U.S. patent application number 11/333450 was filed with the patent office on 2006-06-08 for animal feeds including actives and methods of preparing same.
Invention is credited to Francisco A. Cabrera, Gordon R. Huber, David R. Jones, John C. Kuenzi, Kevin D. Kuenzi.
Application Number | 20060121095 11/333450 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 25518500 |
Filed Date | 2006-06-08 |
United States Patent
Application |
20060121095 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Huber; Gordon R. ; et
al. |
June 8, 2006 |
Animal feeds including actives and methods of preparing same
Abstract
Improved extrusion-processed daily ration animal feeds are
provided which include minor amounts of actives to ensure that an
animal consuming the feed receives quantities of the actives
sufficient to establish and maintain substantially constant
concentrations of the actives in the animal's bloodstream. The
feeds may be produced by extrusion with addition of minor
quantities of one or more actives so as to uniformly distribute the
actives throughout the extruded product.
Inventors: |
Huber; Gordon R.; (Sabetha,
KS) ; Jones; David R.; (Palm Beach, FL) ;
Kuenzi; John C.; (Bern, KS) ; Kuenzi; Kevin D.;
(Perry, KS) ; Cabrera; Francisco A.; (Overland
Park, KS) |
Correspondence
Address: |
HOVEY WILLIAMS LLP
2405 GRAND BLVD., SUITE 400
KANSAS CITY
MO
64108
US
|
Family ID: |
25518500 |
Appl. No.: |
11/333450 |
Filed: |
January 17, 2006 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
09971519 |
Oct 5, 2001 |
|
|
|
11333450 |
Jan 17, 2006 |
|
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|
Current U.S.
Class: |
424/442 ;
426/635 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A23K 50/45 20160501;
A23K 50/48 20160501; A23K 20/184 20160501; A23K 50/42 20160501;
A23K 40/25 20160501; A23K 40/20 20160501; A23K 20/168 20160501;
A23K 20/10 20160501 |
Class at
Publication: |
424/442 ;
426/635 |
International
Class: |
A23K 1/165 20060101
A23K001/165; A23K 1/00 20060101 A23K001/00 |
Claims
1. In a method of producing an extruded daily ration feed product
for animals including the steps of providing a mixture of
ingredients including respective quantities of protein, fat and
starch, passing said mixture into and through an elongated extruder
barrel having an elongated, axially rotatable, helically flighted
screw within the barrel and an endmost extrusion die in order to
subject the mixture to elevated temperature, pressure and shear and
thereby cook the mixture, the improvement which comprises the step
of adding a quantity of at least one active to said mixture prior
to passage thereof through said die, said active present at a level
effective for continuously maintaining in the bloodstream of the
animal consuming the feed on a daily basis a therapeutic amount of
the active.
2. The method of claim 1, including the step of initially passing
said mixture through a preconditioner prior to passage thereof into
and through said extruder, and, during said passage through the
preconditioner, adding moisture to the mixture and elevating the
temperature thereof to at least partially precook the mixture.
3. The method of claim 2, including the step of adding said active
into said preconditioner.
4. The method of claim 3, including the step of providing said
active in the form of a liquid, and injecting said liquid into said
preconditioner adjacent the outlet thereof.
5. The method of claim 1, including the step of injecting said
active into the barrel of said extruder during passage of the
material into and through the barrel.
6. The method of claim 1, including the step of adding sufficient
active to the mixture so that the extruded feed has from 2-1500
.mu.g active/kg of feed.
7. The method of claim 1, said active selected from the group
consisting of antibiotics, steroids, anti-inflammatory agents,
endoctocides, ectoparasiticides and mixtures thereof.
8. In a method of producing an extruded feed product for animals
including the steps of providing a mixture of ingredients including
respective quantities of protein, fat and starch, passing said
mixture into and through an elongated extruder barrel having an
elongated, axially rotatable, helically flighted screw within the
barrel and an endmost extrusion die in order to subject the mixture
to elevated temperature, pressure and shear and thereby cook the
mixture, the improvement which comprises the step of adding a
quantity of at least one active to said mixture prior to passage
thereof through said die, said active present at a level of up to
about 0.75% by weight, based upon the total weight of the feed
taken as 100% by weight.
Description
RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a divisional of U.S. Patent Application
Ser. No. 09/971,519, filed Oct. 5, 2001, which is incorporated by
reference herein.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] 1. Field of the Invention
[0003] The present invention is broadly concerned with improved
daily ration feed products for animals including minor amounts of
an active such as a pharmaceutical drug. More particularly, the
invention is concerned with such feed products, and methods of
preparing and using the products, wherein the feeds contain a
sufficient quantity of an active so that when the animals consume
the feeds, therapeutically effective amounts of the active are
established and maintained in the bloodstreams of the animals. In
this way, conventional dosing regimes are eliminated, and the
animals receive proper quantities of active as a part of their
normal daily diets.
[0004] 2. Description of the Prior Art
[0005] In recent years there has been a significant increase in
animal research directed to determining proper nutritional
standards and also effective drug treatments for animals. This is
true not only in connection with domestic household pets such as
dogs, cats, birds, and exotics, but also in regard to economically
significant animals such as farm animals (e.g., horses, sheep and
cattle) and zoo animals of all types.
[0006] Insofar as drug or active treatment of animals is concerned,
it is generally required that these agents be administered from
time to time by oral administration or injection, so that
therapeutic amounts of the actives or drugs can be maintained in
the bloodstreams of the animals either continuously or at least
during a prescribed treatment period. Periodic dosing presents a
number of difficulties. For example, the animal's caretaker may
simply forget to administer a given drug or active at the required
time. This can have the effect of disrupting a treatment protocol
and even causing harm to the animal. For instance, dogs are
conventionally treated with heartworm preventative drugs such as
ivermectin on a monthly basis. If the dog's owner forgets to timely
administer the drug, the dog is susceptible to heartworm infection.
Another problem associated with periodic dosing of animals stems
from the fact that the animals may be very reluctant to cooperate,
especially if the drug or active is to be orally administered. Any
cat owner can testify to the difficulty of persuading a domestic
cat to consume a drug product.
[0007] Attempts have been made in the past to provide daily ration
products which include therapeutic drugs. For example, Hills Pet
Food Products made and sold a Science Diet product referred to as
"Maximum Stress Diet" which included small amounts of
styrylpyridinium chloride and diethylcarbamazine in a canned dog
food containing substantial quantities of animal fat which required
refrigeration. However, the Maximum Stress Diet is no longer
available, and was not optimum in that it required refrigeration
and special handling. This is to be contrasted with conventional
extruded feed products designed to be stored over extended periods
at ambient temperature without significant loss of nutrients.
[0008] U.S. Pat. No. 6,190,591 describes a single-extruder process
for the production of controlled release particles which may be
tableted. Various encapsulants including pharmaceuticals,
nutraceuticals, nutritional compounds, biologically active
components, flavorants, fragrances, detergents and surface-active
compositions are described, at relatively large quantities in the
particles of at least 1% and preferably from about 3-50%. Hence,
the '591 patent is not concerned with complete feeds, but rather
encapsulant particles. The process described in this patent make
use of an elongated extruder where water and lipid are successively
injected into the barrel, followed by water evaporation from the
barrel and final addition of encapsulants. Such equipment is
generally not suited to the production of a daily ration feed or
similar product, given the need to uniformly distribute an active
in the latter type of product.
[0009] There is accordingly a need in the art for improved daily
ration extrusion-processed feeds and methods of providing actives
to animals in a manner which will avoid problems inherent in
periodic dosing, while maintaining substantially constant
therapeutic levels of actives in the bloodstreams of animals
consuming the feeds on a daily basis.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0010] The present invention overcomes the problems outlined above
and provides improved daily ration feed products for animals such
as cats, dogs, birds, exotics, horses, sheep, cattle, reptiles, and
zoo animals and methods of preparing and using such feeds.
Generally speaking, a wide variety of feed types can be improved in
accordance with the invention, especially extrusion-processed feeds
of either dry or semi-moist kind. When the feeds are produced by
extrusion they usually contain respective quantities of protein,
fat and starch, together with a relatively minor amount of one or
more actives. In all cases, however, it is preferred that the
potency of the active content of the feeds be maintained for at
least six months at ambient temperature storage, and more
preferably nine months at ambient temperature storage.
[0011] Through use of the feed products of the invention, an animal
consuming the feeds on a daily basis receives a maintenance
quantity of the active, so that the therapeutic effects thereof are
realized. Normally, the active should be present in the extruded
feeds at a level of at least about 2 .mu.g/kg of feed product, more
preferably from about 2-1500 .mu.g/kg of feed product, and most
preferably from about 5-1000 .mu.g/kg of feed product, although
specific active amounts will vary depending upon the particular
active (or combination thereof) chosen. For example, in other types
of products within the ambit of the invention, the active(s) may be
present at a level of up to about 0.75% by weight, more preferably
up to about 0.5% by weight, and still more preferably up to about
0. 1% by weight.
[0012] A large number of actives can be used in the context of the
invention, so long as the actives can withstand feed processing
conditions and retain their potency. Among suitable actives are
antibiotics, steroids, anti-inflammatory agents, endoectacides
(e.g., dewormers such as heartworm-preventative drugs) and
ectoparasiticides (e.g., drugs effective against fleas and
ticks).
[0013] As noted, a wide variety of extruded feeds can be used in
the context of the invention. For example, typical dry extruded
product having a moisture content of less than about 10% by weight
can be produced with added active content. Similarly, semi-moist
feeds having a moisture content on the order of 15-30% by weight
are also suitable. In extruded feeds of these types, it is
preferred that the active content be substantially uniformly
dispersed throughout the feed. Alternately, pillow-type feeds can
be produced having a soft, flowable matrix center surrounded by a
shell of self-sustaining feed material; in such a case, the drug
content may be present only in the soft center matrix. In most
cases, the extruded feed products of the invention should contain
from about 5-15% by weight moisture (wet basis), 15-30% by weight
protein, more preferably from about 18-25% by weight protein; from
about 3-24% by weight fat, more preferably from about 5-20% by
weight fat; and from about 5-80% by weight starch, more preferably
from about 20-50% by weight starch. Generally, the extruded feeds
should have a bulk density of from about 30-700 g/l, more
preferably from about 140-400 g/l, and a water activity of from
about 0.1 -0.99, more preferably from about 0.6-0.75.
[0014] An important goal of the invention is to provide
active-containing daily ration feeds which when consumed on a daily
basis by animals will establish and maintain a therapeutic amount
of one or more actives in the bloodstreams of the animals. In this
way, the need for periodic dosing is completely avoided, yet the
beneficial effects of the active remain. To this end, the feeds
should have sufficient active therein so that, when an animal
consumes the feed at a rate of from about 10-40 g of the feed per
kg of the consuming animal's weight, the desired therapeutic amount
of drug is achieved.
[0015] During extrusion processing in accordance with the
invention, starting farinaceous feed ingredients are fed into the
elongated barrel of an extruder including at least one elongated,
axially rotatable, helically flighted screw with an endmost
extrusion die. During passage through the extruder barrel, the
ingredients are subjected to elevated temperature, agitation and
shear in order to cook the product. In preferred forms of the
invention, the starting ingredients are first preconditioned prior
to passage into the extruder barrel. Generally, during
preconditioning the starting mixture is subjected to a temperature
of from about 20-98.degree. C. (more preferably from about
90-97.degree. C.) for a period of from about 15-600 seconds (more
preferably from about 170-190 seconds). The purpose of
preconditioning is to initially moisturize and partially cook the
starting material prior to entrance thereof into the extruder
barrel. Advantageously, the material leaving the preconditioner has
a moisture content of from about 10-60% by weight, and more
preferably from about 21-23% by weight.
[0016] In the extruder, the preconditioned starting material is
subjected to conditions of elevated heat, pressure and shear.
Normally, the temperature conditions in the barrel are such as to
achieve a maximum temperature of from about 20-175.degree. C., and
more preferably from about 65-120.degree. F. Normal maximum
pressure conditions are from about 100-3000 psi, and more
preferably from about 150-500 psi. Residence times in the extruder
barrel usually range from about 3-180 seconds, and more preferably
from about 20-40 seconds.
[0017] The active content of the extruded feeds can be added at a
variety of locations during the process. One preferred technique is
to prepare a dilute drug solution which can be pumped at a known
rate into the farinaceous ingredients during processing. For
example, the drug liquid may be added at the preconditioner,
preferably adjacent the outlet thereof. Alternately, the drug may
be injected directly into the extruder barrel during processing.
Given the relatively small quantities of drug employed in the
feeds, it is generally important that there be sufficient time in
the process to adequately mix in the drug substantially uniformly
throughout the other ingredients.
[0018] It will be appreciated that the invention is not limited to
extruded feed products, and that the principles of the invention
can be applied with canned/retorted or fresh refrigerated animal
foods. In addition, actives can be added to high moisture products
(having a moisture content of from about 30-85% by weight). The
types and contents of actives described above in connection with
extruded feeds are equally applicable to such canned and fresh
refrigerated feeds.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0019] The following examples set forth presently preferred methods
for the production of heartworm preventative drug-containing pet
foods and related information. It is to be understood, however,
that these examples are provided by way of illustration and nothing
therein should be taken as a limitation upon the overall scope of
the invention.
EXAMPLE 1
[0020] In this example, an ivermectin-containing dog food product
was produced using a co-extrusion process. The dry farinaceous
ingredients used in this example were (all percentages on a weight
basis): wheat flour--14%; rice flour--15%; corn flour--32%; corn
gluten meal--12%; poultry meal--8%; brewer's yeast--2%; sodium
bicarbonate--0.6%; Thoxyquin--0.1 %; potassium sorbate--0.3%; and
sugar--5%. The liquid co-extruded mixture contained (all
percentages on a weight basis: poultryfat--81.13%; GP
(GlutaminePeptide)--11.32%; cheesepowder--3.77%; and poultry
meal--3.77%.
[0021] The extrusion equipment included a Wenger X-85 single screw
extruder with a Wenger Model 7 DDC preconditioner. The extruder
barrel was made up of a series of interconnected heads. The screw
configuration, dies, adaptor parts, preconditioner shafts and
beater elements were all Wenger equipment.
[0022] In order to effect the desired co-extrusion, a delivery pipe
having approximately a 3/8'' delivery nipple was inserted into the
center of the die so that the liquid portion was directed through
the die with a surrounding annulus of the extruded farinaceous
mixture. The liquid portion was pumped through the delivery pipe at
a rate which was approximately 30% of the extrusion rate of the
farinaceous mixture. At the outlet of the extruder die, the product
was cut using an knife and respective samples of the cut product
were manually crimped using a hand-crimping tool. In this fashion,
"pillows" of the pet food were obtained, with an outer farinaceous
ingredient shell and an inner flowable filling containing
ivermectin.
[0023] Following this treatment, the product was dried to a
moisture level of less than 10% by weight. Three samples from the
dryer were subsequently frozen and another sample was placed in a
plastic bag and stored at room temperature, for a period in excess
of six months.
[0024] The following table sets forth the illustrative
preconditioning and extrusion information. TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1
DRY RECIPE INFORMATION Dry Recipe Rate kg/hr 93 Feed Screw Speed
rpm 11 PRECONDITIONING INFORMATION Preconditioner Speed rpm 485
Steam Flow to Preconditioner kg/hr 8 Water Flow to Preconditioner
kg/hr 21 Preconditioner Discharge Temp. .degree. C. 66 EXTRUSION
INFORMATION Extruder Shaft Speed rpm 516 Extruder Motor Load % 75
Control/Temperature 2nd Head .degree. C. 40 Control/Temperature 3rd
Head .degree. C. 51 Control/Temperature 4th Head .degree. C. 39
Control/Temperature 5th Head .degree. C. 48 Control/Temperature 7th
Head .degree. C. 45 FINAL PRODUCT INFORMATION Extruder Discharge
Density kg/m.sup.3 350
[0025] The products resulting from this test were analyzed to
determine the content of ivermectin in the samples. In this
analysis, each feed sample was ground in a Retsch mill at low speed
using a 2 mm grating screen, so that the ground material would pass
through a #10 mesh screen. A total of six samples, three frozen and
three stored at room temperature, were processed. In each case,
three 37.5 g of a sample was placed in a 250 ml bottle and 100 ml
of methanol was added. The bottle was capped, the sample was
sonicated for 20 minutes and shaken for 1 hour. 40 ml of the
extract was added to a centrifuge tube and centrifuged for 5
minutes at 2000 rpm. 20 ml of the supernatant solution was then
passed through a alumina column. The first five ml was rejected and
the remainder of the liquid through the column was collected as a
purified sample. 2 ml of the purified sample was mixed with a 5 ml
mixture of acetonitrile:water (1:1), and a solid phase extraction
(SPE) was performed in accordance with the procedure described in
Doherty et al., Analytical Chemists International, 81:869(4)
(1998). 2 ml of the working, 1% ivermectin sample standard was also
run through the SPE procedure to determine if any loss of
ivermectin was taking place.
[0026] All samples from the SPE treatment were evaporated under
nitrogen using an analytical evaporator with a water bath
temperature of 50.degree. C. The dried samples were reconstituted
in 2 ml of HPLC mobile phase for analysis. Two samples were also
prepared using 2 ml of the working standard ivermectin solution
(containing 0.42 .mu.g/ml) and were run before and after the feed
samples.
[0027] The HPLC setup consisted of the following: TABLE-US-00002
Gilson 712 HPLC System Controller Gilson 305 pump, 231 sample
injector, 401 dilutor and 115 UV detector Jones Chromatography
column heater set at 30.degree. C. HPLC Analytical column Symmetry
C.sub.18, 5.mu., 4.6 .times. 350 mm Mobile Phase
Acetonitrile/methanol/water 53/35/7 Flow rate 1 mL/minute UV
Detection 245 nm
[0028] The results of the HPLC analyses (two injections of each
feed sample and two injections of the working standard solution)
confirmed that the pet food samples contained very close to the
expected content (0.42 .mu.g/kg) of ivermectin. In particular, the
average ivermectin content of the three frozen and the
ambient-stored samples was 0.43 .mu.g/kg. This demonstrated that
storage conditions (frozen versus ambient) had little effect upon
ivermectin potency, and an excellent ivermectin stability.
EXAMPLE 2
[0029] In this example, an ivermectin-containing dog food was
prepared using a Wenger TX-85 twin screw extruder equipped with a
Model 16 Wenger DDC preconditioner. The dry ingredients fed to the
extruder included (all percentages by weight basis): wheat
middlings--18%; meat and bone meal--18%; soybean meal--18%; and
corn--46%. In this run, two liquid dispersions were used which
contained (all percentages by weight basis): first mixture,
propylene glycol--11 lbs and water--11 lbs; second mixture,
propylene glycol--48.82%; water--48.82%; red No. 40 dye--1.86%; and
ivermectin solution--0.50%. The amount of ivermectin used was
calculated to provide a dose of approximately 1121.1 .mu.g of
ivermectin per kg of the dog food on a dry basis.
[0030] In the process, the dry ingredients were fed to the
preconditioner where steam and water was added to moisturize and
partially precook the mixture. This preconditioned material was
then fed to the inlet of the extruder in the usual fashion. The
first liquid mixture was added to the outlet end of the
preconditioner for passage into the extruder barrel along with the
preconditioned material, over a period of about 11 minutes.
Thereafter, the colored, ivermectin-containing liquid mixture was
added over a period of about 22 minutes. Finally, additional
quantities of the first water/propylene glycol liquid mixture was
again added, over about 11 minutes. After extrusion, the product
was dried in a Wenger dryer operating at 115.degree. C., with two
drying passes of 7 and 8.9 minutes respectively, followed by a
cooler pass with 4.5 minutes retention time. The dryer discharge
moisture was 6.25%, wb.
[0031] Samples were collected of the colored ivermectin-containing
dispersion, the raw material mixture, preconditioned material
leaving the preconditioner and extruded samples.
[0032] The following table sets forth illustrative preconditioning
and extrusion conditions. TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 2 DRY RECIPE
INFORMATION Dry Recipe Moisture % w b 9.56 Dry Recipe Density
kg/m.sup.3 570 Dry Recipe Rate kg/hr 2618 Feed Screw Speed rpm 205
PRECONDITIONING INFORMATION Preconditioner Speed rpm 250 Steam Flow
to Preconditioner kg/hr 224 Water Flow to Preconditioner kg/hr 362
Preconditioner Additive 1 Rate kg/hr 57 Preconditioner Discharge
Temp. .degree. C. 90 EXTRUSION INFORMATION Extruder Shaft Speed rpm
700 Extruder Motor Load % 67 Steam Flow to Extruder kg/hr 84 Water
Flow to Extruder kg/hr 112 Control/Temperature 1st Head .degree. C.
50/57 Control/Temperature 2nd Head .degree. C. 50/86
Control/Temperature 3rd Head .degree. C. 40/52 Control/Temperature
4th Head .degree. C. 40/75 Head/Pressure kPa 900 Knife Drive Speed
rpm 905 FINAL PRODUCT INFORMATION Extruder Discharge Density
kg/m.sup.3 368 Extruder Performance Stable
[0033] The dog food from this run was fed ad libitum to an intact
female mixed breed dog weighing about 10 kg. On day 7, blood was
drawn from the dog four hours after eating and stored in an
anti-coagulant tube with calcium EDTA in a refrigerator. Seven days
later, the same dog was again fed the ivermectin-containing feed ad
libitum and blood was collected four hours post-feeding. This
sample was also refrigerated in the same fashion as the first
sample.
[0034] The blood samples were then analyzed to determine the
content of ivermectin therein, using HPLC. The procedure used was
described in Dickinson, Journal of Chromatography, 58:250-257
(1990). In this procedure, 0.5 ml of each blood sample was purified
using solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridges and dissolved in a
small volume of mobile phase for injection onto the HPLC column.
The method has a limit of detection of about 2 ng/ml and uses an
internal standard. After preparation of the internal standard, a
standard curve is constructed using ivermectin-spiked blood
samples. A known 1% ivermectin sample was used as the primary
standard.
[0035] The blood samples from the dog were then analyzed for
ivermectin content with HPLC peak heights corrected using the
internal standard. The HPLC setup consisted of the following:
TABLE-US-00004 Gilson 712 HPLC System Controller Gilson 305 pump,
231 sample injector, 401 dilutor and 115 UV detector Jones
Chromatography column heater set at 56.degree. C. HPLC Analytical
column: Coulter-Beckman UltraSphere XL C.sub.18, 3.mu., 4.6 .times.
70 mm Mobile Phase: Acetonitrile/methanol/water 49/33/18 Flow Rate:
1 mL/minute UV Detection: 245 nm
[0036] The results of this study demonstrated that the dog blood
samples contained ivermectin in the range of about 5-8 ng/ml.
EXAMPLE 3
[0037] In this Example a series of extrusion runs were performed to
determine the consistency of metering of ivermectin into a dog food
mixture during extrusion. In each case, the farinaceous mixture
included the following ingredients (all percentages on a weight
basis): corn--35.93%; poultry meal--28.94%; rice--22.95%; corn
gluten meal--11.98%; vitamin premix--0.10%; and mineral
premix--0.10%. Three ivermectin-containing liquids were prepared,
containing: Recipe #1, propylene glycol--8.60 pounds; water--8.60
pounds; red #40 dye--160 grams; ivermectin solution--0.212 ml;
Recipe #2, propylene glycol--8.60 pounds; water--8.60 pounds; red
#40 dye--160 grams; ivermectin solution--0.433 ml; Recipe #3,
propylene glycol--8.60 pounds; water--8.60 pounds; red #40 dye--160
grams; ivermectin solution--1.279 ml. In each run 8.0 kg of a
respective ivermectin recipe was added to the farinaceous
ingredients at the exit of the preconditioner, prior to entering
the extruder barrel. The recipes were added at a rate equal to 2%
of the farinaceous mixture rate. The target for the runs using
Recipe #1 was 6 .mu.g ivermectin/kg of feed; for runs using Recipe
#2, 12 .mu.g/kg; and for runs using Recipe #3, 36 .mu.g/kg. The
extruder system employed was a Wenger model TX 57 twin screw
extruder with a model 2 DDC preconditioner.
[0038] The following table sets forth the preconditioning and
extrusion information collected during this series of runs. In runs
101-103, Recipe #1 was used; in runs 104-106, Recipe #2 was used;
and in runs 107-109, Recipe #3 was used. As the extrudates emerged
from the die, they were cut using the knife assembly and dried in a
Wenger multiple-pass drier. Samples were collected at 15 minutes,
30 minutes and 45 minutes from the preconditioner, extruder and
drier. TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 3 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109
DRY RECIPE INFORMATION: Dry Recipe Density kg/m.sup.3 494 494 494
494 494 494 494 494 494 Dry Recipe Rate kg/hr 400 400 400 390 392
390 387 397 392 Feed Screw Rate rpm 48 53 55 49 52 52 56 54 54
PRECONDITIONING INFORMATION: Preconditioner Speed rpm 350 350 350
350 350 350 350 350 350 Steam Flow to Preconditioner kg/hr 36 35.8
35.9 36.1 35.9 35.8 36 36.1 35.9 Water Flow to Preconditioner kg/hr
48 48.1 48.3 T47.7 47.9 48.1 48 48.2 48.1 Preconditioner Additive 1
Rate kg/hr 8 7.9 8.05 7.8 7.95 7.84 8.12 8.03 8.02 Preconditioner
Discharge Temp. .degree. C. 86 85 85 86 86 86 85 85 85 Moisture
Entering Extruder % w b 16.26 17.04 19.14 18.96 16.47 18.18 16.14
18.97 18.98 EXTRUSION INFORMATION: Extruder Shaft Speed rpm 426 427
425 427 426 426 426 426 425 Extruder Motor Load % 53 45 61 54 52 67
49 51 52 Steam Flow to Extruder kg/hr 12 13.1 709 8 7.9 8 8.1 8 8
Water Flow to Extruder kg/hr 24 24 24.1 24 24 23.8 24 24 23.9
Control/Temp. 1st Head .degree. C. 40/52 40/52 40/52 40/53 40/55
40/52 40/53 40/55 40/54 Control/Temp. 2nd Head .degree. C. 60/60
60/60 60/59 60/60 60/60 60/59 60/59 60/59 60/60 Control/Temp. 3rd
Head .degree. C. 80/79 80/80 80/81 80/80 80/80 80/81 80/80 80/80
80/79 Control/Temp. 4th Head .degree. C. 60/67 60/67 60/67 60/65
60/65 60/66 60/65 60/65 60/64 Head/Pressure kPa 1710 1600 1980 1660
1770 1910 1960 1980 1830 Knife Drive Speed rpm 1324 1324 1325 1492
1443 1493 1493 1492 1491 FINAL PRODUCT INFORMATION: Extruder
Discharge Moisture % w b 20.43 19.79 20.4 21.32 21.46 21.97 22.12
22.83 22.71 Extruder Discharge Density kg/m.sup.3 312 374 338 400
349 352 336 336 400 Extruder Performance Stable Stable Stable
Stable Stable Stable Stable Stable Stable Dried Product Moisture %
w b 2.75 2.12 4.67 9.38 9.74 10.18 7.45 9.4 8.0
[0039] The dried samples were analyzed to determine ivermectin
content, using the technique described in Example 1. The results
from the Recipe #1, #2 and #3 runs were averaged, with the
following results. For the Recipe #1 runs (101-103), the ivermectin
content was 6.02 .mu./kg (dry basis); for the Recipe #2 runs
(104-106), the ivermectin content was 11.99 .mu./kg (dry basis);
and for the Recipe #3 runs (107-109), the ivermectin content was
35.98 .mu./kg (dry basis). This confirms that the processing
technique of this Example gives extremely close ivermectin
contents, as compared with the pre-extrusion goals.
EXAMPLE 4
[0040] In this example, a series of extrusion runs were carried out
with dog food products containing different active ingredients. The
equipment employed was a Wenger laboratory-scale X-5 extruder. The
actives used in the respective runs were: Methoprene (insect growth
regulator, Run 002); Lufenuron (insect growth regulator, chemically
dissimilar to Methoprene, Run 003); Praziquantel (tapeworm
treatment, Run 004); Enrofloxacin (potent broad spectrum
antibiotic, Run 005); Dexamethasone (steroid of the cortisone type,
Run 006); Ibuprofen (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, Run
007); Fenbendazole (mammal dewormer, Run 008); Oxytetracycline
(widely used antibiotic, Run 009); Ivermectin, Methoprene,
Praziquantal cocktail (antiparasitical combination, Run 010);
Imidaccopria (imidacloprid, Run 011); Amoxicillin (broad spectrum
antibiotic, Run 012); Tribrissen (antibiotic, Run 013); Doramectin
(broad spectrum dewormer and anthelmintic, Run 014).
[0041] In particular, the recipes for each run are set forth in the
following table: TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 4 By Weight Recipe-Run 001
Corn 35.9281% Poultry Meal 28.9421% Rice 22.9541% Corn Gluten Meal
11.9760% Lasi Pet Premix 0.0998% Trace Mineral #95 0.0998% Total
100.0000% *0.980 kg of water was added to the above mixture
Recipe-Run 002 Corn 35.7982% Poultry Meal 28.8374% Rice 22.8711%
Corn Gluten Meal 11.9327% Lasi Pet Premix 0.0994% Trace Mineral #95
0.0994% Hartz Methoprene Capsule Content 0.3618% Total 100.0000%
*0.980 kg of water was added to the above mixture Calculated Active
content in batch = 0.0051 kg Recipe-Run 003 Corn 35.7982% Poultry
Meal 28.8374% Rice 22.8711% Corn Gluten Meal 11.9327% Lasi Pet
Premix 0.0994% Trace Mineral #95 0.0994% Lufenuron-Novartis .01571%
Total 99.7954% *0.980 kg of water was added to the above mixture
Calculated Active content in batch = 0.0053 kg Recipe-Run 004 Corn
35.2250% Poultry Meal 28.3757% Rice 22.5049% Corn Gluten Meal
11.7417% Lasi Pet Premix 0.0978% Trace Mineral #95 0.0978% Bayer
Droncit (Praziquantel) 1.0176% Propylene Glycol 0.1571% Total
100.0000% *0.880 kg of water was added to the above mixture
Calculated Active content in batch = 0.0028 kg Recipe-Run 005 Corn
35.5731% Poultry Meal 28.6561% Rice 22.7273% Corn Gluten Meal
11.8577% Lasi Pet Premix 0.0988% Trace Mineral #95 0.0988% Bayer
Baytril Injectable (Enfloxacin) 0.9881% Total 100.0000% *0.930 kg
of water was added to the above mixture Calculated Active content
in batch = 0.0050 kg Recipe-Run 006 Corn 35.6679% Poultry Meal
26.3158% Rice 20.8711% Corn Gluten Meal 10.8893% Lasi Pet Premix
0.0907% Trace Mineral #95 0.0907% Dexamethasone Solution 9.0744%
Total 100.0000% *0.480 kg of water was added to the above mixture
Calculated Active content in batch = 0.0010 kg Recipe-Run 007 Corn
35.8728% Poultry Meal 28.8975% Rice 22.9187% Corn Gluten Meal
11.9576% Lasi Pet Premix 0.0996% Trace Mineral #95 0.0996%
Ibuprofen 0.1541% Total 100.0000% *0.980 kg of water was added to
the above mixture Calculated Active content in batch = 0.0050 kg
Recipe-Run 008 Corn 35.5554% Poultry Meal 28.6419% Rice 22.7160%
Corn Gluten Meal 11.8518% Lasi Pet Premix 0.0988% Trace Mineral #95
0.0988% Pavacur-Febendzole Paste 01.0374% Total 100.0000% *0.980 kg
of water was added to the above mixture Calculated Active content
in batch = 0.005052 kg Recipe-Run 009 Corn 35.5731% Poultry Meal
28.6561% Rice 22.7273% Corn Gluten Meal 11.8577% Lasi Pet Premix
0.0988% Trace Mineral #95 0.0988% Maxim 200-Oxytetracycline
Solution 0.9881% Total 100.0000% *0.930 kg of water was added to
the above mixture Calculated Active content in batch = 0.0050 kg
Recipe-Run 010 Corn 35.4801% Poultry Meal 28.5812% Rice 22.6678%
Corn Gluten Meal 11.8267% Lasi Pet Premix 0.0986% Trace Mineral #95
0.0986% Equvalan Paste-Ivermectin 0.1344% Hartz Methoprene Capsule
Content 0.1271% Bayer Droncit (Praziquantel) 0.9856% Total
100.0000% *0.980 kg of water was added to the above mixture
Calculated Ivermectin Active content in batch = 0.000114 kg
Calculated Methoprene Active content in batch = 0.005082 kg
Calculated Praziquantel Active content in batch = 0.00284 kg
Recipe-Run 011 Corn 35.7001% Poultry Meal 28.7584% Rice 22.8084%
Corn Gluten Meal 11.9000% Lasi Pet Premix 0.0992% Trace Mineral #95
0.0992% Bayer Advantage-Imidacloprid 0.6347% Total 100.0000% *0.948
kg of water was added to the above mixture Calculated Active
content in batch = 0.002912 kg Recipe-Run 012 Corn 35.8905% Poultry
Meal 28.9118% Rice 22.9300% Corn Gluten Meal 11.9635% Lasi Pet
Premix 0.0997% Trace Mineral #95 0.0997% Amoxicillin-Antibiotic
0.1049% Total 100.0000% *0.980 kg of water was added to the above
mixture Calculated Active content in batch = 0.005 kg Recipe-Run
013 Corn 35.8802% Poultry Meal 28.9035% Rice 22.9234% Corn Gluten
Meal 11.9601% Lasi Pet Premix 0.0997% Trace Mineral #95 0.0997%
Tribrissen-Antibiotic 0.1336% Total 100.0000% *0.980 kg of water
was added to the above mixture Calculated Active content in batch =
0.00576 kg Recipe-Run 014 Corn 35.8566% Poultry Meal 28.8845% Rice
22.9084% Corn Gluten Meal 11.9522% Lasi Pet Premix 0.0996% Trace
Mineral #95 0.0996% Doramectin (Dectomax) 0.1992 Total 100.0000%
*0.970 kg of water was added to the above mixture Calculated Active
content in batch = 0.0001 kg
[0042] The X-5 extruder included seven interconnected heads with a
single extruder shaft supporting rotating elements. The X-5 was
also equipped with a Wenger die/adaptor. The extrudates were
manually cut upon emerging from the die and were dried in a
laboratory drier to a moisture content less than 10% by weight.
[0043] In each run the active ingredient(s) were diluted into a
miscible liquid (water or propylene glycol) and combined with 0.5
kg of the recipe to make a premix. This premix was then loaded into
a Hobart mixer along with the remaining contents of the batch
(total of 5 kg in each case) and mixed to obtain the final recipe
for extrusion. The individual batches were loaded into the feeding
bin and the extrusion runs were started. Samples were taken at
regular intervals of approximately 5 minutes after stable
conditions were achieved. Some samples were taken "as is" from the
extruder without drying and were frozen. Other dried samples were
bagged and maintained at ambient temperature.
* * * * *