U.S. patent application number 11/218956 was filed with the patent office on 2006-05-25 for antimicrobial solutions and process related thereto.
Invention is credited to Steve R. Burwell, Fredrick Busch.
Application Number | 20060110506 11/218956 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 32965560 |
Filed Date | 2006-05-25 |
United States Patent
Application |
20060110506 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Burwell; Steve R. ; et
al. |
May 25, 2006 |
Antimicrobial solutions and process related thereto
Abstract
Disclosed are antimicrobial compositions for treating poultry
and meat to substantially eliminate bacteria and microorganism
harmful to human. The compositions include various combinations of
an aliphatic heteroaryl salt, an aliphatic benzylalkyl ammonium
salt, a dialiphatic dialkyl ammonium salt, a tetraalkyl ammonium
salt and/or trichloromelamine.
Inventors: |
Burwell; Steve R.; (Atlanta,
GA) ; Busch; Fredrick; (Clementon, NJ) |
Correspondence
Address: |
NEEDLE & ROSENBERG, P.C.
SUITE 1000
999 PEACHTREE STREET
ATLANTA
GA
30309-3915
US
|
Family ID: |
32965560 |
Appl. No.: |
11/218956 |
Filed: |
September 3, 2005 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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PCT/US04/06599 |
Mar 5, 2004 |
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11218956 |
Sep 3, 2005 |
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60451678 |
Mar 5, 2003 |
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60507949 |
Oct 3, 2003 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
426/335 ;
426/532 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A23L 3/3463 20130101;
A23L 3/3526 20130101; A23B 4/20 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
426/335 ;
426/532 |
International
Class: |
A23L 3/3463 20060101
A23L003/3463 |
Claims
1. An antimicrobial composition, comprising any two components
selected from the group consisting of an aliphatic heteroaryl salt,
trichloromelamine, aliphatic benzylalkyl ammonium salt, dialiphatic
dialkyl ammonium salt, and tetraalkyl ammonium salt, wherein when
two of the listed components are present, the other listed
components are not present.
2. The composition of claim 1, further comprising water.
3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the aliphatic heteroaryl
salt is present and comprises an alkylpyridinium halide.
4. The composition of claim 3, wherein the alkylpyridinium halide
comprises cetylpyridinium chloride, cetylpyridinium bromide, or a
mixture thereof.
5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the aliphatic benzylalkyl
ammonium salt is present and comprises alkyl dimethyl benzyl
ammonium chloride, alkyl methylethyl benzyl ammonium bromide, or a
mixture thereof.
6. The composition of claim 1, wherein trichloromelamine is present
and the aliphatic heteroaryl salt is present and comprises
cetylpyridinium chloride.
7. The composition of claim 1, wherein trichloromelamine is present
and the aliphatic benzylalkyl ammonium salt is present and
comprises alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride.
8. The composition of claim 1, wherein the aliphatic benzylalkyl
ammonium salt is present and comprises alkyl dimethyl benzyl
ammonium chloride and the tetraalkyl ammonium is present and
comprises cetyl trimethyl ammnonium chloride.
9. A method for making an antimicrobial composition, comprising:
admixing in any order an any two components selected from the group
consisting of an aliphatic heteroaryl salt, trichloromelamine,
aliphatic benzylalkyl ammonium salt, dialiphatic dialkyl ammonium
salt, and tetraalkyl ammonium salt.
10. The composition prepared by the method of claim 9.
11. An antimicrobial composition, comprising: a. aliphatic
heteroaryl salt; b. trichloromelamine; and c. an ammonium salt
selected from the group consisting of an aliphatic benzylalkyl
ammonium salt, a dialiphatic dialkyl ammonium salt, and a
tetraalkyl ammonium salt, wherein when the ammonium salt is the
aliphatic benzyl ammonium salt, the composition does not contain
the dialiphatic dialkyl ammonium salt or the tetraalkyl ammonium
salt, wherein when the ammonium salt is the dialiphatic dialkyl
ammonium salt, the composition does not contain the aliphatic
benzyl ammonium salt or the tetraalkyl ammonium salt, and wherein
when the ammonium salt is the tetraalkyl ammonium salt, the
composition does not contain the aliphatic benzyl ammonium salt or
the dialiphatic dialkyl ammonium salt.
12. The composition of claim 11, further comprising water.
13. The composition of claim 11, wherein the aliphatic heteroaryl
salt comprises an alkylpyridinium halide.
14. The composition of claim 13, wherein the alkylpyridinium halide
comprises cetylpyridinium chloride, cetylpyridinium bromide, or a
mixture thereof.
15. The composition of claim 11, wherein the ammonium salt is the
aliphatic benzylalkyl ammonium salt and comprises alkyl dimethyl
benzyl ammonium halide, alkyl methylethyl benzyl ammonium halide,
or a mixture thereof.
16. The composition of claim 11, wherein the ammonium salt is the
dialiphatic dialkyl ammonium salt and comprises didodecyl dimethyl
ammonium halide, ditetradecyl dimethyl ammonium halide, dihexadecyl
dimethyl ammonium halide, or a mixture thereof.
17. The composition of claim 11, wherein the ammonium salt is the
tetraalkyl ammonium salt and comprises cetyl trimethyl ammonium
halide, lauryl trimethyl ammonium halide, myristyl trimethyl
ammonium halide, stearyl trimethyl ammonium halide, arachidyl
trimethyl ammonium halide, or a mixture thereof.
18. A method for making an antimicrobial composition, comprising:
admixing in any order an aliphatic heteroaryl salt,
trichloromelamine, and one ammonium salt selected from the group
consisting of an aliphatic benzylalkyl ammonium salt, a dialiphatic
dialkyl ammonium salt, and tetraalkyl ammonium salt.
19. The composition prepared by the method of claim 18.
20. A method for treating a microorganism on a surface, comprising
contacting the surface with an effective amount of the composition
of claim 1.
21. The method of claim 20, wherein the surface is a poultry, meat,
raisin, litter, or food contact surface, or food processing
equipment surface.
22. The method of claim 20, wherein the microorganism comprises
Salmonella typhimurium, Aeromonas hydrophila, Arcobacter butzleri,
Bacillus cereus, Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli, Listeria
monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas fluorescens, or
Shewanella putrefaciens.
23. A method for treating a microorganism on a surface, comprising
contacting the surface with an effective amount of the composition
of claim 11.
24. The method of claim 23, wherein the surface is a poultry, meat,
raisin, litter, or food contact surface, or food processing
equipment surface.
25. The method of claim 23, wherein the microorganism comprises
Salmonella typhimurium, Aeromonas hydrophila, Arcobacter butzleri,
Bacillus cereus, Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli, Listeria
monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas fluorescens, or
Shewanella putrefaciens.
26. A method of treating a microorganism on poultry during poultry
processing, comprising contacting poultry during poultry processing
with an effective amount of a composition of claim 1.
27. The method of claim 26, wherein contacting the poultry is
accomplished by spraying the composition onto poultry.
28. The method of claim 26, wherein contacting the poultry is
accomplished by electrostatic coating.
29. The method of claim 26, wherein contacting the poultry is
accomplished at a washing stage of poultry processing.
30. The method of claim 26, wherein contacting the poultry is
accomplished by adding the composition to a scalder.
31. The method of claim 26, wherein contacting the poultry is
accomplished by adding the composition to a chiller.
32. A method of treating a microorganism on poultry during poultry
processing, comprising contacting poultry during poultry processing
with an effective amount of a composition of claim 11.
33. The method of claim 32, wherein contacting the poultry is
accomplished by spraying the composition onto poultry.
34. The method of claim 32, wherein contacting the poultry is
accomplished by electrostatic coating.
35. The method of claim 32, wherein contacting the poultry is
accomplished at a washing stage of poultry processing.
36. The method of claim 32, wherein contacting the poultry is
accomplished by adding the composition to a scalder.
37. The method of claim 32, wherein contacting the poultry is
accomplished by adding the composition to a chiller.
38. An aqueous composition comprising effective amounts of a
combination of at least two quaternary ammonium salts, an ammonium
halide, trichlormelamine, and water.
Description
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a continuation-in-part of International
Application No. PCT/US2004/006599, filed Mar. 5, 2004. Application
PCT/US2004/006599 claims benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional
Application No. 60/451,678, filed Mar. 5, 2003, and U.S.
Provisional Application No. 60/507,949, filed Oct. 3, 2003.
International Application No. PCT/US2004/006599 and U.S.
Provisional Application Nos. 60/451,678 and 60/507,949 are each
incorporated by reference herein in their entireties.
FIELD
[0002] The disclosed matter generally relates to compositions and
methods for reducing or preventing microorganism growth or
survival. More specifically, the disclosed matter relates to
compositions and methods for treating meat and poultry to eliminate
pathogenic microorganisms.
BACKGROUND
[0003] Prevention of food-borne illness has been of paramount
concern for the food industry, the public, and the regulatory
agencies. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
conducted an evaluation to better quantify the impact of food-borne
diseases on health in the U.S. (Mead, et al., Food-Related Illness
and Death in the United States, Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, Atlanta, Ga., USA, 2003). The report estimated that
food-borne diseases cause approximately 76 million illnesses,
325,000 hospitalizations, and 5,000 deaths in the U.S. each year.
Known pathogens account for an estimated 14 million illnesses,
60,000 hospitalizations, and 1,800 deaths. Three pathogens,
Salmonella, Listeria, and Toxoplasma, are responsible for 1,500
deaths each year, more than 75% of those deaths caused by known
pathogens, while unknown agents account for the remaining 62
million illnesses, 265,000 hospitalizations, and 3,200 deaths.
Other food-borne microorganisms that are of public health concern
include Aeromonas hydrophila, Arcobacter butzleri, Bacillus cereus,
Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus.
Fred R. Shank, Director of the Center for Food Safety and Applied
Nutrition of the Food and Drug Administration testified before the
U.S. Congress that the yearly cost of food-borne illness in the
U.S. is between $7.7 and $23 billion.
[0004] Salmonella is one of the more common intestinal infections
with potentially fatal consequences. The CDC reports that every
year approximately 40,000 cases of salmonellosis are reported in
the U.S. Because many milder cases are not diagnosed or reported,
the actual number of infections is likely much higher.
Salmonellosis is more common in warmer months than during the
winter months. And the most likely to have severe infections are
young children, the elderly, and the immuno-compromised. It is
estimated that approximately 600 persons die each year with acute
salmonellosis.
[0005] Salmonella and many other microorganisms can adhere to
poultry, meat, and other food tissues, making removal of the
microorganisms difficult with rinsing alone. Consequently,
treatments including irradiation, chemical treatment, and physical
processing have been used to address the problem of microorganism
contamination of food. For example, trisodium phosphate has been
used in poultry processing to eliminate Salmonella typhimurium.
However, studies have provided conflicting results on efficacy of
trisodium phosphate against treating Salmonella.
[0006] A common problem with many treatments is that they may be
effective against one type of microorganism but not others. For
example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,366,983 discloses a composition containing
an aqueous solution of a quaternary ammonium compound ("QAC"). It
has been reported, however, that QAC's including alkyl pyridinium
halides (such as cetylpyridinium chloride ("CPC") and
cetylpyridinium bromide ("CPB")) were effective in removing
Salmonella but not other types of microorganisms. It has also been
found that treatment with CPC requires contacting the meat or
poultry with large quantities of CPC for long periods of time. This
requires costly downstream processing steps to remove the CPC.
Typically, this is done by recapturing the product as it is sprayed
and hauled out, similar to toxic waste.
[0007] U.S. Pat. No. 5,855,940 also discloses a composition
containing a QAC for inhibiting attachment of and removing
pathogenic toxin-producing Escherichia contamination. This patent
discloses a composition containing QAC selected from the group
consisting of alkyl pyridinium, tetraalkylammonium, and
alkylalicyclic ammonium salts in an aqueous solution.
[0008] Other treatment methods include treatment with a chlorine
solution or with a solution of tri-sodium phosphate. Chlorine
solutions have been found ineffective in eliminating all of the
pathogenic microorganisms. Also, when chlorine is added to a
solution or water, the efficacy of the chloride is only as good as
the mole concentration of the chloride ion. The concentration of
chloride ion can decrease rapidly due to the ion interacting with,
for example, nascent oxygen. Tri-sodium phosphate has been used
during the reprocessing stage where the inside and outside of the
poultry is sanitized. This process, however, requires filtering the
reprocessor's water before disposal in order to remove tri-sodium
phosphate. Still other common antimicrobial compositions that are
used, while effective on some surfaces, can not be used on food
surfaces due to their toxicity.
[0009] Presently, there are no known effective antimicrobial
compositions that are effective against a broad range of
microorganisms and can be safely be used on food surfaces.
Accordingly, there is a need for antimicrobial compositions and
methods for treating contaminated food such as poultry and meat to
eliminate a broad range of microorganisms. Further there is also a
need for antimicrobial compositions that can be effectively be used
on other surfaces, such as floors, coolers, tables, trays, and the
like. The antimicrobial compositions and methods disclosed herein
meet these and other needs.
SUMMARY
[0010] In accordance with the purposes of the disclosed materials,
compounds, compositions, and methods, as embodied and broadly
described herein, the disclosed matter, in one aspect, relates to
compositions and methods for preparing and using such compositions.
In another example, disclosed herein are antimicrobial compositions
and methods for using such compositions to reduce, prevent, or
eliminate a microorganism, such as a food-borne microorganism on
poultry and meat.
[0011] The advantages described below will be realized and attained
by means of the elements and combinations particularly pointed out
in the appended claims. It is to be understood that both the
foregoing general description and the following detailed
description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not
restrictive.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
[0012] The accompanying figures, which are incorporated in and
constitute a part of this specification, illustrate several aspects
described below.
[0013] FIG. 1 is a flow chart showing the steps taken in poultry
processing.
[0014] FIG. 2 is a flow chart showing a poultry processing method
according to one aspect of the disclosed subject matter.
[0015] In the following figures "ST" refers to Salmonella
typhimurium, "LM" refers to Listeria monocytogenes, "SA" refers to
Staphylococcus aureau, "EC" refers to Escherichia coli, "PF" refers
to Pseudomonas fluorscens, and "SP" refers to Shewanella
putrefaciens. Also, an antimicrobial composition as disclosed
herein is indicated as "Test Solution" and a control solution is
indicated as "Controls."
[0016] FIG. 3 is a graph showing the effect of an antimicrobial
composition as disclosed herein and a control solution on
pathogenic and spoilage bacterial isolates. The results are shown
in terms of detection times (hours). Detection times of 24 hours
mean no growth occurred after exposure to test solution.
[0017] FIG. 4 is a graph showing the reduction of the indicated
bacterial colonies (in log.sub.10 colony forming units) when
exposed to an antimicrobial composition as disclosed herein or a
control solution.
[0018] FIG. 5 is a graph showing the effect of an antimicrobial
composition as disclosed herein and control solution on the
indicated bacterial isolates. The results are shown in terms of
detection times (hours). Detection times of 24 hours mean no growth
occurred after exposure to test solution.
[0019] FIG. 6 is a graph showing the reduction of indicated
bacterial colonies (in log.sub.10 colony forming units) when
exposed to an antimicrobial composition as disclosed herein or a
control solution.
[0020] FIG. 7 is a graph showing the effect of an antimicrobial
composition as disclosed herein and a control solution when used to
treat the indicated microorganisms attached to food contact
surfaces. The results are shown in terms of detection times
(hours). Detection times of 24 hours mean no growth occurred after
exposure to test solution.
[0021] FIG. 8 is a graph comparing Salmonella content (in
log.sub.10 colony forming units) in control samples treated with
water and samples treated with a diluted antimicrobial composition
as disclosed herein.
[0022] FIG. 9 is a graph comparing E. coli or coliforms microbial
content (in log.sub.10 colony forming units) in control samples
treated with water and samples treated with a diluted antimicrobial
composition as disclosed herein.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0023] The materials, compositions, articles, devices, and methods
described herein may be understood more readily by reference to the
following detailed description of specific aspects of the disclosed
subject matter, and methods and the Examples included therein and
to the Figures and their previous and following description.
[0024] Before the present materials, compositions, articles,
devices, and methods are disclosed and described, it is to be
understood that the aspects described below are not limited to
specific synthetic methods or specific reagents, as such may, of
course, vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used
herein is for the purpose of describing particular aspects only and
is not intended to be limiting.
[0025] Also, throughout this specification, various publications
are referenced. The disclosures of these publications in their
entireties are hereby incorporated by reference into this
application in order to more fully describe the state of the art to
which the disclosed subject matter pertains. The references
disclosed are also individually and specifically incorporated by
reference herein for the material contained in them that is
discussed in the sentence in which the reference is relied
upon.
General Definitions
[0026] In this specification and in the claims that follow,
reference will be made to a number of terms, which shall be defined
to have the following meanings:
[0027] As used in the specification and the appended claims, the
singular forms "a," "an," and "the" include plural referents unless
the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example,
reference to "a compound" includes mixtures of two or more such
compounds, reference to "an agent" includes mixtures of two or more
such agents, reference to "the composition" includes mixtures of
two or more such compositions, and the like.
[0028] Throughout the specification and claims, the word "comprise"
and variations of the word, such as "comprising" and "comprises,"
means "including but not limited to," and is not intended to
exclude, for example, other additives, components, integers, or
steps.
[0029] "Optional" or "optionally" means that the subsequently
described event or circumstance can or cannot occur, and that the
description includes instances where the event or circumstance
occurs and instances where it does not.
[0030] Ranges can be expressed herein as from "about" one
particular value, and/or to "about" another particular value. When
such a range is expressed, another embodiment includes from the one
particular value and/or to the other particular value. Similarly,
when values are expressed as approximations, by use of the
antecedent "about," it will be understood that the particular value
forms another embodiment. It will be further understood that the
endpoints of each of the ranges are significant both in relation to
the other endpoint, and independently of the other endpoint. It is
also understood that there are a number of values disclosed herein,
and that each value is also herein disclosed as "about" that
particular value in addition to the value itself. For example, if
the value "10" is disclosed, then "about 10" is also disclosed. It
is also understood that when a value is disclosed that "less than
or equal to" the value, "greater than or equal to the value" and
possible ranges between values are also disclosed, as appropriately
understood by the skilled artisan. For example, if the value "10"
is disclosed then "less than or equal to 10" as well as "greater
than or equal to 10" is also disclosed. It is also understood that
the throughout the application, data is provided in a number of
different formats, and that this data, represents endpoints and
starting points, and ranges for any combination of the data points.
For example, if a particular data point "10" and a particular data
point "15" are disclosed, it is understood that greater than,
greater than or equal to, less than, less than or equal to, and
equal to 10 and 15 are considered disclosed as well as between 10
and 15. It is also understood that each unit between two particular
units are also disclosed. For example, if 10 and 15 are disclosed,
then 11, 12, 13, and 14 are also disclosed.
[0031] References in the specification and claims to parts by
weight of a particular element or component in a composition or
article denotes the weight relationship between the element or
component and any other elements or components in the composition
or article for which a part by weight is expressed. Thus, in a
compound containing 2 parts by weight of component X and 5 parts by
weight component Y, X and Y are present at a weight ratio of 2:5,
and are present in such ratio regardless of whether additional
components are contained in the compound.
[0032] A weight percent of a component, unless specifically stated
to the contrary, is based on the total weight of the formulation or
composition in which the component is included.
[0033] By "reduce" or other forms of the word, such as "reducing"
or "reduction," is meant lowering of an event or characteristic
(e.g., microorganism growth or survival). It is understood that
this is typically in relation to some standard or expected value,
in other words it is relative, but that it is not always necessary
for the standard or relative value to be referred to. For example,
"reduces the population of bacteria" means lowering the amount of
bacteria relative to a standard or a control.
[0034] By "prevent" or other forms of the word, such as
"preventing" or "prevention," is meant to stop a particular event
or characteristic, to stabilize or delay the development or
progression of a particular event or characteristic, or to minimize
the chances that a particular event or characteristic will occur.
Prevent does not require comparison to a control as it is typically
more absolute than, for example, reduce. As used herein, something
could be reduced but not prevented, but something that is reduced
could also be prevented. Likewise, something could be prevented but
not reduced, but something that is prevented could also be reduced.
It is understood that where reduce or prevent are used, unless
specifically indicated otherwise, the use of the other word is also
expressly disclosed.
[0035] By "treat" or other forms of the word, such as "treated" or
"treatment," is meant to administer a composition or to perform a
method in order to reduce, prevent, inhibit, break-down, or
eliminate a particular characteristic or event (e.g., microorganism
growth or survival).
[0036] By "antimicrobial" is meant the ability to treat (e.g.,
reduce, prevent, inhibit, break-down, or eliminate) microorganism
growth or survival at any concentration.
Chemical Definitions
[0037] As used herein, the term "substituted" is contemplated to
include all permissible substituents of organic compounds. In a
broad aspect, the permissible substituents include acyclic and
cyclic, branched and unbranched, carbocyclic and heterocyclic, and
aromatic and nonaromatic substituents of organic compounds.
Illustrative substituents include, for example, those described
below. The permissible substituents can be one or more and the same
or different for appropriate organic compounds. For purposes of
this disclosure, the heteroatoms, such as nitrogen and oxygen, can
have hydrogen substituents and/or any permissible substituents of
organic compounds described herein which satisfy the valencies of
the heteroatoms. This disclosure is not intended to be limited in
any manner by the permissible substituents of organic compounds.
Also, the terms "substitution" or "substituted with" include the
implicit proviso that such substitution is in accordance with
permitted valence of the substituted atom and the substituent, and
that the substitution results in a stable compound, e.g., a
compound that does not spontaneously undergo transformation such as
by rearrangement, cyclization, elimination, etc. Also, as used
herein "substitution" or "substituted with" is meant to encompass
configurations where one substituent is fused to another
substituent. For example, an alkyl group substituted with an aryl
group (or vice versa) can mean that the aryl group is bonded to the
alkyl group via a single sigma bond and also that the aryl group
and alkyl group are fused, e.g., two carbons of the alkyl group are
shared with two carbons of the aryl group.
[0038] "A.sup.1," "A.sup.2," "A.sup.3," and "A.sup.4" are used
herein as generic symbols to represent various specific
substituents. These symbols can be any substituent, not limited to
those disclosed herein, and when they are defined to be certain
substituents in one sentence it does not mean that, in another
sentence, they cannot be defined as some other substituents.
[0039] The term "alkyl" as used herein is a branched or unbranched
saturated hydrocarbon group of 1 to 40 carbon atoms, such as
methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl,
pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, dodecyl, tetradecyl,
hexadecyl, octadecyl, eicosyl, tetracosyl, and the like. The alkyl
group can also be substituted or unsubstituted. The alkyl group can
be substituted with one or more groups including, but not limited
to, alkyl, halogenated alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl,
heteroaryl, aldehyde, amino, carboxylic acid, ester, ether, halide,
hydroxy, ketone, sulfo-oxo, sulfonylamino, nitro, silyl, or thiol,
as described below.
[0040] Throughout the specification "alkyl" is generally used to
refer to both unsubstituted alkyl groups and substituted alkyl
groups; however, substituted alkyl groups are also specifically
referred to herein by identifying the specific substituent(s) on
the alkyl group. For example, the term "alkyl halide" specifically
refers to an alkyl group that is substituted with one or more
halides, e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. When "alkyl"
is used in one sentence and a specific term such as "alkyl halide"
is used in another, it is not meant to imply that the term "alkyl"
does not also refer to specific terms such as "alkyl halide"and the
like.
[0041] This practice is also used for other groups described
herein. That is, while a term such as "heteroaryl" refers to both
unsubstituted and substituted heteroaryl moieties, the substituted
moieties can, in addition, be specifically identified herein; for
example, a particular substituted heteroaryl can be referred to as,
e.g., an "alkyl heteroaryl." Similarly, a substituted alkenyl can
be, e.g., an "alkenyl halide," and the like. Again, the practice of
using a general term, such as "heteroaryl," and a specific term,
such as "alkyl heteroaryl," is not meant to imply that the general
term does not also include the specific term.
[0042] The term "alkenyl" as used herein is a hydrocarbon group of
from 2 to 40 carbon atoms with a structural formula containing at
least one carbon-carbon double bond. Asymmetric structures such as
(A.sup.1A.sup.2)C.dbd.C(A.sup.3A.sup.4) are intended to include
both the E and Z isomers. This may be presumed in structural
formulae herein wherein an asymmetric alkene is present, or it may
be explicitly indicated by the bond symbol C.dbd.C. The alkenyl
group can be substituted with one or more groups including, but not
limited to, alkyl, halogenated alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl,
aryl, heteroaryl, aldehyde, amino, carboxylic acid, ester, ether,
halide, hydroxy, ketone, sulfo-oxo, sulfonylamino, nitro, silyl, or
thiol.
[0043] The term "alkynyl" as used herein is a hydrocarbon group of
2 to 40 carbon atoms with a structural formula containing at least
one carbon-carbon triple bond. The alkynyl group can be substituted
with one or more groups including, but not limited to, alkyl,
halogenated alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl,
aldehyde, amino, carboxylic acid, ester, ether, halide, hydroxy,
ketone, sulfo-oxo, sulfonylamino, nitro, silyl, or thiol.
[0044] The term "aliphatic" as used herein refers to a non-aromatic
hydrocarbon group and includes branched and unbranched, alkyl,
alkenyl, or alkynyl groups.
[0045] The term "aryl" as used herein is a group that contains any
carbon-based aromatic group including, but not limited to, benzene,
benzyl, naphthalene, phenyl, biphenyl, phenoxybenzene, and the
like. The term "aryl" also includes "heteroaryl," which is defined
as a group that contains an aromatic group that has at least one
heteroatom incorporated within the ring of the aromatic group.
Examples of heteroatoms include, but are not limited to, nitrogen,
oxygen, sulfur, and phosphorus. Likewise, the term
"non-heteroaryl," which is also included in the term "aryl,"
defines a group that contains an aromatic group that does not
contain a heteroatom. The aryl group can be substituted or
unsubstituted. The aryl group can be substituted with one or more
groups including, but not limited to, alkyl, halogenated alkyl,
alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aldehyde, amino,
carboxylic acid, ester, ether, halide, hydroxy, ketone, sulfo-oxo,
sulfonylamino, or thiol as described herein. The term "biaryl" is a
specific type of aryl group and is included in the definition of
aryl. Biaryl refers to two aryl groups that are bound together via
a fused ring structure, as in naphthalene, or are attached via one
or more carbon-carbon bonds, as in biphenyl.
[0046] The term "cycloalkyl" as used herein is a non-aromatic
carbon-based ring composed of at least three carbon atoms. Examples
of cycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl,
cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, etc. The term
"heterocycloalkyl" is a cycloalkyl group as defined above where at
least one of the carbon atoms of the ring is substituted with a
heteroatom such as, but not limited to, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur,
or phosphorus. The cycloalkyl group and heterocycloalkyl group can
be substituted or unsubstituted. The cycloalkyl group and
heterocycloalkyl group can be substituted with one or more groups
including, but not limited to, alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl,
aryl, heteroaryl, aldehyde, amino, carboxylic acid, ester, ether,
halide, hydroxy, ketone, sulfo-oxo, sulfonylamino, nitro, silyl, or
thiol.
[0047] The term "cycloalkenyl" as used herein is a non-aromatic
carbon-based ring composed of at least three carbon atoms and
contains at least one double bound, e.g., C.dbd.C. Examples of
cycloalkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropenyl,
cyclobutenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclopentadienyl, cyclohexenyl,
cyclohexadienyl, and the like. The term "heterocycloalkenyl" is a
type of cycloalkenyl group as defined above, and is included within
the meaning of the term "cycloalkenyl," where at least one of the
carbon atoms of the ring is substituted with a heteroatom such as,
but not limited to, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, or phosphorus. The
cycloalkenyl group and heterocycloalkenyl group can be substituted
or unsubstituted. The cycloalkenyl group and heterocycloalkenyl
group can be substituted with one or more groups including, but not
limited to, alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl,
aldehyde, amino, carboxylic acid, ester, ether, halide, hydroxy,
ketone, sulfo-oxo, sulfonylamino, nitro, silyl, or thiol.
[0048] The term "cyclic group" is used herein to refer to either
aryl groups (e.g., heteraryl, biaryl), non-aryl groups (i.e.,
cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and heterocycloalkenyl
groups), or both. Cyclic groups have one or more ring systems that
can be substituted or unsubstituted. A cyclic group can contain one
or more aryl groups, one or more non-aryl groups, or one or more
aryl groups and one or more non-aryl groups.
[0049] The terms "amine" or "amino" as used herein are represented
by the formula: ##STR1## where A.sup.1, A.sup.2, and A.sup.3 can
each be, independent of one another, hydrogen, an alkyl,
halogenated alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl,
cycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkenyl group
described above. Also, any of the A.sup.1, A.sup.2, and A.sup.3
substituents can be absent and any of the remaining substituents
can be a multivalent group, i.e., form more than one bond with
N.
[0050] The terms "ammonium" or "quaternary ammonium" are
represented by the formula: ##STR2## where A.sup.1, A.sup.2,
A.sup.3, and A.sup.4 can each be, independent of one another,
hydrogen, an alkyl, halogenated alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl,
heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkyl, or
heterocycloalkenyl group described above. Also, any of the A.sup.1,
A.sup.2, A.sup.3, and A.sup.4 substituents can be absent and any of
the remaining substituents can be a multivalent group.
[0051] The term "halide" as used herein refers to the halogens
fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine.
[0052] "X," "R.sup.1," "R.sup.2," and "R.sup.n," where n is some
integer, as used herein can, independently, possess two or more of
the groups listed above. For example, if R is a straight chain
alkyl group, one of the hydrogen atoms of the alkyl group can
optionally be substituted with a hydroxyl group (OH), an alkoxy
group, halide, etc. Depending upon the groups that are selected, a
first group can be incorporated within second group or,
alternatively, the first group can be pendant (i.e., attached) or
fused to the second group.
[0053] Unless stated to the contrary, a formula with chemical bonds
shown only as solid lines and not as wedges or dashed lines
contemplates each possible isomer, e.g., each enantiomer and
diastereomer, and a mixture of isomers, such as a racemic or
scalemic mixtures.
[0054] Reference will now be made in detail to specific aspects of
the disclosed materials, compounds, compositions, components,
devices, articles, and methods, examples of which are illustrated
in the following description and examples, and in the figures and
their previous and following description.
Compositions
[0055] Disclosed herein, in one aspect, are antimicrobial
compositions. The disclosed antimicrobial compositions can be used
to treat poultry and meat tissue, as well as other foods, against
various microorganisms.
[0056] The materials and components that can be used for, can be
used in conjunction with, can be used in preparation for, or are
products of the disclosed compositions and methods are disclosed
herein, and it is understood that when combinations, subsets,
interactions, groups, etc. of these materials are disclosed that
while specific reference of each various individual and collective
combinations and permutation of these compounds may not be
explicitly disclosed, each is specifically contemplated and
described herein. For example, if a molecule is disclosed and a
number of modifications that can be made to a number of
substituents are discussed, each and every combination and
permutation that are possible are specifically contemplated unless
specifically indicated to the contrary. In another example, if a
composition is disclosed and a number of modifications that can be
made to a number of components in the composition are discussed,
each and every combination and permutation that are possible are
specifically contemplated unless specifically indicated to the
contrary. Thus, if a class of substituents or components A, B, and
C are disclosed as well as a class of substituents or components D,
E, and F and an example of a combination molecule or combination
composition, A-D is disclosed, then even if each is not
individually recited, each is individually and collectively
contemplated. Thus, in this example, each of the combinations A-E,
A-F, B-D, B-E, B-F, C-D, C-E, and C-F are specifically contemplated
and should be considered disclosed from disclosure of A, B, and C;
D, E, and F; and the example combination A-D. Likewise, any subset
or combination of these is also specifically contemplated and
disclosed. Thus, for example, the sub-group of A-E, B-F, and C-E
are specifically contemplated and should be considered disclosed
from disclosure of A, B, and C; D, E, and F; and the example
combination A-D. This concept applies to all aspects of this
disclosure including, but not limited to, steps in methods of
making and using the disclosed compositions. Thus, if there are a
variety of additional steps that can be performed it is understood
that each of these additional steps can be performed with any
specific embodiment or combination of embodiments of the disclosed
methods, and that each such combination is specifically
contemplated and should be considered disclosed.
[0057] The disclosed antimicrobial compositions, in some aspects,
can comprise any two components selected from the group consisting
of an aliphatic heteroaryl salt, trichloromelamine, aliphatic
benzylalkyl ammonium salt, dialiphatic dialkyl ammonium salt, and
tetraalkyl ammonium salt, wherein when two of the listed components
are present, the other listed components are not present. For
example, the disclosed antimicrobial compositions can comprise an
aliphatic heteroaryl ammonium salt and trichloromelamine, and not
the other listed components (i.e., aliphatic benzylalkyl ammonium
salt, dialiphatic dialkyl ammonium salt, and tetraalkyl ammonium
salt). In another example, the disclosed antimicrobial compositions
can comprise trichloromelamine and an aliphatic benzylalkyl
ammonium salt, and not the other listed components (i.e., aliphatic
heteroaryl salt, dialiphatic dialkyl ammonium salt, and tetraalkyl
ammonium salt). In yet another example, the disclosed antimicrobial
compositions can comprise an aliphatic benzylalkyl ammonium salt
and a tetraalkyl ammonium salt, and not the other listed components
(i.e., aliphatic heteroaryl salt, trichloromelamine, aliphatic
benzylalkyl ammonium salt, dialiphatic dialkyl ammonium salt, and
tetraalkyl ammonium salt).
[0058] In a further aspect, disclosed herein are antimicrobial
compositions comprising an aliphatic heteroaryl salt,
trichloromelamine, and an ammonium salt selected from the group
consisting of an aliphatic benzylalkyl ammonium salt, a dialiphatic
dialkyl ammonium salt, and a tetraalkyl ammonium salt, wherein when
the ammonium salt is the aliphatic benzyl ammonium salt, the
composition does not contain the dialiphatic dialkyl ammonium salt
or the tetraalkyl ammonium salt, wherein when the ammonium salt is
the dialiphatic dialkyl ammonium salt, the composition does not
contain the aliphatic benzyl ammonium salt or the tetraalkyl
ammonium salt, and wherein when the ammonium salt is the tetraalkyl
ammonium salt, the composition does not contain the aliphatic
benzyl ammonium salt or the dialiphatic dialkyl ammonium salt. For
example, the disclosed antimicrobial compositions can comprise an
aliphatic heteroaryl salt, trichloromelamine, and an aliphatic
benzylalkyl ammonium salt (e.g., alkyl pyridinium halide,
trichloromelamine, and alkyl benzylalkyl ammonium halide). In
another example, the disclosed antimicrobial compositions can
comprise an aliphatic heteroaryl salt, trichloromelamine, and a
dialiphatic dialkyl ammonium salt. In a further example, the
disclosed antimicrobial compositions can comprise an aliphatic
heteroaryl salt, trichloromelamine, and a tetraalkyl ammonium
salt.
[0059] In one other example, the disclosed compositions do not
contain a cetylpyridinium halide, a benzalkyl ammonium halide,
trichloromelamine, and water.
[0060] Aliphatic Heteroaryl Salt
[0061] The disclosed antimicrobial compositions can comprise an
aliphatic heteroaryl salt (e.g., one or more aliphatic heteroaryl
salts). An aliphatic heteroaryl salt is a compound that comprises
an aliphatic moiety bonded to a heteroaryl moiety, and a
counterion, as are defined herein. One or more types of aliphatic
heteroaryl salts can be used in the antimicrobial compositions
disclosed herein.
[0062] Aliphatic Moiety
[0063] In the aliphatic heteroaryl salt component of the disclosed
antimicrobial compositions, the aliphatic moiety can be any alkyl,
alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkenyl group, as described
herein. Generally, the aliphatic moiety can comprise at least 10,
at least 12, at least 14, at least 16, at least 18, or at least 20
carbon atoms. In other examples, the aliphatic moiety can comprise
a mixture of aliphatic groups having a range of carbon atoms. For
example, the aliphatic moiety can comprise from 10 to 40, from 12
to 38, from 14 to 36, from 16 to 34, from 18 to 32, from 14 to 18,
or from 20 to 30 carbon atoms. In some specific examples, the
aliphatic moiety can contain 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18,
19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35,
36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, or 45 carbon atoms, where any
of the stated values can form an upper or lower endpoint when
appropriate. Examples of specific aliphatic moieties that can be
used in the disclosed aliphatic heteroaryl salts include, but are
not limited to, decyl, dodecyl (lauryl), tetradecyl (myristyl),
hexadecyl (palmityl or cetyl), octadecyl (stearyl), eicosyl
(arachidyl), and linolenyl groups, including branched derivatives
thereof and any mixtures thereof. In the aliphatic heteroaryl
salts, the aliphatic moiety is bonded to a heteroatom in the
heteroaryl moiety.
[0064] Heteroaryl Moiety
[0065] In the aliphatic heteroaryl salt component of the disclosed
antimicrobial compositions, the heteroaryl moiety can be any
heteroaryl moiety as described herein. For example, the heteroaryl
moiety can be an aryl group having one or more heteroatoms.
Examples of specific heteroaryl moieties that can be used in the
aliphatic heteroaryl salts include, but are not limited to,
pyrazole, pyridine, pyrazine, pyrimidine, pryidazine, indolizine,
isoindole, indole, indazole, imidazole, oxazole, triazole,
thiazole, purine, isoquinoline, quinoline, phthalazine,
quinooxaline, phenazine, and the like, including substituted
derivatives and mixtures thereof.
[0066] In the aliphatic heteroaryl salts, a heteroatom in the
heteroaryl moiety is bonded to the aliphatic moiety. When the
heteroatom is nitrogen, this forms a quaternary ammonium
species.
[0067] Counterion
[0068] In the disclosed aliphatic heteroaryl salts, the counterion
can be any ion that has an opposite charge as the remaining
aliphatic heteroaryl portion of the salt. For example, when the
heteroatom of heteroaryl moiety is bonded to the aliphatic moiety
to form a positively charged quaternary ammonium moiety, the
counterion can be a negatively charged moiety. Likewise, if the
aliphatic heteroaryl portion is negatively charged, then the
counterion can be positively charged. In the disclosed aliphatic
heteroaryl salts, one or more different types of counterions can be
present.
[0069] In some specific examples, the counterion can be a halide,
such as a fluoride, chloride, bromide, or iodide. In other
examples, suitable counterions for the aliphatic heteroaryl salt
can include, but are not limited to, sulfide, sulfates, sulfites,
phosphide, phosphates, phosphites, carbonates, bicarbonates,
nitrates, nitrites, hypochlorite, chlorite, perchlorate, acetate,
formate, hydroxide, and the like, including mixtures thereof.
[0070] Specific Examples
[0071] In one example, the aliphatic heteroaryl salt can have any
of the aliphatic moieties disclosed above combined with any of the
heteroaryl moieties disclosed above. In some specific examples, the
aliphatic heteroaryl salt can be an alkyl pyridinium salt, an alkyl
quinolinium salt, an alkyl imidazolinium salt, or any mixture
thereof. In other examples, the aliphatic heteroaryl salt can be an
alkenyl pyrazolium salt, an alkenyl pyrazinium salt, an alkenyl
quinolinium salt, or any mixture thereof The counter ions for these
specific examples can be halides, nitrates, sulfates, carbonates or
any other counterion disclosed herein. In other aspects, a specific
example of an alkyl pyridinium salt includes an alkyl pyridinium
halide such as, but not limited to, cetylpyridinium halide (e.g.,
cetylpyridinium chloride, cetylpyridinium bromide, or mixtures
thereof), laurylpyridinium halide (e.g., laurylpyridinium chloride,
laurylpyridinium bromide, or mixtures thereof), myristylpyridinium
halide (e.g., myristylpyridinium chloride, myristylpyridinium
bromide, or mixtures thereof), stearylpyridinium halide (e.g.,
stearylpyridinium chloride, stearylpyridinium bromide, or mixtures
thereof), and arachidylpyridinium halide (arachidylpyridinium
chloride, arachidylpyridinium bromide, or mixtures thereof). In a
specific example, the aliphatic heteroaryl salt can comprise
cetylpyridinium chloride, cetylpyridinium bromide, or a mixture
thereof.
[0072] Amounts
[0073] The aliphatic heteroaryl salts disclosed herein can be
prepared by methods known in the art or can be obtained from
commercial sources. The aliphatic heteroaryl salt can be present in
the antimicrobial compositions disclosed herein in an amount of
from less than about 20 weight %, less than about 15 weight %, less
than about 10 weight %, less than about 8 weight %, less than about
6 weight %, less than about 5 weight %, less than about 4 weight %,
less than about 3 weight %, less than about 2 weight %, less than
about 1 weight %, or less than about 0.5 weight %, based on the
total weight of the antimicrobial composition. In another example,
the aliphatic heteroaryl salt can be present in the antimicrobial
compositions disclosed herein in an amount of from greater than
about 0.5 weight %, greater than about 1 weight %, greater than
about 2 weight %, greater than about 3 weight %, greater than about
4 weight %, greater than about 5 weight %, greater than about 6
weight %, greater than about 8 weight %, greater than about 10
weight %, greater than about 15 weight %, or greater than about 20
weight %, based on the total weight of the antimicrobial
composition. In still another example, the aliphatic heteroaryl
salt can be present in the antimicrobial compositions disclosed
herein in an amount of from about 0.5 to about 20 weight %, from
about 1 to about 15 weight %, from about 2 to about 10 weight %,
from about 3 to about 8 weight %, from about 3.5 to about 8 weight
%, from about 4 to about 6 weight %, from about 6 to about 8 weight
%, or about 7.5 weight %, based on the total weight of the
antimicrobial composition. In yet another example, the aliphatic
heteroaryl salt can be present in the antimicrobial compositions
disclosed herein in an amount of about 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.25,
1.5, 1.75, 2.0, 2.25, 2.5, 2.75, 3.0, 3.25, 3.5, 3.75, 4.0, 4.25,
4.5, 4.75, 5.0, 5.25, 5.5, 5.75, 6.0, 6.25, 6.5, 6.75, 7.0, 7.25,
7.5, 7.75, 8.0, 8.25, 8.5, 8.75, 9.0, 9.25, 9.5, 9.75, 10.0, 10.25,
10.5, 10.75, 11.0, 11.25, 11.5, 11.75, 12.0, 12.25, 12.5, 12.75,
13.0, 13.25, 13.5, 13.75, 14.0, 14.25, 14.5, 14.75, 15.0, 15.25,
15.5, 15.75, 16.0, 16.25, 16.5, 16.75, 17.0, 17.25, 17.5, 17.75,
18.0, 18.25, 18.5, 18.75, 19.0, 19.25, 19.5, 19.75, or 20.0 weight
%, based on the total weight of the antimicrobial composition and
where any of the stated values can form an upper or lower endpoint
when appropriate.
[0074] In a further aspect, the antimicrobial compositions
disclosed herein can contain less than about 20 parts by weight,
less than about 15 parts by weight, less than about 10 parts by
weight, less than about 8 parts by weight, less than about 6 parts
by weight, less than about 5 parts by weight, less than about 4
parts by weight, less than about 3 parts by weight, less than about
2 parts by weight, less than about 1 part by weight, or less than
about 0.5 parts by weight of the aliphatic heteroaryl salt. In
another example, the antimicrobial compositions disclosed herein
can contain greater than about 0.5 parts by weight, greater than
about 1 part by weight, greater than about 2 parts by weight,
greater than about 3 parts by weight, greater than about 4 parts by
weight, greater than about 5 parts by weight, greater than about 6
parts by weight, greater than about 8 parts by weight, greater than
about 10 parts by weight, greater than about 15 parts by weight, or
greater than about 20 parts by weight of the aliphatic heteroaryl
salt. In still another example, the antimicrobial compositions
disclosed herein can contain from about 0.5 to about 20 parts by
weight, from about 1 to about 15 parts by weight, from about 2 to
about 10 parts by weight, from about 3 to about 8 parts by weight,
from about 3.5 to about 8 parts by weight, from about 4 to about 6
parts by weight, from about 6 to about 8 parts by weight, or about
7.5 parts by weight of the aliphatic heteroaryl salt. In yet
another example, the antimicrobial compositions disclosed herein
can contain about 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.25, 1.5, 1.75, 2.0, 2.25,
2.5, 2.75, 3.0, 3.25, 3.5, 3.75, 4.0, 4.25, 4.5, 4.75, 5.0, 5.25,
5.5, 5.75, 6.0, 6.25, 6.5, 6.75, 7.0, 7.25, 7.5, 7.75, 8.0, 8.25,
8.5, 8.75, 9.0, 9.25, 9.5, 9.75, 10.0, 10.25. 10.5, 10.75, 11.0,
11.25, 11.5, 11.75, 12.0, 12.25, 12.5, 12.75, 13.0, 13.25, 13.5,
13.75, 14.0, 14.25, 14.5, 14.75, 15.0, 15.25, 15.5, 15.75, 16.0,
16.25, 16.5, 16.75, 17.0, 17.25, 17.5, 17.75, 18.0, 18.25, 18.5,
18.75, 19.0, 19.25, 19.5, 19.75, or 20.0 parts by weight of the
aliphatic heteroaryl salt, where any of the stated values can form
an upper or lower endpoint when appropriate.
[0075] Still further, the aliphatic heteroaryl salt can be present
in the antimicrobial compositions disclosed herein in any amount
disclosed below for trichloromelamine, aliphatic benzylalkyl
ammonium salts, dialiphatic dialkyl ammonium salts, or tetraalkyl
ammonium salts.
[0076] Trichloromelamine
[0077] The disclosed antimicrobial compositions can comprise
trichloromelamine. Trichloromelamine (i.e., N.sup.2,N.sup.4,
N.sup.6-Trichloro-2,4,6-triamino-s-triazine) can be prepared by
methods known in the art or can be obtained from commercial
sources. Trichloromelamine can be present in the antimicrobial
compositions disclosed herein in any amount as is described above
for the aliphatic benzylalkyl ammonium salt. For example,
trichloromelamine can be present in an amount of from in an amount
of from less than about 1.0 weight %, less than about 0.75 weight
%, less than about 0.5 weight %, less than about 0.25 weight %,
less than about 0.10 weight %, less than about 0.075 weight %, less
than about 0.05 weight %, less than about 0.025 weight %, less than
about 0.01 weight %, less than about 0.0075 weight %, less than
about 0.005 weight %, less than about 0.0025 weight %, or less than
about 0.001 weight %, based on the total weight of the
antimicrobial composition. In another example, trichloromelamine
can be present in the antimicrobial compositions disclosed herein
in an amount of from greater than about 0.001 weight %, greater
than about 0.0025 weight %, greater than about 0.005 weight %,
greater than about 0.0075 weight %, greater than about 0.01 weight
%, greater than about 0.025 weight %, greater than about 0.05
weight %, greater than about 0.075 weight %, greater than about 0.1
weight %, greater than about 0.25 weight %, greater than about 0.5
weight %, greater than about 0.75 weight %, or greater than about
1.0 weight %, based on the total weight of the antimicrobial
composition. In still another example, trichloromelamine can be
present in the antimicrobial compositions disclosed herein in an
amount of from about 0.001 to about 1.0 weight %, from about 0.0025
to about 0.75 weight %, from about 0.005 to about 0.5 weight %,
0.005 to about 0.1 weight %, from about 0.0075 to about 0.25 weight
%, from about 0.01 to about 0.1 weight %, from about 0.025 to about
0.075 weight %, about 0.005 to about 0.1 weight %, about 0.005 to
about 0.02 weight %, about 0.005 to about 0.01 weight %, or about
0.01 weight %, based on the total weight of the antimicrobial
composition. Still further, trichloromelamine can be present in an
amount of from about 0.001 to about 0.1 weight %, from about 0.005
to about 0.075 weight %, from about 0.0075 about 0.05 weight %, or
from about 0.01 to about 0.02 weight %, based on the total weight
of the antimicrobial composition. In yet another example,
trichloromelamine can be present in the antimicrobial compositions
disclosed herein in an amount of about 0.001, 0.0015, 0.002,
0.0025, 0.003, 0.0035, 0.004, 0.0045, 0.005, 0.005, 0.0055, 0.006,
0.0065, 0.007, 0.0075, 0.008, 0.0085, 0.009, 0.009, 0.0095, 0.01,
0.0105, 0.011, 0.0115, 0.012, 0.0125, 0.013, 0.013, 0.0135, 0.014,
0.0145, 0.015, 0.0155, 0.016, 0.0165, 0.017, 0.017, 0.0175, 0.018,
0.0185, 0.019, 0.0195, 0.02, 0.0205, 0.021, 0.021, 0.0215, 0.022,
0.0225, 0.023, 0.0235, 0.024, 0.0245, 0.025, 0.025, 0.03, 0.04,
0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, 0.09, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7,
0.8, 0.9, or 1 weight %, based on the total weight of the
antimicrobial composition and where any of the stated values can
form an upper or lower endpoint when appropriate.
[0078] In another example, the disclosed antimicrobial compositions
can contain less than about 1.0 parts by weight, less than about
0.75 parts by weight, less than about 0.5 parts by weight, less
than about 0.25 parts by weight, less than about 0.10 parts by
weight, less than about 0.075 parts by weight, less than about 0.05
parts by weight, less than about 0.025 parts by weight, less than
about 0.01 parts by weight, less than about 0.0075 parts by weight,
less than about 0.005 parts by weight, less than about 0.0025 parts
by weight, or less than about 0.001 parts by weight of
trichloromelamine. In still another example, the antimicrobial
compositions disclosed herein can contain greater than about 0.001
parts by weight, greater than about 0.0025 parts by weight, greater
than about 0.005 parts by weight, greater than about 0.0075 parts
by weight, greater than about 0.01 parts by weight, greater than
about 0.025 parts by weight, greater than about 0.05 parts by
weight, greater than about 0.075 parts by weight, greater than
about 0.1 parts by weight, greater than about 0.25 parts by weight,
greater than about 0.5 parts by weight, greater than about 0.75
parts by weight, or greater than about 1.0 parts by weight of
trichloromelamine. In yet another example, the antimicrobial
compositions disclosed herein can contain from about 0.001 to about
1.0 parts by weight, from about 0.0025 to about 0.75 parts by
weight, from about 0.005 to about 0.5 parts by weight, 0.005 to
about 0.1 parts by weight, from about 0.0075 to about 0.25 parts by
weight, from about 0.01 to about 0.1 parts by weight, from about
0.025 to about 0.075 parts by weight, about 0.005 to about 0.1
parts by weight, about 0.005 to about 0.02 parts by weight, about
0.005 to about 0.01 parts by weight, or about 0.01 parts by weight
of trichloromelamine. Still further, trichloromelamine can be
present in an amount of from about 0.001 to about 0.1 parts by
weight, from about 0.005 to about 0.075 parts by weight, from about
0.0075 about 0.05 parts by weight, or from about 0.01 to about 0.02
parts by weight trichloromelamine. In yet another example, the
antimicrobial compositions disclosed herein can contain about
0.001, 0.0015, 0.002, 0.0025, 0.003, 0.0035, 0.004, 0.0045, 0.005,
0.005, 0.0055, 0.006, 0.0065, 0.007, 0.0075, 0.008, 0.0085, 0.009,
0.009, 0.0095, 0.01, 0.0105, 0.011, 0.0115, 0.012, 0.0125, 0.013,
0.013, 0.0135, 0.014, 0.0145, 0.015, 0.0155, 0.016, 0.0165, 0.017,
0.017, 0.0175, 0.018, 0.0185, 0.019, 0.0195, 0.02, 0.0205, 0.021,
0.021, 0.0215, 0.022, 0.0225, 0.023, 0.0235, 0.024, 0.0245, 0.025,
0.025, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, 0.09, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3,
0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, or 1 parts by weight of
trichloromelamine, where any of the stated values can form an upper
or lower endpoint when appropriate.
[0079] Still further, the trichloromelamine can be present in the
antimicrobial compositions disclosed herein in any amount disclosed
above for aliphatic heteroaryl salts or any amount disclosed below
for aliphatic benzylalkyl ammonium salts, dialiphatic dialkyl
ammonium salts, or tetraalkyl ammonium salts.
[0080] Aliphatic benzylalkyl Ammonium Salt
[0081] The disclosed antimicrobial compositions can comprise an
aliphatic benzylalkyl ammonium salt. An aliphatic benzylalkyl
ammonium salt is a compound that comprises an aliphatic moiety
bonded to the nitrogen atom of a benzylalkyl amine moiety, and a
counterion, as are defined herein. The aliphatic moiety and
counterion can be as described above. The benzylalkyl amine moiety
can be a benzyl amine where the amine is bonded to an alkyl or
cyclic alkyl group, as described above. One or more types of
aliphatic benzylalkyl ammonium salts can be used in the
antimicrobial compositions disclosed herein. The aliphatic
benzylalkyl ammonium salts suitable for use herein can be prepared
by methods known in the art or can be obtained from commercial
sources.
[0082] In one example, the aliphatic benzylalkyl ammonium salt can
be represented by the following formula: ##STR3## wherein R.sup.1
is an aliphatic group, as described above, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 are,
independent of one another, alkyl groups or cyclic alkyl groups as
described herein, and X is a counterion as described herein. In
some examples, one or more of the "R" substituents can be a long
chain alkyl group (e.g., the number of carbon atoms is greater than
6). In other examples, one or more of the "R" substituents can be a
short chain alkyl group (e.g., the number of carbon atoms is 6 or
less). In still other examples, one of the "R" substituents is a
long chain alkyl group and the other two "R" substituents are short
chain alkyl groups.
[0083] Specific Examples
[0084] In one example, the aliphatic benzylalkyl ammonium salt can
have any of the aliphatic moieties disclosed above bonded to any
benzylalkyl amine moieties disclosed above. In some specific
examples, R.sup.1 in the formula of aliphatic benzylalkyl ammonium
salts can be an aliphatic group of from 10 to 40 carbon atoms,
e.g., a decyl, dodecyl (lauryl), tetradecyl (myristyl), hexadecyl
(palmityl or cetyl), octadecyl (stearyl), or eicosyl (arachidyl)
group, and R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 can each be, independent of one
another, a methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, or hexyl
group.
[0085] In another example, the aliphatic benzylalkyl ammonium salts
can include, but are not limited to, alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium
halides (e.g., alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride, alkyl
dimethyl benzyl ammonium bromide, or mixtures thereof). Specific
examples of alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium halides include, but are
not limited to, cetyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium halide (e.g., cetyl
dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride, cetyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium
chloride bromide, or mixtures thereof), lauryl dimethyl benzyl
ammonium halide (e.g., lauryl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride,
lauryl dimethyl benzyl ammonium bromide, or mixtures thereof),
myristyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium halide (e.g., myristyl dimethyl
benzyl ammonium chloride, myristyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium
bromide, or mixtures thereof), stearyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium
halide (e.g., stearyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride, stearyl
dimethyl benzyl ammonium bromide, or mixtures thereof), and
arachidyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium halide (e.g., arachidyl dimethyl
benzyl ammonium chloride, arachidyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium
bromide, or mixtures thereof).
[0086] In yet another example, the aliphatic benzylalkyl ammonium
salts can include, but are not limited to, alkyl methylethyl benzyl
ammonium halides. Specific examples of alkyl methylethyl benzyl
ammonium halides include, but are not limited to, cetyl methylethyl
benzyl ammonium halide (e.g., cetyl methylethyl benzyl ammonium
chloride, cetyl methylethyl benzyl ammonium chloride bromide, or
mixtures thereof), lauryl methylethyl benzyl ammonium halide (e.g.,
lauryl methylethyl benzyl ammonium chloride, lauryl methylethyl
benzyl ammonium bromide, or mixtures thereof), myristyl methylethyl
benzyl ammonium halide (e.g., myristyl methylethyl benzyl ammonium
chloride, myristyl methylethyl benzyl ammonium bromide, or mixtures
thereof), stearyl methylethyl benzyl ammonium halide (e.g., stearyl
methylethyl benzyl ammonium chloride, stearyl methylethyl benzyl
ammonium bromide, or mixtures thereof), and arachidyl methylethyl
benzyl ammonium halide (e.g., arachidyl methylethyl benzyl ammonium
chloride, arachidyl methylethyl benzyl ammonium bromide, or
mixtures thereof).
[0087] Amounts
[0088] The aliphatic benzylalkyl ammonium salts disclosed herein
can be prepared by methods known in the art or can be obtained from
commercial sources. The aliphatic benzylalkyl ammonium salt can be
present in the disclosed antimicrobial compositions in an amount of
from less than about 1.0 weight %, less than about 0.75 weight %,
less than about 0.5 weight %, less than about 0.25 weight %, less
than about 0.10 weight %, less than about 0.075 weight %, less than
about 0.05 weight %, less than about 0.025 weight %, less than
about 0.01 weight %, less than about 0.0075 weight %, less than
about 0.005 weight %, less than about 0.0025 weight %, or less than
about 0.001 weight %, based on the total weight of the
antimicrobial composition. In another example, the aliphatic
benzylalkyl ammonium salt can be present in the antimicrobial
compositions disclosed herein in an amount of from greater than
about 0.001 weight %, greater than about 0.0025 weight %, greater
than about 0.005 weight %, greater than about 0.0075 weight %,
greater than about 0.01 weight %, greater than about 0.025 weight
%, greater than about 0.05 weight %, greater than about 0.075
weight %, greater than about 0.1 weight %, greater than about 0.25
weight %, greater than about 0.5 weight %, greater than about 0.75
weight %, or greater than about 1.0 weight %, based on the total
weight of the antimicrobial composition. In still another example,
the aliphatic benzylalkyl ammonium salt can be present in the
antimicrobial compositions disclosed herein in an amount of from
about 0.001 to about 1.0 weight %, from about 0.0025 to about 0.75
weight %, from about 0.005 to about 0.5 weight %, 0.005 to about
0.1 weight %, from about 0.0075 to about 0.25 weight %, from about
0.01 to about 0.1 weight %, from about 0.025 to about 0.075 weight
%, about 0.005 to about 0.1 weight %, about 0.005 to about 0.02
weight %, about 0.005 to about 0.01 weight %, or about 0.01 weight
%, based on the total weight of the antimicrobial composition.
Still further, the aliphatic benzylalkyl ammonium salt can be
present in an amount of from about 0.001 to about 0.1 weight %,
from about 0.005 to about 0.075 weight %, from about 0.0075 about
0.05 weight %, or from about 0.01 to about 0.02 weight %, based on
the total weight of the antimicrobial composition. In yet another
example, the aliphatic benzylalkyl ammonium salt can be present in
the antimicrobial compositions disclosed herein in an amount of
about 0.001, 0.0015, 0.002, 0.0025, 0.003, 0.0035, 0.004, 0.0045,
0.005, 0.005, 0.0055, 0.006, 0.0065, 0.007, 0.0075, 0.008, 0.0085,
0.009, 0.009, 0.0095, 0.01, 0.0105, 0.011, 0.0115, 0.012, 0.0125,
0.013, 0.013, 0.0135, 0.014, 0.0145, 0.015, 0.0155, 0.016, 0.0165,
0.017, 0.017, 0.0175, 0.018, 0.0185, 0.019, 0.0195, 0.02, 0.0205,
0.021, 0.021, 0.0215, 0.022, 0.0225, 0.023, 0.0235, 0.024, 0.0245,
0.025, 0.025, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, 0.09, 0.1, 0.2,
0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, or 1 weight %, based on the
total weight of the antimicrobial composition and where any of the
stated values can form an upper or lower endpoint when
appropriate.
[0089] In another example, the disclosed antimicrobial compositions
can contain less than about 1.0 parts by weight, less than about
0.75 parts by weight, less than about 0.5 parts by weight, less
than about 0.25 parts by weight, less than about 0.10 parts by
weight, less than about 0.075 parts by weight, less than about 0.05
parts by weight, less than about 0.025 parts by weight, less than
about 0.01 parts by weight, less than about 0.0075 parts by weight,
less than about 0.005 parts by weight, less than about 0.0025 parts
by weight, or less than about 0.001 parts by weight of the
aliphatic benzylalkyl ammonium salt. In another example, the
antimicrobial compositions disclosed herein can contain greater
than about 0.001 parts by weight, greater than about 0.0025 parts
by weight, greater than about 0.005 parts by weight, greater than
about 0.0075 parts by weight, greater than about 0.01 parts by
weight, greater than about 0.025 parts by weight, greater than
about 0.05 parts by weight, greater than about 0.075 parts by
weight, greater than about 0.1 parts by weight, greater than about
0.25 parts by weight, greater than about 0.5 parts by weight,
greater than about 0.75 parts by weight, or greater than about 1.0
parts by weight of the aliphatic benzylalkyl ammonium salt. In
still another example, the antimicrobial compositions disclosed
herein can contain from about 0.001 to about 1.0 parts by weight,
from about 0.0025 to about 0.75 parts by weight, from about 0.005
to about 0.5 parts by weight, 0.005 to about 0.1 parts by weight,
from about 0.0075 to about 0.25 parts by weight, from about 0.01 to
about 0.1 parts by weight, from about 0.025 to about 0.075 parts by
weight, about 0.005 to about 0.1 parts by weight, about 0.005 to
about 0.02 parts by weight, about 0.005 to about 0.01 parts by
weight, or about 0.01 parts by weight of the aliphatic benzylalkyl
ammonium salt. Still further, the aliphatic benzylalkyl ammonium
salt can be present in an amount of from about 0.001 to about 0.1
parts by weight, from about 0.005 to about 0.075 parts by weight,
from about 0.0075 about 0.05 parts by weight, or from about 0.01 to
about 0.02 parts by weight. In yet another aspect, the
antimicrobial compositions disclosed herein can contain about
0.001, 0.0015, 0.002, 0.0025, 0.003, 0.0035, 0.004, 0.0045, 0.005,
0.005, 0.0055, 0.006, 0.0065, 0.007, 0.0075, 0.008, 0.0085, 0.009,
0.009, 0.0095, 0.01, 0.0105, 0.011, 0.0115, 0.012, 0.0125, 0.013,
0.013, 0.0135, 0.014, 0.0145, 0.015, 0.0155, 0.016, 0.0165, 0.017,
0.017, 0.0175, 0.018, 0.0185, 0.019, 0.0195, 0.02, 0.0205, 0.021,
0.021, 0.0215, 0.022, 0.0225, 0.023, 0.0235, 0.024, 0.0245, 0.025,
0.025, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, 0.09, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3,
0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, or 1 parts by weight of the aliphatic
benzylalkyl ammonium salt, where any of the stated values can form
an upper or lower endpoint when appropriate.
[0090] Still further, the aliphatic benzylalkyl ammonium salts can
be present in the antimicrobial compositions disclosed herein in
any amount disclosed above for aliphatic heteroaryl salts or
trichloromelamine or any amount disclosed below for dialiphatic
dialkyl ammonium salts or tetraalkyl ammonium salts.
[0091] Dialiphatic dialkyl Ammonium Salts
[0092] The disclosed antimicrobial compositions can comprise a
dialiphatic dialkyl ammonium salt. A dialiphatic dialkyl ammonium
salt is a compound that comprises two aliphatic moieties and two
alkyl moieties bonded to a nitrogen atom, and a counterion, as are
defined herein. The aliphatic moieties can be the same or different
and can be any aliphatic group as described above. The alkyl
moieties can be the same or different can be any alkyl group as
described above. The counterion can also be as described above. In
the disclosed dialiphatic dialkyl ammoniums salts, the two
aliphatic moieties can have more than 10 carbon atoms and the two
alkyl moieties can have less than 10 carbon atoms. In another
alternative, the two aliphatic moieties can have less than 10
carbon atoms and the two alkyl moieties can have more than 10
carbon atoms. One or more types of dialiphatic dialkyl ammonium
salts can be used in the antimicrobial compositions disclosed
herein.
[0093] In some particular examples, the dialiphatic dialkyl
ammonium salt can be di-dodecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride or
bromide, di-tetradecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride or bromide,
dihexadecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride or bromide, and the like,
including combinations thereof.
[0094] Amounts
[0095] The dialiphatic dialkyl ammonium salts disclosed herein can
be prepared by methods known in the art or can be obtained from
commercial sources. The dialiphatic dialkyl ammonium salt can be
present in the disclosed antimicrobial compositions in an amount of
from less than about 1.0 weight %, less than about 0.75 weight %,
less than about 0.5 weight %, less than about 0.25 weight %, less
than about 0.10 weight %, less than about 0.075 weight %, less than
about 0.05 weight %, less than about 0.025 weight %, less than
about 0.01 weight %, less than about 0.0075 weight %, less than
about 0.005 weight %, less than about 0.0025 weight %, or less than
about 0.001 weight %, based on the total weight of the
antimicrobial composition. In another example, the dialiphatic
dialkyl ammonium salt can be present in the antimicrobial
compositions disclosed herein in an amount of from greater than
about 0.001 weight %, greater than about 0.0025 weight %, greater
than about 0.005 weight %, greater than about 0.0075 weight %,
greater than about 0.01 weight %, greater than about 0.025 weight
%, greater than about 0.05 weight %, greater than about 0.075
weight %, greater than about 0.1 weight %, greater than about 0.25
weight %, greater than about 0.5 weight %, greater than about 0.75
weight %, or greater than about 1.0 weight %, based on the total
weight of the antimicrobial composition. In still another example,
the dialiphatic dialkyl ammonium salt can be present in the
antimicrobial compositions disclosed herein in an amount of from
about 0.001 to about 1.0 weight %, from about 0.0025 to about 0.75
weight %, from about 0.005 to about 0.5 weight %, 0.005 to about
0.1 weight %, from about 0.0075 to about 0.25 weight %, from about
0.01 to about 0.1 weight %, from about 0.025 to about 0.075 weight
%, about 0.005 to about 0.1 weight %, about 0.005 to about 0.02
weight %, about 0.005 to about 0.01 weight %, or about 0.01 weight
%, based on the total weight of the antimicrobial composition.
Still further, the dialiphatic dialkyl ammonium salt can be present
in an amount of from about 0.001 to about 0.1 weight %, from about
0.005 to about 0.075 weight %, from about 0.0075 about 0.05 weight
%, or from about 0.01 to about 0.02 weight %, based on the total
weight of the antimicrobial composition. In yet another example,
the dialiphatic dialkyl ammonium salt can be present in the
antimicrobial compositions disclosed herein in an amount of about
0.001, 0.0015, 0.002, 0.0025, 0.003, 0.0035, 0.004, 0.0045, 0.005,
0.005, 0.0055, 0.006, 0.0065, 0.007, 0.0075, 0.008, 0.0085, 0.009,
0.009, 0.0095, 0.01, 0.0105, 0.011, 0.0115, 0.012, 0.0125, 0.013,
0.013, 0.0135, 0.014, 0.0145, 0.015, 0.0155, 0.016, 0.0165, 0.017,
0.017, 0.0175, 0.018, 0.0185, 0.019, 0.0195, 0.02, 0.0205, 0.021,
0.021, 0.0215, 0.022, 0.0225, 0.023, 0.0235, 0.024, 0.0245, 0.025,
0.025, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, 0.09, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3,
0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, or 1 weight %, based on the total
weight of the antimicrobial composition and where any of the stated
values can form an upper or lower endpoint when appropriate.
[0096] In another example, the disclosed antimicrobial compositions
can contain less than about 1.0 parts by weight, less than about
0.75 parts by weight, less than about 0.5 parts by weight, less
than about 0.25 parts by weight, less than about 0.10 parts by
weight, less than about 0.075 parts by weight, less than about 0.05
parts by weight, less than about 0.025 parts by weight, less than
about 0.01 parts by weight, less than about 0.0075 parts by weight,
less than about 0.005 parts by weight, less than about 0.0025 parts
by weight, or less than about 0.001 parts by weight of the
dialiphatic dialkyl ammonium salt. In another example, the
antimicrobial compositions disclosed herein can contain greater
than about 0.001 parts by weight, greater than about 0.0025 parts
by weight, greater than about 0.005 parts by weight, greater than
about 0.0075 parts by weight, greater than about 0.01 parts by
weight, greater than about 0.025 parts by weight, greater than
about 0.05 parts by weight, greater than about 0.075 parts by
weight, greater than about 0.1 parts by weight, greater than about
0.25 parts by weight, greater than about 0.5 parts by weight,
greater than about 0.75 parts by weight, or greater than about 1.0
parts by weight of the dialiphatic dialkyl ammonium salt. In still
another example, the antimicrobial compositions disclosed herein
can contain from about 0.001 to about 1.0 parts by weight, from
about 0.0025 to about 0.75 parts by weight, from about 0.005 to
about 0.5 parts by weight, 0.005 to about 0.1 parts by weight, from
about 0.0075 to about 0.25 parts by weight, from about 0.01 to
about 0.1 parts by weight, from about 0.025 to about 0.075 parts by
weight, about 0.005 to about 0.1 parts by weight, about 0.005 to
about 0.02 parts by weight, about 0.005 to about 0.01 parts by
weight, or about 0.01 parts by weight of the dialiphatic dialkyl
ammonium salt. Still further, the dialiphatic dialkyl ammonium salt
can be present in an amount of from about 0.001 to about 0.1 parts
by weight, from about 0.005 to about 0.075 parts by weight, from
about 0.0075 about 0.05 parts by weight, or from about 0.01 to
about 0.02 parts by weight. In yet another example, the
antimicrobial compositions disclosed herein can contain about
0.001, 0.0015, 0.002, 0.0025, 0.003, 0.0035, 0.004, 0.0045, 0.005,
0.005, 0.0055, 0.006, 0.0065, 0.007, 0.0075, 0.008, 0.0085, 0.009,
0.009, 0.0095, 0.01, 0.0105, 0.011, 0.0115, 0.012, 0.0125, 0.013,
0.013, 0.0135, 0.014, 0.0145, 0.015, 0.0155, 0.016, 0.0165, 0.017,
0.017, 0.0175, 0.018, 0.0185, 0.019, 0.0195, 0.02, 0.0205, 0.021,
0.021, 0.0215, 0.022, 0.0225, 0.023, 0.0235, 0.024, 0.0245, 0.025,
0.025, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, 0.09, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3,
0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, or 1 parts by weight of the
dialiphatic dialkyl ammonium salt, where any of the stated values
can form an upper or lower endpoint when appropriate.
[0097] Still further, the dialiphatic dialkyl ammonium salts can be
present in the antimicrobial compositions disclosed herein in any
amount disclosed above for aliphatic heteroaryl salts,
trichloromelamine, or aliphatic benzylalkyl ammonium salts or any
amount disclosed below for tetraalkyl ammonium salts.
[0098] Tetraalkyl Ammonium Salts
[0099] The disclosed antimicrobial compositions can comprise a
tetraalkyl ammonium salt. Suitable tetraalkyl ammonium salts
comprise four alkyl moieties, as disclosed herein, and a
counterion, also disclosed herein. In one example, a tetralkyl
ammonium salt can comprise one long chain alkyl moiety (e.g.,
greater than 10 carbon atoms in length) and three short chain alkyl
moieties (e.g., 10 carbon atoms or less in length).
[0100] Some specific examples of tetraalkyl ammonium salts that can
be included in the disclosed antimicrobial compositions include,
but are not limited to, cetyl triiethyl ammonium halide (e.g.,
chloride or bromide), lauryl triiethyl ammonium halide (e.g.,
chloride or bromide), myristyl trimethyl ammonium halide (e.g.,
chloride or bromide), stearyl trimethyl ammonium halide (e.g.,
chloride or bromide), arachidyl trimethyl ammonium halide (e.g.,
chloride or bromide), or mixtures thereof. Other examples include,
but are not limited to, cetyl dimethylethyl ammonium bromide,
lauryl dimethylethyl ammonium chloride, lauryl dimethylethyl
ammonium bromide, myristyl dimethylethyl ammonium chloride,
myristyl dimethylethyl ammonium bromide, stearyl dimethylethyl
ammonium chloride, stearyl dimethylethyl ammonium bromide,
arachidyl dimethylethyl ammonium chloride, arachidyl dimethylethyl
ammonium bromide, or mixtures thereof.
[0101] Amounts
[0102] The tetraalkyl ammonium salts disclosed herein can be
prepared by methods known in the art or can be obtained from
commercial sources. The tetraalkyl ammonium salt can be present in
the disclosed antimicrobial compositions in an amount of from less
than about 1.0 weight %, less than about 0.75 weight %, less than
about 0.5 weight %, less than about 0.25 weight %, less than about
.0.10 weight %, less than about 0.075 weight %, less than about
0.05 weight %, less than about 0.025 weight %, less than about 0.01
weight %, less than about 0.0075 weight %, less than about 0.005
weight %, less than about 0.0025 weight %, or less than about 0.001
weight %, based on the total weight of the antimicrobial
composition. In another example, the tetraalkyl ammonium salt can
be present in the antimicrobial compositions disclosed herein in an
amount of from greater than about 0.001 weight %, greater than
about 0.0025 weight %, greater than about 0.005 weight %, greater
than about 0.0075 weight %, greater than about 0.01 weight %,
greater than about 0.025 weight %, greater than about 0.05 weight
%, greater than about 0.075 weight %, greater than about 0.1 weight
%, greater than about 0.25 weight %, greater than about 0.5 weight
%, greater than about 0.75 weight %, or greater than about 1.0
weight %, based on the total weight of the antimicrobial
composition. In still another example, the tetraalkyl ammonium salt
can be present in the antimicrobial compositions disclosed herein
in an amount of from about 0.001 to about 1.0 weight %, from about
0.0025 to about 0.75 weight %, from about 0.005 to about 0.5 weight
%, 0.005 to about 0.1 weight %, from about 0.0075 to about 0.25
weight %, from about 0.01 to about 0.1 weight %, from about 0.025
to about 0.075 weight %, about 0.005 to about 0.1 weight %, about
0.005 to about 0.02 weight %, about 0.005 to about 0.01 weight %,
or about 0.01 weight %, based on the total weight of the
antimicrobial composition. Still further, the tetraalkyl ammonium
salt can be present in an amount of from about 0.001 to about 0.1
weight %, from about 0.005 to about 0.075 weight %, from about
0.0075 about 0.05 weight %, or from about 0.01 to about 0.02 weight
%, based on the total weight of the antimicrobial composition. In
yet another example, the tetraalkyl ammonium salt can be present in
the antimicrobial compositions disclosed herein in an amount of
about 0.001, 0.0015, 0.002, 0.0025, 0.003, 0.0035, 0.004, 0.0045,
0.005, 0.005, 0.0055, 0.006, 0.0065, 0.007, 0.0075, 0.008, 0.0085,
0.009, 0.009, 0.0095, 0.01, 0.0105, 0.011, 0.0115, 0.012, 0.0125,
0.013, 0.013, 0.0135, 0.014, 0.0145, 0.015, 0.0155, 0.016, 0.0165,
0.017, 0.017, 0.0175, 0.018, 0.0185, 0.019, 0.0195, 0.02, 0.0205,
0.021, 0.021, 0.0215, 0.022, 0.0225, 0.023, 0.0235, 0.024, 0.0245,
0.025, 0.025, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, 0.09, 0.1, 0.2,
0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, or 1 weight %, based on the
total weight of the antimicrobial composition and where any of the
stated values can form an upper or lower endpoint when
appropriate.
[0103] In another example, the disclosed antimicrobial compositions
can contain less than about 1.0 parts by weight, less than about
0.75 parts by weight, less than about 0.5 parts by weight, less
than about 0.25 parts by weight, less than about 0.10 parts by
weight, less than about 0.075 parts by weight, less than about 0.05
parts by weight, less than about 0.025 parts by weight, less than
about 0.01 parts by weight, less than about 0.0075 parts by weight,
less than about 0.005 parts by weight, less than about 0.0025 parts
by weight, or less than about 0.001 parts by weight of the
tetraalkyl ammonium salt. In another example, the antimicrobial
compositions disclosed herein can contain greater than about 0.001
parts by weight, greater than about 0.0025 parts by weight, greater
than about 0.005 parts by weight, greater than about 0.0075 parts
by weight, greater than about 0.01 parts by weight, greater than
about 0.025 parts by weight, greater than about 0.05 parts by
weight, greater than about 0.075 parts by weight, greater than
about 0.1 parts by weight, greater than about 0.25 parts by weight,
greater than about 0.5 parts by weight, greater than about 0.75
parts by weight, or greater than about 1.0 parts by weight of the
tetraalkyl ammonium salt. In still another example, the
antimicrobial compositions disclosed herein can contain from about
0.001 to about 1.0 parts by weight, from about 0.0025 to about 0.75
parts by weight, from about 0.005 to about 0.5 parts by weight,
0.005 to about 0.1 parts by weight, from about 0.0075 to about 0.25
parts by weight, from about 0.01 to about 0.1 parts by weight, from
about 0.025 to about 0.075 parts by weight, about 0.005 to about
0.1 parts by weight, about 0.005 to about 0.02 parts by weight,
about 0.005 to about 0.01 parts by weight, or about 0.01 parts by
weight of the tetraalkyl ammonium salt. Still further, the
tetraalkyl ammonium salt can be present in an amount of from about
0.001 to about 0.1 parts by weight, from about 0.005 to about 0.075
parts by weight, from about 0.0075 about 0.05 parts by weight, or
from about 0.01 to about 0.02 parts by weight. In yet another
example, the antimicrobial compositions disclosed herein can
contain about 0.001, 0.0015, 0.002, 0.0025, 0.003, 0.0035, 0.004,
0.0045, 0.005, 0.005, 0.0055, 0.006, 0.0065, 0.007, 0.0075, 0.008,
0.0085, 0.009, 0.009, 0.0095, 0.01, 0.0105, 0.011, 0.0115, 0.012,
0.0125, 0.013, 0.013, 0.0135, 0.014, 0.0145, 0.015, 0.0155, 0.016,
0.0165, 0.017, 0.017, 0.0175, 0.018, 0.0185, 0.019, 0.0195, 0.02,
0.0205, 0.021, 0.021, 0.0215, 0.022, 0.0225, 0.023, 0.0235, 0.024,
0.0245, 0.025, 0.025, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, 0.09,
0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, or 1 parts by weight
of the tetraalkyl ammonium salt, where any of the stated values can
form an upper or lower endpoint when appropriate.
[0104] Still further, the tetraalkyl ammonium salts can be present
in the antimicrobial compositions disclosed herein in any amount
disclosed above for aliphatic heteroaryl salts, trichloromelamine,
aliphatic benzylalkyl ammonium salts, or dialiphatic dialkyl
ammonium salts.
[0105] Additional Components
[0106] In addition to the components disclosed above, the disclosed
antimicrobial compositions can be in the form of an aqueous
solution, thus, water can be another component of the disclosed
compositions. Also, the disclosed antimicrobial compositions can
optionally include one or more additional components such as
carriers, adjuvants, solubilizing agents, suspending agents,
diluents, surfactants, other antimicrobial agents, preservatives,
fillers, and additives designed to affect the viscosity, thixotropy
or ability of the antimicrobial composition to adhere to and/or
penetrate tissue. In one example, it can be desired that one or
more of the additional components be consumer acceptable. By
"consumer acceptable" is meant a material that is not biologically
or otherwise undesirable when consumed, e.g., an agent that is
acceptable when used in or on foods and beverages and which can be
consumed by an individual (e.g., human, pet, livestock, etc.) along
with the selected active components without causing significant
undesirable biological effects or interacting in a deleterious
manner with any of the other components of the composition in which
it is contained. For example, a consumer acceptable agent can be
any compound generally recognized as safe (GRAS). These additional
components can be prepared by methods known in the art or obtained
from commercial sources.
[0107] In one example, suitable additional components include
surfactants such as Triton X-100 (i.e., polyethylene glycol
P-1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutylphenyl ether) for better cell
penetration.
[0108] Carriers
[0109] In other examples, the antimicrobial compositions disclosed
herein can further comprise a carrier. The term "carrier" means a
compound, composition, substance, or structure that, when in
combination with a compound or composition disclosed herein, aids
or facilitates preparation, storage, administration, delivery,
effectiveness, selectivity, or any other feature of the compound or
composition for its intended use or purpose. For example, a carrier
can be selected to minimize any degradation of the active
components and to minimize any adverse side effects. Examples of
suitable aqueous and non-aqueous carriers, diluents, solvents
include water, ethanol, polyols (propyleneglycol,
polyethyleneglycol, glycerol, and the like), vegetable oils, and
suitable mixtures thereof.
[0110] Adjuvants
[0111] In a further example, the antimicrobial compositions
disclosed herein can also comprise adjuvants such as preserving,
wetting, emulsifying, suspending agents, and dispensing agents.
Prevention of the action of other microorganisms can be
accomplished by various antifungal agents, for example, parabens,
chlorobutanol, phenol, sorbic acid, and the like. It may also be
desirable to include surfactants, binders, as for example,
carboxymethylcellulose, alignates, gelatin, polyvinylpyrrolidone,
sucrose, and acacia, humectants, as for example, glycerol, wetting
agents, as for example, cetyl alcohol, and glycerol monostearate,
adsorbents, as for example, kaolin and bentonite, and lubricants,
as for example, talc, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, solid
polyethylene glycols, sodium lauryl sulfate, or mixtures
thereof.
[0112] Solubilizing and Suspending Agents
[0113] Suitable suspending agents can include, for example,
ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitol and
sorbitan esters, microcrystalline cellulose, aluminum
metahydroxide, bentonite, agar-agar and tragacanth, or mixtures of
these substances, and the like.
[0114] The disclosed antimicrobial compositions can also comprise
solubilizing agents and emulsifiers, as for example, ethyl alcohol,
isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol,
benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propyleneglycol,
1,3-butyleneglycol, dimethylformamide, oils, in particular,
cottonseed oil, groundnut oil, corn germ oil, olive oil, castor oil
and sesame oil, glycerol, tetrahydrofurftiryl alcohol,
polyethyleneglycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan or mixtures
of these substances, and the like.
[0115] Additional Quaternary Ammonium Salts
[0116] In one aspect, the disclosed antimicrobial compositions can
comprise one or more additional quaternary ammonium salts. Other
additional quaternary ammonium salts that can be used in the
disclosed antimicrobial compositions include, but are not limited
to, other aliphatic heteroaryl salts (e.g., alkyl pyridinium
halides, alkyl quinolinium halides, alkyl indolinium halides, and
the like), aliphatic heterocyclic salts (e.g., aliphatic
heterocycloalkyl salts like alkyl piperidinium salts or aliphatic
heterocycloalkenyl salts), aliphatic benzylalkyl ammoniums salts,
dialiphatic dialkyl ammoniums salts, and tetraalkyl ammonium salts,
and chloramine-T.
[0117] Amounts
[0118] The additional components disclosed herein can be present in
the disclosed antimicrobial compositions in any amount as is
described above for the trichloromelamine, aliphatic benzylalkyl
ammonium salts, dialiphatic dialkyl ammonium salts, and/or
tetraalkyl ammonium salts. For example, one or more additional
components can be present in an amount of from about 0.001 to about
0.1 weight %, from about 0.005 to about 0.075 weight %, from about
0.0075 about 0.05 weight %, from about 0.01 to about 0.02 weight %,
about 0.005 to about 0.1 weight %, about 0.005 to about 0.02 weight
%, about 0.005 to about 0.01 weight %, or about 0.01 weight %,
based on the total weight of the antimicrobial composition. In
another example, the disclosed antimicrobial compositions can
contain from about 0.001 to about 0.1 parts by weight, from about
0.005 to about 0.075 parts by weight, from about 0.0075 about 0.05
parts by weight, from about 0.01 to about 0.02 parts by weight,
about 0.005 to about 0.1 parts by weight, about 0.005 to about 0.02
parts by weight, about 0.005 to about 0.01 parts by weight, or
about 0.01 parts by weight, based of one or more additional
components.
[0119] Exemplary Compositions
[0120] In one aspect, disclosed herein is an antimicrobial
composition comprising any two components selected from the group
consisting of an aliphatic heteroaryl salt, trichloromelamine,
aliphatic benzylalkyl ammonium salt, dialiphatic dialkyl ammonium
salt, and tetraalkyl ammonium salt, wherein when two of the listed
components are present, the other listed components are not
present. For example, disclosed herein are antimicrobial
compositions that consist essentially of any two components
selected from the group consisting of an aliphatic heteroaryl salt,
trichloromelamine, aliphatic benzylalkyl ammonium salt, dialiphatic
dialkyl ammonium salt, and tetraalkyl ammonium salt (e.g., an
aliphatic heteroaryl salt and trichloromelamine). "Consisting
essentially of" is used herein to exclude components that would
change the basic and novel characteristics of the composition; this
is also meant to exclude the other listed components from the
composition but not other carriers, adjuvants, solubilizing and
suspending agents, and additional components as described herein.
The composition can also comprising water.
[0121] In one example, the antimicrobial composition does not
contain aliphatic benzylalkyl ammonium salt, dialiphatic dialkyl
ammonium salt, and/or tetraalkyl ammonium salt. In another example,
the antimicrobial composition does not contain trichloromelamine,
dialiphatic dialkyl ammonium salt, and/or tetraalkyl ammonium salt.
In another example, the antimicrobial composition does not contain
trichloromelamine, aliphatic benzylalkyl ammonium salt, and/or
tetraalkyl ammonium salt. In another example, the antimicrobial
composition does not contain trichloromelamine, aliphatic
benzylalkyl ammonium salt, and/or dialiphatic dialkyl ammonium
salt. In another example, the antimicrobial composition does not
contain aliphatic heteroaryl salt, dialiphatic dialkyl ammonium
salt, and/or tetraalkyl ammonium salt. In another example, the
antimicrobial composition does not contain aliphatic heteroaryl
salt, aliphatic benzylalkyl ammonium salt, and/or tetraalkyl
ammonium salt. In another example, the antimicrobial composition
does not contain aliphatic heteroaryl salt, aliphatic benzylalkyl
ammonium salt, and/or dialiphatic dialkyl ammonium salt. In another
example, the antimicrobial composition does not contain aliphatic
heteroaryl salt, trichloromelamine, and/or tetraalkyl ammonium
salt. In another example, the antimicrobial composition does not
contain aliphatic heteroaryl salt, trichloromelamine, and/or
dialiphatic dialkyl ammonium salt. In another example, the
antimicrobial composition does not contain aliphatic heteroaryl
salt, trichloromelamine, and/or aliphatic benzylalkyl ammonium
salt.
[0122] In the disclosed compositions, the aliphatic heteroaryl salt
can be any aliphatic heteroaryl salt disclosed herein, for example,
an alkylpyridinium halide. Such an alkylpyridinium halide can
comprise cetylpyridinium chloride, cetylpyridinium bromide, or a
mixture thereof. The aliphatic benzylalkyl ammonium salt can be any
aliphatic benzylalkyl ammonium salt disclosed herein, for example,
an alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride, alkyl dimethyl benzyl
ammonium bromide, or a mixture thereof.
[0123] The composition can contain the aliphatic heteroaryl salt in
any of the amounts disclosed above. For example, the aliphatic
heteroaryl salt can be present in an amount of from about 3.5 to
about 8 parts by weight. The composition can contain
trichloromelamine, aliphatic benzylalkyl ammonium salt, dialiphatic
dialkyl ammonium salt and/or tetralkyl ammonium salt in any of the
amounts disclosed above. For example, trichloromelamine can be
present in an amount of from about 0.005 to about 0.02 parts by
weight.
[0124] In another example, disclosed herein are antimicrobial
compositions comprising an aliphatic heteroaryl salt,
trichloromelamine; and an ammonium salt selected from the group
consisting of an aliphatic benzylalkyl ammonium salt, a dialiphatic
dialkyl ammonium salt, and a tetraalkyl ammonium salt. In these
compositions, when the ammonium salt is the aliphatic benzyl
ammonium salt, the composition does not contain the dialiphatic
dialkyl ammonium salt or the tetraalkyl ammonium salt.
Alternatively, when the ammonium salt is the dialiphatic dialkyl
ammonium salt, the composition does not contain the aliphatic
benzyl ammonium salt or the tetraalkyl ammonium salt. Also, when
the ammonium salt is the tetraalkyl ammonium salt, the composition
does not contain the aliphatic benzyl ammonium salt or the
dialiphatic dialkyl ammonium salt. Also disclosed are compositions
that consist essential of an aliphatic heteroaryl salt,
trichloromelamine, and an ammonium salt selected from the group
consisting of an aliphatic benzylalkyl ammonium salt, a dialiphatic
dialkyl ammonium salt, and a tetraalkyl ammonium salt. It is also
contemplated that these compositions can further comprise
water.
[0125] In these compositions, the aliphatic heteroaryl salt can be
as disclosed above; for example, it can comprise an alkylpyridinium
halide as disclosed herein (e.g., cetylpyridinium chloride,
cetylpyridinium bromide, or a mixture thereof). When the ammonium
salt is the aliphatic benzylalkyl ammonium salt, it can be any
aliphatic benzyalkyl ammonium salt disclosed herein (e.g., alkyl
dimethyl benzyl ammonium halide, alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium
halide, or a mixture thereof). When the ammonium salt is the
dialiphatic dialkyl ammonium salt, it can be any dialiphatic
dialkyl ammonium salt disclosed herein (e.g., didodecyl dimethyl
ammonium halide, ditetradecyl dimethyl ammonium halide, dihexadecyl
dimethyl ammonium halide, or a mixture thereof). When the ammonium
salt is the tetraalkyl ammonium salt, it can be any tetraalkyl
ammonium salt disclosed herein (e.g., cetyl trimethyl ammonium
halide, lauryl trimethyl ammonium halide, myristyl trimethyl
ammonium halide, stearyl trimethyl ammonium halide, arachidyl
trimethyl ammonium halide, or a mixture thereof).
[0126] The amounts of these components can be as described before.
For example, the aliphatic heteroaryl salt can be present in an
amount of from about 3.5 to about 8 parts by weight, the
trichloromelamine can be present in an amount of from about 0.005
to about 0.02 parts by weight, and the ammonium salt can be present
in an amount of from about 0.005 to about 0.1 parts by weight.
[0127] In one example, disclosed herein is an antimicrobial
composition comprising an aliphatic heteroaryl salt,
trichloromelamine, an aliphatic benzylalkyl ammonium salt. In
another example, disclosed herein is an antimicrobial composition
comprising an aliphatic heteroaryl salt, trichloromelamine, an
aliphatic benzylalkyl ammonium salt, and water. For example, a
suitable antimicrobial composition can comprise an aliphatic
heteroaryl salt in an amount of from about 3.5 to about 8 weight %
(or from about 3.5 to about 8 parts by weight). In another example,
an antimicrobial composition can comprise an aliphatic benzylalkyl
ammonium salt in an amount of from about 0.005 to about 0.1 weight
% (or from about 0.005 to about 0.1 parts by weight). In another
example, an antimicrobial composition can comprise
trichloromelamine in an amount of from about 0.005 to about 0.02
weight % (or from about 0.005 to about 0.02 parts by weight). And
in another example, an antimicrobial composition can optionally
comprise an additional component in an amount of from about 0.005
to about 0.02 weight % (or from about 0.005 to about 0.02 parts by
weight).
[0128] A specific example of these compositions includes the
composition comprising an aliphatic heteroaryl salt such as
cetylpyridinium chloride present in an amount of from about 3.5 to
about 8 parts by weight, trichloromelamine present in an amount of
from about 0.005 to about 0.02 parts by weight, an aliphatic
benzylalkyl ammonium salt such as alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium
chloride present in an amount of from about 0.005 to about 0.02
parts by weight. In one example, the composition does not contain a
dialiphatic dialkyl ammonium salt or a tetraalkyl ammonium
salt.
[0129] Another example includes the composition comprising an
aliphatic heteroaryl salt such as cetylpyridinium chloride present
in an amount of from about 3.5 to about 8 parts by weight,
trichloromelamine present in an amount of from about 0.005 to about
0.02 parts by weight, and an aliphatic benzylalkyl ammonium salt
such as alkyl methylethyl benzyl ammonium chloride present in an
amount of from about 0.005 to about 0.1 parts by weight. In one
example, the composition does not contain a dialiphatic dialkyl
ammonium salt or a tetraalkyl ammonium salt.
[0130] Yet another example includes the composition comprising an
aliphatic heteroaryl salt such as cetylpyridinium chloride present
in an amount of from about 3.5 to about 8 parts by weight,
trichloromelamine present in an amount of from about 0.005 to about
0.02 parts by weight, and a dialiphatic dialkyl ammonium salt such
as didodecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride present in an amount of
from about 0.005 to about 0.1 parts by weight. In one example, the
composition does not contain an aliphatic benzylalkyl ammonium salt
or a tetraalkyl ammonium salt.
[0131] A further example includes the composition comprising an
aliphatic heteroaryl salt such as cetylpyridinium chloride present
in an amount of from about 3.5 to about 8 parts by weight,
trichloromelamine present in an amount of from about 0.005 to about
0.02 parts by weight, and a tetraalkyl ammonium salt such as cetyl
dimethyl ammonium chloride present in an amount of from about 0.005
to about 0.1 parts by weight. In one example, the composition does
not contain a dialiphatic dialkyl ammonium salt or an aliphatic
benzylalkyl ammonium salt.
[0132] In another example, disclosed herein is an antimicrobial
composition comprising alkyl pyridinium halide (e.g.,
cetylpyridinium halide), alkyl benzylalkyl ammonium halide, and
trichloromelamine. For example, a suitable antimicrobial
composition can comprise alkyl pyridinium halide in an amount of
from about 3.5 to about 8 weight % (or from about 3.5 to about 8
parts by weight), alkyl benzylalkyl ammonium halide (e.g., alkyl
dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride and/or alky methylethyl benzyl
ammonium chloride) in an amount of from about 0.005 to about 0.1
weight % (or from about 0.005 to about 0.1 parts by weight),
trichloromelamine in an amount of from about 0.005 to about 0.02
weight % (or from about 0.005 to about 0.02 parts by weight) and a
balance of water. Another suitable example involves the use of the
bromide salts of the previous composition.
[0133] In yet another example, a suitable antimicrobial composition
can comprise 7.5 weight % (from about 7.5 parts by weight) of alkyl
pyridinium halide (e.g., cetylpyridinium chloride (and/or bromide),
0.01 weight % (or 0.01 part by weight) of aliphatic benzylalkyl
ammonium halide (e.g., cetyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride
and/or bromide), 0.01 weight % (or 0.01 part by weight) of
trichloromelamine and a balance of water.
[0134] In still another example, disclosed are aqueous compositions
comprising effective amounts of a combination of at least two
quaternary ammonium salts, an ammonium halide, trichlormelamine,
and water. The combination of at least two quaternary ammonium
salts is selected from the group consisting of cetyl pyridinium
chloride, N-alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride, and alkyl
dimethyl ethyl benzyl ammonium chloride. The combination of at
least two quatemary ammonium salts is present in an amount of about
6.02 to 8.02 weight percent.
[0135] In a further example, disclosed herein are composition that
contain an aliphatic heteroaryl salt and trichloromelamine. The
amount of these components can be as described above.
[0136] Still further, a suitable antimicrobial composition can
contain an aliphatic heteroaryl salt, trichloromelamine, and a
tetraalkyl ammonium salt. The amount of these components in the
composition can be as described above.
[0137] In one other example, the disclosed compositions do not
contain a cetylpyridinium halide, a benzalkyl ammonium halide,
trichloromelamine, and water.
[0138] Forms
[0139] Depending on the intended mode of use, as is discussed
below, the antimicrobial compositions disclosed herein can be in
the form of solid, semi-solid, liquid, or gel forms, such as, for
example, tablets, pills, capsules, powders, liquids, suspensions,
dispersions, or emulsions. Also, the compositions disclosed herein
can be in a form suitable for dilution. That is, the compositions
can be in the form of an aqueous or non-aqueous stock solution,
concentrate, concentrated solution, dispersion, emulsion, or
suspension that can be diluted to a desired concentration with a
suitable solvent (e.g., water). Similarly, the compositions can be
in the form of a powder, paste, cream, or solid that can be
reconstituted or mixed with a solvent and diluted to a desired
concentration to form a solution or dispersion, emulsion, or
suspension. In one example, the disclosed antimicrobial
compositions can be in the form of a solution, such as an aqueous
solution.
[0140] It has been found that the disclosed antimicrobial
compositions are equally effective even when concentrated or when
diluted with water up to a certain point. For example, it has been
found that the disclosed antimicrobial compositions can be diluted
with water in the range of about 1 to about 400 parts water to one
part antimicrobial composition and still perform effectively. In
some specific examples, the antimicrobial compositions disclosed
herein can be diluted with water in a ratio of about 1:1, 2:1, 3:1,
4:1, 5:1, 6:1, 7:1, 8:1, 9:1, 10:1, 11:1, 12:1, 13:1, 14:1, 15:1,
16:1, 17:1, 18:1, 19:1, 20:1, 21:1, 22:1, 23:1, 24:1, 25:1, 26:1,
27:1, 28:1, 29:1, 30:1, 31:1, 32:1, 33:1, 34:1, 35:1, 36:1, 37:1,
38:1, 39:1, 40:1, 41:1, 42:1, 43:1, 44:1, 45:1, 46:1, 47:1, 48:1,
49:1, 50:1, 51:1, 52:1, 53:1, 54:1, 55:1, 56:1, 57:1, 58:1, 59:1,
60:1, 61:1, 62:1, 63:1, 64:1, 65:1, 66:1, 67:1, 68:1, 69:1, 70:1,
71:1, 72:1, 73:1, 74:1, 75:1, 76:1, 77:1, 78:1, 79:1, 80:1, 81:1,
82:1, 83:1, 84:1, 85:1, 86:1, 87:1, 88:1, 89:1, 90:1, 91:1, 92:1,
93:1, 94:1, 95:1, 96:1, 97:1, 98:1, 99:1, 100:1, 101:1, 102:1,
103:1, 104:1, 105:1, 106:1, 107:1, 108:1, 109:1, 110:1, 111:1,
112:1, 113:1, 114:1, 115:1, 116:1, 117:1, 118:1, 119:1, 120:1,
121:1, 122:1, 123:1, 124:1, 125:1, 126:1, 127:1, 128:1, 129:1,
130:1, 131:1, 132:1, 133:1, 134:1, 135:1, 136:1, 137:1, 138:1,
139:1, 140:1, 141:1, 142:1, 143:1, 144:1, 145:1, 146:1, 147:1,
148:1, 149:1, 150:1, 151:1, 152:1, 153:1, 154:1, 155:1, 156:1,
157:1, 158:1, 159:1, 160:1, 161:1, 162:1, 163:1, 164:1, 165:1,
166:1, 167:1, 168:1, 169:1, 170:1, 171:1, 172:1, 173:1, 174:1,
175:1, 176:1, 177:1, 178:1, 179:1, 180:1, 181:1, 182:1, 183:1,
184:1, 185:1, 186:1, 187:1, 188:1, 189:1, 190:1, 191:1, 192:1,
193:1, 194:1, 195:1, 196:1, 197:1, 198:1, 199:1, 200:1, 201:1,
202:1, 203:1, 204:1, 205:1, 206:1, 207:1, 208:1, 209:1, 210:1,
211:1, 212:1, 213:1, 214:1, 215:1, 216:1, 217:1, 218:1, 219:1,
220:1, 221:1, 222:1, 223:1, 224:1, 225:1, 226:1, 227:1, 228:1,
229:1, 230:1, 231:1, 232:1, 233:1, 234:1, 235:1, 236:1, 237:1,
238:1, 239:1, 240:1, 241:1, 242:1, 243:1, 244:1, 245:1, 246:1,
247:1, 248:1, 249:1, 250:1, 251:1, 252:1, 253:1, 254:1, 255:1,
256:1, 257:1, 258:1, 259:1, 260:1, 261:1, 262:1, 263:1, 264:1,
265:1, 266:1, 267:1, 268:1, 269:1, 270:1, 271:1, 272:1, 273:1,
274:1, 275:1, 276:1, 277:1, 278:1, 279:1, 280:1, 281:1, 282:1,
283:1, 284:1, 285:1, 286:1, 287:1, 288:1, 289:1, 290:1, 291:1,
292:1, 293:1, 294:1, 295:1, 296:1, 297:1, 298:1, 299:1, 300:1,
301:1, 302:1, 303:1, 304:1, 305:1, 306:1, 307:1, 308:1, 309:1,
310:1, 311:1, 312:1, 313:1, 314:1, 315:1, 316:1, 317:1, 318:1,
319:1, 320:1, 321:1, 322:1, 323:1, 324:1, 325:1, 326:1, 327:1,
328:1, 329:1, 330:1, 331:1, 332:1, 333:1, 334:1, 335:1, 336:1,
337:1, 338:1, 339:1, 340:1, 341:1, 342:1, 343:1, 344:1, 345:1,
346:1, 347:1, 348:1, 349:1, 350:1, 351:1, 352:1, 353:1, 354:1,
355:1, 356:1, 357:1, 358:1, 359:1, 360:1, 361:1, 362:1, 363:1,
364:1, 365:1, 366:1, 367:1, 368:1, 369:1, 370:1, 371:1, 372:1,
373:1, 374:1, 375:1, 376:1, 377:1, 378:1, 379:1, 380:1, 381:1,
382:1, 383:1, 384:1, 385:1, 386:1, 387:1, 388:1, 389:1, 390:1,
391:1, 392:1, 393:1, 394:1, 395:1, 396:1, 397:1, 398:1, 399: 1, or
400:1 parts water to parts antimicrobial composition; these ratios
can also be an upper and lower endpoint of a range of ratios when
appropriate.
[0141] The disclosed antimicrobial compositions can still be
effective when present in a solution at from about 15 to about 500
parts per million (ppm), or from about 20 to about 200 ppm, based
on the aliphatic heteroaryl salt component. For example, the
disclosed antimicrobial compositions can be in a solution at about
15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150,
160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 210, 220, 230, 240, 250, 260, 270, 280,
290, 300, 310, 320, 330, 340, 350, 360, 370, 380, 390, 400, 410,
420, 430, 440, 450, 460, 470, 480, 490, 500 ppm or more, based on
the aliphatic heteroaryl salt component, where any of the stated
values can form an upper or lower endpoint when appropriate. In
some particular aspects, the disclosed compositions can be
effective at concentrations of at or below about 100 ppm (e.g., at
or below 50 ppm).
[0142] Methods of Making
[0143] Certain materials, compounds, compositions, and components
disclosed herein can be obtained commercially or can be readily
synthesized using techniques generally known to those of skill in
the art. For example, the starting materials and reagents used in
preparing the disclosed compounds and compositions are either
available from commercial suppliers such as Aldrich Chemical Co.,
(Milwaukee, Wis.), Acros Organics (Morris Plains, N.J.), Fisher
Scientific (Pittsburgh, Pa.), or Sigma (St. Louis, Mo.) or are
prepared by methods known to those skilled in the art following
procedures set forth in references such as Fieser and Fieser's
Reagents for Organic Synthesis, Volumes 1-17 (John Wiley and Sons,
1991); Rodd's Chemistry of Carbon Compounds, Volumes 1-5 and
Supplementals (Elsevier Science Publishers, 1989); Organic
Reactions, Volumes 1-40 (John Wiley and Sons, 1991); March's
Advanced Organic Chemistry, (John Wiley and Sons, 4th Edition); and
Larock's Comprehensive Organic Transformations (VCH Publishers
Inc., 1989). Alternatively, the components used in the
antimicrobial compositions disclosed herein can be purchased from
commercial suppliers.
[0144] The disclosed antimicrobial compositions can be prepared by
admixing, in any order, any two components selected from the group
consisting of an aliphatic heteroaryl salt, trichloromelamine,
aliphatic benzylalkyl ammonium salt, dialiphatic dialkyl ammonium
salt, and tetraalkyl ammonium salt. In another example, the
disclosed antimicrobial compositions can be prepared by admixing,
in any order, an aliphatic heteroaryl salt, trichloromelamine, and
one ammonium salt selected from the group consisting of an
aliphatic benzylalkyl ammonium salt, a dialiphatic dialkyl ammonium
salt, and tetraalkyl ammonium salt. Also, disclosed are
antimicrobial compositions prepared by such methods. The resulting
compositions can also be diluted as described herein.
[0145] Treatable Microorganisms
[0146] As disclosed herein, the antimicrobial compositions can be
used to treat various surfaces to reduce, inhibit, prevent,
disrupt, degrade, brake-down, eliminate, etc. microorganism growth
or survival. By "microorganism" is meant a single or multicelled
organism, and can include one or more organisms of the same type or
mixtures of organism. The microorganisms that can be treated by the
compositions and methods disclosed herein can be Gram-positive or
Gram-negative bacteria. Such bacteria can be pathogenic, indicator,
and/or spoilage bacteria. In one aspect, the antimicrobial
compositions disclosed herein can be used to treat food-borne
microorganisms on food surfaces.
[0147] The Gram-positive bacteria treatable by the compositions and
methods disclosed herein can include, but are not limited to, M.
tuberculosis, M. bovis, M. typhimurium, M. bovis strain BCG, BCG
substrains, M. avium, M. intracellulare, M. africanum, M. kansasii,
M. marinum, M. ulcerans, M. avium subspecies paratuberculosis,
Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus
equi, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus agalactiae, Listeria
monocytogenes, Listeria ivanovii, Bacillus anthracis, B. subtilis,
Nocardia asteroides, and other Nocardia species, Streptococcus
viridans group, Peptococcus species, Peptostreptococcus species,
Actinomyces israelii and other Actinomyces species,
Propionibacterium acnes, and Enterococcus species.
[0148] The Gram-negative bacteria treatable by the compositions and
methods disclosed herein can include, but are not limited to,
Clostridium tetani, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium botulinum,
other Clostridium species, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, other
Pseudomonas species, Campylobacter species, Vibrio cholerae,
Ehrlichia species, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Pasteurella
haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, other Pasteurella species,
Legionella pneumophila, other Legionella species, Salmonella typhi,
other Salmonella species, Shigella species Brucella abortus, other
Brucella species, Chlamydi trachomatis, Chlamydiapsittaci, Coxiella
burnetti, Escherichia coli, Neiserria meningitidis, Neiserria
gonorrhea, Haemophilus influenzae, Haemophilus ducreyi, other
Hemophilus species, Yersinia pestis, Yersinia enterolitica, other
Yersinia species, Escherichia coli, Escherichia hirae and other
Escherichia species, as well as other Enterobacteriacae, Brucella
abortus and other Brucella species, Burkholderia cepacia,
Burkholderia pseudomallei, Francisella tularensis, Bacteroides
fragilis, Fusobascterium nucleatum, Provetella species, Cowdria
ruminantium, Klebsiella species, and Proteus species.
[0149] The above examples of Gram-positive, Gram-negative,
pathogenic, indicator, and spoilage bacteria are not intended to be
limiting, but are intended to be representative of a larger
population including all bacteria that effect public health, as
well as non-Gram test responsive bacteria. Examples of other
species of microorganisms include, but are not limited to,
Abiotrophia, Achromobacter, Acidaminococcus, Acidovorax,
Acinetobacter, Actinobacillus, Actinobaculum, Actinomadura,
Actinomyces, Aerococcus, Aeromonas, Afipia, Agrobacterium,
Alcaligenes, Alloiococcus, Alteromonas, Amycolata, Amycolatopsis,
Anaerobospirillum, Anaerorhabdus, Arachnia, Arcanobacterium,
Arcobacter, Arthrobacter, Atopobium, Aureobacterium, Bacteroides,
Balneatrix, Bartonella, Bergeyella, Bifidobacterium, Bilophila
Branhamella, Borrelia, Bordetella, Brachyspira, Brevibacillus,
Brevibacterium, Brevundimonas, Brucella, Burkholderia,
Buttiauxella, Butyrivibrio, Calymmatobacterium, Campylobacter,
Capnocytophaga, Cardiobacterium, Catonella, Cedecea, Cellulomonas,
Centipeda, Chlamydia, Chlamydophila, Chromobacterium,
Chyseobacterium, Chryseomonas, Citrobacter, Clostridium,
Collinsella, Comamonas, Corynebacterium, Coxiella, Cryptobacterium,
Delftia, Dermabacter, Dermatophilus, Desulfomonas, Desulfovibrio,
Dialister, Dichelobacter, Dolosicoccus, Dolosigranulum,
Edwardsiella, Eggerthella, Ehrlichia, Eikenella, Empedobacter,
Enterobacter, Enterococcus, Erwinia, Erysipelothrix, Escherichia,
Eubacterium, Ewingella, Exiguobacterium, Facklamia, Filifactor,
Flavimonas, Flavobacterium, Francisella, Fusobacterium,
Gardnerella, Globicatella, Gemella, Gordona, Haemophilus, Hafnia,
Helicobacter, Helococcus, Holdemania Ignavigranum, Johnsonella,
Kingella, Klebsiella, Kocuria, Koserella, Kurthia, Kytococcus,
Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Lautropia, Leclercia, Legionella,
Leminorella, Leptospira, Leptotrichia, Leuconostoc, Listeria,
Listonella, Megasphaera, Methylobacterium, Microbacterium,
Micrococcus, Mitsuokella, Mobiluncus, Moellerella, Moraxella,
Morganella, Mycobacterium, Mycoplasma, Myroides, Neisseria,
Nocardia, Nocardiopsis, Ochrobactrum, Oeskovia, Oligella, Orientia,
Paenibacillus, Pantoea, Parachlamydia, Pasteurella, Pediococcus,
Peptococcus, Peptostreptococcus, Photobacterium, Photorhabdus,
Plesiomonas, Porphyrimonas, Prevotella, Propionibacterium, Proteus,
Providencia, Pseudomonas, Pseudonocardia, Pseudoramibacter,
Psychrobacter, Rahnella, Ralstonia, Rhodococcus, Rickettsia
Rochalimaea, Roseomonas, Rothia, Ruminococcus, Salmonella,
Selenomonas, Serpulina, Serratia, Shewenella, Shigella, Simkania,
Slackia, Sphingobacterium, Sphingomonas, Spirillum, Staphylococcus,
Stenotrophomonas, Stomatococcus, Streptobacillus, Streptococcus,
Streptomyces, Succinivibrio, Sutterella, Suttonella, Tatumella,
Tissierella, Trabulsiella, Treponema, Tropheryma, Tsakamurella,
Turicella, Ureaplasma, Vagococcus, Veillonella, Vibrio, Weeksella,
Wolinella, Xanthomonas, Xenorhabdus, Yersinia, and Yokenella.
[0150] The disclosed antimicrobial compositions can be used to
treat other microorganisms such as, for example, parasites.
Examples of parasites that can be treated include, but are not
limited to, Toxoplasma gondii, Plasmodium species such as
Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae, and
other Plasmodium species, Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma cruzi,
Leishmania species such as Leishmania major, Schistosoma such as
Schistosoma mansoni and other Shistosoma species, and Entamoeba
histolytica.
[0151] The disclosed antimicrobial compositions can also be used to
treat fungal species such as, but not limited to, Candida albicans,
Cryptococcus neoformans, Histoplama capsulatum, Aspergillus
fumigatus, Coccidiodes immitis, Paracoccidiodes brasiliensis,
Blastomyces dermitidis, Pneomocystis carnii, Penicillium marneffi,
Alternaria alternate, and Fusarium species.
[0152] In a specific example, the disclosed antimicrobial
compositions can be used to treat is Salmonella typhimurium,
Aeromonas hydrophila, Arcobacter butzleri, Bacillus cereus,
Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes,
Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas fluorescens, or Shewanella
putrefaciens.
Uses
[0153] The disclosed antimicrobial compositions can, in one aspect,
be used to treat a microorganism on a surface (e.g., poultry, meat,
raisin, litter, or food contact surfaces, food processing equipment
surfaces) by contacting the surface with an effective amount of the
disclosed antimicrobial composition. By the term "effective amount"
of a composition as provided herein is meant an amount of a
composition sufficient to provide the desired result, e.g.,
reduction or prevention of microorganism growth or survival. As
will be pointed out below, the exact amount required will vary from
use to use, depending on the type of surface to be contacted, the
type of microorganism to be treated, the size of the processing
facilities (e.g., the volume of the scalder or chiller), the mode
of application (e.g., electrospray or dipping), the particular
compositions being used, and the like. Thus, it is not possible to
specify an exact "effective amount." However, an appropriate
effective amount can be determined by one of ordinary skill in the
art using only routine experimentation.
[0154] While it is not possible to specify an exact amount, the
disclosed antimicrobial compositions can be used neat or diluted in
a ratio as described above. Also, when diluted to form an aqueous
solution, an amount of the disclosed antimicrobial compositions can
be used such that a surface will be contacted, at some point, with
a solution having about 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207,
208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220,
221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233,
234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246,
247, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259,
260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272,
273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285,
286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298,
299, 300, 301, 302, 303, 304, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311,
312, 313, 314, 315, 316, 317, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324,
325, 326, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331, 332, 333, 334, 335, 336, 337,
338, 339, 340, 341, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 347, 348, 349, 350,
351, 352, 353, 354, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360, 361, 362, 363,
364, 365, 366, 367, 368, 369, 370, 371, 372, 373, 374, 375, 376,
377, 378, 379, 380, 381, 382, 383, 384, 385, 386, 387, 388, 389,
390, 391, 392, 393, 394, 395, 396, 397, 398, 399, 400, 401, 402,
403, 404, 405, 406, 407, 408, 409, 410, 411, 412, 413, 414, 415,
416, 417, 418, 419, 420, 421, 422, 423, 424, 425, 426, 427, 428,
429, 430, 431, 432, 433, 434, 435, 436, 437, 438, 439, 440, 441,
442, 443, 444, 445, 446, 447, 448, 449, 450, 451, 452, 453, 454,
455, 456, 457, 458, 459, 460, 461, 462, 463, 464, 465, 466, 467,
468, 469, 470, 471, 472, 473, 474, 475, 476, 477, 478, 479, 480,
481, 482, 483, 484, 485, 486, 487, 488, 489, 490, 491, 492, 493,
494, 495, 496, 497, 498, 499, 500, 501, 502, 503, 504, 505, 506,
507, 508, 509, 510, 511, 512, 513, 514, 515, 516, 517, 518, 519,
520, 521, 522, 523, 524, 525, 526, 527, 528, 529, 530, 531, 532,
533, 534, 535, 536, 537, 538, 539, 540, 541, 542, 543, 544, 545,
546, 547, 548, 549, 550, 551, 552, 553, 554, 555, 556, 557, 558,
559, 560, 561, 562, 563, 564, 565, 566, 567, 568, 569, 570, 571,
572, 573, 574, 575, 576, 577, 578, 579, 580, 581, 582, 583, 584,
585, 586, 587, 588, 589, 590, 591, 592, 593, 594, 595, 596, 597,
598, 599, or 600 parts per million (ppm) of the disclosed
antimicrobial compositions, based on the aliphatic heteroaryl salt
component if present, or based on one of the components
trichloromelamine, aliphatic benzylalkyl ammonium salt, dialiphatic
dialkyl ammonium salt, or tetraalkyl ammonium salt if present,
where any of the stated values can form an upper or lower endpoint
when appropriate.
[0155] Further, when diluted to form an aqueous solution, an amount
of the disclosed antimicrobial compositions can be used such that a
surface will be contacted, at some point, with a solution having
less than about 200, less than about 100, less than about 50 ppm of
the disclosed antimicrobial compositions, based on the aliphatic
heteroaryl salt component. For example the surface can be contacted
with from about 10 to about 100, from about 50 to about 200 ppm of
the disclosed antimicrobial compositions, based on the aliphatic
heteroaryl salt component if present, or based on one of the
components trichloromelamine, aliphatic benzylalkyl ammonium salt,
dialiphatic dialkyl ammonium salt, or tetraalkyl ammonium salt if
present.
[0156] In another example, the disclosed antimicrobial compositions
can be used to treat microorganisms on poultry during poultry
processing. FIG. 1 is a flow chart showing the processing steps
taken during poultry processing. With reference to FIG. 1, conveyor
100 is used to transport the poultry through various steps of the
processing plant. At step 101 live birds brought in are loaded onto
an automated conveyor belt at step 105. At step 110, live birds are
exposed to electrical current; this stage is also known as
stunning. The birds are stunned when their heads (primarily the
comb) contact a saline solution in the bottom of the stunner
through which an electrical current is surging. This jolt of
electricity is not severe enough to permanently damage or kill the
bird, but immobilize the bird and allow the body of the bird to
become relaxed enough to allow for automated killing. With the
birds still hanging upside down, and necks outstretched due to
stunning, the birds are exsanguinated by an automated circular
blade at step 115 of the process.
[0157] After the blood is removed from the poultry, at step 120,
the bird is submerged in a large tank of circulating hot water
(about 128 to about 134.degree. F.; about 53 to about 57.degree.
C.) for about 2 minutes to loosen the feathers. This process is
called "scalding." The feathers and skin of the bird come out of
the scalding process saturated with water. This process is
particularly susceptible to bacterial cross-contamination since the
birds are immersed in a common bath. Next is the picking process
125, and head removal 130 are performed. The birds are then dropped
off of the aerial conveyor system at hock cutter step 135.
[0158] The U.S. Department of Agriculture ("USDA") requires one
quart of fresh water or recycled water to be added for each bird
that enters the scald tank; thus, there is a continuous overflow of
water from the scald tank. In one aspect (see FIG. 2), the scald
tank is replenished with the rinsate from the spray system
downstream with the antimicrobial solution at slightly less than
full strength (e.g., 502 ppm) in order to decrease the
cross-contamination of pathogenic bacteria in the scald tank. At
start up each day, the scald tank can be treated after it is
initially filled with fresh water with the disclosed compositions
at full strength. This can assure treatment of birds that pass
through the scald tank, prior to the spray system rinsate recycle
process.
[0159] Referring once again to FIG. 1, at step 135, preen gland is
removed and at step 140 a venting machine cut around the vent or
the anus of the bird, removing about two inches of any possible
remaining fecal mater from the colon. A chlorinated water spray is
utilized on this machine to keep any possible fecal material from
contaminating the outside skin of the bird. The next machine is the
eviscerator (step 145). It uses a spoon-like device to pull the
internal organs out of the body cavity. This machine typically has
a chlorinated water spray to keep any intestinal contents from
coming into contact with the outside surface of the bird. This
machine does not entirely remove the guts or "viscera" from the
carcass, but gently drapes the "viscera package" onto the back of
the bird where it can be viewed by USDA inspection personnel for
possible diseases. After the USDA inspector has viewed the entire
bird, including the viscera package, the viscera are removed from
the carcass and fall into the same offal trough which has already
received the preen gland, head, and neck.
[0160] In some plants, the gizzard, heart, and liver are harvested
from the birds for human consumption (step 150). However, the
majority of processors now just let these become part of the
inedible material leaving the plant because they receive more money
for those products in the animal feeds business than in the
consumer market. After the viscera are dropped into the trough or
"offal line" (step 155), the lungs are suctioned out of the body
cavity and then enter the offal line. This fully eviscerated
carcass hanging on the shackle line by the legs is commonly
referred to as the WOG (whole carcass without giblets). The next
two steps are cropper 160 and the neck breaker 165.
[0161] After USDA inspection and viscera removal, the inside and
outside of the carcass are thoroughly washed (step 170). While the
carcasses are still moving on an overhead conveyor system, they
pass through at least one "inside/outside bird washer."
[0162] This system is comprised of a stainless steel cabinet that
is designed for automated washing of carcasses. Several gallons of
water are used to clean each individual carcass, inside and out.
All of the water used in these wash cabinets is directed to the
offal line. Thus, the spent wash water, water which is continually
used to rinse off the evisceration machinery, water from hand and
knife washing stations, and fresh water as needed, is utilized to
move the inedible material through the offal troughs and is
deposited into the waste stream.
[0163] FIG. 2 is a flow chart showing a processing method according
to one aspect of the subject matter disclosed herein. With
reference to FIG. 2, the antimicrobial composition disclosed herein
can be applied to the poultry at stage 170. This application is
typically done by spraying the suspended poultry. The spraying
process can include the outside as well as the insides of the
poultry. During the spraying process, a predetermined amount of the
antimicrobial composition is sprayed on the carcass. As shown in
FIG. 2, the runoffs are then collected and supplied to the scalder
for reuse; thus, the antimicrobial composition along with fresh
water is provided counter-current to the direction of the carcass.
Thereafter, they may be reused in the scalder or added to the waste
stream. If necessary, additional antimicrobial composition can be
added to the recycled stream 200 in order to bring the
concentration to the desired level. While the concentration may be
varied depending on the application, it has been found that a
concentration of about 200 to about 600 parts per million (ppm) of
the disclosed compositions to water can be effective.
[0164] In another example, the process includes a first exposure of
the poultry to the disclosed antimicrobial composition in the
scalder (120). Filtered rinse-water from the antimicrobial spray
positioned just prior to the chiller can be added to the fresh
water entering the scalder at a concentration of about 450 to about
600 ppm (except for start-up where the initial scald tank water can
be activated with the disclosed antimicrobial composition at full
strength). This water can then pass over the carcasses and exit the
scalder at the overflow (where carcasses enter the scalder). Thus,
during the scalding step, the carcasses can be exposed to a maximum
of about 450 to about 600 ppm of the disclosed antimicrobial
composition. The carcasses can then continue down the processing
line and through evisceration, cropping, and inside/outside bird
washing, and finally pass through the spray cabinet, where a
desired concentration of the disclosed antimicrobial composition
can be applied again. The birds can then pass through the spray
cabinet at normal line speed for application of the disclosed
antimicrobial composition (e.g., about 0.2 gram of the
antimicrobial solution per pound of carcass). Testing conducted by
an independent laboratory showed that less than about 30 ppm of the
antimicrobial composition disclosed herein remains on the carcass
after both exposure points. That is, the majority of the disclosed
antimicrobial composition drains out of the cabinet, is filtered,
goes into the scalder, passes by the carcasses in the scalder and
is sent to the waste stream. Material balance calculations
demonstrate that about 99.9% of the disclosed antimicrobial
composition will be sent to the waste stream.
[0165] In still another aspect, a drip tray can be included as part
of the application system. As the birds exit the spray cabinet on
their way to the chiller tank, they can pass over this drip tray,
which collects any antimicrobial composition containing fluid that
drips from the wet carcasses. This tray can extend for the distance
covered by the carcasses in the first minute after they exit the
spray cabinet, or typically about one-half the distance to the
chiller. The liquid that drips into this tray can be combined with
the fluid that drains from the antimicrobial spray cabinet and can
be recycled back to the scalder. For the remainder of the distance
to the chiller (i.e., the second minute of travel time from the
spray cabinet), any liquid that drips from the carcasses can go
into the plant's existing floor offal collection system and
ultimately will be collected as part of the offal.
[0166] As indicated above, after treatment with the disclosed
antimicrobial compositions, the carcasses can move via the overhead
line to the chilling phase of the process. They drop automatically
from the shackle line into a huge tank of water called the
pre-chiller. This tank of water is typically held at about
55.degree. F. (about 13.degree. C.) and the carcasses remain in the
pre-chiller for about 15 minutes. During this time, the carcasses
absorb about 4 to about 5% added moisture. The water in the
pre-chiller can be actively aerated to aid in water movement for
increased chilling potential and water absorption. This aeration
process, combined with the large amount of fat that is present in
the pre-chill water, forms a flocculent material that floats on the
top of the chill water. This material, typically called "chiller
skimmings," is continuously removed from the pre-chiller water and
diverted to the offal trough.
[0167] From the pre-chiller tank, the carcasses move into the
chiller tank (shown as step 175 at FIG. 1). This tank is larger and
colder than the pre-chiller, usually about 32 to about 34.degree.
F. (about 0 to about 1.degree. C.). The carcasses stay in this tank
for about 45 minutes, increasing their moisture content by an
additional about 3 to about 4% in the chiller. USDA allows poultry
carcasses to gain a total of 8% added moisture. Constant aeration
of the water, combined with the fat that is present in the chiller
water, forms a large amount of chiller skimmings. As is the case in
the pre-chiller, this material is diverted to the offal trough.
After chilling, the carcasses are rehung on a different shackle
line for transport to other areas of the plant. They may move to a
whole carcass packaging station (step 185), to cut-up or de-boning,
or they may be shipped to a different plant for further processing
and cooking (step 190).
[0168] The waste streams for antimicrobial solution in the
poultry-processing environment are explained below. As stated, the
great majority of the antimicrobial composition present in the
spray solution can go to the scalder and, after passing through the
scalder, can be conveyed to the waste stream and the offal. To
achieve the desired concentration, additional antimicrobial
solution can be added to the rinsate collected from the spray
cabinet, prior to introduction into the scalder. Based upon
calculations, the maximum concentration of antimicrobial solution
that can enter the environment as a result of its intended use will
be limited to the amount that remains in the water or combined with
organic material after passing through the scalder and any residual
that may drip from carcasses after spraying or be rinsed from the
carcasses during chilling. (This amount has been calculated to be
about 502 ppm of the antimicrobial solution residue on the
carcass).
[0169] Electrostatic spraying
[0170] In one aspect, the antimicrobial solution can be applied by
means of electrostatic coating. Use of an electrostatic sprayer can
coat substantially all surfaces while requiring a minimal amount of
material. Electrostatic spraying was developed over two decades ago
and is used to apply pesticides to row crops. Law
(Embedded-electrode electrostatic induction spray charging nozzle:
theoretical and engineering design. Transact of the ASAE,
12:1096-1104, 1978, which is incorporated herein by reference for
its teachings of electrostatic spraying) developed an electrostatic
spray-charging system using air atomization, which has been used to
achieve a 7-fold increase in spray deposition over conventional
application methods. In a later study, Law, et al., reported a 1.6
to 24-fold increase in deposition (Law and Lane, Electrostatic
deposition of pesticide spray onto foliar targets of varying
morphology. Transact of the ASAE, 24:1441-1448, 1981, which is
incorporated herein by reference for its teachings of electrostatic
spraying).
[0171] Herzog, et al., demonstrated that insect control on cotton
plants was equal to or better than conventional spray application
using only one-half the amount of insecticide (Herzog, et al.,
Evaluation of an electrostatic spray application system for control
of insect pests in cotton. J Econ Entomol, 6:637-640, 1983, which
is incorporated herein by reference for its teachings of
electrostatic spraying).
[0172] It has been shown in laboratory studies that conventional
methods for spraying chicken carcasses required about 5 ozs. (about
148 mL) of sanitizer in order to be effective; whereas, using
electrostatic spraying, only about 0.3 ozs. (about 9 mL) is
generally required. Of course, the amount of the antimicrobial
compositions disclosed herein will depend on the surface area to be
treated, the composition concentration, and the like. The amount of
the disclosed antimicrobial compositions can be determined by one
of skill in the art.
[0173] As noted herein, application of the disclosed antimicrobial
compositions using electrostatic spraying can significantly
increase deposition and decrease the amount of product necessary to
prevent microorganism growth and survival. Application of the
disclosed antimicrobial compositions can be done after the
reprocessing stage or in place thereof. Electrostatic spraying can
be done by using air-atomizing induction charge nozzle which allows
air and liquid to enter the nozzle separately. The air moves at a
high speed through the nozzle and intersects the liquid at the
nozzle tip, causing the formation of spray droplets. The droplets
are generally about 30 to about 40 micrometers in diameter. The air
pressure required is about 30 to about 40 PSI (about 2 to about 3
atm), while the liquid pressure is below about 15 PSI (about 1
atm). As the spray is atomized, the droplets pass a unique embedded
induction electrode that induces a charge on each droplet. A
rechargeable battery provides the electrical charge. The negatively
charged droplets are propelled onto the target surfaces by the
force of the turbulent air stream. The target surface (e.g., the
poultry) has a naturally positive charge. The electrostatic charge
on the spray droplets is negative. Positive electrical charges on
the target surface pull the spray droplets to the tops, bottoms and
sides of the surface providing 360 degree wrap-around coverage.
Once the liquid is shut-off, the air pressure siphons out any
remaining spray. Air keeps the nozzle passages clear, reducing
maintenance.
[0174] Additional Uses
[0175] Any surface can be treated by the methods and compositions
disclosed herein. As such, the antimicrobial compositions disclosed
herein have been found effective for applications other than
treatment of poultry. For example, the compositions disclosed
herein have been found to be effective for treating poultry litter.
The disclosed compositions can be added to the poultry litter as it
is being created at the paper mill. It can be applied by
electrostatic sprayers while on the paper processing lines. It can
be applied to both sides of the paper prior to being chopped into
the proper size for use as poultry litter.
[0176] Another suitable application of the antimicrobial
compositions disclosed herein is in production of raisins. In a
typical raisin operation plant, grapes are laid out on a substrate
in open air to expose the grapes to the ambient air for drying. The
substrate, also being exposed to the ambient air, can be
contaminated with various airborne microorganisms. Upon continual
use of the substrate, the substrate can contaminate the grapes. It
has been found that treating the substrate with the disclosed
composition can reduce, if not eliminate, the cross-contamination
problem. In a raisin operation plant, the grapes lay on a paper
substrate in the fields near the location of the vines until they
dry into raisins. Mold and mildew begins to grow as moisture
develops from changing dew point caused by weather. The
compositions disclosed herein can prevent the growth of the mold
and mildew as it is used as a sealant in the paper. The disclosed
compositions can be applied by spraying or dipping.
[0177] Still other examples of uses for the disclosed antimicrobial
compositions include treatment of other meat, fish, vegetable, and
fruit.
[0178] Additional surfaces that can be treated by the disclosed
antimicrobial compositions include, but are not limited to, food
processing equipment surfaces such as tanks, conveyors, floors,
drains, coolers, freezers, equipment surfaces, walls, valves,
belts, pipes, joints, crevasses, combinations thereof, and the
like. The surfaces can be metal, for example, aluminum, steel,
stainless steel, chrome, titanium, iron, alloys thereof, and the
like. The surfaces can also be plastic, for example, polyolefins
(e.g., polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene,
poly(meth)acrylate, acrylonitrile, butadiene, ABS, acrylonitrile
butadiene, etc.), polyester (e.g., polyethylene terephthalate,
etc.), and polyamide (e.g., nylon), combinations thereof, and the
like. The surfaces can also be brick, tile, ceramic, porcelain,
wood, vinyl, linoleum, or carpet, combinations thereof, and the
like. The surfaces can also, in other aspects, be food, for
example, beef, poultry, pork, vegetables, fruits, seafood,
combinations thereof, and the like.
[0179] Also disclosed are systems comprising a surface (e.g.,
poultry, food processing equipment surface, etc.) and an
antimicrobial composition disclosed herein.
[0180] As compared with the conventional treatment methods, the
disclosed compositions and methods have been found particularly
advantageous in that the treatment process is faster and less
caustic. In addition, because a smaller amount of antibacterial
composition is used, the process is more effective. Also, the
disclosed antimicrobial compositions, in most cases, do not require
complex equipment for their application, removal, recycling, or
disposal. The following non-limiting examples, further illustrate
advantages of the disclosed compositions and methods over
conventional antimicrobial solutions and processes.
EXAMPLES
[0181] The following examples are set forth below to illustrate the
methods and results according to the disclosed subject matter.
These examples are not intended to be inclusive of all aspects of
the subject matter disclosed herein, but rather to illustrate
representative methods and results. These examples are not intended
to exclude equivalents and variations of the present invention
which are apparent to one skilled in the art.
[0182] Efforts have been made to ensure accuracy with respect to
numbers (e.g., amounts, temperature, etc.) but some errors and
deviations should be accounted for. Unless indicated otherwise,
parts are parts by weight, temperature is in .degree. C. or is at
ambient temperature, and pressure is at or near atmospheric. There
are numerous variations and combinations of reaction conditions,
e.g., component concentrations, desired solvents, solvent mixtures,
temperatures, pressures and other reaction ranges and conditions
that can be used to optimize the product purity and yield obtained
from the described process. Only reasonable and routine
experimentation will be required to optimize such process
conditions.
Example 1
[0183] The effects of an antimicrobial composition as disclosed
herein were studied on pathogenic, indicator, and spoilage
populations of bacteria associated with broiler chicken carcasses.
Scalder water was collected from the overflow end (the entrance
end) of a commercial poultry scalder. The water was autoclaved to
eliminate all populations of bacteria and bacterial spores to avoid
interference during the study. The autoclaved scalder water was
evaluated chemically and compared to raw scalder water to ensure
that the organic material in raw and autoclaved scalder water was
similar.
[0184] A test solution (interchangeably referred to in the examples
as the antimicrobial composition) was prepared. The test solution
contained cetylpyridinium chloride (7.5 parts by weight), alkyl
dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (0.1 part by weight),
trichloromelamine (0.1 part by weight), cetyl trimethyl ammonium
chloride (0.1 part by weight), and water (92.2 parts by weight).
Next, a control solution was prepared by admixing cetylpyridinium
chloride (7.5 parts by weight) and water (92.5 parts by weight).
The same solutions were used in Examples 1-5.
[0185] Sets of test tubes were prepared by adding 9 mL of
autoclaved (sterilized) scalder water to sterile polystyrene test
tubes. One set was prepared as controls by adding 9 mL of
autoclaved scalder water to tubes. Another set was prepared by
adding 9 mL of autoclaved scalder water and 1 mL of the test
solution as identified above. The pathogens were Salmonella
typhimurium ("ST"), Listeria monocytogenes ("LM"), and
Staphylococcus aureau ("SA"). The indicator was Escherichia coli
("EC") and the spoilage bacteria were Pseudomonas fluorscens ("TF")
and Shewanella putrefaciens ("SP"). These microorganisms were grown
overnight in Brian Heart infusion broth at 25.degree. C. for 24
hours. Each bacterium was exposed to each autoclaved scalder
water-sanitizer combination for 2 minutes to mimic scalding. After
exposure period, 1 mL of the suspension was placed into 9 mL of
Brian Heart infusion broth and vortexed. One mL of this mixture was
placed into the Bactometer module and bacterial growth was
measured. The results are provided in FIGS. 3-6.
[0186] It can be seen from FIG. 3 that the antimicrobial
composition disclosed herein was effective for reducing populations
of Salmonella, Listeria, Staphylococcus, and Shewanella when used
in combination with scalder water applications. In the meantime, a
substantial reduction is seen for Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas
fluorescens. In comparison, the control solution eliminated much
less of any of the above microorganisms.
[0187] FIG. 4 is a graph that comparatively shows the reduction of
bacterial colonies when exposed to a solution as disclosed herein
and a solution of only cetylpyridinium chloride. The colony forming
units for Salmonella typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes,
Staphylococcus aureau, and Escherichia coli were tested. Although
not depicted with Log.sub.10 CFU in FIG. 4, Pseudomonas was also
reduced to below 10 CFU/mL.
[0188] FIG. 5 is a graph showing the effect of the test solution as
compared with the control solution. It can be seen from FIG. 5 that
over a period of 24 hours, Salmonella typhimurium, Listeria
monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Shewanella putrefaciens
were completely eliminated while E. coli and Pseudomonas fluorscens
were substantially reduced as compared with samples treated with
the control solution.
[0189] FIG. 6 is a graph that comparatively shows the reduction of
bacterial colonies when exposed to the test solution and the
control solution. FIG. 6 is similar to FIG. 4 and shows that the
colony forming units for all microorganisms where nearly eliminated
upon treatment with the antimicrobial test solution. Thus, the
antimicrobial solution was effective in eliminating all pathogenic,
indicator, and spoilage bacteria tested in combination with scalder
water applications. This data also indicates effectiveness of the
test solution against very high concentrations of bacteria.
Example 2
[0190] Example 2 was conducted to measure the effects of
antimicrobial solution at various concentrations on pathogenic,
indicator and spoilage populations of bacteria associated with
poultry. To this end, scalder water was collected from the overflow
end (entrance end) of a commercial poultry scalder. The water was
autoclaved to eliminate all populations of bacterial and bacterial
spores to avoid interference during the study.
[0191] The autoclaved scalder water was evaluated chemically and
compared to raw scalder water to ensure that the organic material
demand in raw and autoclaved scalder water were similar.
[0192] The antimicrobial composition as in Example 1 was diluted
with deionized water to ratios of about 1:100, 1:150, 1:200, 1:300,
and 1:400 (composition to water).
[0193] Sets of test tubes were prepared as controls by adding 9 mL
of autoclaved (sterilized) scalder water to sterile polystyrene
test tubes. One set was prepared as controls by adding 9 mL of
autoclaved scalder water to test tubes. One set was prepared by
adding 9 mL of autoclaved sclader water and 1 mL of each
antimicrobial solution. The control solution, as with the previous
examples, comprised a cetylpyridinium chloride solution in
water.
[0194] The pathogens Salmonella typhimurium, Listeria
monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, the indicator Escherichia
coli, and the spoilage bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens and
Shewanella putrefaciens were grown overnight in Brian Heart
infusion broth at 25.degree. C. for 24 hours. Each bacterium was
exposed to each autoclaved scalder water-sanitized combination for
2 minutes to mimic scalding. After exposure period, 1 mL of the
suspension was placed into 9 mL of the Brian Heart infusion broth
and vortexed. One mL of this mixture was then placed into the
Bactometer module well and bacterial growth was measured. The
results are presented in Tables 1-7.
[0195] The antimicrobial test solution disclosed above was found
effective for eliminating populations of Salmonella, Pseudomonas,
and Shewanella especially when used at concentrations of 1:150 or
lower with scalder water applications. Table 1 is a graph that
comparatively shows the effects antimicrobial solution at various
concentrations as compared with a control solution. It can be seen
from Table 1 that bacterial elimination is fairly high for a
solution diluted to about 1:100. Table 1 also shows the comparative
effect of the test solution on Salmonella typhimurium as compared
with a control solution. It can also be seen in Table 1 that the
test solution diluted to about 1:100 and 1:150 is very effective in
reducing colony forming units. TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 The effect of
Test Solution at various concentrations on Salmonella typhimurium
Controls Test Solution Detection Time (hours) (bacterial
elimination at 24 hours) 1 to 100 5.9 23.28 1 to 150 5.25 19.44 1
to 200 5.35 6.89 1 to 300 5.2 6.33 1 to 400 5.25 5.63 Log.sub.10
Colony Forming Units 1 to 100 4.94 0.1 1 to 150 5.41 0.1 1 to 200
5.34 4.22 1 to 300 5.45 4.63 1 to 400 5.41 5.13
[0196] The effect of the antimicrobial solution on Listeria is
shown in Table 2. It can be seen that the test solution according
to the exemplary embodiment of the invention completely eliminated
populations of Listeria and Staphylococcus at all concentrations,
including solutions diluted with water to about 1:400. Table 2 also
shows that colony forming units were substantially eliminated by
the antimicrobial solution at all concentrations. TABLE-US-00002
TABLE 2 The effect of Test Solution at various concentrations on
Listeria monocytogenes Controls Test Solution Detection Time
(hours) (bacterial elimination at 24 hours) 1 to 100 7.15 24 1 to
150 6.25 24 1 to 200 7.05 24 1 to 300 7.1 24 1 to 400 6.7 24
Log.sub.10 Colony Forming Units 1 to 100 5.54 0 1 to 150 5.97 0 1
to 200 5.59 0 1 to 300 5.56 0 1 to 400 5.76 0
[0197] Table 3 shows the comparative effects of various dilutions
of the antimicrobial test solution on E. coli. As shown, the test
solution was able to eliminate populations of E. coli at a dilution
of about 1:100. At dilutions of about 1:150 (or lower) the test
solution was able to eliminate all species tested with the
exception of E. coli. Because E. coli is not a pathogen, it is not
necessary that it be eliminated at the scalder. Instead, it can be
eliminated later in the process. For this reason, a water dilution
of about 1:150 has been found to be suitable for the scalder.
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 The effect of Test Solution at various
concentrations on Escherichia coli Controls Test Solution Detection
Time (hours) (bacterial elimination at 24 hours) 1 to 100 4.85 24 1
to 150 4.3 5.07 1 to 200 4.45 5.72 1 to 300 4.5 5.03 1 to 400 4.1
4.98 Log.sub.10 Colony Forming Units 1 to 100 5.13 0 1 to 150 5.67
4.92 1 to 200 5.52 4.29 1 to 300 5.47 4.96 1 to 400 5.86 5
[0198] Table 4 shows the comparative effects of the test solution
at different concentration on Staphylococcus aureus. TABLE-US-00004
TABLE 4 The effect of Test Solution at various concentrations on
Staphylococcus aureus Controls Test Solution Detection Time (hours)
(bacterial elimination at 24 hours) 1 to 100 7.8 24 1 to 150 6.9 24
1 to 200 7.25 24 1 to 300 7.3 24 1 to 400 7.1 24 Log.sub.10 Colony
Forming Units 1 to 100 2.56 0 1 to 150 3.32 0 1 to 200 3.02 0 1 to
300 2.98 0 1 to 400 3.15 0
[0199] Tables 5 and 6 comparatively show the effect of the test
solution at different concentrations on Pseudomonas fluorescens and
Shewanella putrefaciens. TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 The effect of Test
Solution various concentrations on Pseudomonas fluorescens
Detection Time (hours) (bacterial elimination at 24 hours) Controls
Test Solution 1 to 100 4.7 23.88 1 to 150 4.1 10.29 1 to 200 4.4
5.66 1 to 300 4.4 4.88 1 to 400 3.95 4.81
[0200] TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6 The effect of Test Solution at
various concentrations on Shewanella putrefaciens Detection Time
(hours) (bacterial elimination at 24 hours) Controls Test Solution
1 to 100 6.75 24 1 to 150 6.05 24 1 to 200 6.65 6.89 1 to 300 6.6
11.12 1 to 400 6.2 11.61
[0201] Finally, Table 7 comparatively shows the effect of the
antimicrobial solution for eliminating colony forming units of
Campylobacter jejuni at a dilution of 1:150. These results verify
that the antimicrobial test solution disclosed herein is superior
over the conventional compositions for treating microorganisms.
TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 7 The effect of Test Solution on Campylobacter
jejuni at a dilution of 1:150 Log.sub.10 Colony Forming Units
Controls Test Solution 1 to 150 4.6 0
Example 3
[0202] The effects of the antimicrobial test solution on pathogenic
indicator and spoilage populations of bacteria associated with
broiler chicken carcasses attached to food contact surfaces were
studied.
[0203] The pathogens, Salmonella typhimurium, Listeria
monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, the indictor Escherichia
coli, and the spoilage bacteria Pseudomonas Fluorescens and
Shewanella putrefaciens were grown overnight in Brian Heart
infusion broth at 25.degree. C. for 24 hours. Five sterile
TEFLON.TM. coupons were coated with 0.200 mL of each of the
pathogens, the indicator or the spoilage species of bacteria (total
of 30 coupons). The bacterial inocula were allowed to dry on the
surface of the coupon for 4 hours. Each coupon was sprayed for 10
seconds (3 separate sprays) using a 1:100 concentration of the test
solution. Each coupon was completely coated with 30 mL solution of
this solution. No sanitizer residual or wet appearance occurred.
After the exposure period each coupon was rinsed in 100 mL of
sterile 1% buffered peptone broth. One mL of this mixture was then
placed into 9 mL of Brian Heart infusion broth and then 1 mL of
this mixture was placed into the Bactometer module well for
measuring bacterial growth.
[0204] A control solution as disclosed above was prepared. In
addition, an antimicrobial solution as disclosed herein was
prepared for testing purposes. A sample of the coupons coated with
the control solution and the balance was coated with the disclosed
antimicrobial solution. In both applications, electrostatic coating
technique was used to adherently coat the entire surface of the
coupon substrate.
[0205] The results are shown at FIG. 7. It can be seen from FIG. 7
that the test solution was extremely effective in eliminating
populations of Salmonella, Listeria, Staphylococcus, E. coli, and
Pseudomonas on food-contact surfaces. This method is effective for
treating and sanitizing food-contact surfaces before or after
processing operation.
Example 4
[0206] The effect of the antimicrobial composition which was
applied using a sprayer and immersion in treated scalder water on
Salmonella typhimurium and E. coli attached to broiler carcasses
were studied. For this experiment, poultry samples were selected
prior to the scalder step of the process. The control samples were
treated with water and the test samples were treated with the
antimicrobial solution. All samples were treated with Salmonella to
establish a baseline. Next, two different scalder baths were
prepared; one contained scalder water and the other contained
scalder water treated with the antimicrobial solution. The control
samples were sprayed with water to simulate the washing step 170
(FIG. 1). The test samples were processed in the same manner except
the scalder water contained the antimicrobial solution and the
sprayer contained the antimicrobial solution at a 1:150 dilution.
The test was repeated three times (Reps. 1-3) and the Salmonella
content of the samples were recorded. FIG. 8 compares Salmonella
content in control samples treated with water and test samples
treated with diluted antimicrobial solution.
[0207] The procedure outlined about was repeated except that the
samples were treated with E. coli and Coliform for establishing a
baseline. Here, only one set of control and test samples were
tested and the result is presented in FIG. 9. Referring to FIG. 9,
it can be seen that E. coli and Coliform colony forming units were
substantially reduced in test samples as compared with the control
samples.
Example 5
[0208] The following studies were conducted to evaluate the amount
of residual antimicrobial composition left on the broiler chicken
carcass after simulated treatment.
[0209] Study I (in-line reprocessing simulation)--Four broiler
chicken carcasses were purchased from a local retail outlet. Two of
the carcasses were rinsed with water for 3-5 seconds to simulate
rinsing that takes place in the processing plant immediately prior
to automated in-line reprocessing. The carcasses were then sprayed
(to simulate delusion using an in-line sprayer) in an antimicrobial
solution prepared according to Example 1 at a dilution of 150:1.
The carcasses were allowed to remain for two minutes to simulate
the drip time after in-line reprocessing and chilling. The
carcasses were then placed into chilled water for 60 minutes to
simulate chilling; During the chilling process, the carcasses were
periodically stirred to simulate aeration. Additionally, the water
was completely exchanged with fresh water after 30 minutes to
simulate commercial situations. The carcasses where then cooked at
350.degree. F. (177.degree. C.) for about 45 minutes.
[0210] Study II (In-line reprocessing and scalding simulation)--Two
of the carcasses were dipped for two minutes into 130.degree. F.
(54.degree. C.) water containing an antimicrobial solution prepared
according to Example 1 at a 150:1 dilution to simulate commercial
scalding conditions. Carcasses were rinsed for 3-5 seconds to
simulate the rinse spray between the scalder and the in-line
reprocessing system. The carcasses were then sprayed (to simulate
delusion using an in-line sprayer) in the antimicrobial solution.
The carcasses were allowed to remain for two minutes to simulate
the drip time after in-line reprocessing and chilling. The
carcasses were then placed into chilled water for 60 minutes to
simulate chilling. During the chilling process, the carcasses were
periodically stirred to simulate aeration. Additionally, the water
was completely exchanged with fresh water after 30 minutes to
simulate commercial situations. Carcasses were then cooked at
350.degree. F. (177.degree. C.) for 45 minutes.
[0211] After cooking, the following steps were followed for each
study. Fifty grams of skin was collected from each carcass. The
skin samples were individually placed into a blender and 200 mL of
deionized water was added. The skin was blended on high for 8
minutes. Three hundred mL of fresh deionized water was added to the
blended mixture and blended for an additional 5 minutes. One
hundred and fifty mL of the blended mixture was placed into a
sample jar and sent to an independent laboratory for testing and
evaluation.
[0212] Independent laboratory evaluation on fully cooked chickens
treated with the antimicrobial solution at a 150:1 concentration
indicated that a maximum of only 0.02 ppb could be recovered from
the skin samples. The residual discovered on the two carcasses in
Study I (in-line reprocessing simulation) was 0.02 parts per
billion (ppb) per carcass. The residual discovered on the two
carcasses in Study II (in-line reprocessing and scalding
simulation) was 0.01 ppb per carcass. Because the amount of
residual antimicrobial solution recovered from carcasses treated
using simulated commercial conditions for in-line reprocessing and
scalding and in-line reprocessing was so inconsequential, it was
concluded that use of the proposed composition under these
conditions would pose no health hazard.
[0213] Independent testing performed on chickens being treated with
the disclosed antimicrobial compositions prior to their submergence
in the chiller process for 45-60 minutes proved to be very
successful in substantially reducing the numbers of pathogens on
the chickens. Microbial testing done prior to the chickens
introduction into the chiller water compared to microbial test
results after exit from the chiller was in excess of 1 log
reductions of the pathogen levels. In other words, the disclosed
antimicrobial composition can be added to the chiller as it is
readily soluble in cold water as well as in warm or hot water.
[0214] In one aspect, the combination of the various components in
the antimicrobial composition work synergistically to bring about a
more efficacious composition. As a result, a much smaller
percentage of cetylpyridinium chloride comes into contact with the
poultry while far superior bacterial elimination is obtained.
Moreover, the conventional composition of cetylpyridinium chloride
is less effective against Gram-negative bacteria. The antimicrobial
composition s disclosed herein have been found to have superior
efficacy against Gram-negative bacteria.
Example 6
[0215] The effectiveness of various compositions were tested at
several concentrations on E. coli, Salmonella typhimurium, and
Listeria monocytogenes. Specifically, stock solutions were prepared
from various combinations of the components cetylpyridinium
chloride (component "A"), alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride
(component "B"), cetyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (component "C"),
and trichloromelamine (component "D"). The various stock solutions
were then diluted with de-ionized water to form 1% v/v (i.e.,
10,000 ppm) solutions, 0.0502% v/v (i.e., 502 ppm) solutions, and
0.0015% v/v (i.e., 15 ppm) solutions. A control solution of
de-ionized water was also prepared. The various dilute solutions
were then contacted to agar plates inoculated with E. coli,
Salmonella, or Listeria and incubated for 48 hours at 35.degree. C.
Each test was run in triplicate. The results in terms of CFU and
log.sub.10 CFU are shown in Tables 8-10.
[0216] At a 1% concentration, all of the various compositions
resulted in 100% growth inhibition (i.e., 0 CFU or no growth).
TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 8 Compositions at 1% against E. coli,
Salmonella, and Listeria E. Coli Salmonella Listeria Solution CFU
Log CFU Log CFU Log A & B 0 0 0 0 0 0 A & C 0 0 0 0 0 0 A
& D 0 0 0 0 0 0 B & C 0 0 0 0 0 0 B & D 0 0 0 0 0 0 C
& D 0 0 0 0 0 0 A & B & C 0 0 0 0 0 0 A & C & D
0 0 0 0 0 0 A & B & D 0 0 0 0 0 0 B & C & D 0 0 0 0
0 0 Control 6400 3.806 3600 3.556 108000 5.033 8800 3.944 3800
3.580 11000 4.041 13800 4.140 6400 3.806 148000 5.170 Log Log Avg.
Log Avg. Avg. 3.647 4.748 3.964
[0217] TABLE-US-00009 TABLE 9 Compositions at 502 ppm against E.
coli, Salmonella, and Listeria E. coli Salmonella Listeria Solution
CFU Log Log Avg. CFU Log Log Avg. CFU Log Log Avg. A & B 7900
3.897 3.766 8800 3.944 3.051 2400 3.380 2.906 1540 3.188 168 2.225
390 2.591 16300 4.212 960 2.982 560 2.748 A & C 28400 4.453
4.436 1080 3.033 3.386 77 1.886 2.654 29600 4.471 12800 4.107 1502
3.177 24100 4.382 1040 3.017 790 2.898 A & D 0 0 0 8500 3.929
3.488 1240 3.093 3.105 0 0 7600 3.881 1630 3.212 0 0 450 2.653 1020
3.009 B & C 1440 3.158 3.338 0 0 0 1840 3.265 1.088 2240 3.350
0 0 0 0 3200 3.505 0 0 0 0 B & D 1820 3.260 3.327 0 0 0.055 0 0
0 4100 3.613 0 0 0 0 1280 3.107 44 1.643 0 0 C & D 20000 4.301
4.366 45 1.653 2.221 1360 3.134 3.097 25600 4.408 310 2.491 1120
3.049 24400 4.387 330 2.519 1280 3.107 A & B & C 16800
4.225 4.392 4600 3.663 3.681 440 2.643 2.978 30000 4.477 5000 3.699
1110 3.045 29800 4.474 4800 3.681 1760 3.246 A & B & D 0 0
0 8200 3.914 3.840 610 2.785 2.787 0 0 7600 3.881 660 2.820 0 0
5300 3.724 570 2.756 A & C & D 0 0 0 890 2.949 3.402 0 0 0
0 0 1290 3.111 0 0 0 0 14000 4.146 0 0 B & C & D 28800
4.459 4.427 132 2.121 2.508 1800 3.255 2.882 24200 4.384 590 2.771
430 2.633 27400 4.438 430 2.633 570 2.756 Control 366000 5.563
5.557 5200 3.716 3.697 360 2.556 2.908 290000 5.462 3600 3.556 420
2.623 442000 5.645 6600 3.820 3500 3.544
[0218] TABLE-US-00010 TABLE 10 Compositions at 15 ppm against E.
coli, Salmonella, and Listeria E. coli Salmonella Listeria Solution
CFU Log Log Avg. CFU Log Log Avg. CFU Log Log Avg. A & B 25600
4.121 4.090 66 1.820 1.381 12800 4.107 4.002 24000 4.380 35 1.544
11000 4.041 20800 4.318 6 0.778 7200 3.857 A & C 15200 4.182
4.100 1840 3.265 3.202 15200 4.183 4.189 22000 4.342 1440 3.158
18000 4.255 18800 4.274 1520 3.182 13500 4.130 A & D 28000
4.447 4.110 1760 3.246 3.199 11000 4.041 4.054 27600 4.441 1480
3.170 13500 4.130 13600 4.134 1520 3.182 9800 3.991 B & C 20800
4.318 4.008 420 2.623 2.852 13200 4.121 3.959 17600 4.246 760 2.881
6800 3.833 24000 4.380 1130 3.053 8400 3.924 B & D 18400 4.265
4.101 680 2.833 3.025 12000 4.079 4.084 12800 4.107 1040 3.017 7600
3.881 15200 4.182 1680 3.225 19600 4.292 C & D 26000 4.415
4.097 1840 3.265 3.206 15700 4.196 4.082 31200 4.494 1280 3.107
13500 4.130 28000 4.447 1760 3.246 8300 3.919 A & B & C
12000 4.079 4.046 1920 3.283 3.159 26000 4.415 4.296 21200 4.326
1000 3.000 24800 4.395 14400 4.158 1560 3.193 12000 4.079 A & B
& D 15600 4.193 4.040 1600 3.204 3.252 0 0 0 9600 3.982 1920
3.283 0 0 8800 3.945 1840 3.265 0 0 A & C & D 12700 4.104
4.020 2200 3.342 3.313 0 0 0 9800 3.991 2240 3.350 0 0 9200 3.964
1760 3.246 0 0 B & C & D 11700 4.068 4.143 5700 3.756 3.649
0 0 0 17800 4.250 1760 3.246 0 0 12900 4.111 8800 3.945 0 0 Control
25200 4.401 4.180 800 2.903 3.137 20000 4.301 4.094 8000 3.903 1920
3.283 10000 4.000 17200 4.236 1680 3.225 9600 3.982
[0219] Although the exemplary embodiments provided herein are
directed to a poultry processing line, it will be understood that
the disclosed invention can be applied to meat treatment in general
without departing from the spirit of the invention.
[0220] It will also be understood by those of skill in the art that
although the components of the exemplary embodiments are
represented in their respective weight percent, the ratios may
nonetheless be varied to include molar or volume percent of each
component.
[0221] It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various
modifications and variations can be made in the present invention
without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention. Other
embodiments of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in
the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the
invention disclosed herein. It is intended that the specification
and examples be considered as exemplary only, with a true scope and
spirit of the invention being indicated by the following
claims.
* * * * *