distance d of preferably 1.0 mm or less, and still
more preferably 0.1 to 0.5 mm. The first and second rolls are
rotated normally or reversely. In the example shown in FIG. 1, the
first roll 10 and the second roll 20 are rotated in the directions
indicated by the arrows. When the surface velocity of the first
roll 10 is indicated by V1 and the surface velocity of the second
roll 20 is indicated by V2, the surface velocity ratio (V1/V2) of
the first roll 10 to the second roll 20 is preferably 1.05 to 3.00,
and still more preferably 1.05 to 1.2. A desired shear force can be
obtained by using such a surface velocity ratio. When causing an
elastomer 30 to be wound around the second roll 20 while rotating
the first and second rolls 10 and 20, a bank 32 of the elastomer is
formed between the rolls 10 and 20. After the addition of a
substance including the element Y to the bank 32, the elastomer 30
and the substance including the element Y are mixed by rotating the
first and second rolls 10 and 20. After the addition of a first
carbon material 40 to the bank 32 in which the elastomer 30 and the
substance including the element Y are mixed, the first and second
rolls 10 and 20 are rotated. After reducing the distance between
the first and second rolls 10 and 20 to the distance d, the first
and second rolls 10 and 20 are rotated at a predetermined surface
velocity ratio. This causes a high shear force to be applied to the
elastomer 30, so that the aggregated first carbon material is
separated by the shear force so that portions of the first carbon
material are removed one by one and become dispersed in the
elastomer 30. The shear force caused by the rolls causes turbulent
flows to occur around the substance including the element Y
dispersed in the elastomer. These complicated flows cause the first
carbon material to be further dispersed in the elastomer 30. If the
elastomer 30 and the first carbon material 40 are mixed before
mixing the substance including the element Y, since the movement of
the elastomer 30 is restrained by the first carbon material 40, it
becomes difficult to mix the substance including the element Y.
Therefore, it is preferable to mix the substance including the
element Y before adding the carbon material 40 to the elastomer
30.
[0079] In the step (a), free radicals are produced in the elastomer
shorn by the shear force and attack the surface of the first carbon
material, whereby the surface of the first carbon material is
activated. When using natural rubber (NR) as the elastomer, the
natural rubber (NR) molecule is cut while being mixed by the rolls
to have a molecular weight lower than the molecular weight before
being supplied to the open rolls. Since radicals are produced in
the cut natural rubber (NR) molecule and attack the surface of the
first carbon material during mixing, the surface of the first
carbon material is activated.
[0080] In the step (a), the elastomer and the first carbon material
are mixed at a relatively low temperature of preferably 0 to
50.degree. C., and still more preferably 5 to 30.degree. C. in
order to obtain as high a shear force as possible. In the case of
using the open-roll method, it is preferable to set the roll
temperature at the above-mentioned temperature. The distance d
between the first and second rolls 10 and 20 is set to be greater
than the average particle diameter of the substance including the
element Y even when the distance is minimized. This enables the
first carbon material 40 to be uniformly dispersed in the elastomer
30.
[0081] Since the elastomer according to one embodiment of the
invention has the above-described characteristics, specifically,
the above-described molecular configuration (molecular length),
molecular motion, and chemical interaction with the carbon
material, dispersion of the first carbon material is facilitated.
Therefore, a composite elastomer exhibiting excellent
dispersibility and dispersion stability (first carbon material
rarely reaggregates) can be obtained. In more detail, when mixing
the elastomer and the first carbon material, the elastomer having
an appropriately long molecular length and a high molecular
mobility enters the space in the first carbon material, and a
specific portion of the elastomer bonds to a highly active site of
the first carbon material through chemical interaction. When a high
shear force is applied to the mixture of the elastomer and the
first carbon material in this state, the first carbon material
moves accompanying the movement of the elastomer, whereby the
aggregated first carbon material is separated and dispersed in the
elastomer. The dispersed first carbon material is prevented from
reaggregating due to chemical interaction with the elastomer,
whereby excellent dispersion stability can be obtained.
[0082] Moreover, since a predetermined amount of the substance
including the element Y is included in the elastomer, a shear force
is also applied in the direction in which the carbon material is
separated due to a number of complicated flows such as turbulent
flows of the elastomer occurring around the substance including the
element Y. Therefore, even carbon nanofibers with a diameter of
about 30 nm or less or carbon nanofibers in the shape of a curved
fiber move in the flow direction of each elastomer molecule bonded
to the carbon nanofibers due to chemical interaction, whereby the
carbon nanofibers are uniformly dispersed in the elastomer.
[0083] In the step of dispersing the first carbon material in the
elastomer by applying a shear force, the above-mentioned internal
mixing method or multi-screw extrusion mixing method may be used
instead of the open-roll method. In other words, it suffices that
this step apply a shear force to the elastomer sufficient to
separate the aggregated first carbon material.
[0084] A composite elastomer obtained by the step of mixing and
dispersing the substance including the element Y and the first
carbon material in the elastomer (mixing and dispersing step) may
be crosslinked using a crosslinking agent and formed thereafter, or
may be formed without crosslinking the composite elastomer. As the
forming method, a compression forming process, an extrusion forming
process, or the like may be used. The compression forming process
includes forming the composite elastomer, in which the substance
including the element Y and the first carbon material are
dispersed, in a pressurized state for a predetermined time (e.g. 20
min) in a forming die having a desired shape and set at a
predetermined temperature (e.g. 175.degree. C.).
[0085] In the mixing and dispersing step of the elastomer and the
first carbon material, or in the subsequent step, a compounding
ingredient usually used in the processing of an elastomer such as
rubber may be added. As the compounding ingredient, a known
compounding ingredient may be used. As examples of the compounding
ingredient, a crosslinking agent, vulcanizing agent, vulcanization
accelerator, vulcanization retarder, softener, plasticizer, curing
agent, reinforcing agent, filler, aging preventive, colorant, and
the like can be given.
(E) Composite Elastomer Obtained by Above-Described Method
[0086] In the composite elastomer according to one embodiment of
the invention, the first carbon material is uniformly dispersed in
the elastomer as the matrix. In other words, the elastomer is
restrained by the first carbon material. The mobility of the
elastomer molecules restrained by the first carbon material is
small in comparison with the case where the elastomer molecules are
not restrained by the first carbon material. Therefore, the first
spin-spin relaxation time (T2n), the second spin-spin relaxation
time (T2nn), and the spin-lattice relaxation time (T1) of the
carbon fiber composite material according to one embodiment of the
invention are shorter than those of the elastomer which does not
contain the first carbon material. In particular, when mixing the
first carbon material into the elastomer containing the substance
including the element Y, the second spin-spin relaxation time
(T2nn) becomes shorter than that of an elastomer including only the
first carbon material. The spin-lattice relaxation time (T1) of the
crosslinked form changes in proportion to the amount of the first
carbon material mixed.
[0087] In a state in which the elastomer molecules are restrained
by the first carbon material, the number of non-network components
(non-reticulate chain components) may be reduced for the following
reasons. Specifically, when the molecular mobility of the entire
elastomer is decreased by the first carbon material, since the
number of non-network components which cannot easily move is
increased, the non-network components tend to behave in the same
manner as the network components. Moreover, since the non-network
components (terminal chains) easily move, the non-network
components tend to be adsorbed on the active sites of the first
carbon material. It is considered that these phenomena decrease the
number of non-network components. Therefore, the fraction (fnn) of
components having the second spin-spin relaxation time becomes
smaller than that of the elastomer which does not contain the first
carbon material. In particular, when mixing the first carbon
material into the elastomer containing the substance including the
element Y, the fraction (fnn) of components having the second
spin-spin relaxation time is further reduced in comparison with the
elastomer containing only the first carbon material.
[0088] Therefore, the composite elastomer according to one
embodiment of the invention preferably has values measured by the
Hahn-echo method using the pulsed NMR technique within the
following range.
[0089] Specifically, it is preferable that, in the uncrosslinked
form, the first spin-spin relaxation time (T2n) measured at
150.degree. C. be 100 to 3,000 .mu.sec, the second spin-spin
relaxation time (T2nn) measured at 150.degree. C. be absent or
1,000 to 10,000 .mu.sec, and the fraction (fnn) of components
having the second spin-spin relaxation time be less than 0.2.
[0090] The spin-lattice relaxation time (T1) measured by the
Hahn-echo method using the pulsed NMR technique is a measure which
indicates the molecular mobility of a substance in the same manner
as the spin-spin relaxation time (T2). In more detail, the shorter
the spin-lattice relaxation time of the elastomer, the lower the
molecular mobility and the harder the elastomer. The longer the
spin-lattice relaxation time of the elastomer, the higher the
molecular mobility and the softer the elastomer.
[0091] The composite elastomer according to one embodiment of the
invention preferably has a flow temperature, determined by
temperature dependence measurement of dynamic viscoelasticity,
20.degree. C. or more higher than the flow temperature of the raw
material elastomer. In the composite elastomer according to one
embodiment of the invention, the substance including the element Y
and the carbon material are uniformly dispersed in the elastomer.
In other words, the elastomer is restrained by the first carbon
material as described above. In this state, the elastomer exhibits
molecular motion smaller than that of the elastomer which does not
contain the first carbon material, whereby the flowability is
decreased. The composite elastomer according to one embodiment of
the invention having such flow temperature characteristics shows a
small temperature dependence of dynamic viscoelasticity to exhibit
excellent thermal resistance.
(F) Step (b) of Heat-Treating Composite Elastomer to Produce Second
Carbon Material
[0092] The second carbon material, in which the first carbon
material is dispersed around the substance including the element Y,
can be produced by the step (b) of heat-treating the composite
elastomer to vaporize the elastomer included in the composite
elastomer. The second carbon material activated by the step (a) is
produced by the step (b) of vaporizing the elastomer. Since the
surface of the second carbon material has been activated by free
radicals of the elastomer molecules shorn by the step (a), the
surface of the second carbon material can easily bond to the
substance including the element Y in the step (c), for example.
[0093] The heat treatment conditions may be arbitrarily selected
depending on the type of the elastomer used. The heat treatment
temperature is set at a point equal to or higher than the
vaporization temperature of the elastomer and lower than the
vaporization temperature of the first carbon material.
[0094] The step (b) is performed in the presence of a substance
including the element X so that the second carbon material in which
the element X bonds to the carbon atom of the first carbon material
can be obtained. For example, the composite elastomer may include
the substance including the element X, and the element X may be
caused to bond to the carbon atom of the first carbon material by
the heat treatment in the step (b). Or, the step (b) may be
performed in an atmosphere containing the substance including the
element X so that the element X is caused to bond to the carbon
atom of the first carbon material, for example.
[0095] The element X is an element which easily bonds to the carbon
material via a covalent bond and is a light element with a valence
of preferably two or more. The element X may include at least one
element selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, and phosphorus. The
element X is preferably oxygen or nitrogen. In particular, since
oxygen is present in air, oxygen can be easily used in the heat
treatment in the step (b). Moreover, oxygen easily reacts with the
activated first carbon material such as a radical of carbon
nanofiber. Therefore, it is preferable to use oxygen as the element
X. Moreover, since oxygen easily bonds to a metal material such as
magnesium, the second carbon material to which oxygen bonds can
easily bond to the metal or semimetal element Y.
[0096] When using oxygen as the element X, the atmosphere used for
the heat treatment in the step (b) may contain oxygen. When using
nitrogen as the element X, the step (b) may be carried out in an
ammonium gas atmosphere. When using boron or phosphorus as the
element X, the substance including the element X may be mixed into
the elastomer before the step (b). In this case, the substance
including the element X may be mixed during mixing in the step (a),
for example.
[0097] In the step (b) according to one embodiment of the
invention, the composite elastomer obtained by the step (a) is
disposed in a heat treatment furnace, and the atmosphere inside the
furnace is heated to the vaporization temperature of the elastomer
(e.g. 500.degree. C.). The elastomer is vaporized by heating and
the surface of the first carbon material activated by the step (a)
bonds to the element X included in the atmosphere inside the
furnace or in the elastomer, whereby the surface-treated second
carbon material can be produced. Since the surface of the second
carbon material has been activated by free radicals of the
elastomer molecules shorn by the step (a), the surface of the
second carbon material can easily bond to oxygen present in the
atmosphere inside the furnace, for example. Since the surface of
the second carbon material thus obtained has been oxidized and
activated, the second carbon material easily bonds to the metal or
semimetal element Y. In addition, since the surface of the second
carbon material has been activated by the reaction with the
radicals of the elastomer, the surface of the second carbon
material easily bonds to the element Y even if the element X is not
used.
(G) Step (c) of Heat-Treating Second Carbon Material Together with
Substance Including Element Y to Vaporize Substance Including
Element Y
[0098] The carbon-based material according to the invention can be
produced by the step (c) of heat-treating the second carbon
material obtained by the step (b) together with the substance
including the element Y having a melting point lower than the
melting point of the first carbon material to vaporize the
substance including the element Y.
[0099] The heat treatment temperature in the step (c) is set at a
point higher than the heat treatment temperature in the step (b),
equal to or higher than the vaporization temperature of the
substance including the element Y, and lower than the vaporization
temperature of the first carbon material. The heat treatment in the
step (c) may be performed at the same time as the step (b) by
setting the heat treatment temperature in the step (b) at a point
equal to or higher than the vaporization temperature of the
substance including the element Y, or the step (b) may be performed
in the process of increasing the temperature from room temperature
to the heat treatment temperature in the step (c).
[0100] When the second carbon material obtained by the step (b) and
the substance including the element Y are heated to a temperature
equal to or higher than the vaporization temperature of the
substance including the element Y in a heat treatment furnace, the
substance including the element Y is vaporized so that the element
Y bonds to the surface of the second carbon material or the element
Y bonds to the element X bonded to the surface of the second carbon
material to obtain the carbon-based material according to the
invention.
[0101] The substance including the element Y may be mixed into the
composite elastomer in advance by mixing the substance including
the element Y and the elastomer in the step (a) as stated above, or
may not be mixed into the composite elastomer. When the substance
including the element Y is not mixed into the composite elastomer
in advance, the substance including the element Y may be disposed
in a heat treatment furnace in the step (c) in addition to the
second carbon material. The element Y vaporized by the heat
treatment bonds to the element X bonded to the surface of the
second carbon material. In the step (c), a desired carbon-based
material can be obtained by disposing the second carbon material in
the presence of the substance including the element Y which has
been vaporized.
[0102] The vaporized element Y easily bonds to the element X on the
surface of the second carbon material so that a compound of the
element X and the element Y is produced. The element X prevents
direct bonding between the element Y and the first carbon material.
For example, when the element Y is aluminum, if the first carbon
material directly bonds to aluminum, a substance which easily
reacts with water, such as Al.sub.4C.sub.3, is produced. Therefore,
it is preferable to perform the step (b) of causing the element X
to bond to the surface of the first carbon material before the step
(c) of vaporizing the material Y.
[0103] The surface of the carbon-based material (e.g. carbon
nanofiber) thus obtained has a structure in which the carbon atom
of the carbon nanofiber bonds to the element X and the element X
bonds to the element Y. Therefore, the surface of the carbon-based
material (e.g. carbon nanofiber) has a structure in which the
surface is covered with the compound layer (e.g. oxide layer) of
carbon and the element X and is also covered with the reaction
product layer of the element X and the element Y (e.g. magnesium).
The surface structure of the carbon-based material may be analyzed
by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) or energy dispersive
spectrum (EDS) analysis.
(H) Step (d) of Obtaining Composite Material by Using Carbon-Based
Material
[0104] In the step (d) according to one embodiment of the
invention, the carbon-based material obtained according to the
above-described embodiment is mixed with a matrix material to
produce a composite material in which the carbon material is
dispersed in the matrix material.
[0105] As the matrix material, a metal used in a general casting
process may be selected. In particular, light metals such as
aluminum and an aluminum alloy and magnesium and a magnesium alloy
are preferable.
[0106] In the step (d), various forming methods such as methods
described below may be employed.
(d-1) Powder Forming Method
[0107] A powder forming step of the composite material according to
one embodiment of the invention may be performed by powder forming
the carbon-based material obtained by the above-described step (c).
In more detail, the carbon-based material obtained according to the
above-described embodiment is compressed in a die after mixing with
the matrix material, and sintered at the sintering temperature of
the matrix material (e.g. 550.degree. C. when the matrix material
is aluminum) to obtain a composite material, for example.
[0108] The powder forming according to one embodiment of the
invention is the same as powder forming in a metal forming process
and involves powder metallurgy. The powder forming according to one
embodiment of the invention not only includes the case of using a
powder raw material, but also includes the case of using a raw
material formed in the shape of a block by compression-preforming
the carbon-based material. As the powder forming method, a general
sintering method, a spark plasma sintering (SPS) method using a
plasma sintering device, or the like may be employed.
[0109] The carbon-based material and particles of the matrix
material may be mixed by dry blending, wet blending, or the like.
When using wet blending, it is preferable to mix (wet-blend) the
matrix material with the powder of the carbon-based material in a
solvent. Even when the carbon-based material maintains the external
shape of the composite elastomer due to bonding between the
elements Y, since the bonding force between the elements Y is
small, the carbon-based material can be easily ground. Therefore,
since the carbon-based material which is ground to powder such as
particles or fibers can be used when dry blending or wet blending
the carbon-based material, the carbon-based material is easily
utilized for metalworking.
[0110] The composite material produced by such powder forming is
obtained in a state in which the carbon-based material is dispersed
in the matrix material. The particles of the matrix material used
in the step (d) may be formed of a material containing the element
Y or a material which does not contain the element Y. A composite
material having desired properties can be produced by adjusting the
mixing ratio of the carbon-based material to the matrix
material.
(d-2) Casting Method
[0111] A casting step of the composite material may be performed by
mixing the carbon-based material obtained according to the
above-described embodiment into the matrix material such as a
molten metal, and casting the mixture in a die having a desired
shape, for example. In the casting step, a metal mold casting
method, a diecasting method, or a low-pressure casting method, in
which a molten metal is poured into a die made of steel, may be
employed. A method classified into a special casting method, such
as a high-pressure casting method in which a molten metal is caused
to solidify at a high pressure, a thixocasting method in which a
molten metal is stirred, or a centrifugal casting method in which a
molten metal is cast into a die by utilizing centrifugal force, may
also be employed. In these casting methods, a molten matrix
material is caused to solidify in a die in a state in which the
carbon-based material is mixed into the molten matrix material to
form a composite material.
[0112] The molten matrix material used in the casting step may be
selected from metals used in a general casting process. In
particular, the molten matrix material may be appropriately
selected from light metals such as aluminum and an aluminum alloy
and magnesium and a magnesium alloy, either individually or in
combination of two or more, depending on the application. If the
metal used as the molten metal is a metal the same as the substance
including the element Y bonded to the carbon-based material, or an
alloy containing the identical element Y, the wettability with the
element Y is increased, whereby the strength of the composite
material as the product can be increased. When a material which
does not contain the element Y is used as the molten matrix
material, a composite material having desired properties can be
produced by adjusting the mixing ratio of the carbon-based material
to the molten matrix material.
(d-3) Permeation Method
[0113] In one embodiment of the invention, a casting step using a
pressureless permeation method which causes a molten metal to
permeate the carbon-based material is described below in detail
with reference to FIGS. 2 and 3.
[0114] FIGS. 2 and 3 are schematic configuration diagrams of a
device for producing a composite material by using the pressureless
permeation method. As the carbon-based material obtained according
to the above-described embodiment, a carbon-based material 4 which
is compression-preformed in a forming die having a desired shape
may be used. In FIG. 2, the carbon-based material 4 (e.g.
carbon-based material using carbon nanofibers as first carbon
material 40) formed in advance is placed in a sealed container 1. A
matrix material ingot such as an aluminum ingot 5 is disposed on
the carbon-based material 4. The carbon-based material 4 and the
aluminum ingot 5 disposed in the container 1 are heated to a
temperature equal to or higher than the melting point of aluminum
by using heating means (not shown) provided in the container 1. The
heated aluminum ingot 5 is melted to form molten aluminum (molten
metal). The molten aluminum permeates the space in the carbon-based
material 4.
[0115] The carbon-based material 4 according to one embodiment of
the invention is formed to have a space which allows the molten
aluminum to rapidly permeate the entire carbon-based material 4 by
a capillary phenomenon when compression-preforming the carbon-based
material 4. If the carbon-based material 4 maintains a certain
shape, the carbon-based material 4 may not be
compression-preformed. The molten aluminum permeates the
carbon-based material 4 so that the carbon-based material 4 is
completely filled with the molten aluminum. Then, heating using the
heating means of the container 1 is terminated so that the molten
metal which has permeated the carbon-based material 4 is cooled and
solidified to obtain a composite material 6, as shown in FIG. 3, in
which the carbon-based material 4 is uniformly dispersed. The
carbon-based material 4 is preferably produced by selecting the
element Y which easily bonds to the molten metal.
[0116] The atmosphere inside the container 1 may be removed by
decompression means 2 such as a vacuum pump connected with the
container 1 before heating the container 1. Nitrogen gas may be
introduced into the container 1 from inert-gas supply means 3 such
as a nitrogen gas cylinder connected with the container 1.
[0117] In one embodiment of the invention, the carbon-based
material compression-preformed into a desired shape in advance is
used. However, the permeation method may be performed by placing
the carbon-based material which is ground to particles in a die
having a desired shape, and placing the matrix material ingot on
the carbon-based material.
[0118] The above-described embodiment illustrates the pressureless
permeation method. However, a pressure permeation method which
applies pressure by utilizing the pressure of an atmosphere such as
an inert gas may also be used, for example.
[0119] As described above, since the element Y bonds to the surface
of the carbon-based material in the composite material, the
carbon-based material has improved wettability. Since the
carbon-based material has sufficient wettability with the molten
matrix material, a homogenous composite material of which the
difference of the mechanical properties is decreased over the
entire material is obtained.
[0120] Examples according to the invention and comparative examples
are described below. However, the invention is not limited to the
following examples.
EXAMPLES 1 to 3 AND COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 1
(1) Preparation of Sample
(a) Preparation of Uncrosslinked Sample (Composite Elastomer)
[0121] Step 1: Open rolls with a roll diameter of six inches (roll
temperature: 10 to 20.degree. C.) were provided with a
predetermined amount (100 g) of a polymer substance (100 parts by
weight (phr)) shown in Table 1, and the polymer substance was wound
around the roll.
[0122] Step 2: A substance including the element Y was added to the
polymer substance in an amount (parts by weight) shown in Table 1.
The roll distance was set at 1.5 mm. The type of the substance
including the element Y added is described later.
[0123] Step 3: A first carbon material ("CNT" in Table 1) was added
to the polymer substance containing the substance including the
element Y in an amount (parts by weight) shown in Table 1. The roll
distance was set at 1.5 mm.
[0124] Step 4: After the addition of the first carbon material, the
mixture of the polymer substance and the first carbon material was
removed from the rolls.
[0125] Step 5: After reducing the roll distance from 1.5 mm to 0.3
mm, the mixture was supplied and tight milled. The surface velocity
ratio of the two rolls was set at 1.1. The tight milling was
repeatedly performed ten times.
[0126] Step 6: After setting the rolls at a predetermined distance
(1.1 mm), the mixture subjected to tight milling was supplied and
sheeted.
[0127] Uncrosslinked samples of composite elastomers of Examples 1
to 3 were thus obtained.
[0128] As the substance including the element Y in Examples 1 to 3,
magnesium particles (average particle diameter: 50 .mu.m) were
used. As the first carbon material in Examples 1 to 3 and the
carbon material in Comparative Example 1, carbon nanofibers (CNT)
having a diameter (fiber diameter) of about 10 to 20 nm were
used.
(b) Preparation of Second Carbon Material
[0129] The uncrosslinked sample (composite elastomer) obtained by
(a) in each of Examples 1 to 3 was heat-treated for two hours in a
heat treatment furnace containing a nitrogen atmosphere at a
temperature equal to or higher than the vaporization temperature of
the elastomer (500.degree. C.) to vaporize the elastomer to obtain
a second carbon material.
(c) Preparation of Carbon-Based Material
[0130] The second carbon material obtained by (b) in each of
Examples 1 to 3 was heat-treated for one hour in the heat treatment
furnace at a temperature equal to or higher than the vaporization
temperature (570.degree. C.) of the substance including the element
Y (magnesium) to vaporize the substance including the element Y
(magnesium) to obtain a carbon-based material.
(d) Preparation of Composite Material
[0131] 10 g of powder of the carbon-based material obtained by (c)
in each of Examples 1 to 3 and 500 g of aluminum powder were mixed
by using a ball mill. The resulting mixed powder was
compression-formed in the shape of a block having dimensions of
30.times.40.times.20 mm. After placing an aluminum ingot (purity:
99.85%) on the formed product, the formed product and the aluminum
ingot were disposed in a heat treatment furnace containing a
nitrogen atmosphere. The atmosphere inside the heat treatment
furnace was heated to 750.degree. C. to cause the aluminum ingot to
melt and permeate the compression-formed product to obtain a
composite material. The carbon nanofiber content of the composite
material was 1.6 vol %. As the aluminum powder, aluminum particles
having a purity of 99.85% and an average particle diameter of 28
.mu.m were used.
[0132] In Comparative Example 1, carbon nanofibers and aluminum
powder were mixed by using a ball mill, and aluminum was caused to
permeate the formed product in the same manner as described above
to obtain a composite material of Comparative Example 1.
(2) Measurement Using Pulsed NMR Technique
[0133] The uncrosslinked sample was subjected to measurement by the
Hahn-echo method using the pulsed NMR technique. The measurement
was conducted using "JMN-MU25" manufactured by JEOL, Ltd. The
measurement was conducted under conditions of an observing nucleus
of .sup.1H, a resonance frequency of 25 MHz, and a 90-degree pulse
width of 2 .mu.sec, and a decay curve was determined while changing
Pi in the pulse sequence (90.degree. x-Pi-180.degree. x) of the
Hahn-echo method. The sample was measured in a state in which the
sample was inserted into a sample tube in an appropriate magnetic
field range. The measurement temperature was 150.degree. C. The
first spin-spin relaxation time (T2n), the second spin-spin
relaxation time (T2nn), and the fraction (fnn) of components having
the second spin-spin relaxation time were determined for the raw
material elastomer and the uncrosslinked sample of the composite
elastomer. The first spin-spin relaxation time (T2n) at a
measurement temperature of 30.degree. C. was also measured for the
raw material elastomer. The measurement results are shown in Table
1. The second spin-spin relaxation time (T2nn) was not detected in
Examples 1 to 3. Therefore, the fraction (fnn) of components having
the second spin-spin relaxation time was zero.
(3) Measurement of Flow Temperature
[0134] The flow temperature was determined for the raw material
elastomer and the uncrosslinked sample of the composite elastomer
by dynamic viscoelasticity measurement (JIS K 6394). In more
detail, the flow temperature was determined by applying a sine
vibration (.+-.0. 1% or less) to the sample having a width of 5 mm,
a length of 40 mm, and a thickness of 1 mm, and measuring the
stress and phase difference 6 generated by applying the sine
vibration. The temperature was changed from -70.degree. C. to
150.degree. C. at a temperature rise rate of 2.degree. C./min. The
results are shown in Table 1. In Table 1, the case where the flow
phenomenon of the sample was not observed up to 150.degree. C. is
indicated as "150.degree. C. or higher".
(4) XPS Analysis of Carbon-Based Material
[0135] Table 1 shows XPS analysis results of the carbon-based
materials obtained by (c) in Examples 1 to 3 and the carbon
nanofibers of Comparative Example 1. In Table 1, the case where the
presence of a carbon-oxygen bond was confirmed on the surface of
the carbon-based material is indicated as "surface oxidation", and
the case where the presence of a carbon-oxygen bond was not
confirmed is indicated as "none". FIG. 4 shows a schematic diagram
of XPS data on the carbon-based material of Example 1. A first line
segment 50 indicates a double bond "C.dbd.O", a second line segment
60 indicates a single bond "C--O", and a third line segment 70
indicates a carbon-carbon bond.
(5) EDS Analysis of Carbon-Based Material
[0136] Table 1 shows EDS analysis results of the composite
materials obtained by (d) in Examples 1 to 3 and the carbon
nanofibers of Comparative Example 1. In Table 1, the case where the
presence of magnesium was confirmed around the carbon-based
material is indicated as "Mg", and the case where the presence of
magnesium was not confirmed is indicated as "none". FIGS. 5, 6, and
7 show EPS data on the carbon-based material of Example 1. FIGS. 5
to 7 show image data obtained by the EDS analysis. Since the
presence or absence of elements is unclear in the black-and-white
image, negative-positive inversion processing was performed. The
black area in FIG. 5 indicates the presence of carbon, that is, the
carbon nanofiber as the first carbon material. The black area in
FIG. 6 indicates the presence of oxygen. The black (dark) area in
FIG. 7 indicates the presence of magnesium.
(6) Measurement of Compressive Yield Strength of Composite
Material
[0137] 10.times.10 mm samples with a thickness of 5 mm were
prepared from the composite materials obtained by (d) in Examples 1
to 3 and the composite material of Comparative Example 1. The 0.2%
yield strength (.sigma.0.2) of the samples when compressing the
samples at 0.01 mm/min was measured. The maximum value, minimum
value, and mean value (MPa) of the compressive yield strength were
determined. The results are shown in Table 1. TABLE-US-00001 TABLE
1 Comparative Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 Example 1 Raw material
elastomer Polymer substance Natural rubber (NR) EPDM Nitrile rubber
(NBR) -- Polar group Double bond Double bond Nitrile group --
Norbornene Average molecular weight 3,000,000 200,000 3,000,000 --
T2n (30.degree. C.) (.mu.sec) 700 520 300 -- T2n (150.degree. C.)
(.mu.sec) 5500 2200 1780 -- T2nn (150.degree. C.) (.mu.sec) 18000
16000 13700 -- fnn (150.degree. C.) 0.381 0.405 0.133 -- Flow
temperature (.degree. C.) 40 55 80 -- Amount Polymer (phr) 100 100
100 0 Magnesium (phr) 2 2 2 0 CNT (phr) 10 10 10 100 Composite
elastomer Flow temperature (.degree. C.) 150.degree. C. or higher
150.degree. C. or higher 150.degree. C. or higher -- (uncrosslinked
sample) T2n (150.degree. C.) (.mu.sec) 1850 1760 1230 -- T2nn
(150.degree. C.) (.mu.sec) None None None -- fnn (150.degree. C.) 0
0 0 -- AT1 (msec/CNT 1 vol %) 15.9 16.5 14.2 -- XPS analysis result
Oxygen on surface of Surface oxidation Surface oxidation Surface
oxidation None carbon-based material EDS analysis result Magnesium
on surface of Mg Mg Mg Mg carbon-based material Compressive yield
strength Maximum value (MPa) 460 450 455 75 of composite material
Mean value (MPa) 445 430 435 50 Minimum value (MPa) 430 410 420
25
[0138] From the results shown in Table 1, the following items were
confirmed by Examples 1 to 3 according to the invention.
Specifically, the spin-spin relaxation times at 150.degree. C.
(T2n/150.degree. C. and T2nn/150.degree. C.) of the uncrosslinked
sample (composite elastomer) containing the substance including the
element Y and the first carbon material are shorter than those of
the raw material elastomer which does not contain the substance
including the element Y and the first carbon material. The fraction
(fnn/150.degree. C.) of the uncrosslinked sample (composite
elastomer) containing the substance including the element Y and the
first carbon material is smaller than that of the raw material
elastomer which does not contain the substance including the
element Y and the first carbon material. These results suggest that
the first carbon material is uniformly dispersed in the composite
elastomer according to the example.
[0139] The flow temperature of the composite elastomer
(uncrosslinked sample) containing the substance including the
element Y and the carbon-based material is 20.degree. C. or more
higher than that of the raw material elastomer. Therefore, it is
understood that the composite elastomer has a small temperature
dependence of dynamic viscoelasticity and exhibits excellent
thermal resistance.
[0140] From the XPS analysis results of the carbon-based materials
of Examples 1 to 3, it was found that the surface of the second
carbon material is oxidized.
[0141] From the EDS analysis results of the carbon-based materials
of Examples 1 to 3, it was found that oxygen and magnesium exist
around the carbon-based material.
[0142] It was found that the compressive yield strength of the
composite formed products of Examples 1 to 3 is significantly
higher in the minimum value and the maximum value than the
compressive yield strength of the composite material of Comparative
Example 1. While the maximum value and the minimum value of the
compressive yield strength of the composite formed products of
Examples 1 to 3 differ from the mean value in the range of .+-.5%,
the maximum value and the minimum value of the compressive yield
strength of the composite material of Comparative Example 1 differ
from the mean value in the range of .+-.50%. Therefore, it was
found that the composite materials of Examples 1 to 3 are entirely
homogenous.
[0143] It was found that the homogenous composite materials, in
which the carbon-based materials of Examples 1 to 3 are uniformly
dispersed in aluminum as the matrix material, were obtained. It was
also found that the wettability between the carbon-based material
and aluminum was improved as indicated by the significant increase
in the compressive yield strength.
[0144] Although only some embodiments of the present invention have
been described in detail above, those skilled in the art will
readily appreciate that many modifications are possible in the
embodiments without materially departing from the novel teachings
and advantages of this invention. Accordingly, all such
modifications are intended to be included within scope of this
invention.
* * * * *