U.S. patent application number 11/026614 was filed with the patent office on 2006-07-06 for low refractive index fluoropolymer compositions having improved coating and durability properties.
Invention is credited to Chuntao Cao, William D. Coggio, Naiyong Jing, Thomas P. Klun, Lan H. Liu, George G.I. Moore, Joan M. Noyola, Patricia M. Savu, Sharon Wang.
Application Number | 20060148996 11/026614 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 36206136 |
Filed Date | 2006-07-06 |
United States Patent
Application |
20060148996 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Coggio; William D. ; et
al. |
July 6, 2006 |
Low refractive index fluoropolymer compositions having improved
coating and durability properties
Abstract
A low refractive index composition that forms a low refractive
index layer on an optical display is formed having a co-crosslinked
interpenetrating polymer network of a fluoropolymer phase and an
acrylate phase. The fluoropolymer phase is preferably formed from
fluoropolymers based on THV or FKM and having either a degree of
unsaturation and/or containing a reactive cure site monomer in its
polymer backbone. The acrylate phase includes a multifunctional
acrylate crosslinker, and more preferably includes a
perfluoropolyether acrylate crosslinker. The formed low refractive
index layer has improved interfacial adhesion to other layers or
substrates contained in the optical display. Further, the
mechanical strength and scratch resistance of the either of above
low refractive index compositions can be further enhanced through
the incorporation of surface functionalized inorganic particle into
the formed layer.
Inventors: |
Coggio; William D.; (Hudson,
WI) ; Klun; Thomas P.; (Lakeland, MN) ; Moore;
George G.I.; (Afton, MN) ; Jing; Naiyong;
(Woodbury, MN) ; Cao; Chuntao; (Woodbury, MN)
; Wang; Sharon; (Saint Paul, MN) ; Savu; Patricia
M.; (Maplewood, MN) ; Liu; Lan H.; (Rosemount,
MN) ; Noyola; Joan M.; (Maplewood, MN) |
Correspondence
Address: |
3M INNOVATIVE PROPERTIES COMPANY
PO BOX 33427
ST. PAUL
MN
55133-3427
US
|
Family ID: |
36206136 |
Appl. No.: |
11/026614 |
Filed: |
December 30, 2004 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
525/276 |
Current CPC
Class: |
Y10T 428/24942 20150115;
C08F 14/18 20130101; C09D 151/003 20130101; C08L 51/003 20130101;
C08L 51/003 20130101; Y10T 428/259 20150115; C09D 151/003 20130101;
C08L 2666/02 20130101; C08F 283/00 20130101; C08F 259/08 20130101;
G02B 1/111 20130101; C08L 2666/02 20130101; C08F 2/00 20130101;
Y10T 428/31935 20150401; Y10T 428/3154 20150401; Y10T 428/31544
20150401; C08F 14/18 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
525/276 |
International
Class: |
C08F 259/00 20060101
C08F259/00 |
Claims
1. A low refractive index material for use in an antireflective
coating for an optical display, the low refractive index material
comprising the reaction product of: a functional fluoropolymer
phase comprising a fluoropolymer having a small portion of
unsaturation; and an acrylate phase, said fluoropolymer phase and
said multifunctional acrylate phase reacting to form a
co-crosslinked interpenetrating polymer network.
2. The low refractive index material of claim 1, wherein said
functional fluoropolymer phase comprises an amorphous fluoropolymer
composition having a small portion of unsaturation.
3. The low refractive index of claim 2, wherein said functional
fluoropolymer phase further comprises a crystalline fluoropolymer
composition.
4. The low refractive index of claim 2, wherein said functional
fluoropolymer phase further comprises a crystalline fluoropolymer
composition having a small portion of unsaturation.
5. The low refractive index material of claim 2, wherein said
amorphous fluoropolymer composition having a small portion of
unsaturation comprises an amorphous fluoropolymer composition
having a small portion of unsaturation and further having
interpolymerized units derived from vinylidene fluoride and
hexafluoropropylene.
6. The low refractive index material of claim 2, wherein said
amorphous fluoropolymer composition having a small portion of
unsaturation comprises a THE copolymer having a small portion of
unsaturation.
7. The low refractive index material of claim 2, wherein said
amorphous fluoropolymer composition comprises an amorphous
fluoropolymer composition having at least one reactive cure site
monomer and having a small portion of unsaturation.
8. The low refractive index material of claim 2, wherein said
amorphous fluoropolymer composition comprises an amorphous
fluoropolymer composition having a halogen-containing cure site
monomer and having a small portion of unsaturation.
9. The low refractive index material of claim 2, wherein said
amorphous fluoropolymer composition having a small portion of
unsaturation comprises a VDF-chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer
having a small portion of unsaturation.
10. The low refractive index material of claim 1, wherein said
functional fluoropolymer phase comprises a crystalline
fluoropolymer composition having a small portion of
unsaturation.
11. The low refractive index material of claim 10, wherein said
crystalline fluoropolymer composition comprises THV having a small
portion of unsaturation.
12. The low refractive index material of claim 10, wherein said
crystalline fluoropolymer composition having a small portion of
unsaturation comprises a crystalline fluoropolymer composition
having a small portion of unsaturation and having at least one
reactive cure site monomer.
13. The low refractive index material of claim 10, wherein said
crystalline fluoropolymer composition having a small portion of
unsaturation comprises a halogen-containing crystalline
fluoropolymer composition having a small portion of
unsaturation.
14. The low refractive index material of claim 1, wherein said low
refractive index composition further comprises a plurality of
surface modified inorganic nanoparticles.
15. The low refractive index material of claim 14, wherein said
plurality of surface modified inorganic nanoparticles comprises a
plurality of surface modified silica particles.
16. The low refractive index material of claim 1, wherein said
acrylate phase comprises a multifunctional acrylate crosslinker
composition.
17. The low refractive index material of claim 16, wherein said
multifunctional acrylate crosslinker composition comprises
trimethylolpropane triacrylate.
18. The low refractive index material of claim 16, wherein said
multifunctional acrylate crosslinker composition comprises
pentaerythritol tri/tetraacrylate.
19. The low refractive index material of claim 16, wherein said
multifunctional acrylate crosslinker composition comprises
dipentaerythritol pentaacrylate.
20. The low refractive index material of claim 1, wherein said
acrylate phase comprises a fluorinated acrylate composition.
Description
TECHNICAL FIELD AND INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The present invention relates to antireflection films and
more specifically to low refractive index fluoropolymer
compositions for use in antireflection films.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Antireflective polymer films ("AR films") are becoming
increasingly important in the display industry. New applications
are being developed for low reflective films applied to substrates
of articles used in the computer, television, appliance, mobile
phone, aerospace and automotive industries.
[0003] The physical principles by which anti-reflection films and
coatings function are well known. Several overviews can be found,
for example, in Optical Engineering, S. Muskiant Ed, Vol. 6.,
Optical Materials, Chap. 7, p 161, 1985 and as shown in U.S. Pat.
No. 3,833,368 to Land, et al. AR films are preferably constructed
of alternating high and low refractive index ("RI") polymer layers
of the correct optical thickness. With regards to visible light,
this thickness is on the order of one-quarter of the wavelength of
the light to be reflected. The human eye is most sensitive to light
around 550 nm. Therefore it is desirable to design the low and high
index coating thicknesses in a manner which minimizes the amount of
reflected light in this optical range. Desirable product features
in AR films for use on optical goods are a low percentage of
reflected light (e.g. 1.5% or lower) and durability to scratches
and abrasions. These features are obtained in AR constructions by
maximizing the delta RI between the polymer layers while
maintaining or improving other critical material properties such as
low coefficient of friction, high hardness and strong adhesion
between the polymer layers. In addition to these types of
performance features, it is necessary to process these materials by
an economically favorable manufacturing process. Although inorganic
materials, such as indium tin oxide ("ITO"), possess both high
index and hardness, they are difficult and expensive to process
into continuous films. Often times these materials require vacuum
or chemical vapor deposition techniques. Moreover such metalized
surfaces often reflect blue light and therefore optical substrates
with such materials are slightly colored and therefore have
compromised viewing cosmetics. In order to improve on these
processing limitations of high index metal surfaces, new polymeric
materials based on polycarbonate or polyesters can be used. However
these materials do not have as high of refractive index as
metalized surfaces and therefore there is a need for improved low
refractive index materials with improved durability. Such materials
can be used in conjunction with high index polymers to maximize the
delta refractive index between the layers and minimize the amount
of reflected light.
[0004] As described in Groh and Zimmerman, Macromolecules, Vol. 24
p. 6660 (1991), it is known that fluorine containing materials have
an inherently low refractive index and are therefore useful in AR
films. Fluoropolymers provide additional advantages over
conventional hydrocarbon-based materials such as relatively high
chemical inertness (in terms of acid and base resistance), dirt and
stain resistance (due to low surface energy) low moisture
absorption, and resistance to weather and solar conditions.
However, fluoropolymers tend to have relatively low hardness and
poor abrasion and wear resistance properties compared to
hydrocarbon polymers such as polymethylmethacrylate ("PMMA").
[0005] The refractive index of fluorinated polymer coatings is
generally dependent upon the volume percentage of fluorine
contained within the coating layer. Increased fluorine content in
the layers typically decreases the refractive index of the coating.
Several examples of AR coatings using fluoropolymers and fluorine
containing materials can be found in the invention of Fung and Ko
(U.S. Pat. No. 5,846,650), Savu (U.S. Pat. No. 5,148,511), Choi et
al (U.S. Pat. No. 6,379,788), and Suzuki (U.S. Pat. No. 6,343,865),
which are herein incorporated by reference. Although it is
desirable to increase the fluorine content of the low refractive
index coating in order to decrease the refractive index, an
increase in fluorine content of the low index coating composition
tends to decrease the surface energy of the polymer, which in turn
can result in poor coating and optical cosmetic properties.
Furthermore, low surface energy polymers can reduce the interfacial
adhesion between the low refractive index layer and a high
refractive index layer. A loss in interfacial adhesion between
these layers will compromise the AR film durability.
[0006] The use of interpenetrating or semi-interpenetrating polymer
networks between fluoropolymers and acrylate monomers have been
previously described, for example, in EP 570254 (Kumar et al.) and
WO9406837 (Bogaert et al.), which is herein incorporated by
reference, for use in stain resistant, flexible, high gloss
ultraviolet radiation curable floor coatings. The fluoropolymer
component of the floor coating provides excellent weatherability,
high temperature performance and stain resistant properties, while
the introduction of the acrylate monomers aid in adhering the
polymer material to the vinyl substrates, therein improving the
durability of the coating. Further, the acrylate monomers improve
the hardness of the resultant coatings. While these coatings are
ideally suited for floor coatings, they have never been
investigated for use in antireflection film layers.
[0007] Thus, it is highly desirable to form a low refractive index
layer for an antireflection film having increased fluorine content,
and hence lower refractive index, while improving interfacial
adhesion to accompanying high index layers or substrates. The
resultant AR film thereby has improved abrasion resistance as
compared with low refractive index coatings formed in accordance
with the prior art described above.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0008] The present invention provides a composition and method for
forming a low refractive index layer for use in an antireflective
film that addresses these issues. Further, the present invention
provides an optical device having such a low refractive index layer
as a portion of its antireflective film.
[0009] The low refractive index fluoropolymer compositions of the
AR films described in this invention are derived from an
interpenetrating polymer network or semi-interpenetrating polymer
network which comprises a reactive fluoroplastic and/or a
fluoroelastomer (i.e. the functional fluoropolymer phase) blended
with multi-functional acrylates (i.e. the acrylate phase) such as
trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA) and optionally additional
fluorinated mono-functional acrylates or multi-functional
fluorinated acrylates which can be coated and cured by ultraviolet
light or by thermal means. The presence of an acrylate crosslinker
provides a composition with both low refractive index and improved
adhesion to high index polymer substrates such as polyethylene
terephthalate ("PET") or hard coated PET films.
[0010] The coating mixture describe herein comprises a reactive
high molecular weight fluoropolymers which can participate in the
crosslinking reactions between the monomeric multi-functional
acrylates. This enhances the crosslinkability of the fluoropolymer
phase to the forming polyacrylate phase and produces a
co-crosslinked, interpenetrating or semi-interpenetrating polymer
network with enhanced interfacial contact between the high index
layer and the low index layer and thereby improved durability and
low refractive index.
[0011] Further, improvements in the mechanical strength and scratch
resistance of the low refractive index compositions can be enhanced
through the incorporation of surface functionalized nanoparticles
into the fluoropolymer compositions. Providing functionality to the
nanoparticles further enhances the interactions between the
fluoropolymers and such functionalized particles.
[0012] Other objects and advantages of the present invention will
become apparent upon considering the following detailed description
and appended claims, and upon reference to the accompanying
drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0013] FIG. 1 is perspective view of an article having an optical
display; and
[0014] FIG. 2 is a sectional view of the article of FIG. 1 taken
along line 2-2 illustrating an antireflection film having a low
refractive index layer formed in accordance with a preferred
embodiment of the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION AND PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION
[0015] For the following defined terms, these definitions shall be
applied, unless a different definition is given in the claims or
elsewhere in the specification.
[0016] The term "polymer" will be understood to include polymers,
copolymers (e.g. polymers using two or more different monomers),
oligomers and combinations thereof, as well as polymers, oligomers,
or copolymers that are useful to form the interpenetrating polymer
network ("IPN") or semi-interpenetrating polymer network
("semi-IPN").
[0017] The term IPN refers to a broad class of polymer blends in
which one polymer is mixed or polymerized in the presence of
another polymer or monomer mixture. The polymers can form a variety
of molecular phases consisting of co-crosslinked phases,
thermoplastic (crystalline phases), mechanically cross-linked
phases, e.g. by means of chain entanglement or co-crosslinked
networks in which the two different polymer phases have chemical
crosslinking between the polymer phases.
[0018] The term semi-IPN, refers specifically to a blended polymer
network where only one component of the polymer mixture is
covalently crosslinked to itself.
[0019] The term co-crosslinked IPN, or co-crosslinked semi-IPN,
refers to the special case where both polymer networks can react in
such a manner to form a co-crosslinked polymer blend. Specific
descriptions can be found in such references as IPNs Around the
World-Science and Engineering, by Kim and Sperling Eds, Wiley
Science, 1997 Chapter 1.
[0020] The term "low refractive index", for the purposes of the
present invention, shall generally mean a material, when applied as
a layer to a substrate, forms a coating layer having a refractive
index of less than about 1.5, and more preferably less than about
1.45, and most preferably less than about 1.42.
[0021] The term "high refractive index", for the purposes of the
present invention, shall generally mean a material, when applied as
a layer to a substrate, forms a coating layer having a refractive
index of greater than about 1.6.
[0022] However, in broader terms, all that is required in the
present invention is that the low refractive index layer is formed
having a refractive index less than a high refractive index layer.
Thus, coating layers wherein the low refractive index layer having
a refractive index slightly greater than about 1.5, when coupled
with a high refractive index layer having a refractive index
slightly less than about 1.6, wherein the refractive index of the
low refractive index layer is less than the refractive index of the
high refractive index layer, are also specifically contemplated and
encompassed by the present invention.
[0023] As used herein, the term ceramer is a composition having
inorganic oxide particles, e.g. silica, of nanometer dimensions
dispersed in a binder matrix. The phrase "ceramer composition" is
meant to indicate a ceramer formulation in accordance with the
present invention that has not been at least partially cured with
radiation energy, and thus is a flowing, coatable liquid. The
phrase "ceramer composite" or "coating layer" is meant to indicate
a ceramer formulation in accordance with the present invention that
has been at least partially cured with radiation energy, so that it
is a substantially non-flowing solid. Additionally, the phrase
"free-radically polymerizable" refers to the ability of monomers,
oligomers, polymers or the like to participate in crosslinking
reactions upon exposure to a suitable source of curing energy.
[0024] The recitation of numerical ranges by endpoints includes all
numbers subsumed within the range (e.g. the range 1 to 10 includes
1, 1.5, 3.33, and 10).
[0025] As used in this specification and the appended claims, the
singular forms "a", "an", and "the" include plural referents unless
the content clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example,
reference to a composition containing "a compound" includes a
mixture of two or more compounds. As used in this specification and
the appended claims, the term "or" is generally employed in its
sense including "and/or" unless the content clearly indicates
otherwise.
[0026] Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing
quantities of ingredients, measurements of properties such as
contact angle and so forth as used in the specification and claims
are to be understood to be modified in all instances by the term
"about." Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the
numerical parameters set forth in the foregoing specification and
attached claims are approximations that can vary depending upon the
desired properties sought to be obtained by those skilled in the
art utilizing the teachings of the present invention. At the very
least, and not as an attempt to limit the application of the
doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims, each numerical
parameter should at least be construed in light of the number of
reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding
techniques. Notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and
parameters setting forth the broad scope of the invention are
approximations, the numerical values set forth in the specific
examples are reported as accurately as possible. Any numerical
value, however, inherently contains certain errors necessarily
resulting from the standard deviations found in their respective
testing measurements.
[0027] The present invention is directed to antireflection
materials used as a portion of optical displays ("displays"). The
displays include various illuminated and non-illuminated displays
panels wherein a combination of low surface energy (e.g.
anti-soiling, stain resistant, oil and/or water repellency) and
durability (e.g. abrasion resistance) is desired while maintaining
optical clarity. The antireflection material functions to decrease
glare and decrease transmission loss while improving durability and
optical clarity.
[0028] Such displays include multi-character and especially
multi-line multi-character displays such as liquid crystal displays
("LCDs"), plasma displays, front and rear projection displays,
cathode ray tubes ("CRTs"), signage, as well as single-character or
binary displays such as light emitting tubes ("LEDs"), signal lamps
and switches. The light transmissive (i.e. exposed surface)
substrate of such display panels may be referred to as a "lens."
The invention is particularly useful for displays having a viewing
surface that is susceptible to damage.
[0029] The coating composition, and reactive product thereof, as
well as the protective articles of the invention, can be employed
in a variety of portable and non-portable information display
articles. These articles include, but are not limited by, PDAs,
LCD-TV's (both edge-lit and direct-lit), cell phones (including
combination PDA/cell phones), touch sensitive screens, wrist
watches, car navigation systems, global positioning systems, depth
finders, calculators, electronic books, CD and DVD players,
projection televisions screens, computer monitors, notebook
computer displays, instrument gauges, instrument panel covers,
signage such as graphic displays and the like. These devices can
have planar viewing faces, or non-planar viewing faces such as
slightly curved faces.
[0030] Referring now to FIG. 1, a perspective view of an article
(here a computer monitor 10) is illustrated according to one
preferred embodiment as having an optical display 12 coupled within
a housing 14. The optical display 12 is a substantially transparent
material having optically enhancing properties through which a user
can view text, graphics or other displayed information.
[0031] As best shown in FIG. 2, the optical display 12 includes an
antireflection film 18 coupled (coated) to an optical substrate 16.
The antireflection film 18 has at least one layer of a high
refractive index layer 22 and a low refractive index layer 20
coupled together such that the low refractive index layer 22 being
positioned to be exposed to the atmosphere while the high
refractive index layer 22 is positioned between the substrate 16
and low refractive index layer 20.
[0032] While not shown, other layers may be incorporated into the
optical device, including, but not limited to, other hard coating
layers, adhesive layers, and the like. Further, the antireflection
material 18 may be applied directly to the substrate 16, or
alternatively applied to a release layer of a transferable
antireflection film and subsequently transferred from the release
layer to the substrate using a heat press or photoradiation
application technique.
[0033] The high refractive index layer 22 is a conventional
carbon-based polymeric composition having a mono and
multifunctional acrylate crosslinking system. Zirconium dioxide
("ZrO.sub.2") and titanium dioxide ("TiO.sub.2") are desirable
particles for use in high index refractive layers 22. The particle
size of the high index inorganic particles is preferably less than
about 50 nm in order that it is sufficiently transparent. The
surface particles are modified with organic moieties designed to
allow further crosslinking of the particle within the polymer
network and allows adequate dispersion of the particles in the high
refractive index polymer matrix.
[0034] Further, the low refractive index layer 20 may be coupled
directly to the substrate 16, or hardcoated substrate, without the
high refractive index layer 22.
[0035] The low refractive index coating composition of the present
invention is applied as a wet layer to either to the high
refractive index coating layer 22 or directly to the polymeric
substrate 16 by standard techniques. The wet layer is then
photoreacted to form a layer 20 having a fluoropolymer phase
covalently crosslinked to an acrylate phase to form a
co-crosslinked, interpenetrating or semi-interpenetrating polymer
network. The crosslinking of the fluoropolymer phase with the
acrylate phase enhances the durability of the low refractive index
layer by increasing the interfacial adhesion of the layer to both
the high refractive index layer and/or to a PET film.
[0036] Fluoropolymer materials used in the low index coating may be
described by broadly categorizing them into one of two basic
classes. A first class includes those amorphous fluoropolymers
comprising interpolymerized units derived from vinylidene fluoride
(VDF) and hexafluoropropylene (HFP) and optionally
tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) monomers. Examples of such are
commercially available from 3M Company as Dyneon.TM.
Fluoroelastomer FC 2145 and FT 2430. Additional amorphous
fluoropolymers contemplated by this invention are, for example,
VDF-chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymers. One such
VDF-chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer is commercially known as
Kel-F.TM. 3700, available from 3M Company. As used herein,
amorphous fluoropolymers are materials that contain essentially no
crystallinity or possess no significant melting point as determined
for example by differential scanning caloriometry (DSC). For the
purpose of this discussion, a copolymer is defined as a polymeric
material resulting from the simultaneous polymerization of two or
more dissimilar monomers and a homopolymer is a polymeric material
resulting from the polymerization of a single monomer.
[0037] The second significant class of fluoropolymers useful in
this invention are those homo and copolymers based on fluorinated
monomers such as TFE or VDF which do contain a crystalline melting
point such as polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF, available commercially
from 3M company as Dyneon.TM. PVDF, or more preferable
thermoplastic copolymers of TFE such as those based on the
crystalline microstructure of TFE-HFP-VDF. Examples of such
polymers are those available from 3M under the trade name
Dyneon.TM. Fluoroplastics THV.TM. 200.
[0038] A general description and preparation of these classes of
fluoropolymers can be found in Encyclopedia Chemical Technology,
Fluorocarbon Elastomers, Kirk-Othmer (1993), or in Modern
Fluoropolymers, J. Scheirs Ed, (1997), J Wiley Science, Chapters 2,
13, and 32. (ISBN 0-471-97055-7).
[0039] The preferred fluoropolymers are copolymers formed from the
constituent monomers known as tetrafluoroethylene ("TFE"),
hexafluoropropylene ("HFP"), and vinylidene fluoride ("VdF,"
"VF2,"). The monomer structures for these constituents are shown
below as (1), (2) and (3): TFE: CF.sub.2.dbd.CF.sub.2 (1) VDF:
CH.sub.2.dbd.CF.sub.2 (2) HFP: CF.sub.2.dbd.CF--CF.sub.3 (3)
[0040] The preferred fluoropolymer consists of at least two of the
constituent monomers (HFP and VDF), and more preferably all three
of the constituents monomers in varying molar amounts. Additional
monomers not depicted above but also useful in the present
invention include perfluorovinyl ether monomers of the general
structure: CF.sub.2.dbd.CF--OR.sub.f, wherein R.sub.f can be a
branched or linear perfluoroalkyl radical of 1-8 carbons and can
itself contain additional heteroatoms such as oxygen. Specific
examples are perfluoromethyl vinyl ether, perfluoropropyl vinyl
ether, and perfluoro(3-methoxy-propyl) vinyl ether. Additional
examples incorporated by reference herein are found in WO00/12754
to Worm, assigned to 3M, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,214,100 to
Carlson.
[0041] For the purposes of the present invention, crystalline
copolymers with all three constituent monomers shall be hereinafter
referred to as THV, while amorphous copolymers consisting of
VDF-HFP and optionally TFE is hereinafter referred to as FKM, or
FKM elastomers as denoted in ASTM D 1418. THV and FKM elastomers
have the general formula (4): ##STR1## wherein x, y and z are
expressed as molar percentages.
[0042] For fluorothermoplastics materials (crystalline) such as
THV, x is greater than zero and the molar amount of y is typically
less than about 15 molar percent. One commercially available form
of THV contemplated for use in the present invention is Dyneon.TM.
Fluorothermoplastic THV.TM. 220, a mixture that is manufactured by
Dyneon LLC, of Saint Paul Minn. Other useful fluorothermoplastics
meeting these criteria and commercially available, for example,
from Dyneon LLC, Saint Paul Minn., are sold under the trade names
THV.TM. 200, THV.TM. 500, and THV.TM. 800. THV.TM. 200 is most
preferred since it is readily soluble in common organic solvents
such as MEK and this facilitates coating and processing, however
this is a choice born out of preferred coating behavior and not a
limitation of the material used a low refractive index coating.
[0043] In addition, other fluoroplastic materials not specifically
falling under the criteria of the previous paragraph are also
contemplated by the present invention. For example, PVDF-containing
fluoroplastic materials having very low molar levels of HFP are
also contemplated by the present invention and are sold under the
trade name Dyneon.TM. PVDF 6010 or 3100, available from Dyneon LLC,
of St. Paul, Minn.; and Kynar.TM. 740, 2800, 9301, available from
Elf Atochem North America Inc. Further, other fluoroplastic
materials are specifically contemplated wherein x is zero and
wherein y is between about 0 and 18 percent. Optionally the
microstructure can also contain additional non-fluorinated monomers
such as ethylene, propylene, and butylene. Examples of such
microstructures having non-fluorinated monomers commercially
available include Dyneon.TM. ETFE and THE fluoroplastics.
[0044] For fluoroelastomers compositions (amorphous) useful in the
present invention, x can be zero so long as the molar percentage of
y is sufficiently high (typically greater than about 18 molar
percent) to render the microstructure amorphous. One example of a
commercially available elastomeric compound of this type is
available from Dyneon LLC, St. Paul Minn., under the trade name
Dyneon.TM. Fluoroelastomer FC 2145.
[0045] Additional fluoroelastomeric compositions useful in the
present invention exist where x is greater than zero. Such
materials are often referred to as elastomeric TFE containing
terpolymers. One example of a commercially available elastomeric
compound of this type is available from Dyneon LLC, St. Paul,
Minn., and is sold under the trade name Dyneon.TM. Fluoroelastomer
FT 2430.
[0046] In addition, other fluorelastomeric compositions not
classified under the preceding paragraphs are also useful in the
present invention. For example, propylene-containing
fluoroelastomers are a class useful in this invention. Examples of
propylene-containing fluoroelastomers known as base resistant
elastomers ("BRE") and are commercially available from Dyneon under
the trade name Dyneon.TM. BRE 7200. available from 3M Company of
St. Paul, Minn. Other examples of TFE-propylene copolymers can also
be used and are commercially available under the tradename
Aflaf.TM., available from Asahi Glass Company of Charlotte,
N.C.
[0047] In one preferred approach, these polymer compositions
further comprise reactive functionality such as halogen containing
cure site monomers ("CSM") and/or halogenated endgroups, which are
interpolymerized into the polymer microstructure using numerous
techniques known in the art. These halogen groups provide
reactivity towards the acrylate crosslinking units to tie all
components together in the interpenetrating polymer network. Useful
halogen containing monomers are well known in the art and typical
examples are found in U.S. Pat. No. 4,214,060 to Apotheker et al.,
European Patent No. EP398241 to Moore, and European Patent No.
EP407937B1 to Vincenzo et al. Optionally halogen cure sites can be
introduced into the polymer microstructure via the judicious use of
halogenated chain transfer agents which produce fluoropolymer chain
ends that contain reactive halogen endgroups. Such chain transfer
agents ("CTA") are well known in the literature and typical
examples are Br--CF.sub.2CF.sub.2--Br, CF.sub.2Br.sub.2,
CF.sub.2I.sub.2, CH.sub.2I.sub.2, typical examples are found in
U.S. Pat. No. 4,000,356 to Weisgerber. Whether the halogen is
incorporated into the polymer microstructure by means of a CSM or
CTA agent or both is not particularly relevant as both result in a
fluoropolymer which is more reactive towards UV crosslinking and
coreaction with other components of the IPN such as the acrylates.
An advantage to use of cure site monomers in forming the
co-crosslinked network, as opposed to a dehydrofluorination
approach, is that the optical clarity of the formed polymer layer
is not compromised since the reaction of the acrylate and the
fluoropolymer does not rely on unsaturation in the polymer backbone
in order to react. Thus, a bromo-containing fluoroelastomer such as
Dyneon.TM. E-15472 or E-18402 commercially available from Dyneon
LLC of Saint Paul, Minn., may be used in conjunction with, or in
place of, THV or FKM as the fluoropolymer.
[0048] Preferably, the fluoropolymer is dissolved in an organic
solvent, such as THF, treated with hindered bases such as a
triethyl amine or DBU (1-8 diazobicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene) that
introduces unsaturation into the polymer backbone via the
dehydrofluorination ("DHF") of a vinylidene fluoride component of
the fluoropolymer. Useful concentrations of DBU to effectively DHF
the polymer for use in this invention are limited by the tendency
of dehydrofluorinated polymers to undergo gelation (i.e. become
insoluble upon drying) at high levels of unsaturation. Therefore,
preferable ranges of DBU are in the range of 0.01-0.5 g
DBU/g-polymer, and more preferably 0.02-0.1 g DBU/g-polymer, with
the amount of DBU primarily dependent upon the VDF weight percent
content of the fluoropolymer, in order to achieve a small amount of
unsaturation. Thus for example, for THV 200, which has a VdF molar
percentage of about 50%, a preferred amount of unsaturation is
between about 0.5 and 26 mole percent, with a more preferred amount
being between about 1 and 6 mole percent. For FT 2430, which has a
VDF molar percentage of about 59%, a preferred amount of
unsaturation is between about 0.6 and 29 mole percent, with a more
preferred amount being between about 1.2 and 6 mole percent.
[0049] This small amount of unsaturation in the flouropolymer
enhances the reactivity between the fluoropolymer and the acrylate,
therefore improving IPN formation. Further, less acrylate
crosslinker is required to form a similarly crosslinked IPN, which
results in a coating having an overall lower refractive index.
Moreover the fluoropolymer can be dehydrofluorinated in the latex
form in the method described in Coggio et al, U.S. Pat. No.
5,733,981, which is herein incorporated by reference. A general
reaction scheme (5), for illustrative purposes, is shown below
wherein a vinylidene fluoride component of the fluoropolymer (FP)
is dehydrofluorinated in the presence of DBU as follows:
[0050] Preferably, the fluoropolymer is dissolved in an organic
solvent, such as THF, treated with hindered bases such as a
triethyl amine or DBU (1-8 diazobicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene) that
introduces unsaturation into the polymer backbone via the
dehydrofluorination of a vinylidene fluoride component of the
fluoropolymer. Useful concentrations of DBU to effectively DHF the
polymer for use in this invention are in the range of 0.01-0.5 g
DBU/g-polymer. More preferably 0.02-0.1 g DUB/g-polymer. Moreover
the fluoropolymer can be dehydrofluorinated in the latex form in
the method described in Coggio et al, U.S. Pat. No. 5,733,981,
which is herein incorporated by reference. A general reaction
scheme (5), for illustrative purposes, is shown below wherein a
vinylidene fluoride component of the fluoropolymer (FP) is
dehydrofluorinated in the presence of DBU as follows:
FP--CH2-CH2-FP+DBU.fwdarw.FP--CH.dbd.CF--FP+HP (5)
[0051] The preferred reaction site of dehydrofluorination is
substantially between HFP-VDF-HFP triads, HFP-VDF diads or
TFE-VDF-TFE triads. The precise location of the dehydroflourination
is not critical, and essentially results in the same structural
formation of unsaturation in the fluoropolymer backbone. This
unsaturation is susceptible to a free radical or nucleophilic
crosslinking reaction, which allows further bonding, and improved
adhesion of the low index refractive layer 20 to the high
refractive index layer 22. Dehydrofluorination as a means to
improve crosslinking and adhesion between fluoropolymers and other
substrates has been shown in other applications, such as in making
fuel line barrier hoses for gas powered vehicles, as described in
U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,080,487; 6,346,328; and 6,270,901; all assigned to
3M, or Dyneon LLC, of Saint Paul, Minn., and are herein
incorporated by reference.
[0052] While the low refractive films formed in a
dehydrofluorination reaction are slightly colored in thicker films,
this phenomenon does not adversely affect optical quality in
thinner films, such as the low refractive index films 16 of the
present invention.
[0053] In a third alternative approach, a fluoropolymer could be
formed having both halogen containing cure site monomers and a
degree of unsaturation introduced via a dehydrofluorination
reaction into the same fluoropolymer backbone or in a blend of the
two fluoropolymer backbones (one with the halogen containing sites,
one with the degree of unsaturation).
[0054] In a fourth alternative approach, the mechanical durability
of the resultant low refractive index layers 16 can be further
enhanced by the introduction of surface modified inorganic
particles to the composition.
[0055] The inorganic particles preferably have a substantially
monodisperse size distribution or a polymodal distribution obtained
by blending two or more substantially monodisperse distributions.
Alternatively, the inorganic particles can be introduced having a
range of particle sizes obtained by grinding the particles to a
desired size range. The inorganic oxide particles are typically
non-aggregated (substantially discrete), as aggregation can result
in precipitation of the inorganic oxide particles or gelation. The
inorganic oxide particles are typically colloidal in size, having
an average particle diameter of 5 nanometers to 100 nanometers.
These size ranges facilitate dispersion of the inorganic oxide
particles into the binder resin and provide ceramers with desirable
surface properties and optical clarity. The average particle size
of the inorganic oxide particles can be measured using transmission
electron microscopy to count the number of inorganic oxide
particles of a given diameter. Inorganic oxide particles include
colloidal silica, colloidal titania, colloidal alumina, colloidal
zirconia, colloidal vanadia, colloidal chromia, colloidal iron
oxide, colloidal antimony oxide, colloidal tin oxide, and mixtures
thereof. Most preferably, the particles are formed of silicon
dioxide (SiO.sub.2).
[0056] The surface particles are modified with organic moieties
designed to enhance the polymer-particle interaction and
co-reactivity between the fluoropolymer, acrylate and particles
phases. Such functionalities include mercaptan, vinyl, bromo, iodo
acrylate and others believed to enhance the interaction between the
inorganic particles and low index fluoropolymers, especially those
containing bromo or iodo cure site monomers. Other additional
examples of surface agents contemplated by this invention include
but are not limited to 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxy silane (A174,
available from OSI Specialty Chemicals), and vinyl trialkoxysilanes
such as trimethoxy and triethoxysilane and
hexamethyldisilizane.
[0057] The surface modifications allow further crosslinking of the
particle within the polymer network and allows adequate dispersion
of the particles in the fluoropolymer matrix. The use of silica
particles to enhance durability within AR film layers is described
in U.S. Pat. No. 3,833,368 to Land et al. and U.S. Pat. No.
6,343,865 to Suzuki, however the use of such particles in
co-crosslinked interpenetrating polymer networks is not
contemplated.
[0058] For the purposes of simplicity, the fluoropolymer backbone
formed under any of these four approaches is hereinafter referred
to as the functional fluoropolymer phase.
[0059] As described above, the low refractive index composition
also consists of an acrylate phase. The acrylate phase consists of
one or more crosslinking agents that react (i.e. covalently bond)
with the fluoropolymer phase to form a co-crosslinked
interpenetrating polymer network, or fluoropolymer matrix.
[0060] Useful crosslinking agents for use in the acrylate phase
include, for example, poly (meth)acryl monomers selected from the
group consisting of (a) di(meth)acryl containing compounds such as
1,3-butylene glycol diacrylate, 1,4-butanediol diacrylate,
1,6-hexanediol diacrylate, 1,6-hexanediol monoacrylate
monomethacrylate, ethylene glycol diacrylate, alkoxylated aliphatic
diacrylate, alkoxylated cyclohexane dimethanol diacrylate,
alkoxylated hexanediol diacrylate, alkoxylated neopentyl glycol
diacrylate, caprolactone modified neopentylglycol hydroxypivalate
diacrylate, caprolactone modified neopentylglycol hydroxypivalate
diacrylate, cyclohexanedimethanol diacrylate, diethylene glycol
diacrylate, dipropylene glycol diacrylate, ethoxylated (10)
bisphenol A diacrylate, ethoxylated (3) bisphenol A diacrylate,
ethoxylated (30) bisphenol A diacrylate, ethoxylated (4) bisphenol
A diacrylate, hydroxypivalaldehyde modified trimethylolpropane
diacrylate, neopentyl glycol diacrylate, polyethylene glycol (200)
diacrylate, polyethylene glycol (400) diacrylate, polyethylene
glycol (600) diacrylate, propoxylated neopentyl glycol diacrylate,
tetraethylene glycol diacrylate, tricyclodecanedimethanol
diacrylate, triethylene glycol diacrylate, tripropylene glycol
diacrylate; (b) tri(meth)acryl containing compounds such as
glycerol triacrylate, trimethylolpropane triacrylate, ethoxylated
triacrylates (e.g., ethoxylated (3) trimethylolpropane triacrylate,
ethoxylated (6) trimethylolpropane triacrylate, ethoxylated (9)
trimethylolpropane triacrylate, ethoxylated (20) trimethylolpropane
triacrylate), pentaerythritol triacrylate, propoxylated
triacrylates (e.g., propoxylated (3) glyceryl triacrylate,
propoxylated (5.5) glyceryl triacrylate, propoxylated (3)
trimethylolpropane triacrylate, propoxylated (6) trimethylolpropane
triacrylate), trimethylolpropane triacrylate,
tris(2-hydroxyethyl)isocyanurate triacrylate; (c) higher
functionality (meth)acryl containing compounds such as
ditrimethylolpropane tetraacrylate, dipentaerythritol
pentaacrylate, ethoxylated (4) pentaerythritol tetraacrylate,
pentaerythritol tetraacrylate, caprolactone modified
dipentaerythritol hexaacrylate; (d) oligomeric (meth)acryl
compounds such as, for example, urethane acrylates, polyester
acrylates, epoxy acrylates; polyacrylamide analogues of the
foregoing; and combinations thereof. Such compounds are widely
available from vendors such as, for example, Sartomer Company,
Exton, Pennsylvania; UCB Chemicals Corporation, Smyrna, Ga.; and
Aldrich Chemical Company, Milwaukee, Wis. Additional useful
(meth)acrylate materials include hydantoin moiety-containing
poly(meth)acrylates, for example, as described in U.S. Pat. No.
4,262,072 (Wendling et al.).
[0061] A preferred crosslinking agent comprises at least three
(meth)acrylate functional groups. Preferred commercially available
crosslinking agents include those available from Sartomer Company,
Exton, Pa. such as trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA) available
under the trade designation "SR351", pentaerythritol
tri/tetraacrylate (PETA) available under the trade designation "SR
295, SR444" or "SR494" dipentaerythritol penta/hexa acrylate
available as SR 399LV.
[0062] Another preferred class of acrylates useful in the present
invention includes fluorinated acrylates exemplified by
perfluoropolyether acrylates that are based on monofunctional
acrylate and/or multifunctional acrylate derivatives of
hexafluoropropylene oxide ("HFPO"). These species are described in
U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/841159, filed May 7, 2004
(Docket No. 59727US002) and are herein incorporated by reference.
The HFPO acrylates are useful as either a component to render the
film surface soil resistant and easy to clean. Moreover the
multifunctional HFPO acrylates provide the additional benefit of
crosslinking and further enhance the durability of the film.
[0063] As used in the examples, "HFPO-" refers to the end group
C.sub.3F.sub.7O--(CF(CF.sub.3)CF.sub.2O).sub.aCF(CF.sub.3)C(O)--
wherein "a" averages about 6.3, with an average molecular weight of
1,211 g/mol, and which can be prepared according to the method
reported in U.S. Pat. No. 3,250,808 (Moore, et al.), the disclosure
of which is incorporated herein by reference, with purification by
fractional distillation.
[0064] Other fluorochemical acrylates can be used to enhance the
IPN formation between the hydrocarbon acrylate phase and the low
index fluoropolymer phase. Such examples are perfluorocyclohexyl
acrylate as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,148,511 to Savu et al., or
2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5, octafluoro dihydropentyl acrylate or methacrylate,
each available from Oakwood Products of West Columbia, S.C.
[0065] Furthermore, it is possible, by the use of halogen or
mercapto containing initiators or chain transfer agents, to
incorporate functional endgroups such as chlorine, bromine, iodine,
or --SH into the methacrylate polymer composition. These functional
endgroups react with the fluoropolymer matrix under ultraviolet
light to form further co-crosslinking between the fluoropolymer
phase and the acrylate phase.
[0066] To form the low refractive index composition, the
fluoropolymer under any of the three approaches above is first
dissolved in a compatible organic solvent. The compatible organic
solvent that is preferably utilized is methyl ethyl ketone ("MEK").
However, other organic solvents may also be utilized, as well as
mixtures of compatible organic solvents, and still fall within the
spirit of the present invention. For example, other organic
solvents contemplated include acetone, cyclohexanone, methyl
isobutyl ketone ("MIBK"), methyl amyl ketone ("MAK"),
tetrahydrofuran ("THF"), methyl acetate, isopropyl alcohol ("IPA"),
or mixtures thereof, may also be utilized.
[0067] Next, the acrylate phase is introduced to the dissolved
fluoropolymer. The entire mixture is diluted further to about 1-10%
solids, and more preferably between about 2 and 5% solids, with
additional organic solvent or other solvents, depending upon the
blend of solvents and desired application technique and
conditions.
[0068] To facilitate curing, the polymerizable compositions
according of the present invention may further comprise at least
one free-radical thermal initiator and/or photoinitiator.
Typically, if such an initiator and/or photoinitiator are present,
it comprises less than about 10 percent by weight, more typically
less than about 5 percent of the polymerizable composition, based
on the total weight of the polymerizable composition. Free-radical
curing techniques are well known in the art and include, for
example, thermal curing methods as well as radiation curing methods
such as electron beam or ultraviolet radiation. Further details
concerning free radical thermal and photopolymerization techniques
may be found in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,654,233 (Grant, et
al.); U.S. Pat. No. 4,855,184 (Klun, et al.); and U.S. Pat. No.
6,224,949 (Wright, et al.).
[0069] Useful free-radical thermal initiators include, for example,
azo, peroxide, persulfate, and redox initiators, and combinations
thereof.
[0070] Useful free-radical photoinitiators include, for example,
those known as useful in the UV cure of acrylate polymers. Such
initiators include benzophenone and its derivatives; benzoin,
benzyldimethyl ketal (available as "KB-1" from Sartomer),
alpha-methylbenzoin, alpha-phenylbenzoin, alpha-allylbenzoin,
alpha-benzylbenzoin; benzoin ethers such as benzil dimethyl ketal
(commercially available under the trade designation "IRGACURE 651"
from Ciba Specialty Chemicals Corporation of Tarrytown, N.Y.),
benzoin methyl ether, benzoin ethyl ether, benzoin n-butyl ether;
acetophenone and its derivatives such as
2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenyl-1-propanone (commercially available
under the trade designation "DAROCUR 1173" from Ciba Specialty
Chemicals Corporation) and 1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone
(commercially available under the trade designation "IRGACURE 184",
also from Ciba Specialty Chemicals Corporation);
2-methyl-1-[4-(methylthio)phenyl]-2-(4-morpholinyl)-1-propanone
commercially available under the trade designation "IRGACURE 907",
also from Ciba Specialty Chemicals Corporation);
2-benzyl-2-(dimethylamino)-1-[4-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl]-1-butanone
commercially available under the trade designation "IRGACURE 369"
from Ciba Specialty Chemicals Corporation); aromatic ketones such
as benzophenone and its derivatives and anthraquinone and its
derivatives; onium salts such as diazonium salts, iodonium salts,
sulfonium salts; titanium complexes such as, for example, that
which is commercially available under the trade designation "CGI
784 DC", also from Ciba Specialty Chemicals Corporation);
halomethylnitrobenzenes; and mono- and bis-acylphosphines such as
those available from Ciba Specialty Chemicals Corporation under the
trade designations "IRGACURE 1700", "IRGACURE 1800", "IRGACURE
1850", "IRGACURE 819" "IRGACURE 2005", "IRGACURE 2010", "IRGACURE
2020" and "DAROCUR 4265". Combinations of two or more
photoinitiators may be used. Further, sensitizers such as
2-isopropyl thioxanthone, commercially available from First
Chemical Corporation, Pascagoula, Miss., may be used in conjunction
with photoinitiator(s) such as "IRGACURE 369".
[0071] In addition, other additives may be added to the final
composition. These include but are not limited to resinous flow
aids, photostabilizers, high boiling point solvents, and other
compatibilizers well known to those of skill in the art.
[0072] The diluted low refractive index solution comprising the
fluoropolymer and acrylate phases is then applied to the high
refractive index layer 18 or directly to the substrate (or
hardcoated substrate) using conventional film application
techniques.
[0073] Thin films can be applied using a variety of techniques,
including dip coating, forward and reverse roll coating, wire wound
rod coating, and die coating. Die coaters include knife coaters,
slot coaters, slide coaters, fluid bearing coaters, slide curtain
coaters, drop die curtain coaters, and extrusion coaters among
others. Many types of die coaters are described in the literature
such as by Edward Cohen and Edgar Gutoff, Modern Coating and Drying
Technology, VCH Publishers, NY 1992, ISBN 3-527-28246-7 and Gutoff
and Cohen, Coating and Drying Defects: Troubleshooting Operating
Problems, Wiley Interscience, NY ISBN 0-471-59810-0.
[0074] A die coater generally refers to an apparatus that utilizes
a first die block and a second die block to form a manifold cavity
and a die slot. The coating fluid, under pressure, flows through
the manifold cavity and out the coating slot to form a ribbon of
coating material. Coatings can be applied as a single layer or as
two or more superimposed layers. Although it is usually convenient
for the substrate to be in the form of a continuous web, the
substrate may also be formed to a succession of discrete
sheets.
[0075] The wet film is dried in an oven to remove the solvent and
then subjected to ultraviolet radiation using an H-bulb or other
lamp at a desired wavelength, preferably in an inert atmosphere
(less than 50 parts per million oxygen). The reaction mechanism
causes the multifunctional component of the acrylate phase to
covalently crosslink with the fluoropolymer phase. Further, the
crosslinking causes the fluoropolymer phase and acrylate phase to
substantially entangle, therein forming an interpenetrating polymer
network, or IPN. The resultant film thus constitutes a
co-crosslinked interpenetrating polymer network having a desired
thickness in the range of about 75-130 nanometers. As one of
ordinary skill recognizes, this film thickness may vary depending
upon the desired light reflectance/absorbency characteristics in
conjunction with the desired durability characteristics.
[0076] The present invention thus provides many advantages over the
prior art. The improvements to this composition are that the
polymer composition is a blend of hydrocarbon with a fluoropolymer
and therefore a reduction in the refractive index is anticipated.
Moreover, the introduction of unsaturation or cure site monomers to
the fluoropolymer backbone which can further react under
ultraviolet radiation allow for further co-crosslinking and
improved compatibility over a simple physical mixture. Further, the
incorporation of surface modified inorganic particles can
covalently bond to the fluoropolymer and acrylate backbone, and
therefore provide a tougher and more homogeneous polymer/particle
network.
EXAMPLES
[0077] General Procedure: In a general procedure, the desired
fluoropolymer mixture was dissolved in MEK or acetone at 10% solids
and added to a MEK solution containing additional low index
fluorinated materials such as perfluorocyclohexyl dihydroacrylate
(PFCHA) and various other monomers, crosslinkers and particles as
listed in Tables 4A and 4B below. The entire low index coating
solution was diluted further to about 5% solids in the solvent
system noted in Tables 4A and 4B. Typically methyl isobutyl ketone
(MIBK) was used. The amount of MIBK added was typically less than
50% wt of the solvent mixture, but its exact quantity could vary
depending upon other conditions such as % relative humidity. The
amount could be adjusted to obtain the desired coating quality. In
addition, all low refractive index samples contained 2.0% by
weight, based on solids, of Duracure 1173 as a photoinitiator
unless noted otherwise. The low index solution were then coated on
a hardcoated PET film and cured by UV irradiation in a nitrogen
inerted chamber. The atmosphere of the cure chamber was monitored
to maintain at least <50 ppm O.sub.2.
[0078] Of course, as people of ordinary skill recognize, the
following examples are but a few of the potentially limitless
variations that can achieve the desired coating levels and
characteristics.
[0079] Description of the Hardcoat (S1): Typically, the hardcoat is
formed by coating a curable liquid ceramer composition onto a
substrate, in this case primed PET, and curing the composition in
situ to form a hardened film. Suitable coating methods include
those previously described for application of the fluorochemical
surface layer. Further, details concerning hardcoats can be found
in U.S. Pat. No. 6,132,861 (Kang et al. '861), U.S. Pat. No.
6,238,798 (Kang et al. '798), U.S. Pat. No. 6,245,833 (Kang et al.
'833) and U.S. Pat. No. 6,299,799 (Craig et al. '799).
[0080] One preferred substrate material is polyethylene
terephthalate (PET) film obtained from e.i. DuPont de Nemours and
Company, Wilmington, Del. under the trade designation "Melinex
618", and having a thickness of 5.0 mils and a primed surface. A
hardcoat composition that was substantially the same as Example 3
of U.S. Pat. No. 6,299,799 was coated onto the primed surface and
cured in a UV chamber having less than 50 parts per million (ppm)
oxygen. The UV chamber was equipped with a 600 watt H-type bulb
from Fusion UV systems of Gaithersburg Maryland, operating at full
power. The hard coat was applied to the PET film with a metered,
precision die coating process. The hard coat was diluted in IPA to
30 weight percent solids and coated onto the 5-mil PET backing to
achieve a dry thickness of 5 microns. A flow meter was used to
monitor and set the flow rate of the material from a pressurized
container. The flow rate was adjusted by changing the air pressure
inside the sealed container which forces liquid out through a tube,
through a filter, the flow meter and then through the die. The
dried and cured film was wound on a take up roll and used as the
input backing for the coating solutions described below.
[0081] The S1 coating and drying parameters are shown below in
Table 1: TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Coating Width: 6'' (15 cm) Web
Speed: 30 feet (9.1 m) per minute Solution % Solids: 30.2% Filter:
2.5 micron absolute Pressure Pot: 1.5 gallon capacity (5.7 l) Flow
Rate: 35 cc/min Wet Coating Thickness: 24.9 microns Dry Coating
Thickness: 4.9 microns Conventional Oven Temps: 140.degree. F.
(60.degree. C.) Zone 1 160.degree. F. (53.degree. C.) Zone 2
180.degree. F. (82.degree. C.) Zone 3 Length of Oven: 10 feet (3
m)
[0082] Description of the coating process used for the compositions
of the invention: The low index coating solutions were coated onto
the PET hardcoat layer (S1) using a precision, metered die coater.
For this step, a syringe pump was used to meter the solution into
the die. The solutions were diluted to a concentration of 3% to 5%
solids as indicated in Tables 4A and 4B and coated onto the PET
hardcoat (S1) layer to achieve a dry thickness of 100 nm. The
material was dried in a conventional air flotation oven and then
sent through the UV chamber having less than 50 ppm oxygen. The UV
chamber was equipped with a 600 watt H-type bulb from Fusion UV
systems, Gaithersburg Md., operating at full power.
[0083] The coating and drying parameters for the low index coating
solutions are shown as follows in Table 2: TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2
Coating Width: 4'' (10 cm) Web Speed: 10 feet per minute Solution %
Solids: 5.0% Pump: 60 cc Syringe Pump Approximate Flow Rate: 1.2
cc/min Wet Coating Thickness: 4.1 microns Dry Coating Thickness:
100 nm Conventional Oven Temps: 120.degree. C. Zone 1 120.degree.
C. Zone 2 Length of Oven: 10 feet (3 m)
Test Procedures
[0084] Cheese Cloth Durability Testing: The abrasion resistance of
the cured films of the present invention was tested cross-web
(perpendicular) to the coating direction by a mechanical device
capable of oscillating cheesecloth fastened to a stylus by means of
a rubber gasket across the film's surface. The stylus oscillated
over a 10 cm wide sweep width at a rate of 3.5 wipes/second wherein
a "wipe" is defined as a single travel of 10 cm. The stylus had a
flat, cylindrical geometer with a diameter of 1.25 inch (3.2 cm).
The device was equipped with a platform on which weights were
placed to increase the force exerted by the stylus normal to the
film's surface. The cheesecloth was obtained from Summers Optical,
EMS Packaging, A subdivision of EMS Acquisition Corp., Hatsfield,
Pa. under the trade designation "Mil Spec CCC-c-440 Product #
S12905". The cheesecloth was folded into 12 layers. The data are
reported as the number of wipes and weight in grams needed to
visibly scratch the film's surface. The data are reported in Tables
4A and 4B below.
[0085] Linear Scratch testing: Scratch resistance of the coated
films was accomplished by means of mechanical apparatus which can
accelerate a diamond-graphite stylus across the surface of the
film. The stylus has a diameter of 750 um and a 160.degree. cone
angle at the tip. The Linear Scratch Apparatus Model 4138, is
available from Anorad Products, Hauppauge, N.Y. The diamond tipped
styli are available from Graff Diamond Products Limited, Brampton,
Ontario, Canada. The styli are accelerated across the surface of
the film at 20 ft/min (6.7 m/min) for 4 inches (10.2 cm). The
holder is equipped with a known weight applied normal to the
surface of the film. The film is tested until failure or until the
maximum weight for the apparatus of 750 g was reached. If a scratch
was noted on the surface it was further evaluated by means of
optical microscope (Axiotron.TM. Microscope with Axio-Imager.TM.,
available from Zeiss of Goetting, Germany) with a video interface
(available from Optronics-Terra Universal of Anaheim, Calif.). The
optical power was set at 10.times. and the nature of the damage was
noted as: 1) no scratch ("NS"); 2) slight scratch ("SS"); 3)
partial delamination ("PD"); and 4) full delamination ("FD"). Thus,
for example, a sample that tests "FD-50g" achieved full
delamination using a 50-gram weight.
[0086] Sand Test: In this abrasion test, a circular piece of film
is subjected to sand abrasion by means of an oscillating laboratory
shaker, (Model DS 500E Orbital shaker available from VWR of W.
Chester, Pa.). The percent change in reflection (".DELTA. % R") is
used to determine the overall loss of the AR coating. Therefore,
values reported with lower .DELTA. % R exhibited improved sand
abrasion resistance. The procedure for performing the sand test is
achieved by first die cutting a coated film to a diameter of 90 mm.
The middle of the film is marked on the uncoated side of the film
with a 25 mm diameter circle to identify the "optical zone" where
the before and after % R measurements will be made. The % R in this
"optical zone" is measured at 550 nm by means of a Perkin-Elmer
Lamda 900 UV-Vis-NIR spectrometer in the reflection mode. The film
was placed coated side up in the lid of a 16 oz glass jar. (The
jars are straight-sided, clear glass jars model WS-216922 available
from Valu-Bulk.TM. Wheaton Glass Bottles Millville, N.J.). The sand
was Ottawa Sand Standard, 20-30 mesh, and conforms to ASTM Standard
C-190 T-132 and was obtained from VWR of W. Chester, Pa. The jar is
placed in the shaker upside-down and secured into the oscillating
shaker so the sand is in contact with the coated side of the film.
The test assembly is oscillated for 15 min 25 sec at 250 rpm's.
(Note, the 25 seconds allows the shaker to ramp up to the full 250
rpm's.) After this test time, the film is removed from the lid. The
coated surface is wiped with a soft cloth dampened with 2-propanol
and the percent reflection is measured at 550 nm in the same
optical zone as before. The change in reflection (.DELTA. % R) is
determined by the following relationship (6): .DELTA. %
R=(R.sub.f-R.sub.i)/(R.sub.h-R.sub.i).times.100 (6) wherein R.sub.f
is the measured reflection after abrasion, R.sub.i is the initial
reflection and R.sub.h is the reflection of the untreated hardcoat
on PET.
[0087] The reported values of the average of 3-different films are
summarized in Tables 4A and 4B for each example.
[0088] The ingredients used for forming the various low index
layers to be evaluated in Tables 4A and 4B are summarized in the
following paragraphs.
Ingredients:
[0089] Dyneon.TM. THV.TM. 220 Fluoroplastic (20 MFI, ASTM D 1238)
is available as either a 30% solids latex grade under the trade
name of Dyneon.TM. THV.TM. 220D Fluoroplastic dispersion, or as a
pellet grade under the trade name of Dyneon.TM. THV.TM. 220G. Both
are available from Dyneon LLC of St. Paul, Minn. In the case of
Dyneon.TM. THV.TM. 220D, a coagulation step is necessary to isolate
the polymer as a solid resin. The process for this is described
below.
[0090] Coagulation of Dyneon.TM. THV.TM. 220D latex: The solid THV
220 resin derived from THV 220D latex can be obtained by freeze
coagulation. In a typical procedure, 1-L of latex was placed in a
plastic container and allowed to freeze at -18.degree. C. for 16
hrs. The solids were allowed to thaw and the coagulated polymer was
separated from the water phase by simple filtration. The solid
polymer was than further divided into smaller pieces and washed
3-times with about 2 liters of hot water while being agitated. The
polymer was collected and dried at 70-80.degree. C. for 16
hours.
[0091] Dyneon.TM. FT 2430 Fluoroelastomer is a 70% wt F elastomer
terpolymer available from Dyneon LLC of St. Paul, Minn. and was
used as received.
[0092] Trimethylolpropane triacrylate SR 351 ("TMPTA") and
Di-Pentaerythritol tri acrylate (SR 399LV) were obtained from
Sartomer Company of Exton, Pa. and used as received.
[0093] Acryloyl chloride was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich and used
without further purification.
[0094] "Darocur 1173" 2-hydroxy 2-methyl 1-phenyl propanone UV
photoinitiator was obtained from Ciba Specialty Products,
Terrytown, N.Y. and used as received.
[0095] "KB-1" benzyl dimethyl ketal UV photoinitiator was obtained
from Sartomer Company, Exton, Pa. and was used as received.
[0096] 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5, Octafluoropentyl acrylate (8F-A), were
obtained from Oakwood Products Inc. West Columbia, S.C. and used
with out further purification.
[0097] 1,1 dihydro, 2-perfluorocyclo acrylate PFCHA, (1,1,
dihydroperfluorocyclohexyl carbinol acrylate) was prepared
according to the method of Sauv U.S. Pat. No. 5,148,511 Preparation
Example #1.
[0098] Oligomeric hexafluoropropylene oxide methyl ester
(HFPO--C(O)OCH.sub.3,) can be prepared according to the method
reported in U.S. Pat. No. 3,250,808 (Moore et al.). The broad
product distribution of oligomers obtained from this preparation
can be fractionated according to the method described in U.S.
patent application Ser. No. 10/331,816, filed Dec. 30, 2002. This
step yields the higher molecular weight distribution of oligomers
used in this description wherein the number average degree of
polymerization is about 6.3, and with an average molecular weight
of 1,211 g/mol.
[0099] Preparation of Dehydrofluorinated Fluoropolymer: THV 220 or
FT 2430 Fluoropolymer can be dehydrofluorinated by essentially the
same method. A 3-neck round bottom reaction flask was equipped with
a condenser, a N.sub.2 inlet adaptor and a mechanical stirrer.
THV.TM. 220G (or materials obtained by freeze coagulation of
THV.TM. 220D, see above), 50 g of the polymer was charged to the
flask and dissolved in 400 ml of dry tetrahydrofuran (THF,
OminSolv-HPLC grade). After the polymer was completely dissolved,
1,8 diazo bicycle [5.4.0] undec-7-ene (1.0 g, DBU available from
Aldrich Chemicals) was added to the polymer solution. Upon addition
of the DBU the reaction mixture immediately turned light orange in
color. The reaction was allowed to proceed at room temperature for
about 16 hours. The polymer solution was purified by the slow
addition of it into 600 ml of stirred deionized water made acidic
by the addition of about 20 ml of 15 weight percent HCl. The light
orange polymer could be easily collected from the coagulation
flask, rinsed with ethanol (about 50 ml), pressed, semi-dried and
redissolved in ThF. The polymer solution was again precipitated as
described above, collected, rinsed with ethanol (about 50 ml.) and
pressed semi-dry, and then redissolved in THF and precipitated as
above and further dried in an air oven at about 75-90.degree. C.
for 16 hours. The polymers are herein named D-THV or D-FKM, to
denote the polymers have been dehydrofluorinated.
1. Preparation of HFPOC(O)--NH--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--OH Starting
Material (i.e. HFPO-AE-OH)
[0100] HFPO--C(O)OCH.sub.3 (Mw=1211 g/mole, 50.0 g) was placed in
200 ml round bottom flask. The flask was purged with nitrogen and
placed in a water bath to maintain a temperature of 50.degree. C.
or less. To this flask was added 3.0 g (0.045 mol) of
2-aminoethanol (obtained from Aldrich). The reaction mixture was
stirred for about 1 hr, after which time an infrared spectrum of
the reaction mixture showed complete loss of the methyl ester band
at 1790cm.sup.-1 and the presence of the strong amide carbonyl
stretch at 1710cm.sup.-1. Methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE, 200 ml) was
added to the reaction mixture and the organic phase was extracted
twice with water/HCl (about 5%) to remove unreacted amine and
methanol. The MTBE layer was dried with MgSO.sub.4. The MTBE was
removed under reduced pressure to yield a clear, viscous liquid.
Proton Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and infrared
spectroscopy (IR) confirmed the formation of the above-identified
compound.
Preparation of Monofunctional Perfluoropolyether Acrylate,
HFPO--C(O)N(H)CH2CH2OC(O)CH.dbd.CH2 (HFPO-1)
[0101] HFPO-AE-OH (600 g) was combined with ethyl acetate (600 g)
and triethylamine (57.9 g) in a 3-neck round bottom flask that was
fitted with a mechanical stirrer, a reflux condenser, addition
funnel, and a hose adapter that was connected to a source of
nitrogen gas. The mixture was stirred under a nitrogen atmosphere
and was heated to 40.degree. C. Acryloyl chloride (51.75 g) was
added dropwise to the flask from the addition funnel over about 30
minutes. The mixture was stirred at 40.degree. C. overnight. The
mixture was then allowed to cool to room temperature, diluted with
300 mL of 2N aqueous HCl and transferred to a separatory funnel.
The aqueous layer was removed and the ethyl acetate layer was
extracted with another 300 ml portion of 2N HCl. The organic phase
was then extracted once with 5 weight percent aqueous NaHCO.sub.3
separated, dried over MgSO.sub.4 and filtered. Removal of the
volatile components using a rotary evaporator resulted in 596 g of
product (93% yield). Proton NMR and IR spectroscopy confirmed the
formation of the above-identified compound.
Preparation of Modified Silica Nanoparticles:
[0102] The silica nanoparticles were surface modified with 34-wt %
methacryloxyl propyl trimethoxysilane and 66 wt % of
3-(N-Methylperfluoro-butanesulfonamido)propyltrimethoxysilane using
the method described below.
[0103] A one-liter flask equipped with a dropping funnel,
temperature controller, paddle stirrer, and distilling head was
charged with 250 g of Nalco 2327 (20 nm ammonium stabilized
colloidal silica sol, 41% solids; Nalco, Naperville, Ill.). Dowanol
PM (methoxyisopropanol, 250 g) was added and the mixture was
stirred at 300 rpm and heated to 75 degrees Celsius.
3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (7.45 g, A174 OSI Specialties
Chemical) was added. After 3 hours, the mixture was heated to 97
degrees Celsius and the distillation begun. At one hour, 10 g of
distillate was collected and 90 g of Dowanol PM was added. This
procedure was repeated three times over the next three hours,
removing 250 g of additional distillate and adding an additional
270 g of Dowanol PM. The pot, now 113.degree. C., was cooled to
75.degree. C. and 9.5 g
3-(N-methylperfluorobutanesulfonamido)propyltrimethoxysilane was
added in about 10 ml Dowanol PM. This was stirred 2 hr and left to
cool overnight. The mixture was reheated to 75.degree. C., treated
with 2.2 g of additional 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, and
after 2 hours, reheated to 113 degrees Celsius, collecting 58 g of
product. The product on cooling was an opalescent viscous liquid,
471.6 g (theoretical % solids 24.4; experimentally found percent
solids 24.2%. This particle dispersion in Dowanol was used to
charge the particles to the coating solutions as described in
Examples 15 and 16 of Tables 4A and 4B. For this reason, a small
portion of the coating solvent mixture in these examples
acknowledges the present of Dowanol PM.
IPN Network Formation:
[0104] Experiments were conducted to validate the co-crosslinking
of the IPN network by UV curing. Coating solutions as described in
Table 3, were solvent cast into a PTFE mold (dimension
75.times.25.times.3 mm) and allowed to air dry until a tacky film
had formed. The mold was than placed in a UV curing chamber (Fusion
UV Bench-top System Model L8880 Gaitherburg, Md.). The films were
cured by exposure to UV light from (3-passes at 10 ft/min, 500
watt, mercury H-bulb). The films were removed from the mold and
approximately 0.25 g of the films were placed in vials containing 5
ml. of MEK. Their solution behavior of each of the films was noted
as follows: a) Soluble, no detectable gel was noted, which
indicates no co-crosslinking; b) Slight Gel indicated the polymer
swelled significantly but did not completely dissolved over 24
hrs., which indicates some or minimal co-crosslinking; or c)
Gelled, which means the polymer essentially did not dissolve or
swell significantly in the solvent after 72 hrs at room
temperature, an indication of extensive co-crosslinking.
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Sample % Fluoro- % Cross- % Photo- #
Description polymer linker initiator Results 1 FKM 100% 0% 7%
a-soluble FT2430- control 2 FKM/w/ 80% 20% 6% b-slight gel TMPTA 3
D-FKM- 100% 0% 7% b-slight gel control 4 D-FKM- 80% 20% 6% c-gel
TMPTA 5 Br-FKM 100% 0% 7% b-slight gel 6 Br-FKM- 80% 20% 6% c-gel
TMPTA
[0105] These observations suggest that sample 1 did not undergo
significant photocrosslinking, while samples 3 and 5 did undergo
ultraviolet radiation induced photocrosslinking. Also, the slight
gelation of sample 2 is attributed to the homopolymerization of the
TMPTA, and not to co-crosslinking. Further, the addition of the
multifunctional acrylate in samples 4 and 6 showed significantly
more photocrosslinking do to the formation of the co-crosslinked
IPN, as witness by the gelation observed within the respective
vials.
[0106] Next, in Tables 4A and 4B, preparations of coating solutions
of the various preferred embodiments of the present invention were
formed and evaluated for cheesecloth resistance, linear scratch
resistance, and optical transmission retention after sand testing
("sand test"). The samples (Ex. 1-16) were evaluated versus control
samples (C1-4) without crosslinkers and with two control samples
(C5 and C6) having increased amounts of TMPTA crosslinker and THV
as the fluoropolymer. In the case of C5 and C6, it should be noted
that the improvement in durability is at the expense of refractive
index, as these samples cannot be used in a low refractive index
coating. TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4A Solution D- D- Br- 8F- HFPO- Si- %
# THV THV FKM FKM PFCHA A AEA TMPTA DiPETA Particle Solvent solids
C1 100 MEK 5 C2 100 MEK 5 C3 100 MEK 5 C4 100 MEK 5 C5 75 25 MEK 5
C6 50 50 MEK 5 EX1 83.5 1 15 MBK 2.5 EX2 88 10 MEK/MBK 2.5 EX3 78
20 MEK/MBK 2.5 EX4 68 30 MEK/MBK 2.5 EX5 88 10 MEK/MBK 2.5 EX6 78
20 MEK/MBK 2.5 EX7 68 30 MEK/MBK 2.5 EX8 88 10 MEK/MBK 2.5 EX9 78
20 MEK/MBK 2.5 EX10 68 30 MEK/MBK 2.5 EX11 90 10 MEK 5 EX12 80 20
MEK 5 EX13 70 30 MEK 5 EX14 60 20 5 15 MEK EX15 64 27 9 MEK 5
Dowanol- PM EX16 56 24 20 MEK 5 Dowanol- PM
[0107] TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 4B Solution # Lab # Cheese Cloth Linear
Scratch Sand Test C1 827034 <25 wipes FD-50 g 100% 300 g C2
1260404 <25 wipes FD-50 g 90% 300 g C3 1260420 <25 wipes
FD-50 g 100% 300 g C4 1001033 <25 wipes FD-50 g 100% 300 g C5
SS/PD 250 g 70% C6 SS-250 g SS/PD 29% 350 g EX1 10130308 50/100-300
g; ND ND 25/50-725 g EX2 1260408 <25 wipes SS/PD 200 g 90% 300 g
EX3 1260412 50/100-300 g SS/PD 200 g 93% EX4 1260416 25/50-300 g
SS- 200 g 87% EX5 1260424 <25 wipes FD-100 g 100% 300 g EX6
1260428 <25 wipes PD-100 g/FD- 70% 300 g 350 g EX7 1260432
100/150-300 g NS-250 g/ss-350 g 100% EX8 1260440 <25 wipes
FD-100 g ND 300 g EX9 1260444 <25 wipes PD-100 g/FD- ND 300 g
250 g EX10 1260448 25/50-300 g PD/SS-250 g ND EX11 032604-07 100
wipes - SS-50 g 0% scratch 300 g; 25 wipes - slight scratch 725 g;
25 wipes - heavy scratch 2 kg EX12 032604-11 100 wipes - SS-50 g
10% scratch 300 g; 250 wipes - slight scratch 725 g; 100 wipes -
wipe off 2 kg EX13 032604-15 1000 wipes - SS-100 g 30% no scratch
300 g; 1000 wipes - no scratch 725 g; 1000 wipes - partial wipe off
2 kg EX14 032604-27 25/50 wipes - FD 50/100 g 100% scratch 300 g;
25 wipes - scratch 725 g; 25 wipes - wipe off 2 kg EX15 041504-06
100/150 PD 50/100 g 20% wipes - slight scratch 300 g; 50/100 wipes
- slight scratch 725 g; <25 wipes - wipe off 2 kg EX16 041504-10
25/50 wipes - SS-50 g/PD-100 g 14% scratch 300 g; 50 wipes - slight
scratch 725 g; <25 wipes - wipe off 2 kg
[0108] As Tables 4A and 4B confirm, the addition of a degree of
unsaturation, or the introduction of a cure site monomer to the
fluoropolymer, in conjunction with a multifunctional acrylate
crosslinker (TMPTA or DiPETA), showed improved durability as
compared with the control samples. While not shown in Tables 4A and
4B, the experimental samples also achieved such durability at
refractive indexes within the low range.
[0109] While the invention has been described in terms of preferred
embodiments, it will be understood, of course, that the invention
is not limited thereto since modifications may be made by those
skilled in the art, particularly in light of the foregoing
teachings.
* * * * *