U.S. patent application number 10/542287 was filed with the patent office on 2006-05-25 for title of the invention n-cyclohexylaminocarbonyl benzensulfonmide derivatives.
Invention is credited to Hiroo Koyama, DanielJ Miller, SoumyaP Sahoo.
Application Number | 20060111585 10/542287 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 32825142 |
Filed Date | 2006-05-25 |
United States Patent
Application |
20060111585 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Sahoo; SoumyaP ; et
al. |
May 25, 2006 |
Title of the invention n-cyclohexylaminocarbonyl benzensulfonmide
derivatives
Abstract
A class of N-cyclohexylaminocarbonyl benzenesulfonamide
derivatives are agonists or partial agonists or antagonists of PPAR
gamma and are useful in the treatment and control of hyperglycemia
that is symptomatic of type II diabetes, as well as dyslipidemia,
hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and
obesity that are often associated with type 2 diabetes.
Inventors: |
Sahoo; SoumyaP; (Old Bridge,
NJ) ; Koyama; Hiroo; (Hoboken, NJ) ; Miller;
DanielJ; (Edison, NJ) |
Correspondence
Address: |
MERCK AND CO., INC
P O BOX 2000
RAHWAY
NJ
07065-0907
US
|
Family ID: |
32825142 |
Appl. No.: |
10/542287 |
Filed: |
January 13, 2004 |
PCT Filed: |
January 13, 2004 |
PCT NO: |
PCT/US04/00689 |
371 Date: |
July 15, 2005 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
564/43 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61P 9/10 20180101; C07C
2601/14 20170501; A61P 3/06 20180101; A61P 3/04 20180101; A61P
17/06 20180101; A61P 29/00 20180101; A61P 9/12 20180101; A61P 27/02
20180101; A61P 25/28 20180101; C07C 311/59 20130101; A61P 35/00
20180101; A61P 1/18 20180101; A61K 45/06 20130101; A61P 9/00
20180101; A61P 1/00 20180101; C07C 317/22 20130101; A61P 3/10
20180101 |
Class at
Publication: |
564/043 ;
514/592 |
International
Class: |
A61K 31/175 20060101
A61K031/175; C07C 311/57 20060101 C07C311/57 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Jan 17, 2003 |
US |
60440761 |
Claims
1. A compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt
thereof ##STR16## wherein R.sup.1 is selected from the group
consisting of H, Cl, F, and C.sub.1-4alkyl, where C.sub.1-4alkyl is
optionally substituted with 1-3 halogen atoms independently
selected from F and Cl; R.sup.2 is selected from the group
consisting of H, Cl, F, C.sub.1-4alkyl, OC.sub.1-4alkyl, and
--S(O).sub.2CH.sub.3, where C.sub.1-4alkyl and OC.sub.1-4alkyl are
optionally substituted with 1-3 halogen atoms independently
selected from F and Cl; R.sup.3, R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 are
independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, F,
Cl, C.sub.1-3alkyl, and --OC.sub.1-3alkyl, where C.sub.1-3alkyl and
-OC.sub.1-3alkyl are optionally substituted with 1-3 halogens
independently selected from F and Cl; X and Y are each
independently selected from the group consisting of O, S, SO, and
SO.sub.2; and n represents an integer selected from 1, 2, 3, and
4.
2. A The compound according to claim 1 wherein R.sup.2 is selected
from H, F, --OC.sub.1-3 alkyl, and --S(O).sub.2CH.sub.3, where
--OC.sub.1-3 alkyl is optionally substituted with 1-3 F atoms.
3. The compound according to claim 1, wherein R.sup.1 is selected
from Cl and n-propyl; R.sup.2 is selected from H and F; and
R.sup.3, R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 are H.
4. The compound according to claim 1, wherein R.sup.2 is
--OCH.sub.2CH.sub.3 or --OCH.sub.2CF.sub.3.
5. The compound according to claim 1, wherein R.sup.5 is H; and
R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 are each independently selected from H, F,
CH.sub.3, CF.sub.3, --OCH.sub.3, --OCF.sub.3, --OCH.sub.2CH.sub.3
and --OCH.sub.2CF.sub.3.
6. The compound according to claim 1, wherein X and Y are each
independently selected from O and S.
7. The compound according to claim 1, wherein X and Y are each
O.
8. The compound according to claim 1, wherein the group X is
attached to the phenyl of the N-cyclohexylaminocarbonyl
benzenesulfonamide moiety at the position that is meta to the
sulfonamide group.
9. The compound according to claim 1, wherein the group X is
attached to the phenyl of the N-cyclohexylaminocarbonyl
benzenesulfonamide moiety at the position that is para to the
sulfonamide group.
10. The compound according to claim 1, wherein n is 1-3.
11. The compound according to claim 1, wherein n is 3 or 4.
12. The compound according to claim 1, wherein X and Y are O; n is
an integer selected from 1-3; R.sup.3, R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 are H;
R.sup.1 is selected from n-propyl and Cl; and R.sup.2 is selected
from H, F, and --S(O).sub.2CH.sub.3.
13. The compound according to claim 1, wherein R.sup.1 is C.sub.2-3
alkyl, which is optionally substituted with 1-3 F atoms.
14. The compound according to claim 1, wherein R.sup.1 is
n-propyl.
15. The compound which is selected from the compounds below, or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof: ##STR17## ##STR18##
16. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of claim 1
and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
17. A method for treating hyperglycemia in a mammalian or human
patient having non-insulin dependent (Type 2) diabetes mellitus
which comprises administering to said patient a therapeutically
effective amount of a compound of claim 1.
18. (canceled)
19. (canceled)
20. (canceled)
21. (canceled)
22. (canceled)
23. (canceled)
24. (canceled)
25. A method of treating or controlling one or more diseases,
disorders, or conditions selected from the group consisting of (1)
non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), (2) hyperglycemia,
(3) low glucose tolerance, (4) insulin resistance, (5) obesity, (6)
lipid disorders, (7) dyslipidemia, (8) hyperlipidemia, (9)
hypertriglyceridemia, (10) hypercholesterolemia, (11) low HDL
levels, (12) high LDL levels, (13) atherosclerosis and its
sequelae, (14) vascular restenosis, (15) irritable bowel syndrome,
(16) inflammatory bowel disease, including Crohn's disease and
ulcerative colitis, (17) other inflammatory conditions, (18)
pancreatitis, (19) abdominal obesity, (20) neurodegenerative
disease, (21) retinopathy, (22) neoplastic conditions, (23) adipose
cell tumors, (24) adipose cell carcinomas, such as liposarcoma,
(25) prostate cancer and other cancers, including gastric, breast,
bladder and colon cancers, (26) angiogenesis, (27) Alzheimer's
disease, (28) psoriasis, (29) high blood pressure, (30) Syndrome X,
(31) ovarian hyperandrogenism (polycystic ovarian syndrome), and
other disorders where insulin resistance is a component, said
method comprising the administration of an effective amount of a
compound of claim 1.
26. (canceled)
27. (canceled)
28. (canceled)
29. (canceled)
30. (canceled)
31. (canceled)
32. (canceled)
33. A pharmaceutical composition comprising (1) a compound of claim
1, (2) one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of
(a) insulin sensitizers including (i) PPAR gamma agonists such as
the glitazones (e.g. troglitazone, pioglitazone, englitazone,
MCC-555, rosiglitazone, and the like), and compounds disclosed in
WO97/27857, 97/28115, 97/28137 and 97/27847; (ii) biguanides such
as metformin and phenformin; (iii) protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B
(PTP-1B) inhibitors, and (iv) dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DP-IV)
inhibitors; (b) insulin or insulin mimetics; (c) sulfonylureas such
as tolbutamide and glipizide, or related materials; (d)
.alpha.-glucosidase inhibitors (such as acarbose); (e) cholesterol
lowering agents such as (i) HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors
(lovastatin, simvastatin, pravastatin, fluvastatin, atorvastatin,
rivastatin, itavastatin, ZD4522 and other statins), (ii)
sequestrants (cholestyramine, colestipol, and dialkylaminoalkyl
derivatives of a cross-linked dextran), (iii) nicotinyl alcohol,
nicotinic acid or a salt thereof, (iv) PPAR.alpha. agonists such as
fenofibric acid derivatives (gemfibrozil, clofibrate, fenofibrate
and benzafibrate), (v) PPAR.alpha./.gamma.dual agonists, such as
KRP-297, (vi) inhibitors of cholesterol absorption, such as for
example beta-sitosterol, (vii) acyl CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase
inhibitors, such as for example avasimibe, and (viii)
anti-oxidants, such as probucol; (f) PPAR.gamma. agonists such as
those disclosed in WO97/28149; (g) antiobesity compounds such as
fenfluramine, dexfenfluramine, phentiramine, sulbitramine,
orlistat, neuropeptide Y5 inhibitors, and .beta..sub.3 adrenergic
receptor agonists; (h) an ileal bile acid transporter inhibitor;
and (i) agents intended for use in inflammatory conditions such as
aspirin, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, glucocorticoids,
azulfidine, and cyclo-oxygenase 2 selective inhibitors; and (3) a
pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The instant invention is concerned with
N-cyclohexylaminocarbonyl benzenesulfonamide derivatives which are
useful as therapeutic compounds, particularly in the treatment of
Type 2 diabetes mellitus, and of conditions that are often
associated with this disease, including obesity and lipid
disorders.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Diabetes is a disease derived from multiple causative
factors and is characterized by elevated levels of plasma glucose
(hyperglycemia) in the fasting state or after administration of
glucose during an oral glucose tolerance test. There are two
generally recognized forms of diabetes. In type 1 diabetes, or
insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), patients produce little
or no insulin, the hormone which regulates glucose utilization. In
type 2 diabetes, or noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM),
insulin is still produced in the body. Patients having type 2
diabetes often have hyperinsulinemia (elevated plasma insulin
levels); however, these patients are insulin resistant, which means
that they have a resistance to the effect of insulin in stimulating
glucose and lipid metabolism in the main insulin-sensitive tissues,
which are muscle, liver and adipose tissues. Patients who are
insulin resistant but not diabetic compensate for the insulin
resistance by secreting more insulin, so that serum glucose levels
are not elevated enough to meet the criteria of Type 2 diabetes. In
patients with Type 2 diabetes, even elevated plasma insulin levels
are insufficient to overcome the pronounced insulin resistance.
[0003] Persistent or uncontrolled hyperglycemia that occurs with
diabetes is associated with increased and premature morbidity and
mortality. Often abnormal glucose homeostasis is associated both
directly and indirectly with obesity, hypertension, and alterations
of the lipid, lipoprotein and apolipoprotein metabolism, as well as
other metabolic and hemodynamic disease. Patients with type 2
diabetes mellitus have a significantly increased risk of
macrovascular and microvascular complications, including
atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, stroke, peripheral
vascular disease, hypertension, nephropathy, neuropathy, and
retinopathy. Therefore, therapeutic control of glucose homeostasis,
lipid metabolism, obesity, and hypertension are critically
important in the clinical management and treatment of diabetes
mellitus.
[0004] Many patients who have insulin resistance or Type 2 diabetes
often have several symptoms that together are referred to as
syndrome X, or the metabolic syndrome. A patient having this
syndrome is characterized as having three or more symptoms selected
from the following group of five symptoms: (1) abdominal obesity;
(2) hypertriglyceridemia; (3) low high-density lipoprotein
cholesterol (HDL); (4) high blood pressure; and (5) elevated
fasting glucose, which may be in the range characteristic of Type 2
diabetes if the patient is also diabetic. Each of these symptoms is
defined in the recently released Third Report of the National
Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation
and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment
Panel III, or ATP III), National Institutes of Health, 2001, NIH
Publication No. 01-3670. Patients with metabolic syndrome, whether
or not they have or develop overt diabetes mellitus, have an
increased risk of developing the macrovascular and microvascular
complications that are listed above that occur with type 2
diabetes, such as atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease.
[0005] Insulin resistance is not primarily caused by a diminished
number of insulin receptors but by a post-insulin receptor binding
defect that is not yet completely understood. This lack of
responsiveness to insulin results in insufficient insulin-mediated
activation of uptake, oxidation and storage of glucose in muscle
and inadequate insulin-mediated repression of lipolysis in adipose
tissue and of glucose production and secretion in the liver.
[0006] There are several available treatments for type 2 diabetes,
each of which has its own limitations and potential risks. Physical
exercise and a reduction in dietary intake of calories often
dramatically improve the diabetic condition and are the best first
line treatment of type 2 diabetes. Compliance with this treatment
is very poor because of well-entrenched sedentary lifestyles and
excess food consumption, especially of foods containing high
amounts of fat. A widely used drug treatment involves the
administration of meglitinide or a sulfonylurea (e.g. tolbutamide
or glipizide), which are insulin secretagogues. These drugs
increase the plasma level of insulin by stimulating the pancreatic
.beta.-cells to secrete more insulin. When administration of a
sulfonylurea or meglitinide becomes ineffective, the amount of
insulin in the body can be supplemented by the injection of insulin
so that insulin concentrations are high enough to stimulate even
the very insulin-resistant tissues. However, dangerously low levels
of plasma glucose can result from administration of insulin and/or
insulin secretagogues, and an increased level of insulin resistance
due to the even higher plasma insulin levels can occur.
[0007] The biguanides are another class of drugs that are widely
used to treat type 2 diabetes. The two best known biguanides,
phenformin and metformin, cause some correction of hyperglycemia
without risk of causing hypoglycemia. The biguanides can be used
either with insulin or with an insulin secretagogue without
increasing the risk of hypoglycemia. However, phenformin and
metformin can induce lactic acidosis and nausea/diarrhea. Metformin
has a lower risk of side effects than phenformin and is widely
prescribed for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes.
[0008] The glitazones (i.e. 5-benzylthiazolidine-2,4-diones) are a
newer class of compounds that can ameliorate hyperglycemia and
other symptoms of type 2 diabetes. These agents substantially
increase insulin sensitivity in muscle, liver and adipose tissue in
several animal models of type 2 diabetes, resulting in partial or
complete correction of elevated plasma glucose levels without the
occurrence of hypoglycemia. The glitazones that are currently
marketed (rosiglitazone and pioglitazone) are agonists of the
peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) gamma subtype.
PPAR-gamma agonism is generally believed to be responsible for the
improved insulin sensititization that is observed with the
glitazones. New PPAR agonists are being developed for the treatment
of Type 2 diabetes and/or dyslipidemia. Many of the newer PPAR
compounds are agonists of one or more of the PPAR alpha, gamma and
delta subtypes. Compounds that are agonists of both the PPAR alpha
and PPAR gamma subtypes (PPAR alpha/gamma dual agonists) are
promising because they reduce hyperglycemia and also improve lipid
metabolism.
[0009] PPAR agonists, and particularly glitazones, have had
shortcomings which have so far detracted from their attractiveness.
Some of the compounds, and especially troglitazone, have exhibited
liver toxicity. Troglitazone was eventually withdrawn from the
marketplace because of hepatotoxicity. Another weakness in the
currently marketed PPAR agonists is that monotherapy for type 2
diabetes produces only modest efficacy--a reduction in average
plasma glucose of .apprxeq.20% and a decline from .apprxeq.9.0% to
.apprxeq.8.0% in HemoglobinAlC. The current compounds also do not
greatly improve lipid metabolism, and may actually have a negative
effect on the lipid profile. These shortcomings have provided an
incentive to develop better insulin sensitizers for Type 2 diabetes
which function via similar mechanism(s) of action.
[0010] Recently, there have been reports of compounds that are PPAR
gamma antagonists or partial agonists. WO01/30343 describes a
specific compound that is a PPAR partial agonist/antagonist that is
useful for the treatment of obesity and Type 2 diabetes. WO02/08188
discloses a class of PPAR agonists and partial agonists that are
indole derivatives and that are useful in the treatment of Type 2
diabetes, with reduced side effects relating to body and heart
weight gain.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0011] The class of compounds described herein is a new class of
PPAR agonists that do not contain a 1,3-thiazolidinedione moiety.
The class of compounds includes many compounds that are PPAR.gamma.
partial agonists, but also may include PPAR.gamma. full agonists
and/or PPAR.gamma. antagonists. Some compounds may also have
PPAR.alpha. activity in addition to or instead of PPAR.gamma.
activity. Some compounds may be mixed full or partial
PPAR.alpha./.gamma. agonists. Some compounds in this class of
compounds may also have PPAR.delta. activity. These compounds are
useful in the treatment and control of diabetes, hyperglycemia, and
insulin resistance.
[0012] The compounds may also be useful in the treatment of one or
more lipid disorders, including mixed or diabetic dyslipidemia,
isolated hypercholesterolemia, which may be manifested by
elevations in LDL-C and/or non-HDL-C, hyperapoBliproteinemia,
hypertriglyceridemia, an increase in
triglyceride-rich-lipoproteins, and low HDL cholesterol
concentrations. They may also be useful in the treatment or
amelioration of atherosclerosis, obesity, vascular restenosis,
inflammatory conditions, psoriasis, polycystic ovary syndrome, and
other PPAR mediated diseases, disorders and conditions.
[0013] The present invention provides compounds having the
structure of Formula I, including pharmaceutically acceptable salts
and prodrugs of these compounds: ##STR1##
[0014] The substituent groups in Formula I are defined in the next
section.
[0015] The compounds of this invention may be effective in lowering
glucose, lipids, and insulin in diabetic patients and in improving
insulin resistance in non-diabetic patients that have impaired
glucose tolerance and/or are in a pre-diabetic condition, thereby
reducing the risk that the patient will develop diabetes. The
compounds are expected to be efficacious in the treatment of
non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) in human and
mammalian patients and in the treatment and control of conditions
associated with NIDDM, including hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia,
dyslipidemia, obesity, hypercholesterolemia, hypertrigyceridemia,
atherosclerosis, vascular restenosis, inflammatory conditions,
neoplastic conditions, and other PPAR mediated diseases, disorders
and conditions.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0016] The invention has numerous embodiments, as summarized below.
In the compounds of Formula I:
[0017] R.sup.1 is selected from the group consisting of H, Cl, F,
and C.sub.1-4alkyl, where C.sub.1-4alkyl is optionally substituted
with 1-3 halogen atoms independently selected from F and Cl. In
preferred groups of compounds, R.sup.1 is C.sub.2-3 alkyl, which is
optionally substituted with 1-3 F atoms. In other preferred groups
of compounds, R.sup.1 is n-propyl.
[0018] R.sup.2 is selected from the group consisting of H, Cl, F,
C.sub.1-4alkyl, OC.sub.1-4alkyl, and --S(O).sub.2CH.sub.3, where
C.sub.1-4alkyl and OC.sub.1-4alkyl are optionally substituted with
1-3 halogen atoms independently selected from F and Cl. In
preferred groups of compounds, R.sup.2 is selected from H, F,
--OC.sub.1-3 alkyl, and --S(O).sub.2CH.sub.3, where --OC.sub.1-3
alkyl is optionally substituted with 1-3 F atoms. In other
preferred compounds, R.sup.2 is --OCH.sub.2CH.sub.3 or
--OCH.sub.2CF.sub.3.
[0019] R.sup.3, R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 are independently selected from
the group consisting of hydrogen, F, Cl, C.sub.1-3alkyl, and
--OC.sub.1-3alkyl, where C.sub.1-3alkyl and --OC.sub.1-3alkyl are
optionally substituted with 1-3 halogens independently selected
from F and Cl. In preferred groups of compounds, R.sup.5 is H and
R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 are each independently selected from H, F,
CH.sub.3, CF.sub.3, --OCH.sub.3, --OCF.sub.3, --OCH.sub.2CH.sub.3
and --OCH.sub.2CF.sub.3. In other preferred groups of compounds,
R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 are H, and R5 is selected from the group
consisting of H, F, CH.sub.3, CF.sub.3, --OCH.sub.3, --OCF.sub.3,
--OCH.sub.2CH.sub.3 and --OCH.sub.2CF.sub.3.
[0020] In other preferred groups of compounds, R.sup.1 is selected
from Cl and n-propyl; R.sup.2 is selected from H and F; and
R.sup.3, R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 are H.
[0021] X and Y are each independently selected from the group
consisting of O, S, SO, and SO.sub.2. In preferred groups of
compounds, X and Y are each independently selected from O and S. In
other preferred groups of compounds, X and Y are each O. The group
X is optionally attached to the phenyl of the
N-cyclohexylaminocarbonyl benzenesulfonamide moiety at the position
that is meta or para to the sulfonamide group. In many preferred
sub-groups of compounds, X is attached to the position that is para
to the sulfonamide group.
[0022] The letter n represents an integer selected from 1, 2, 3,
and 4. In preferred sub-groups of compounds, n may be 3 or 4. In
other sub-groups of compounds, n is 1-3. In still other groups of
compounds, n is 3.
[0023] In many of the preferred compounds, X and Y are O; n is an
integer selected from 1-3; R.sup.3, R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 are H; RI
is selected from n-propyl and Cl; and R.sup.2 is selected from H,
F, and --S(O).sub.2CH.sub.3.
[0024] Specific embodiments of compounds of this invention are
provided in the Examples and in the tables that are appended
hereto.
[0025] The compounds as defined above may be used to treat the
following diseases, as well as other diseases not listed below:
[0026] (1) a method for treating non-insulin dependent diabetes
mellitus (type 2 diabetes) in a mammalian or human patient in need
of such treatment which comprises administering to the patient a
therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I;
[0027] (2) a method for treating or controlling hyperglycemia in a
mammalian or human patient in need of such treatment which
comprises administering to the patient a therapeutically effective
amount of a compound of Formula I;
[0028] (3) a method for treating or controlling the metabolic
syndrome in a mammalian or human patient in need of such treatment
which comprises administering to the patient a therapeutically
effective amount of a compound of Formula I;
[0029] (4) a method for treating or controlling obesity in a
mammalian or human patient in need of such treatment which
comprises administering to the patient a therapeutically effective
amount of a compound of Formula I;
[0030] (5) a method for treating or controlling
hypercholesterolemia in a mammalian or human patient in need of
such treatment which comprises administering to the patient a
therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I;
[0031] (6) a method for treating or controlling
hypertriglyceridemia in a mammalian or human patient in need of
such treatment which comprises administering to the patient a
therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I;
[0032] (7) a method for treating or controlling one or more lipid
disorders, including mixed or diabetic dyslipidemia, low HDL
cholesterol, high LDL cholesterol, hyperlipidemia,
hypercholesterolemia, and hypertriglyceridemia in a mammalian or
human patient in need of such treatment which comprises
administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of
a compound of Formula I;
[0033] (8) a method for reducing the risks of adverse sequelae
associated with metabolic syndrome in a mammalian or human patient
in need of such treatment which comprises administering to the
patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula
I; and
[0034] (9) a method for treating atherosclerosis and for reducing
the risks and/or delaying the onset of sequelae in a mammalian or
human patient in need of such treatment or at risk of developing
atherosclerosis or sequelae of atherosclerosis, which comprises
administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of
a compound of Formula I. Sequelae of atherosclerosis include for
example angina, claudication, heart attack, stroke, etc.
DEFINITIONS
[0035] "Ac" is acetyl, which is CH.sub.3C(O)--.
[0036] "Alkyl" means saturated carbon chains which may be linear or
branched or combinations thereof, unless the carbon chain is
defined otherwise. Other groups having the prefix "alk", such as
alkoxy and alkanoyl, also may be linear or branched or combinations
thereof, unless the carbon chain is defined otherwise. Examples of
alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, sec-
and tert-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, and the
like.
[0037] "Cycloalkyl" means mono- or bicyclic saturated carbocyclic
rings, each having from 3 to 10 carbon atoms, unless otherwise
stated. The term also includes a monocyclic ring fused to an aryl
group. Examples of cycloalkyl include cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl,
cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, and the like.
[0038] "Halogen" includes fluorine, chlorine, bromine and
iodine.
[0039] "Me" represents methyl.
[0040] The term "composition," as in pharmaceutical composition, is
intended to encompass a product comprising the active
ingredient(s), and the inert ingredient(s) that make up the
carrier, as well as any product which results, directly or
indirectly, from combination, complexation or aggregation of any
two or more of the ingredients, or from dissociation of one or more
of the ingredients, or from other types of reactions or
interactions of one or more of the ingredients. Accordingly, the
pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention encompass any
composition made by admixing a compound of the present invention
and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
Optical Isomers--Diastereomers--Geometric Isomers--Tautomers
[0041] Compounds of Formula I may contain one or more asymmetric
centers and can thus occur as racemates, racemic mixtures, single
enantiomers, diastereomeric mixtures and individual diastereomers.
The present invention is meant to comprehend all such isomeric
forms of the compounds of Formula I.
[0042] Some of the compounds described herein may contain olefinic
double bonds, and unless specified otherwise, are meant to include
both E and Z geometric isomers.
[0043] Some of the compounds described herein may exist with
different points of attachment of hydrogen, referred to as
tautomers. An example is a ketone and its enol form, known as
keto-enol tautomers. The individual tautomers as well as mixtures
thereof are encompassed with compounds of Formula I.
[0044] Compounds of the Formula I having one or more asymmetric
centers may be separated into diastereoisomers, enantiomers, and
the like by methods well known in the art.
[0045] Alternatively, enantiomers and other compounds with chiral
centers may be synthesized by stereospecific synthesis using
optically pure starting materials and/or reagents of known
configuration.
Salts
[0046] The term "pharmaceutically acceptable salts" refers to salts
prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic bases or acids
including inorganic or organic bases and inorganic or organic
acids. Salts derived from inorganic bases include aluminum,
ammonium, calcium, copper, ferric, ferrous, lithium, magnesium,
manganic salts, manganous, potassium, sodium, zinc, and the like.
Particularly preferred are the ammonium, calcium, magnesium,
potassium, and sodium salts. Salts in the solid form may exist in
more than one crystal structure, and may also be in the form of
hydrates. Salts derived from pharmaceutically acceptable organic
non-toxic bases include salts of primary, secondary, and tertiary
amines, substituted amines including naturally occurring
substituted amines, cyclic amines, and basic ion exchange resins,
such as arginine, betaine, caffeine, choline,
N,N'-dibenzylethylenediamine, diethylamine, 2-diethylaminoethanol,
2-dimethylaminoethanol, ethanolamine, ethylenediamine,
N-ethyl-morpholine, N-ethylpiperidine, glucamine, glucosamine,
histidine, hydrabamine, isopropylamine, lysine, methylglucamine,
morpholine, piperazine, piperidine, polyamine resins, procaine,
purines, theobromine, triethylamine, trimethylamine,
tripropylamine, tromethamine, and the like.
[0047] When the compound of the present invention is basic, salts
may be prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic acids,
including inorganic and organic acids. Such acids include acetic,
benzenesulfonic, benzoic, camphorsulfonic, citric, ethanesulfonic,
fumaric, gluconic, glutamic, hydrobromic, hydrochloric, isethionic,
lactic, maleic, malic, mandelic, methanesulfonic, mucic, nitric,
pamoic, pantothenic, phosphoric, succinic, sulfuric, tartaric,
p-toluenesulfonic acid, and the like. Particularly preferred are
citric, hydrobromic, hydrochloric, maleic, phosphoric, sulfuric,
and tartaric acids.
[0048] It will be understood that, as used herein, references to
the compounds of Formula I are meant to also include the
pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
Metabolites--Prodrugs
[0049] Prodrugs, which are chemical entities that are converted to
the claimed chemical entities of this invention as they are being
administered to a patient or after they have been administered to a
patient, are also compounds of this invention. The metabolites of
these prodrugs, where the metabolites are compounds having Formula
I, are also compounds of this invention, regardless of how they
have been delivered into the patient.
Utilities
[0050] Compounds of the present invention are potent ligands having
agonist, partial agonist or antagonist activity on one or more of
the various peroxisome proliferator activated receptor subtypes,
particularly PPAR.gamma.. The compounds may also be ligands or
agonists, partial agonists or antagonists of the PPAR.alpha.
subtype as well as the PPAR.gamma., resulting in mixed
PPAR.alpha./.gamma. agonism or in agonism of mainly the PPAR.alpha.
subtype. Some compounds may also be PPAR.delta. ligands and have
PPAR.delta. activity. The compounds of this invention are useful in
treating or controlling diseases, disorders or conditions which are
mediated by one or more ligands of the individual PPAR subtypes
(eg. .gamma. or .alpha.) or a combination of PPAR subtypes (e.g.
.alpha./.gamma.). One aspect of the present invention provides a
method for-the treatment and control of such diseases, disorders,
or conditions in a mammal which comprises administering to such
mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula
I. Compounds of the present invention may be useful in treating or
controlling many PPAR mediated diseases and conditions, including,
but not limited to, (1) diabetes mellitus, and especially
non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), (2) hyperglycemia,
(3) low glucose tolerance, (4) insulin resistance, (5) obesity, (6)
lipid disorders, (7) dyslipidemia, (8) hyperlipidemia, (9)
hypertriglyceridemia, (10) hypercholesterolemia, (11) low HDL
levels, (12) high LDL levels, (13) atherosclerosis and its
sequelae, (14) vascular restenosis, (15) irritable bowel syndrome,
(16) inflammatory bowel disease, including Crohn's disease and
ulcerative colitis, (17) other inflammatory conditions, (18)
pancreatitis, (19) abdominal obesity, (20) neurodegenerative
disease, (21) retinopathy, (22) psoriasis, (23) metabolic syndrome,
(24) ovarian hyperandrogenism (polycystic ovarian syndrome), and
other diseases or disorders where insulin resistance is a
component. They may also have utility in treating high blood
pressure, neoplastic conditions, adipose cell tumors, adipose cell
carcinomas, such as liposarcoma, prostate cancer and other cancers,
including gastric, breast, bladder and colon cancers, angiogenesis,
and Alzheimer's disease.
[0051] The compounds may also have utility in treating
osteoporosis. The compounds of this invention may treat
osteoporosis or reduce the risk of developing osteoporosis by
slowing or stopping the loss of bone density in a patient who has
osteoporosis or is at risk of developing osteoporosis. The
compounds of this invention may also reverse the loss of bone mass
in patients who have already begun to lose bone mass.
[0052] One aspect of the invention provides a method for the
treatment and control of mixed or diabetic dyslipidemia,
hypercholesterolemia, atherosclerosis, low HDL levels, high LDL
levels, hyperlipidemia, and/or hypertriglyceridemia, which
comprises administering to a patient in need of such treatment a
therapeutically effective amount of a compound having formula I.
The compound may be used alone or advantageously may be
administered with a cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitor,
particularly an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor such as lovastatin,
simvastatin, pravastatin, fluvastatin, atorvastatin, rivastatin,
itavastatin, or ZD4522. The compound may also be used
advantageously in combination with other lipid lowering drugs such
as cholesterol absorption inhibitors (for example stanol esters,
sterol glycosides such as tiqueside, and azetidinones such as
ezetimibe), ACAT inhibitors (such as avasimibe), niacin, bile acid
sequestrants, microsomal triglyceride transport inhibitors, and
bile acid reuptake inhibitors. These combination treatments may
also be effective for the treatment or control of one or more
related conditions selected from the group consisting of
hypercholesterolemia, atherosclerosis, hyperlipidemia,
hypertriglyceridemia, dyslipidemia, high LDL, and low HDL.
[0053] Another aspect of the invention provides a method of
treating inflammatory conditions, including inflammatory bowel
disease, Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis by administering
an effective amount of a compound of this invention to a patient in
need of treatment. Additional inflammatory diseases that may be
treated with the instant invention include gout, rheumatoid
arthritis, osteoarthritis, multiple sclerosis, asthma, ARDS,
psoriasis, vasculitis, ischemia/reperfusion injury, frostbite, and
related diseases.
Administration and Dose Ranges
[0054] Any suitable route of administration may be employed for
providing a mammal, especially a human, with an effective dose of a
compound of the present invention. For example, oral, rectal,
topical, parenteral, ocular, pulmonary, nasal, and the like may be
employed. Dosage forms include tablets, troches, dispersions,
suspensions, solutions, capsules, creams, ointments, aerosols, and
the like. Preferably compounds of Formula I are administered
orally.
[0055] The effective dosage of active ingredient employed may vary
depending on the particular compound employed, the mode of
administration, the condition being treated and the severity of the
condition being treated. Such dosage may be ascertained readily by
a person skilled in the art.
[0056] When treating or controlling diabetes mellitus and/or
hyperglycemia or hypertriglyceridemia or other diseases for which
compounds of Formula I are indicated, generally satisfactory
results are obtained when the compounds of the present invention
are administered at a daily dosage of from about 0.1 milligram to
about 100 milligram per kilogram of animal body weight, preferably
given as a single daily dose or in divided doses two to six times a
day, or in sustained release form. For most large mammals, the
total daily dosage is from about 1.0 milligrams to about 1000
milligrams, preferably from about 1 milligrams to about 50
milligrams. In the case of a 70 kg adult human, the total daily
dose will generally be from about 1 milligram to about 350
milligrams. This dosage regimen may be adjusted within this range
or outside of this range to provide the optimal therapeutic
response.
Pharmaceutical Compositions
[0057] Another aspect of the present invention provides
pharmaceutical compositions which comprise a compound of Formula I
and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The pharmaceutical
compositions of the present invention comprise a compound of
Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof
as an active ingredient, as well as a pharmaceutically acceptable
carrier and optionally other therapeutic ingredients. The term
"pharmaceutically acceptable salts" refers to salts prepared from
pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic bases or acids including
inorganic bases or acids and organic bases or acids.
[0058] The compositions include compositions suitable for oral,
rectal, topical, parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular,
and intravenous), ocular (ophthalmic), pulmonary (nasal or buccal
inhalation), or nasal administration, although the most suitable
route in any given case will depend on the nature and severity of
the conditions being treated and on the nature of the active
ingredient. They may be conveniently presented in unit dosage form
and prepared by any of the methods well-known in the art of
pharmacy.
[0059] In practical use, the compounds of Formula I can be combined
as the active ingredient in intimate admixture with a
pharmaceutical carrier according to conventional pharmaceutical
compounding techniques. The carrier may take a wide variety of
forms depending on the form of preparation desired for
administration, e.g., oral or parenteral (including intravenous).
In preparing the compositions for oral dosage form, any of the
usual pharmaceutical media may be employed, such as, for example,
water, glycols, oils, alcohols, flavoring agents, preservatives,
coloring agents and the like in the case of oral liquid
preparations, such as, for example, suspensions, elixirs and
solutions; or carriers such as starches, sugars, microcrystalline
cellulose, diluents, granulating agents, lubricants, binders,
disintegrating agents and the like in the case of oral solid
preparations such as, for example, powders, hard and soft capsules
and tablets, with the solid oral preparations being preferred over
the liquid preparations.
[0060] Because of their ease of administration, tablets and
capsules represent the most advantageous oral dosage unit form in
which case solid pharmaceutical carriers are obviously employed..
If desired, tablets may be coated by standard aqueous or nonaqueous
techniques. Such compositions and preparations should contain at
least 0.1 percent of active compound. The percentage of active
compound in these compositions may, of course, be varied and may
conveniently be between about 2 percent to about 60 percent of the
weight of the unit. The amount of active compound in such
therapeutically useful compositions is such that an effective
dosage will be obtained. The active compounds can also be
administered intranasally as, for example, liquid drops or
spray.
[0061] The tablets, pills, capsules, and the like may also contain
a binder such as gum tragacanth, acacia, corn starch or gelatin;
excipients such as dicalcium phosphate; a disintegrating agent such
as corn starch, potato starch, alginic acid; a lubricant such as
magnesium stearate; and a sweetening agent such as sucrose, lactose
or saccharin. When a dosage unit form is a capsule, it may contain,
in addition to materials of the above type, a liquid carrier such
as a fatty oil.
[0062] Various other materials may be present as coatings or to
modify the physical form of the dosage unit. For instance, tablets
may be coated with shellac, sugar or both. A syrup or elixir may
contain, in addition to the active ingredient, sucrose as a
sweetening agent, methyl and propylparabens as preservatives, a dye
and a flavoring such as cherry or orange flavor.
[0063] Compounds of formula I may also be administered
parenterally. Solutions or suspensions of these active compounds
can be prepared in water suitably mixed with a surfactant such as
hydroxy-propylcellulose. Dispersions can also be prepared in
glycerol, liquid polyethylene glycols and mixtures thereof in oils.
Under ordinary conditions of storage and use, these preparations
contain a preservative to prevent the growth of microorganisms.
[0064] The pharmaceutical forms suitable for injectable use include
sterile aqueous solutions or dispersions and sterile powders for
the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectable solutions or
dispersions. In all cases, the form must be sterile and must be
fluid to the extent that easy syringability exists. It must be
stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage and must be
preserved against the contaminating action of microorganisms such
as bacteria and fungi. The carrier can be a solvent or dispersion
medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, polyol (e.g.
glycerol, propylene glycol and liquid polyethylene glycol),
suitable mixtures thereof, and vegetable oils.
Combination Therapy
[0065] Compounds of Formula I may be used in combination with other
drugs that may also be useful in the treatment or amelioration of
the diseases or conditions for which compounds of Formula I are
useful. Such other drugs may be administered, by a route and in an
amount commonly used therefor, contemporaneously or sequentially
with a compound of Formula I. When a compound of Formula I is used
contemporaneously with one or more other drugs, a pharmaceutical
composition in unit dosage form containing such other drugs and the
compound of Formula I is preferred. However, the combination
therapy also includes therapies in which the compound of Formula I
and one or more other drugs are administered on different
overlapping schedules. It is also contemplated that when used in
combination with one or more other active ingredients, the compound
of the present invention and the other active ingredients may be
used in lower doses than when each is used singly. Accordingly, the
pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention include those
that contain one or more other active ingredients, in addition to a
compound of Formula I.
[0066] Examples of other active ingredients that may be
administered in combination with a compound of Formula I, and
either administered separately or in the same pharmaceutical
composition, include, but are not limited to:
[0067] (a) (i) other PPAR agonists such as the glitazones (e.g.
troglitazone, pioglitazone, englitazone, MCC-555, rosiglitazone,
and the like), and compounds disclosed in WO97/27857, 97/28115,
97/28137 and 97/27847; (ii) biguanides such as metformin and
phenformin; (iii) protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B (PTP-1B)
inhibitors, and (iv) dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DP-IV)
inhibitors;
[0068] (b) insulin or insulin mimetics;
[0069] (c) sulfonylureas such as tolbutamide and glipizide, or
related materials; %
[0070] (d) .alpha.-glucosidase inhibitors (such as acarbose);
[0071] (e) cholesterol lowering agents such as (i) HMG-CoA
reductase inhibitors (lovastatin, simvastatin, rosuvastatin,
pravastatin, fluvastatin, atorvastatin, rivastatin, itavastatin,
ZD4522 and other statins), (ii) bile acid sequestrants
(cholestyramine, colestipol, and dialkylaminoalkyl derivatives of a
cross-linked dextran), (iii) nicotinyl alcohol, nicotinic acid or a
salt thereof, (iv) PPAR.alpha. agonists such as fenofibric acid
derivatives (gemfibrozil, clofibrate, fenofibrate and bezafibrate),
(v) PPAR.alpha./.gamma. dual agonists, such as KRP-297, (vi)
inhibitors of cholesterol absorption, such as for example
beta-sitosterol, (vii) acyl CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase
inhibitors, such as for example ezetemibe and avasimibe, and (viii)
phenolic anti-oxidants, such as probucol;
[0072] (f) PPAR.delta. agonists such as those disclosed in
WO97/28149;
[0073] (g) antiobesity compounds such as fenfluramine,
dexfenfluramine, phentiramine, sulbitramine, orlistat, neuropeptide
Y5 inhibitors, and .beta.3 adrenergic receptor agonists;
[0074] (h) an ileal bile acid transporter inhibitor;
[0075] (i) agents intended for use in inflammatory conditions such
as aspirin, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, glucocorticoids,
azulfidine, and cyclo-oxygenase 2 selective inhibitors;
[0076] (j) glucagon receptor antagonists;
[0077] (k) GLP-1, GIP-1, and GLP-1 analogs, such as exendins.
[0078] The above combinations include combinations of a compound of
the present invention not only with one other active compound, but
also with two or more other active compounds. Non-limiting examples
include combinations of compounds having Formula I with two or more
active compounds selected from biguanides, sulfonylureas, HMG-CoA
reductase inhibitors, other PPAR agonists, PTP-1B inhibitors, DP-IV
inhibitors, and anti-obesity compounds.
Biological Assays
A) PPAR Binding Assays
[0079] For preparation of recombinant human PPAR.gamma.,
PPAR.delta., and PPAR.alpha.: Human PPAR.gamma..sub.2, human
PPAR.gamma. and human PPAR.alpha. were expressed as gst-fusion
proteins in E. coli. The full length human cDNA for
PPAR.gamma..sub.2 was subcloned into the pGEX-2T expression vector
(Pharmacia). The full length human cDNAs for PPAR.delta. and
PPAR.alpha. were subcloned into the pGEX-KT expression vector
(Pharmacia). E. coli containing the respective plasmids were
propagated, induced, and harvested by centrifugation. The
resuspended pellet was broken in a French press and debris was
removed by centrifugation at 12,000.times.g. Recombinant human PPAR
receptors were purified by affinity chromatography on glutathione
sepharose. After application to the column, and one wash, receptor
was eluted with glutathione. Glycerol (10%) was added to stabilize
the receptor and aliquots were stored at -80.degree. C. For binding
to PPAR.gamma., an aliquot of receptor was incubated in TEGM (10 mM
Tris, pH 7.2, 1 mM EDTA, 10% glycerol, 7 .mu.L/100 mL
.beta.-mercaptoethanol, 10 mM Na molybdate, 1 mM dithiothreitol, 5
.mu.g/mL aprotinin, 2 .mu.g/mL leupeptin, 2 .mu.g/mL benzamidine
and 0.5 mM PMSF) containing 0.1% non-fat dry milk and 10 nM
[.sup.3H.sub.2] AD5075, (21 Ci/mmole), .+-. test compound as
described in Berger et al (Novel peroxisome proliferator-activated
receptor (PPAR.gamma.) and PPAR.delta. ligands produce distinct
biological effects. J. Biol. Chem. (1999), 274: 6718-6725. Assays
were incubated for .about.16 hr at 4.degree. C. in a final volume
of 150 .mu.L. Unbound ligand was removed by incubation with 100
.mu.L dextran/gelatin-coated charcoal, on ice, for .about.10 min.
After centrifugation at 3000 rpm for 10 min at 4.degree. C., 50
.mu.L of the supernatant fraction was counted in a Topcount.
[0080] For binding to PPAR.delta., an aliquot of receptor was
incubated in TEGM (10 mM Tris, pH 7.2, 1 mM EDTA, 10% glycerol, 7
.mu.L/100 mL .beta.-mercaptoethanol, 10 mM Na molybdate, 1 mM
dithiothreitol, 5 .mu.g/mL aprotinin, 2 .mu.g/mL leupeptin, 2
.mu.g/mL benzamide and 0.5 mM PMSF) containing 0.1% non-fat dry
milk and 2.5 nM [.sup.3H.sub.2]L783483, (17 Ci/mmole), .+-. test
compound as described in Berger et al (Novel peroxisome
proliferator-activated receptory (PPAR.gamma.) and PPAR.delta.
ligands produce distinct biological effects.1999 I Biol Chem 274:
6718-6725). (L-783483 is
3-chloro-4-(3-(7-propyl-3-trifluoromethyl-6-benz-[4,5]-isoxazoloxy)propyl-
thio)phenylacetic acid, Ex. 20 in WO 97/28137). Assays were
incubated for .about.16 hr at 4.degree. C. in a final volume of 150
.mu.L. Unbound ligand was removed by incubation with 100 .mu.L
dextran/gelatin-coated charcoal, on ice, for .about.10 min. After
centrifugation at 3000 rpm for 10 min at 4.degree. C., 50 .mu.L of
the supernatant fraction was counted in a Topcount.
[0081] For binding to PPAR.alpha., an aliquot of receptor was
incubated in TEGM (10 mM Tris, pH 7.2, 1 mM EDTA, 10% glycerol, 7
.mu.L/100 mL .beta.-mercaptoethanol, 10 mM Na molybdate, 1 mM
dithiothreitol, 5 .mu.g/mL aprotinin, 2 .mu.g/mL leupeptin, 2
.mu.g/mL benzamide and 0.5 mM PMSF) containing 0.1% non-fat dry
milk and 5.0 nM [.sup.3H.sub.2]L-797773, (34 Ci/mmole), .+-. test
compound. (L-797733 is
(3-(4-(3-phenyl-7-propyl-6-benz-[4,5]-isoxazoloxy)butyloxy))phenylacetic
acid, Ex.62 in WO 97/28137). Assays were incubated for .about.16 hr
at 4.degree. C. in a final volume of 150 .mu.L. Unbound ligand was
removed by incubation with 100 .mu.L dextran/gelatin-coated
charcoal, on ice, for .about.10 min. After centrifugation at 3000
rpm for 10 min at 4.degree. C., 50 .mu.L of the supernatant
fraction was counted in a Topcount.
B) Gal-4 hPPAR Transactivation Assays
[0082] The chimeric receptor expression constructs,
pcDNA3-hPPAR.gamma./GAL4, pcDNA3-hPPAR.delta./GAL4,
pcDNA3-hPPAR.alpha./GAL4 were prepared by inserting the yeast GAL4
transcription factor DBD adjacent to the ligand binding domains
(LBDs) of hPPAR.gamma., hPPAR.delta., hPPAR.alpha., respectively.
The reporter construct, pUAS(5.times.)-tk-luc was generated by
inserting 5 copies of the GAIA response element upstream of the
herpes virus minimal thymidine kinase promoter and the luciferase
reporter gene. pCMV-lacZ contains the galactosidase Z gene under
the regulation of the cytomegalovirus promoter. COS-1 cells were
seeded at 12.times.10.sup.3 cells/well in 96 well cell culture
plates in high glucose Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (DMEM)
containing 10% charcoal stripped fetal calf serum (Gemini
Bio-Products, Calabasas, CA), nonessential amino acids, 100
units/ml Penicillin G and 100 mg/ml Streptomycin sulfate at
37.degree. C. in a humidified atmosphere of 10% CO.sub.2. After 24
h, transfections were performed with Lipofectamine (GIBCO BRL,
Gaithersburg, Md.) according to the instructions of the
manufacturer. Briefly, transfection mixes for each well contained
0.48 .mu.l of Lipofectamine, 0.00075 .mu.g of pcDNA3-PPAR/GAL4
expression vector, 0.045 .mu.g of pUAS(5.times.)-tk-luc reporter
vector and 0.0002 .mu.g of pCMV-IacZ as an internal control for
transactivation efficiency. Cells were incubated in the
transfection mixture for 5 h at 37.degree. C. in an atmosphere of
10% CO.sub.2 The cells were then incubated for .about.48 h in fresh
high glucose DMBM containing 5% charcoal stripped fetal calf serum,
nonessential amino acids, 100 units/ml Penicillin G and 100 mg/ml
Streptomycin sulfate .+-. increasing concentrations of test
compound. Since the compounds were solubilized in DMSO, control
cells were incubated with equivalent concentrations of DMSO; final
DMSO concentrations were .ltoreq.0.1%, a concentration which was
shown not to effect transactivation activity. Cell lysates were
produced using Reporter Lysis Buffer (Promega, Madison, Wis.)
according to the manufacturer's instructions. Luciferase activity
in cell extracts was determined using Luciferase Assay Buffer
(Promega, Madison, Wis. in an ML3000 luminometer (Dynatech
Laboratories, Chantilly, Va.). .beta.-galactosidase activity was
determined using .beta.-D-galactopyranoside (Calbiochem, San Diego,
Calif.).
[0083] Agonism is determined by comparison of maximal
transactivation activity with standard PPAR agonists, such as
rosiglitazone and pioglitazone. Generally, if the maximal
stimulation of transactivation is less than 50% of the effect
observed with rosiglitazone, then the compound is designated as a
partial agonist. If the maximal stimulation of transactivation is
greater than 50% of the effect observed with rosiglitazone, then
the compound is designated as a full agonist.
C) In Vivo Studies
[0084] Male db/db mice (10-11 week old C57Bl/KFJ, Jackson Labs, Bar
Harbor, Me.) were housed 5/cage and allowed ad lib. access to
ground Purina rodent chow and water. The animals, and their food,
were weighed every 2 days and were dosed daily by gavage with
vehicle (0.5% carboxymethylcellulose) .+-. test compound at the
indicated dose. Drug suspensions were prepared daily. Plasma
glucose, and triglyceride concentrations were determined from blood
obtained by tail bleeds at 3-5 day intervals during the study
period. Glucose, and triglyceride, determinations were performed on
a Boehringer Mannheim Hitachi 911 automatic analyzer (Boehringer
Mannheim, Indianapolis, Ind.) using heparinized plasma diluted 1:6
(v/v) with normal saline. Lean animals were age-matched
heterozygous mice maintained in the same manner.
EXAMPLES
[0085] The following Examples are provided to illustrate the
invention and are not to be construed as limiting the invention in
any manner. The scope of the invention is defined by the appended
claims.
Example 1
N-[(cyclohexylamino)carbonyl]-4-[3-(4-phenoxy-2-propylphenoxy)propoxy]benz-
enesulfonamide
[0086] ##STR2##
Step A: Preparation of
1-(3-bromopropoxy)4-phenoxy-2-propylbenzene
[0087] ##STR3##
[0088] The title compound was prepared according to the method
described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,008,237, Example 11, Step A.
Step B: Preparation of
4-[3-(4-phenoxy-2-propylphenoxy)propoxy]benzenesulfonamide
[0089] ##STR4##
[0090] To a solution of
1-(3-bromopropoxy)-4-phenoxy-2-propylbenzene (1.01 g, 2.9 mmol) and
4-hydroxybenzenesulfonamide (0.5 g, 2.9 mmol) in dry DMF (29 mL)
was added cesium carbonate (1.04 g, 3.2 mmol). The resulting
suspension was stirred in a 50.degree. C. oil bath for 5 h. After
cooling to room temperature, the reaction suspension was
concentrated under vacuum to a residue, which was then partitioned
between ethyl acetate and water. The ethyl acetate phase was dried
over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated to an oil. The oil
was chromatographed over silica gel with hexanes/ethyl acetate
(2:1) to isolate the title compound.,
Step C: Preparation of
N-[(cyclohexylamino)carbonyl]-4-[3-(4-phenoxy-2-propylphenoxy)propoxy]ben-
zenesulfonamide
[0091] To a solution of 4-[3-(4-phenoxy-2-propyl
phenoxy)propoxy]benzenesulfonamide (0.045 g, 0.102 mmol) and
acetone (3 mL) was added potassium carbonate (0.028 g, 0.204 mmol).
To the resulting suspension was added cyclohexyl isocyanate (0.026
mL, 0.204 mmol) dropwise. The reaction suspension was then stirred
in a 65.degree. C. oil bath for 6 h. After cooling to room
temperature, the reaction was concentrated to a residue. The
residue was partitioned between ethyl acetate and water. The ethyl
acetate phase was dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and
concentrated to an oil. The oil was chromatographed over silica gel
with hexanes/ethyl acetate (4:1) and hexanes/ethyl acetate (3:1) to
obtain the title compound.
[0092] 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): .delta.7.85 (d, 2H, J=8.9 Hz),
7.28 (m, 2H), 7.07 (t, 1H), 7.01 (d, 2H, J=8.9 Hz), 6.92 (dd, 2H,
J=8.7, 0.9 Hz), 6.85 (s, 1H), 6.85 (s, 2H), 6.4 (d, 1H, J=7.8 Hz),
4.27 (t, 2H, J=6.1 Hz), 4.16 (t, 2H, J=6.1 Hz), 3.6 (m, 1H), 2.57
(t, 2H, J=7.5 Hz), 2.33 (quint, 2H, J=6.1 Hz), 1.85 (d, 2H, J=9.2
Hz), 1.7 (m, 4H), 1.6 (hex, 2H, J=7.5 Hz), 1.1-1.4 (m, 5H), 0.92
(t, 3H, J=7.5 Hz). MS: m/e=567 (M+1).
Example 2
N-[(cyclohexylamino)carbonyl]-3-[3-(4-phenoxy-2-propylphenoxy)propoxy]benz-
enesulfonamide
[0093] ##STR5##
Step A: Preparation of 3-hydroxybenzenesulfonamide
[0094] ##STR6##
[0095] To a solution of 3-aminobenzenesulfonamide (2.35 g, 13.6
mmol) in 30% sulfuric acid (18 mL) stirred in a 0.degree. C.
ice-water bath was added dropwise a solution of sodium nitrite
(1.22 g, 17.7 mmol) in water (10 mL). The resulting reaction
solution continued to stir in an ice-water bath for 30 min. The
solution was then stirred in a 100.degree. C. oil bath for 30 min.
After cooling to room temperature, the reaction solution was
partitioned between ethyl acetate and brine. After shaking, the
aqueous phase was extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined ethyl
acetate phases were dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and
concentrated to a yellow solid (2.11 g, 89% yield).
Step B: Preparation of
1-(3-bromopropoxy)-4-phenoxy-2-propylbenzene
[0096] ##STR7##
[0097] The title compound was prepared according to the method
described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,008,237 Example 11, Step A.
Step C: Preparation of 3-[3-(4-phenoxy-2-propyl
phenoxy)propoxy]benzenesulfonamide
[0098] ##STR8##
[0099] A solution of 3-hydroxybenzenesulfonamide (0.5 g, 2.89 mmol)
and 1-(3-bromopropoxy)-4-phenoxy-2-propylbenzene (1.01 g, 2.89
mmol) with cesium carbonate (1.04 g, 3.18 mmol) in dry DMF (10 mL)
was stirred at 50.degree. C. for 5 h. The reaction suspension was
cooled to room temperature and concentrated under vacuum to an
orange residue. The residue was partitioned between ethyl acetate
and water. The ethyl acetate phase was dried over sodium sulfate,
filtered, and concentrated to an oil. The oil was chromatographed
over silica gel with hexanes/ethyl acetate (2:1) to provide the
title compound.
Step D: Preparation of
N-[(cyclohexylamino)carbonyl]-3-[3-(4-phenoxy-2-propylphenoxy)propoxy]ben-
zenesulfonamide
[0100] To a solution of 3-[3-(4-phenoxy-2-propyl
phenoxy)propoxy]benzenesulfonamide (0.04 g, 0.0906 mmol) and
acetone (3 mL) was added potassium carbonate (0.025 g, 0.181 mmol).
To the resulting suspension was added cyclohexyl isocyanate (0.023
mL, 0.181 mmol) dropwise. The reaction suspension was then stirred
in a 65.degree. C. oil bath for 5 h. After cooling to room
temperature, the reaction was concentrated to a residue. The
residue was partitioned between ethyl acetate and water. The ethyl
acetate phase was dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and
concentrated to an oil. The oil was chromatographed over silica gel
with hexanes/ethyl acetate (4:1) and hexanes/ethyl acetate (3:1) to
afford the title compound.
[0101] 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): .delta.7.49-7.44 (m, 2H), 7.41
(s, 1H1), 7.3 (m, 2H), 7.19 (d, 1H, J=7.1 Hz), 7.05 (t, 1H), 6.95
(dd, 2H, J=8.7, 0.9 Hz), 6.87 (s, 111), 6.83 (s, 2H), 6.47 (d, 1H,
J=7.8 Hz), 4.25 (t, 2H, J=6.1 Hz), 4.15 (t, 2H, J=6.1 Hz), 3.65 (m,
1H), 2.58 (t, 2H, J=7.5 Hz), 2.33 (quint, 2H, J=6.1 Hz), 1.85 (d,
2H, J=9.2 Hz), 1.7 (m, 4H), 1.58 (hex, 2H, J=7.5 Hz), 1.1-1.4 (m,
5H), 0.92 (t, 3H, J=7.5 Hz).
[0102] MS: m/e=567 (M+1).
Examples 3-9
[0103] The compounds written below as Examples 3-9 were made using
the methodology that was described in Examples 1 and 2, starting
with chemical compounds that are readily made or readily available.
The syntheses are readily accomplished by one of ordinary skill in
the art.
Ex 3
N-[(cyclohexylamino)carbonyl]-4-{3-[4-(4-fluorophenoxy)-2-propylphenoxy]pr-
opoxy}benzenesulfonamide
[0104] ##STR9##
Ex 4
4-{3-[2-chloro-4-(4-fluorophenoxy)phenoxy]propoxy}-N-[(cyclohexylamino)car-
bonyl]benzenesulfonamide
[0105] ##STR10##
Ex 5
N-[(cyclohexylamino)carbonyl]-4-(3-{4-[4-(methylsulfonyl)phenoxy]-2-propyl-
phenoxy}propoxy)benzenesulfonamide
[0106] ##STR11##
Example 6
N-[(cyclohexylamino)carbonyl]-4-[3
-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)propoxy]benzenesulfonamide
[0107] ##STR12##
Example 7
3-{3-[2-chloro-4-(4-fluorophenoxy)phenoxy]propoxy}-N-[(cyclohexylamino)car-
bonyl]benzenesulfonamide
[0108] ##STR13##
Example 8
N-[(cyclohexylamino)carbonyl]-3-{3-[4-(4-fluorophenoxy)-2-propylphenoxy]pr-
opoxy}benzenesulfonamide
[0109] ##STR14##
Example 9
N-[(cyclohexylamino)carbonyl]-3-[4-(4-phenoxy-2-propylphenoxy)butoxy]benze-
nesulfonam
[0110] ##STR15##
* * * * *